Evening Star Newspaper, January 20, 1929, Page 29

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, e e Roman Question Near End (Continued From First Page.) soldier of the church, who not only ex- tended his own possessions, but estab- lished papal jurisdiction over the Kings of France and Spain and wielded suf- ficlent power to force King John of England, very much against his will, to accept Stephen Langton as Arch- bishop of Canterbury. While the following centuries brought weaker men to the succession of St. Peter, men who, far from being able 100 extend the territorial possessions of the papacy. had to accept the humilia- tion of losing a state now and then, the church's heritage was retained until the middle of last century. The paval states stretched from Ravenna on the Adriatic to Naples on the Mediter- Yanean. Their area was almost as great as that of New Hampshire and Ver- mont combined. Within this area some 3,000,000 people acknowledged the Pope Rs their temporal sovercign, ©f course, the capital. Imposing Palaces Built, In this ancient city of Rome the Pope thad settled down with a feeling of permanence and had done a great deal o make it comfortable and interesting. He had not only preserved the heritage of the Middle Ages, but had embellished it by building several imposing palaces and magnificent churches, by digging up the ruins of various structure built in the days of Rome's imperial great- ness. Among other things, his archi- tects discovered that some of these old structures were provided with shapely &tone columns which could be put to | excellent use in the new churches. The favorite title of the Pope during | these constructive years was “Pontifex | Maximus.” This title, dating from the | ays of pagan Rome, was assumed by | Augustus and the later Roman Em- | perors. As their successor, the modern Pontifex Maximus looked upon Rome as the capital of one of the world's great monarchs. From it he ruled his realm in state. It was not a large | realm, but it compared favorably with anything else in the Italy of those days | ~—and it was his. | In the 60s of the last century, how- @ver, the skies began to darken. Cer- g‘n Italians of a restless turn of mind egan to ask why the Italian nation with all its glorious past should be split | up into a hodge-podge of tiny states | without power or influence, while the other peoples of Europe were organizing strong, unified nations. As is usual with such people, they answered their own question. They said that Italy should be united and free. They said it with such vehemence and sincerity that | they managed to convince powerful persons. Territory Increased. Among these was Victor Emmanuel, ,m g of Sardinia. With the as- istance of his prime minister, Cavour, one of the greatest of modern Italians, the King of Sardinia, whose dominions also included Piedmont and Savoy, amanaged by 1861 to bring enough of the neighboring states under his sway %o have himself proclaimed “King of [taly.” Pive years later he greatly in- ased the territory of the new state taking Venetia from the Austrians. By this time the disciples of Mazzini of Italy, in- the papal states, must be ht into the new kingdom. Not east of these disciples was Giu- #eppe Caribaldl, & man who loved to Hight wherever the cry of “Liberty!” give him the slightest excuse. loits of Victor Emmanuel and vour thrilled him to the core. While ithey were ‘fighting for Italian unity in Worthern Italy, Garibaldi o e, wits whow he.botay whom set !o,,!lcll!. The * in red shirts bf black, carried all before them, and some very | sail army and the territories they had con- quered over to the King. Gl'.fladl n;:‘de several lmll;lm nhz upse! 8] wer as well. French tro: B 5 pe were too much for him, however, and he failed. But Napoleon soon found he had need of all his troops at home, and he left the Pope to shift for himself. No sooner was the Franco-Prussian War under ‘way than the army of Victor Emmanuel, under Gen. Cadorna, whose son was Armes diring (he Word War, sppested g the World War, appeared before the walls of Rome. On September 20, 1370, 18 days after ¢he final disaster of Napoleon at Sedan, Cadorna’s troops breached the walls of Rome near the Porta Pia. The Italian iroops easily overcame the half-hearted resistance. of the papel guards, and since that day Rome has been-the capi~ gal'of Ttaly. Papal States Absorbed. Two weeks later the papal states were ®mbsorbed in the new kingdom under’ the form of a plebescite. Thus the realities of the temporal power of the Pope vanished into thin air, But the papacy has never renounced an lota of its claim to the territories thus taken from it. In its eyes the Italian gov- ernment, which for 60 years has occu- ?ed the old papal palaces, and the talian King, who occupied the most pretentious of thém, the Quirinal, are | Tebels and usurpers. Italy has posses- sion and Italian law on its side, the papacy has papal law on its side. Out of the conflict of these two arises the “Roman_Question.” Pope Pius IX protested to the Catho- lic princes of Europe and beseeched them for aid to recover his lost pos- sessions, but none