Evening Star Newspaper, April 28, 1929, Page 10

GOOD URGES INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM Adequate Air Service Asked by Bingham in Radio Forum. Is _(Continued From First Page.) one of the most important civil functions of the War Department. His speech in full follows: In the brief time at my disposal, this evening it would impossible to dis- | cuss in detail all the projects which come under the War Department’s supervision. In addition to those dis- tinctly military functions which relate | to our national defense the War De- | partment has supervision over many | and varied civil activities which are of | high importance in the promotion of! the welfare of our people and in the) development of our resources. AmoODg | these activities are those which relate | to colonial government in the Philip- pine Islands and Porto Rico, exercised through the Bureau of Insular Affairs; the maintenance and deveopment of the communications system of Alaska, the maintenance of national cemeteries, na- tional military parks and homes for disabled soldiers and the prosecution of works for the development of our rivers and harbors. Furthermore, the Secre- tary of War is charged with the gen- eral supervision of the administration of the government of the Panama Canal Zone, including the Panama Canal and its subsidiaries, the Panama railroad and steamship lines. The Secretary is also chairman of the Federal Power Commission, which has general admin- istrative control over all power sites on | navigable waters and over all power projects on such sites, is president of the National Forest Reservation Com- mission, which has as its main purpose the acquisition of forest lands on the headwaters of navigable rivers, and a member of several other important gov- ernmental commissions and committees. Tells of Wide Scope. From the towering pines of our vast Alaskan domain to the tropical verdure of the Panama Canal Zone, from Porto Rico in the Occident to the Philippine Islands in the Orient, there is hardly a single community which is not in some manner influenced by the mili- tary. semi-military or civil activities of the War Department. The time al- lotted to me tonight will not permit a full discussion of a single one of the varied activities of the War Depart- ment, much less the discussion of the various military and civil activities of that department. Therefore, my re- marks will be confined to a discusslon of some phases of departmental ac- tivities which relate to the development and maintenance of our waterways. Somewhat over a century and a half #go the Federal Government under- took the improvement of waterways. At that time the military engineers comprised almost the only members of the engineering profession available to the Federal Government. Therefore, it was natural that the pioneering work in the development of our water trans- portation facilities was delegated to that Army agency. Since that time ap- proximately one and one-quarter billions of dollars have been expended in first cost and maintenance of the waterways system. Nearly one-half billion dol- lars have been expended on the im- provement of our ports and harbors on the Atlantic. Pacific and Gulf Coasts, close to two hundred millions have been spent for the improvement of naviga- tion on the Great Lakes and nearly seven hundred millions for the deeping and maintenance of channels on inland waterways, including projects for flood control. This vast sum, almost in fts entirety, has been expended under the supervision of the War Department through the Corps of Engineers. Today the Army is charged with the creation and upkeep of channels on some 125 salt water ports, 70 ports on the Great Lakes. and with 300 projects for rivers and other inland waterways having a total length of some 30,000 miles, Aims ob Departure Given. During recent years approximatel, 50,000,000 have been appropriated lnY nually by Congress for the development and maintenance of our rivers and har- bors. Occasionally this sum has been increased to allow for particular atten- tion to some project upon which Con- gress desired prompt development. In disbursing funds for waterway projects the War Department has endeavored to apportion to various projects on the basis both of navigation requirements and the desirability of making each finished piece of work an intogral part of a complete system. At times. under congressional direction, river improve- ments were once undertaken as a local development rather than as a part of 8 unified system, and our task is to bring these disjointed segments together under a complete unit, capable of per- forming their most useful function in river navigation. To make waterways system most effective, it must be con- sidered as an entity in order that there may be a standardization of channels, locks and equipment, including towing and barge units. If in the past ex- penditures have at times been scattered over too many rivers, and upon streams of questionable value for navigation or commerce, the policy at present is to "n’IltT our work on rivers of recognized mer Conditions growing out of the World War have forced the utilization of our inland rivers for transportation purposes. Information is avallable that before the war the cheapest ton rate from New York to San Francisco was $19.04. Now it is $16.80, or a reduction of $2.24. Before the war the cheapest ton rate from Chicago to San Francisco, a route