responded to his call. Not even Francis Joseph of Austria, who might have been expected to help him, cared to undertake a new war with the Italians who had already de- feated him twice in their 10-year struggle for unity. The Pope withdrew into the Vatican, 2 huge rambling palace adjoining the Basilica of St. Peter's. Since that day no Pope, once he has assumed his high office, has ever left the confines of this ( diminutive domain. The papacy has considered itself in some sense as at war with Italy, and the Pope is known : @s the “Prisoner of the Vatican.” . Compensation Law Passed. ‘The new Italian government, as soon | as it moved down from Turin, made a gesture of compensation. It passed the | so-called law of guarantees, which con- | firmed the Pope in the possession of the Vatican and St. Peter’s, the Lateran and Castel Gandolfo and provided an annuity to be paid by the Italian gov- ernment amounting to some $650,000. ‘The law also proclaimed the absolute inviolability of the Pope and granted him recognition as a spiritual sovereign and the right to receive diplomatic rep- resentatives. from other countries. All spiritual and disciplinary matters were conceded to the Pope, but all civil and military power was retained by the state. Pope Plus promptly repudiated this law. He has retained the palaces and churches, but as of his own right, not by virtue of the law of guarantees. Not a cent of the annuity has ever been accepted. ‘To replace the lost revenues, the collection known as Peter’s Pence was instituted in all Catholic Churches. ‘To make clear the papal attitude to- ward the government which would pass such a‘law, all Catholics were prohib- . i%ed from taking part in its elections. Cites Loss of Prerogatives. "The contention of the papacy is, first, that it has been forcefully dispossessed of its territory; and, second, that with- out territory the Popes could not exer- cise the sovereign prerogatives which are necessary to insure the complete freedom of the papacy, an international institution, from all national control. Rome was, | gun, but the i1l feelin tration of this contention. It was as- serted that the Pope could not make an effective appeal to Germany for peace because Germany would attribute such a move to pressure from the Italian government. And when Cardinal Mercier came to Rome to relate to the Pope the suffer- | ing of his Belgian flock, he found him- | self_constanitly opposed by a German | cardinal. It was claimed that Germans at the Vatican were responsible for plots against the Italian army and navy. And the papal officers complained that | the mail of the church was interfered | with by the Italian authorities. | . Then, too, there is the seemingly un- | important but none the less awkward matter of diplomatic precedence. Some- times a foreign sovereign visits Rome. When the visitor is a Catholic he must decide whether he will first call on the | King of Italy and offend the Pope or call first on the Pope and offend the | King. ‘Two Journeys Solve Problem. | This difficulty has been overcome in truly diplomatic fashion. sovereign comes to Rome, calls on the King and then returns to his own em- bassy. This is considered as a return to his own territory. From there he can now make an entirely new journey | “to Rome” and pay homage to the Pope. | ‘Two things soon became quite obvious. One was that there was little likelihood | of Italy ever giving back the papal ter- | ritories to the Pope. The other was | that the fiction of war and usurpation was highly unpleasant for both parties. As time has softened the earlier asper- ities, both sides have developed a dis- position to effect some compromise. | They have gome at it gingerly and there has been no hurry. The Italian government has possession and the church has infinite patience. Neither side wished to take any step which might be construed as a waiver of its claims. Electoral Ban Removed. Nevertheless progress has been made. Things are quite different now from what they were in 1878, when Crispi threatened to occupy the Vatican if the Sacred College met in some other coun- try to elect a successor to Pius IX. It met in Rome and elected Leo XIII. During his reign matters improved suf- ficiently so that his successor, Pius X, went so far as to remove the ban on tholics participating in the Italian ctions. He also suggested a possible plan for the settlement of the Roman question. He made it clear, however, that the initiative must come from the Italian government. Negotiations were not be- g was greatly mn-‘ igated. Pope Opens Negotiations. ‘The next Pope, Benedict XV, availed himself of the more friendly feeling by opening negotiations with Premier Or- lando immediately after the war. It ap- peared to the Pope that the peace con- ference of Paris, while it was settling s0 many of the outstanding problems of the world, might appropriately take ac- tion which would better the position of the papacy. Under the sure hand of Cardinal Gasparri, the papal secretary of state, the negotiations proceeded to a con- clusion which was satisfactory to both sides. They were kept entirely secret, however, and as the Orlando ministry fell just after an agreement was reached, no action resulted at the time. Pove Benedict, however, further loosened the restrictions against Catholic subjects of the Italian King. Under his ruling Catholics were al- lowed to run for office, provided they agreed not to vote adversely to- the church on any matter affecting its n- terests, Pius XTI went so far as to authorize the formation of a Catholic party. Al- though this party was presided over by Don Sturzo, a Sicilian priest, the Vat- ican accepted no %:Eomlhuny for its views or its acts. was rather for- tunate, as otherwise there might have been a renewal of hard feeling when the Fascist government abolished the Catholic party. Differences With Fascism. The relations between the Fascists and the papacy have not always re- sembled a love feast. There have been sharp "differences, especially on the S Toads % e Dapacy o s upon he as as act upon the Jesuitical injunction to control the child. The church’s efforts to bring Italian children into Catholic schools were crossed by the Fascist plan to or- ganize them into ballila. Some very plain words were uttered on both sides, giving voice to their respective phi- losophies as to the place of the church and the state in education. Nevertheless the natural affinity be- tween a religious hierarchy and an ab- solutist government was sufficient to overcome these minor disagreements | and to bring the papacycloser to the Fascist regime than to any previous government of modern Italy. When the Holy Year 1927 was at an end Pope Pius called the attention of the faith- ful to the precarious condition of the head of the Catholic Church. Mussolini considered this as an invi- tation to open negotiations. He ap- pointed two representatives, who ap- proached the Vatican on the subject of the Roman question. The latter re- fused to enter into formal negotiation, but “unofficial conversations” have been proceeding ever since. Various Plans Rejected. ‘The old schemes were rehearsed, but none was found practicable. One of these plans was to give the Pope juris- diction over a small strip of land, or right of way, from the Vatican to Civita Vecchia, the old papal port on the Med- iterranean. This would have allowed | the Pope access to the sea and a free- dom of movement which he has declined to accept under existing conditions. It was felt, however, that this involved too great a sacrifice of Italian scv- ereignty. Another suggestion was that the fa- mous Castel San Angelo, only & short distance from the Vatican and con- nected with it by an underground pas- sage, should be restored to the papacy, for which it formerly served as a state prison. As the Castel San Angelo is on the Tiber, it was thought that a papal boat might convey the Pope from here to Civita Vecchia, a part of which was to be placed under the jurisdic- tion of the holy see. ‘This plane was also set aside and the negotiators finally arrived at an agree- ment on a third proposal. This con- templates the cession to the papacy of a small territory lying back of the Vatican gardens and including the Villa Doria Pamphili. The Pope is to be recognized as the sovereign of this territory and thus takes his place once more as a temporal prince. Recognized as Temporal Sovereign. As such he would continue to ignore the law of guarantees, but would make a treaty with Italy securing his rights and his position. The holy see would thus give up its clalm for a restitu- tion of the papal states, but in return would secure recognition of its claim that the Pope be accorded the peroga- tive of a temporal sovereign. The financial account is to be squared by the payment of an indemnity of 1,000,000,000 gold lira, or upward of $50,000,000. This is in lieu of the an- nuity which, like all the provisions of the law of guarantee, has been rigidly excluded from the discussions. No in- formation has been vouchsafed so far as to where Italy will find such a sum. Microscopic as the new state will be, it is not without precedent. Andorra, high up in the Pyrenees, Monaco on the coast of France and San Marino in Italy itself are all dimunitive states which have managed to preserve a nominal independence at least in the midst of their mighty neighbors. The new papal state, as the center of solici- The Story the Week Has Told (Continued From Third Page.) Havemeyer, widow of Henry O. Hav meyer, the sugar magnate, the Metro- politan Museum of Art of New York City acquires one of the choicest private art collections in the world, worth some millions of dollars. Everything in it, says Director Robinson of the mu- seum, “is of the highest quality,” and many of the items are very precious, indeed. Among the paintings are six Rembrandts, two of the masterpieces of El Greco, Peter De Hooghe's finest interior, four by Veronese, an Andrea Del Sarto, two by Franz Hals, two by Rubens, many specimens of the best work of the French masters, etc. The statuary includes a Donatello and two Kuan-Yins ot the Tang period. The i museum is to be congratulated. On December 31, 1928, the gross public debt of the United States was $17,309,749,136, as against $18,036,352,~ ! 