on which no water transportation is available, was $26.10. Now it is $20.46, or an increase of $3.36. This tremen- dous increase in freight rates on ship- ments from midcontinent is a heavy tax cn industry, commerce and agri- culture. and that burden can only be lifted by the utilization of our inland rivers asd lakes for transportation pur- poses. Holds Time Now at Hand. Until recently much time and eflort were required in urging reasons why our principal rivers should be made navi- gable for transportation purposes. We have now reached the time when na- tional vision can descry and the nation- al leadership has the purpose to reach out and secure the advantages that | can accrue from an adequate program | for the sound public improvement of our navigable rivers. We are now entering upon a very important stage of our waterway devel- opment. Work must be centered upon the early completion of projects com- menced years ago and which are cap- able of producing a profitable com- merce, One of the most important links in this chain of inland waterway developments demanding an early com- | pletion is the joint project of the United States and the State of Illinois for the improvement of the Tllinois River by the construction of a 9-foot channel from Chicago to Cairo. 8o far as the completion of the Government's part of that project is concerned, there will be no delay. It is our eamest hope and Delict that the completion of that part of the project which was assumed by the State of Illinois may be accomplish- ed simultaneously with the completion of the Government's portion of this work The dream of the Midwest for & 9- foot channel from Chicago to the Gulf will so0n be a reality. The administra- tion is committed to this program and with confidence we look forward to its early completion. Must Be No Delay. Not only must our whole waterway program be carried forward, but there must be no unnecessary delays. This pent work of internal improvement will special stugy of military aviation, de- appropriations to provide radio forum. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHI.\'GTOI\*. staffs of reasonable size and keep them | department agencies should be made | be constantly improving in their art | readily avallable to the civil industry.|and in order to encourage the factories | | not to devote themselves so exclusively | RADIO FORUM SPEAKERS. Secretary of War Gobd, left, and Senator Bingham, speakers on The Star —Star Staff Photo. be carried forward as rapidly as appro- priations by Congress will permit. By centering our expenditures on the im- provement of navigable rivers in terri- tories where commerce will justify the expenditure and in completing the work at an early date, a great service for the benefit of all our people will have been performed. More than two years ago in an ad- dress at Chicago, President Hoover sald: “If we examine our possibilities in this vision we find that the rivers of the Mississippi drainage between the Alleghenies and the Great Plains are disposed topographically in such a fashion that by decpening them we could project a 9,000-mile consolidated system through which 20 States could find much cheaper transportation for their import and export raw materials and much advantage in interior distri- bution. That system would comprise en east-west trunk line from Pittsburgh through St. Louis to Kansas City, a dis- tance of 1,600 miles, along the Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri, and it would also comprise a north-south trunk lwar.erway from Chicago to New Or- eans.” Vital Ling to Agriculture. ‘This project is a vitally important link in the chain of plans for agricul- tural relief and will not brook of delay. A prosperous agriculture will always be essential to national welfare. and as our industrialization goes on and on a pros- perous agriculture will become more and more important to the Nation. No more important step for the prosperity of agriculture can be taken than by the improvement of our inland waterways. If such improvement is to bring some degree of relief to agriculture there is every reason why the improvement should be made now, thus giving to the present generation and to depressed agriculture he benefit of lower trans- portation cosic on grain and bulk com- | modities. In this connection, I might add that flood control is considered separately from the normal work of improvement to rivers and harbors. The Corps of h?neen is cha with flood control projects in the to Valley in California, and on the Mississippi River. ‘There are no special problems involved of the work in_the However, _flood control work in the Mississippl Valley is of tremondous importance and in- volves questions difficult of solution. It is estimated that under the program recently inaugurated for flood control in the valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries the sum of approximately $325,000,000 should be expended over @ period of about 10 years. This work was started last year with an appropria- tion of $25,000,000, and has been con- tinued this year with an appropriation of $30,000,000. St. Lawrence Route Cited. Not only is the Nation greatly in- terested in the development of our in- Jand waterways, but it is profoundly in- terested in the utilization of the St. Lawrence as a connecting link between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. Nature has prepared the highway. To use that highway is the co-operative