452"a year previous. * x xix | king government. In Japan it saw the assembling of the first House of Rep- resentatives, elected under complete manhood suffrage, and partial adoption of the Anglo-Saxon jury system. It saw the grand European tour of the Ameer of Afghanistan and his interest- ing attempt to introduce science into his stored land. In Persia it saw commencement of construction of a railway to connect the Persian Gulf with the Caspian, and digging started toward a great irrigation sys- tem; and in Turkey it saw institution year for Asia. * k% X Einstein.—Albert Einstein, author of lished a new “book,” entitled, “New of the field of gravitation and Eleqlrn: magnetism under a uniform viewpoint. (Continued From First Page) be rigid agreement among the chemical cartel members to observe indicated minimum_prices. ] and distribution organization is now being set up all over the world mar- ket. A single sales office will be estab- lished at each important center, thus materially slashing sales and distribu- tion costs. One line of ships, for in- stance, will be used exclusively. The European market unquestionably will be divided by agreement between the member countries. Exact per- centage divisions of the market are at present merely tentative and still are being kept secret. i The great international rayon cartel, in which England and the Italians have predominated heretofore, now is to include the French rayon makers, American mills already have been set up by this huge cartel, which has pros- pered more than any of the others. Further cartelization is indicated. ‘The liveness of the cartel method is further illustrated in the formation just & month or so ago of a $300,000,000 in- ternational public utility combine, or cartel—the “Trust Pinancier de Trans- ports et d'Entreprises Industrielles.” Uniquely, this cartel is headed by an American living in Brussels, Dannie Heinemann, and is financed by many leading America barkers. Mercury Cartel Formed. A mercury cartel also was recently formed by agreement between Italian producers and the Spanish government, resulting, incidentally, in higher prices. Which brings up the subject of cartels or monopolies fostered or aided by gov- ernments. ‘The outlook for such government- fostered monopolies was dimmed ma- terially by the failure of the Stevenson plan for rubber control by England, which ceased on November 1. The coffee valorization situation in Brazil is also due for a setback, according to experts, as the price has becn raised in the face of the largest crops on record. . Chilean nitrate is a lost monopoly; French government is interested, had to abandon their amazing attempt to claim immunity from our anti-trust laws, on the ground that a foreign gov- tel, is exempt in the United States from amenability to its laws, according to diplomatic traditions and practice. What a pretty sight that would have been—a foreign cartel doing in Amer- ica what American business men are forbidden to do! Collaborative System. ‘The latest development or applica- tion of the international cartel prin- ciple is a “collaboration” rather than a physical merger, or even a produc- tion allocation scheme. This collabor- ation is to be in the matter of methods and efficiency, interchange of experi- ence and statistics. This unique form of cartel, if it can be called such, is an outgrowth of the International Management Institute, organized at ment stores. Six of Europe’s largest stores already are in the group—Har- rod’s of London, Printemps of Paris and others. It is like the Retail Re- search Association in America, but on an international scale, and group buy- ing will doubtless be one of its ac- tivities. Another “collaboration” is that of the Martin Zimmer Lederwerke, A. G, of Germany, with Alpina, Ltd., of Switzerland, with subsidiary interests in India, Java, Paris and America. This is in the leather industry. There will be a physical merger, but “col- laboration” will take the form of doing business under their own names, as in other cartels. Situation of America. Will the international cartels hurt American trade and prosperity? There is no decisive answer. Lord Melchett, visiting here recently, declared that he was sure that they did not menace American trade. President - elect Hoover has warned us, however, that the recuperation of the world will re- quire, inevitably, more intensive com- petition; but he also wisely added that the world's consumption is going to expand greatly. And this is, in my own opinion, the real key to the situ- ation. I do not believe the cartels will hurt America_much, if at all, especially if our tariffs are studied closely and ad- justed to meet really menacing situa- tions. So far they have done very negligible damage, indeed. There was great alarm at first that the chemical cartel would gotiators have not only had full au- thorization from the two governments in Rome, but that the representatives of each side have been in constant touch with their principals, and that the agreement represents a real meet- ing of minds on the part of the Vatican and the Palazzo Chigi. At any rate the agreement has been made and it now remains for the Pope and 11 Duce formally to approve and ratify it if they so desire. Should this be done, one more of Europe’s vexed and stubborn problems will have been brought to an amicable solution. The long struggle of Rome's tude on the part of the Catholics all over the world, should be even more secure than these. The agreement thus outlined has re- The position of the papacy during the Woirld War offered a strising illus« ceived the approval of the negotiators on both sides. While these negotiations two souls for possession of its physical body will have reached a happy ter- mination by the agreement of the con- testants to stop quarreling and make the best of a joint tenancy. (Copyright, 1929.) Geneva, and is composed of depart-| 1928 in Asia.—The year 1928 saw ap- | | parent renunciation of the 18 provinces | The forelgn | of China under the Nationalist or Nan- | Western | of the Latin script. Not an uneventful | the theory of relativity, has just pub-| Field of Theory,” the purpose of Whlch.! in his own words, is “to unite the laws | A unit world sales | ernment, as an integral part of a car- | | bridge between classic mechanics and modern electro-dynamics.” All but a baker’s dozen of people will content themselves with these descrip- tions. - Einstein is a cast beyond the common faculty of comprehension, whereon the 3,775 books expounding the theory of relativity, which was presented by the author in three pages, have not made an appreciable dent. The new book contains five pages, a disturbing fact indicative of the loquaciousness of advancing years. In this year of our Lord 1929 publication of a hbook by Einstein is the most important event that could happen, for, so far as we is worthy to sit at table with Newton and Lelbnitz and Clerk Maxwell and Kelvin and Gibbs. He is even more im- portant than Gene Tunney or Benito Mussolini. The theory of relativity is of colossal significance. SRS discovery in Kenya, the British crown colony in East Africa, of the skeleton of a prehistoric representative of Homo Sapiens which antedates any other authenticated specimen in that kind, be it the Galley Hill fellow or the | earliest Heidelberg duelist, or who so you please. Happily, the specimen is complete except for “a pickas hole in the skull.” Poor fellow! Homo Saplens was at his villainous tricks as early as all that. Louls S. B. Leahy, the discoverer, keeps on digging on the site, and has our best wishes. * x k% % Notes.—In a newspaper interview the new premier of Jugoslavia made the reassuring statement that the assump- tion of absolute power by the King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes merely marks a temporary phase, that constitutionalism will be restored. The Turkish government has ordered 25 military and 30 commercial air- planes from French manufacturers. The sad news arrives of the almost Another describes it as containing "lhe; quintessence of a new theory, in which | inhabitants. Twenty-five dead are re- the great physicist tries to create a ! ported, and a great number are injured. while the potash interests, in which the | O complete destruction by earthquake of Cumana, Venezuela, a city of 15,000 Europe Courts Big Business young chemical industries seriously, but thus far America has been holding its own with decided success, making 94 per cent of its dye requirements, for instance. American steel competition continues to outpoint the cartels, although it is only fair to add that Europe is still ahead of America in steel research. The Continental Steel Entente, the official name of the steel cartel, has not increased its production quota since early in 1927, but has devoted itself to its internal difficulties. It has also absorbed in recent months the Central European Steel Cartel (Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia). The system of fines for overproduction has already been changed twice since the steel cartel was formed, the last change being to lighten the burden on Ger- man overproduction, which has been constant. The German export quota was also increased from 275,000 to 300,000 tons. The steel cartel has not yet succeeded in finding an amicable way to set export prices and apportion markets and orders. The only three cartels which are at all formidable to America, besides the chemical cartel, are the big foreign oil cartels, the match cartel and the rayon cartels. Swedish Match Combine. ‘The great Swedish match combine, almost a world monoply, has been very successful, even in America, where it controls the Swedish-American Invest- ment Corporation. It does not manu- facture here at all, its goods being dis- tributed through an owned subsidiary and through the Diamond Match Co. The foreign rayon cartels have built great factories in America and succeeded immensely. The situation in oil is now of the highest significance, in respect to the international cartel as a device. There is actually a possibility that an inter- national oil cartel will be formed, with America included. This is reputed to be Sir Henri Deterding'’s aim. It has been considered many times, but