concern of two nations. It will be an added, even if not a needed, guaranty of peace between them. It will be an increased assurance of the prosperity of the great continental interior of both countries. - o g have, T am sure, long since passe the time when any considerable element among us can reasonably fear that the prosperity of one section can only be secured at the expense of any other section. We have come to understand that in the long run we are all bound to prosper together or suffer together. ‘There need be no fear that any plan of bringing the ocean front into the heart of the continent and connecting it with improved navigation on our inland rivers will work disadvantage to highways fill an economic need that ct:nolyotmrw‘l.w be met. They can move bulk freight more cheaply than any other means of transportation. To insist upon the fullest utilization of terways implies no _criticism of the ways afdd their management. Our raflways make up the world’s foremost, transportation system. They will re- main the carriers of finished and fabri- cated products and of these the volume will multiply as further industralization follows the cheapening of raw materials. They are in the hands of great execu- tives and splendidly organized stafls and are magnificently serving their pul . But all that was true of them before the World War and yet they proved unequal to the war emergency. The burden was beyond them. The country demanded all the services of the raflroads plus facilities which the waterways should have given but could not because they had not been prepared for it. We must prepare them. There must be no repetition either in war or in peace of such a situation. Raw Materials Need Low Rates. Cheaper transportation is especiall necded for raw materials, farm produc and heavy goods that can be moved only through limited distances by rail. It is calculated that the improvement of the rivers and harbors has lopped $600,000,000 annually from the country’s freight bill. Great Lake improvements, rtation costs. Already 50,000 tons 5t freight move annually by the Missi- sissippi River system and all these figures will seem paltry to the future, not a distant future either, when the ports of the world will send thefr the Great Lakes cities and a tamed and harmless Mississippi will bear the vastly increased burdens of which it is capable. It is for us to push forward with the present and ever-growing demands of agriculture and industry. The pres- ent administration of our Government stands committed to an early develop- ment and utilization of these great natural resources. Our waterways are nature’s heritage to the entire republic. They belong to the present as well as future generations. If untold benefits shall flow to our people from their utilization the present generation should be permitted to enjoy its full share of their blessings. Senator Bingham, who has made a our national railroad system. Water| by no means adequate as yet, are sav-| ing $200,000,000 in each year's trans-: argosies of trade to the waterfronts o(‘ vigor this great development to meet’ voted his entire speech to that sub- ject. He spoke in full as follows: Every one will admit that aviation is becoming more and more a vital part | of the national defense. This is so gen- | erally recognized today that it is difficul’ | to realize how small & part of our Army and Navy were concerned with aviation when we entered the Great War only 12 years ago this month. At that time we did not have one effective air squadron equipped with anything resembling the latest developments in fighting planes or bombing planes. Twelve years ago the Signal Corps. Furthermore when the program was prepared for the of- ficers training camps, in 1917, nothing was included which concerned aviation, nothing was taught regarding ths means of communication between | ground troops and airplanes nor was the importance of military aviation fully lpl)reciued except, by two or three officers like Gen. Squire, who had been an observer on the western front during the first two years of the war, had long been interested in aviation and had the vision to see the great part which avi- ation was going to take during the war. and the courage to drive ahead full steam in a superhuman effort to over- come the failure of the War Depart- ment to provide carefully worked out plans for the part which aviation was to play in the great conflict. For this Gen. Squire deserves great credit and the thanks of the Nation. Realize Aviation Importance. ‘Today there is no one in the War Department who does not realize fully the importance of aviation in the na- tional defense and the necessity for keeping abreast of the times. Never- theless, it is true that it is difficult to secure the necessary appropriations for carrying out the five-year program which was adopted by the Congress in accordance with the recommendations made by the President Aircraft Board in the Fall of 1928. It is truly very unfortunate that the budget, as sent by the President to the second session of the last Congress, did not recom- mend appropriations adequate to earry out that increment of the five-year pro- gram which should have been provided for in the appropriation bills for the next year. The Senate increased the amount considerably, but the totals were reduced in conference with the House and the bill as finally passed was far from adequate, so far as the five- year program for military