there is a much greater likelihood of its formation now since the Royal Dutch-Shell oil zrfiup has made peace with Standard This cartel, if it actually comes to pass, would be really international in | scope. This woud be, indeed, epoch- making, for although foreign cartels operate in the United States, few, if any, cartels of any size have big American firms in their group. It would bring about the realization of the dream of far-visicned economists who have fore- seen a peaceful integration of its raw materials and the logical allocation of production on the quota plan. Doubt- less this dream is both as near and as far from realization as its international Ppeace, but it is significant that efforts toward both great ends are now no onger deemed chimerical. Monument to Foreign Legion Is Unveiled Fallen heroes of the French Foreign Legion who tramped through Algerian streets for the World War front seemed to march again in spirit as their com- rades paraded when a fitting monument possess evidence, his is the most dis-| | tinguished mind now functioning. He Homo Sapiens.—Report reaches us of | | | | | Retiring Presidents of U. S. (Continued From Third Page.) memoirs. The work was finished just before he died. When Grover Cleveland went to Princeton, N. J., to spend his last days he was importuned to connect himself with many enterprises, but he resisted them all. He did serve as honorary trustee of an insurance company, to place its affairs on a higher level, and he also accepted election as a trustee of Princeton College. Harrison’s Career. ‘When Gen. Harrison ceased to be President. he resumed the law in In- dianapolis. He also engaged in lit- erary work and published an interest- ing work on the presidency. Probably the most restless of all former Presi- dents was Col. Roosevelt. He became the editor of a magazine and wrote much for publication. *But that was only one of his many interests. Mr. Taft wrote newspaper editorials for a while after he left the White House, and he also accepted the post of law lecturer at Yale University. In view of all these facts, some of us may be inclined to believe that a Presi- dent out of office is somewhat like a | fish out of water. What is to be done about it? So far as their own comfort is con- cerned, most of our former Presidenis would probably just like “to whittle.” But it is desirable that they have some status other than that of a private citizen. Hence the suggestion of an | ex-officio senatorship, and the consulc- | ing of influential Senators. | Fess' Statement. Senator Simeon D. Fess of Ohio, said: “The ideal disposition would be to make the President, when retiring, a Senator at large, representing the 48 States. Any man competent to become the President of the United States | ‘would be admirably fitted for this. Add- ed to this his experience gained as the incumbent of the office, which compels | him to live in an atmosphere of nation- wide interest all his waking hours, dur- ing which time his contact is with rep- resentatives of every geographical in« terest, as well as economic and social, makes him a real representative of every part of the Union. “His prestige would be sufficient to make his recommendation of great value. It would also do away with the humiliation of the head of the Nation returning to the work-a-day world. The precipitated declension from the highest position in the world to one of the most ordinary, with the inevitabla indifference attached, makes the spread from the sublime to the ordinary so great that it should be corrected. Amendment Hinted. “The only objection to this disposi- tion is that it would require an amend- ment to the Constitution, which raight not meet with favor among the people. I would be heartily gratified if such a movement could be consumnated.” Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chair- man of the committee on finance, said: “I am not convinced that it would be a good thing to change the law to pro- vide that retiring Presidents automati- cally be given a seat in the Senate. In fact, without any further knowledge on the suggestions, I would have to op- pose such a proposition.” Senator Walter E. Edge, New Jersey, says: “You raise a very interesting question. I am not quite prepared m‘ g0 on record concerning the wisdom or advisability of an ex-President auto- | matically becoming a Senator. { “Offhand, there are many related | questions involved. It would, in effect, | destroy the fundamental system of two Senators from each commonwealth. “It would, in an indirect way, some- what favor the British system of giving cabinet ministers, under certain condi- tions, a seat in the Senate, which hasi frequently been discussed in this coun- | try and denied. | “While I appreciate that an ex-Presi- dent would have no executive or de- partmental authority, still the great influence he must wield with those d!-‘ partments because of his previous service might be helpful and, again, might be considered somewhat discriminatory. “From a practical standpoint I doubt very much whether an ex-President would want this privilege. From my experience in Washington, when an ex- President finally finishes his term he is extremely anxious to relinquish public responsibility.” Senator Pat Harrison, Mississippi, said he was not in favor of the change, while Senator George W. Norris, Nebraska, said he had not given much thought to the subject. He declared that without a change in the organic ‘aw former Presidents could not receive a vote in the Senate, but they might, he thought, be allowed to participate in debates. “I have not favored the plan,” | concluded Senator Norris, “but at the same time I would have no serious objection if it were done. ator David A. Reed. Pennsylvania, i | | | | | was unveiled in Bel-Abbes early in De- | cember. Behind the solemn drum- beats from a military band the legion- | naires thumped rythmically, echoing the hallowed cadence that 14 years ago drew | | resounding cheers. The military procession followed a | touching ceremony, Gov. Gen. Pierre Bordes officiating at the inauguration | of the memorial in the town which is the cradle of the legion. Bel-Abbes has a European appearance, with handsome buildings, wide streets and a beautiful public garden. For the glory of the legion, the barrack buildings there con- tain a “salle d’honneur,” or hall of honor, wherein are preserved souvenirs of battles fought by legionnaires the world over. In a glass box rests the sword of a general who bequeathed it to the legion while mortally wounded. Near by hangs a sketch of a cemetery in the Far East, roughly drawn by legion men on a poor sheet of paper, bearing a classical Latin inscription—and more mementoes. This museum is unique with its tragic re- minders of the heroic work by soldiers such as those to whom the Bel-Abbes monument was laid. Capri ot; Old Daysi Fast Becoming Myth That mysterious island of Capri is undergoing a big change. Only a few years ago it was the favorite spot of students, artists and writers the world over, but now trade and commerce have awakened the islanders and Capri of bygone days is fast becoming a myth. ‘The last stanch representative of the artistic colony of 50 years ago is no more. The American painter C. C. Coleman, who abandoned the island only once to return home to fight in the Civil War, has just died in Capri at 87 years of age. Coleman was an essential part of Capri, and he faith- fully interpreted its beauties on the many canvases he left behind. His paintings were exhibited in the most important halls of America, and they also graced the Chicago World's Fair. He did not forget his native city, | and the Albright Gallery in Buffalo today treasures the works famous son, - | color came back. o the’ LAXATIVE-TONIC for CHILDREN & (A ad Mother Amazed Constipation is one of the worst health-ruiners for children. Waste! matter held too long in their little stomachs and bowels, forms poi- sons which polute their blood, cause headaches, bad breath, coat- ed tongue, indigestion; make them bilious, weak, sallow, fretful and underweight. At the first sign of constipation give your child a little California Fig Syrup. Children love its rich, fruity flavor. It’s purely vegetable, a gentle but certain laxative, and it gives tone and strength to the stomach and bowels so they con- tinue to act normally, of their own accord. | Thousands of Washington moth- | ers are praising it. Mrs. G. E. Nash, 1111 Columbia-Road, says: “My little girl, Peggy, had consti- pation. Her breath was bad and she never wanted anything to eat. She was fretful, pale and weak. “Nothing seemed to help her until I got some California Fig Syrup. Her trouble stopped after the first few doses, and she amazed me by the way her pretty, natural Soon she was as playful and happy as ever, and she’s been gaining ever since.” Like all good things, California Fig Syrup is imitated, but you can always get the genuine by looking for the name “California” on the carton. CALIFORNIA FIG SYRUP | ! i D. C, JANUARY 20, 1929—PART 2. sald: “I belleve there would be many advantages in the suggestion that you make, and that the experience of a retiring President would be invaluable to the Senate. This could not be done, however, without an amendment to the Constitution, and amendments to the Constitution at present are extremely unpopular. As # practical matter I doubt the_ possibility of its adoption, although I can see no disadvantages which would result therefrom, and the many advantages of the plan seem to me to be obvious.” Senator Robinson, Arkansas, minority leader of the Senate, said: “I do mnot favor an amendment to the Constitu- tion of the United States making ex- Presidents ex-officio members of the United States Senate for the following reasons: “1. The original theory upon which the Senate was created contemplates that Senators shall serve as ‘ambassa- dors' from the States which choose them. The amendment to the Federal Constitution providing for the election of Senators by the people constituted a substantial change in our govern- mental system, but the right of the States to equal representation con- | tinues. The balance of power among | the States would be upset by the plan | proposed. “2. T do not think our Government would be improved