aviation is concerned. It is hard to say just where the blame lies for this failure of the Congress to make adequate provision for the increment of the five-year pro- gram. Some people blame the Congress for not having added enough to the appropriation bill to take care of this particular feature of the national de- fense. To this accusation the members of the Congress replied that the Presi- dent did not ask for it in his budget message and that they actually did give a couple million dollars more to mili- tary aviation than he for. Defends Coolidge Course. Some people are inclined to blame President Coolidge and the director of the Budget, but it may be said on their behalf that what they did was to pro- vide a limiting figure for the Army and left it to the War Department to de- cide how this allotment of ‘the public | funds was to be divided among the dif- ferent arms and branches of the serv- ice. Finally, some people are inclined to blame the War Department for not appreciating fully the need of keeping up the five-year program. The general staff is accused of being unfriendly to aviation. On their behalf it is replied that the limiting figure set by the Presi- dent was divided up among the differ- ent arms of the service what they felt to be in the wisest possible manner, and that there was certainly not .money enough to provide fully for the next increment of the five-year rmnlm for military aviation. It is claimed on be- half of the War Department that to have taken a sufficient number of thil- | lions of dollars from the allotment for the War Department for the purpose of carrying out the five-year program for aviation would have meant serionely crippling the Infantry and the Cavalry and the Artillery. Purthermore, it would mean closing up a considerable number of Army posts in different parts of the country whose maintenance is demanded by the people in that vicinity and their Representatives in Congress. Notwithstanding the fact that we have at least 60 more garrison posts than |15 necessary for the national defense jand than is wise for the best training | of our troops, any attempt to close any one of these posts meets such deter- minec opposition in the Congress and | arouses such a furor as to make it virtu- i ally impossible. | Three Divisions Urged. Most students of military affairs will i agree that if that part of our small | standing Army needed for duty in the United States was divided into three !parts and trained as three divisions, ne on the Atlantic Coast, one on the | Pacific Coast and one in Texas, we | would have a much more efficiently | trained Army than is the case at pres- ent, where nearly every State in the ! Union insists upon having one or more so0-called forts or garrison posts. Most people do not realize that there are regiments in the United States which | practically never assemble as a regiment ! because the political necessities require | that various companies, squadrons or batterfes be assigned to duty in several | States of the Union and any effort to ¢ correct this uneconomical and un- sclentific method of providing for the national defense would meet with de- termined opposition from the com- . munities who enjoy having an Army i post in their immediate vicinity. !~ Consequently it must be clear te every one that in order to please certain taxpayers of the United States it seems {to be necessary for the Army to | economize in the number of new air- . planes which it purchases and in the | provision which it makes for militery airdromes, hangars and machine shops | since otherwise it might have to , economize by reducing the number of ,active Army posts and sending away ! the soldiers whom the citizens like to see stationed thereon. ] | Placing of Blame Difficult. The effort to find out who is really year program appears to be almost futile so successfully does each group | of responsible persons pass the buck along to the next group without whose : objection they say the program could be fuily carried out. In other words, if the people of the United States really want to have an adequate military aviation, without greatly increasing the burden of tax- ation for the national defense, they can secure it first by insisting that most of the small army posts be closed, that the training of the Regular Army be conducted in the schools provided for | that purpose and in three divisional | camps, and, furthermore, insisting that | the appropriations necessary for carry- ing out the fiv-year program be rec- ommended by the Air Corps to the War Department, by the War Department to the President and by the President to | Congress. If this is done I feel sure that the sentiment on Capitol Hill in | favor of adequate military aviation Is| sufficlently strong to insure the passage of the necessary funds. Infantry Wins Battles. | active. (3) Proprietary rights in design be fully recognized. the civil industry in production activ- | ity be eliminated except in those proj- | ects impracticable of realization by the | civil industry. (5) During a period of production of a type accepted as standard there i be placed a succession of small orders for experimental designs to be given limited service tests, the best of thes: designs produced during a two or three | year period being adopted as the next standard. Such orders, distributed be awarded at a liberal price, enough to cover all the overhead ex- | design and experimental departments. (6) Existing statutes covering the | procurement of supplies and requiring | alized that conditions competitive bidding be modified where necessary to allow putting the recom- mendations previously made into effect. I am not cne of those who is dis- posed to think that the development | of military aviation is going to do away | with the necessity for a ground army It is the infantry which in the final analysis wins_battles, conquers terri- tory, holds what has been conquercd | and’ defends the fatherland. It should | not be forgotten that in th: very last| year of the great war when French | military aviation had reached a very high peak of efficiency and French bat- | tle planes, particularly of the Spad type, | were second to none in the air, a con- siderable number of these planes were captured by the German infantry dur- ing one of the great drives in May, 1918 If the infantry captures the hangars the shops and the supplies of gas and | oil the best pilots in the world and the best airplanes in the world are almost helpless. Nevertheless, as an aid to the infantry there is no arm of the service which iIs superior to the air corps. It furnishes observation from hitherto un- attainable vantage points. It enables the artillery to fire more accurately and effectively. It can break up and destroy the morale of advancing masses of enemy troops. With its bombs it can explode ammunition dumps, de- stroy raflroad junctions and seriously interfere with “the enemies activities far behind the lines. On the other hand if its bases are not securely held | by ground troops the air corps is rela- tively powerless finally, it cannot retain | the territory from which it may have succeeded in driving the enemy. Must Not Neglect Training. Whatever we do we must never neglect the training and development the Infantry. Nevertheless it was tlearly demonstrated 12 years ago that it was far easier to train and bring into effective condition 2,000,000 Infantry- men than to manufacture 2,000 battle planes. If we have an adequate num- ber of well trained Infantry officers and experienced Infantry sergeants, it will not take more than a few months to train citizen soldiers for effective service as Infantrymen. On the other hand | as we learned in the World War to build up an effective air corps requires three or four times as long. Not only does the training of military pilots take much longer than th> training of an Infantryman, but to provide for quan- tity production of the latest type of military airplanes is something which cannot be done in a hurry. If it is to | be done even in a reasonable length of | time it means that we must provide a steady market for a certain number of each type of military airplanes of the latest design every year. As was pointed out in the final report of the President’s aircraft board—“the im- portance of the aircraft industry in relation to national defense is obvious. The size of the air force needed in the event of a great war will always be far beyond anything that is economically feasible to keep up in any country in times of peace. The rapidity of the | development of the art of airplane design, rendering flying equipment in- ferior for service use against a major power within a few years after design, prohibits the gradual manufacture and accummulation of material and its storage for use in any future emergency. The afrplanes to equip the expanded force in case of war must therefore be bullt when war is actually at hand, and he of their manufacture is a vital factor in military effectiveness. ‘The relative_wastage of equipment in war, too, is ond anything known in peace, and production must be kept continuously at the highest pitch in order to supply the demands of the forces in the field. War Gives Tlustration. “The experience of the late war gives concrete illustration of the war-time and post-war problems of an aircraft industry and shows that in respect of the production of airplanes an inter- national conflict coming without ap- preciable warning divides roughly into three successive parts. The first, last- ing but a few weeks, is that in which dependence has to be placed on factory equipment and factory personnel actual- ly in the service, before there has been time to get any program of expansion under way. It is succeeded by a some- what longer period, during which the aircraft industry, using its existing fa- cilities to the utmost and expanding them as rapidly as possible, delivers new airplanes to the service at a mod- erate but steadily increasing rate. In the third and final period, the produc- tion of the aircraft industry proper is augmented by the incursion into the airplane field of a wide variety of plants normally engaged in manufacturing such things as pianos, furniture, auto- mobile bodles, fancy hardware and oth- er articles not vitally necessary in the prosecution of war. When that stage is reached the rate at which airplanes can be produced in a highly industri ized country like the United States is very great. “The permanent aircraft industry is most important during the first and second stages and as a source of engi- neering development and supervisory talent at all times. For a few months, and they would be among the most im- rtant months of any war, it would K:ve to carry the full burden of sup- plying equipment. After others had begun to take a share of that burden the industry would still have the re- spongibility for the design of improved