by injecting life tenure into the national legislature. | “3. The country is not now deprived of the benefit of the experience ac- | quired by an ex-President, since he | may be elected to the Senate in the | same way that others are chosen. An | ex-President who commands confi- dence can be useful even in an un- official status, and the value of his experience need not be lost President Taft is probably more useful as Chief Justice than he would be as a third Senator from Ohilo.” : Stand of Walsh. Senator David I. Walsh, Massacku- setts, says: “It is my opinion that no one should hold a seat in the Senate who has not been elected by a constit- uency of the American people, and who is not responsible for his votes in that body to an electorate who have chosen him to serve them in the Senate. “If retiring Presidents should be given a seat in the Senate, why should not retiring Vice Presidents? Why not retiring cabinet officers, and why not retiring governors? They have all ac- quired a knowledge of public prob- lems which would be helpful. “In my opinion, not mere knowledge and familiarity with public affairs are the prerequisites of service in the Sen- ate, but a grave and solemn responsi- bility to the people, who have, by their votes, delegated their authority in the Senate to each individual who serves the Nation in this branch of the Con- gress. “The people should always have the opportunity to reject, by elections, the political theories and philosophy of even ex-Presidents.” Senator Thomas J. Walsh, Montana, says: “I cannot think the change in our system as suggested is at all desir- able. If a President quits at the end of his first term, it is, experience shows, in all probability because he is out of sym- pathy with the general sentiment of the country. Obviously it would be in- advisable to give him a seat in the Senate, where he might be able to over- throw the expressed will of the people. “President Taft carried but two States in the election of 1912. It would scarcely be consistent with either Demo- cratic or Republican principles there- after to give him a persuasive and possibly a controlling voice in the Senate. If the President should serve two terms, and leave with the general approbation of the people, he would easily be elected to the Senate by the people of the State of his residence, who should appreciate, as well as those of the whole country, the advantages to his State and to the Nation of making him a Senator. But it occurs to me that the basic objection to the plan is that it is entirely inconsistent with the theory of representative government.” Senator Arthur Capper, Kansas, said there were some things to be said in favor of having a former President in the Senate, the chief one being that the country might have the benefit of his experience. Then he added: “But, on the other hand, such action would mean a great fundamental change in our conception of the charac- ter of the Senate. The addition of a Senator from the United States, so to speak, would entirely overturn the con- stitutional provision and concept that the Senate is the legislative branch representing the sovereign States as such. “It is true that the election of Sen- ators by direct vote has, in a measure, ‘weakened that concept, but nevertheless it still exists. The Constitution, also, as I understand it, provides that the equal representation of States in the Senate shall not .be disturbed without the consent of every State. In other words, it would require unanimous ap- proval by the several States to amend the Constitution so that an ex-President would have a seat in the Senate with the power to vote. “Your question, to my mind, brings up the related one of allowing members of the cabinet to sit in the Senate, with speaking, but not voting, privileges. I am inclined to believe that this is entitled to very earnest and serious con- sideration, and the matter of ex: 5 ven the same position in E\“ Senate is well worth consider- When Chief Justice Taft was asked what he thought should be done about §‘ermer occupants of the White House, e sald: “I have never formed or expressed an opinion in reference to doing anything, ut ex-Presidents, and my impres- sion is that the best thing in respect to them is to do nothing. I think in the past they have generally been able to be useful in one way or another and that there is no crying need for a change in the present situation.” (Copyright, 1929.) Tunnel Undex_(hmm. Spain has recently awakened in an engineering sense and a number of important engineering and industrial projects are under way or at least being considered. Amang the others is the old project for the construction of a tunnel under the Straits of Gib- ralter and the present government of Spain is said to look upon the idea with great favor. The connection be- | tween Europe and Africa is nearer to | accomplishment than ever. idents being | How to Darken Gray Hair By BERYL WEST 1 repeat what T have often said there’s 1o ex- ||/ cuse today for a || woman" submit- || ting to eray hair {|land Tooking older than she feels. 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