machines, The furniture manufacturer can not be expected to start experi- mental work or to do anything more than build from complete sets of draw- ings furnished to him. Anything that strengthens the aircraft industry as a whole, and especially anything that conduces to the strengthening of the design and engineering departments of the companies building aircraft, must be considered as a contribution toward the national defense.” Aircraft Industry Grows. Since this report was made the air- craft industry in the United States has gone ahead by leaps and bounds, chief- 1y in the development of commercial aviation. Large transport planes are being bullt in steadily growing num- bers. The sale of the small airplanes to private owners is steadily increasing and will be more and more important as time goes on. Fortunately, it can no longer be claimed by any one that the size of our air forces should be determined by the needs of the indus- try. On the contrary, their size must be determined solely on the needs of the national defense. Our plan at present is to select a good type of airplane as a standard for fighting or pursuit, bombing attack or observation, and keep to that stand- ard for two or three years with the un- derstanding that, barring some extraor- dinary develompents, no radical changes would be made in that type within that length of time. Thus the indus- try is assured of a continuous series of orders for a standard design, while an excessive multiplication of types of equipment for military aviation is avoided. Board's Recommendation. ‘The President’s Aircraft Board rec- commended: (1) The adoption of a policy of continuity in orders and of a standard rate of replacement. responsible for the failure of adequate for the five- (2) Production orders be given only to companies which maintain design () Governmental research in aero- nautic sclence be actively continued and the testing facilities of the various ! D. O, APRIL 28, 1929—PART ¥~ — The functions of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics should be ex- (4) Governmental competition With | tended to cover the field of advice o | that they inventors regarding aeronautic inven- tions. Being Carried Out. ‘These recommendations are being carried out in so far as appropriations vermit. Some people believe that when the five-year program is completed we shall be able to stand still for a while. I chould like to point out that the only rcason why the President's aircraft board did not recommend a 10-year | among firms having design and produc- | program was that it appeared imprac- | | tion staffs of proved competence, should | ticable to tant as 10 years. Furthermore the bought each year were difficult to de- termine so far in advance. It was re- change rapidly. Accordingly, it seems to me that the wisest course to pursue is to purchase each year a sufficient num- ber of planes for the different missions which military aviation is able to per- form in order to encourage designers to make definite plans for the | high | size of the air force at a period so dis- | the same time like the wise househoider very | to the needs of commercial aviation will neglect the very differ- |ent types required for military avia- |tion. " Ths numbers purchased should ’nol be so great as to clutter up our | hangars with obsolete types, neither should they be so small as to discour- age ambitious aeronautical engineers. | “We must always remember that due | to the advance in the art of flying the | Air Service becomes our first line of de- | fense. As a Nation we are not grow- ing more war-like, but less 0. We are not going hungry for the lands and possessions of our neighbors. We de- sire to live at peace with all nations. At | who has no desire to pick a quarrel pense involved in the upkeep of the {amount and type of equipment to be| with his neighbors or to steal his prop- | erty, nevertheless we lock our doors at | night and are willing to be taxed to provide for adequate fire and police protection. Preparedness never hurt a republic. Preparedness may have proved tempting to the rulers of an oligarchy or a monarchy. There i however, far more danger of a republic inviting war by failure to provide for “At Seventh and K”"—Washington’s Popular Shopping GOLDENLEPGS RADIO DEPARTMENT—FOURTH FLOOR RESEHMA l:AC PYNAMIC RADIO | the national defense than by adequate provision. It is certainly most encouraging t( note the tremendous growth of eivil an! commercial aviation during the past tw years since Lindbergh's epoch-makii; flight from New York to Paris. Bu this should not lead us to diminish ou; efforts to see to it that both the Arm) |and the Navy are adequately pvovidec ! with trained pilots, the best airplane |and the most efficient airplane carrier. | and technical equipment so that no on | shall be tempted to take advantage o | our unpreparedness and drag us | war as has been the case more *r iontt in our history. MARRIED 50 YEARS. Mr. and Mrs. William Miller of 33 Georgia avenue celebrated their golde | wedding anniversary at their hour | Wednesday with a party given by tk | five sons, four daughters and five gra | children, all of whom are residents | this city. A number of friends an relatives attended. |~ The couple were married 50 years in Trinity Lutheran Church and have lived here continuously. Centermmm—— | H i 1 BUDGET PAYMENTS All Previous Records Smashed N New Model Q. 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