Evening Star Newspaper, January 6, 1929, Page 31

] z——_‘_—————""— MORE THAN 80 LOCALITIES | CHOSEN AS SITE OF EDEN| Egyptology Professor at Reconstruct Bibical HERE was the Garden of 7 Eden? The supposed earthly Par- adise of Eve and Adam was located rather definitely by | the author of Genesis—the only difficul- i ty being that the landmarks which he get forth do not now exist. Rev. Dr. George S. Duncan; professor of Egyptology at American University tere, has attempted to reconstruct the geography of the first book of the Bible in the light of modern scientific knowl- | edge in an effort to locate the site from | which man’s first parents were barred | by the angel with the flaming sword | wfter falling into sin. ‘ An exact transiation of Genesis, he | gays, reveals in the first place that this | was not a “garden,” but an inclosed | park planted with fruit trees such as | were common in the Babylonian civil- | ization. The park was located “east- | ward from Palestine in a district called Eden.” Thus Eden becomes an area of indefinite extent, allowing consider- ably more leeway in matching up the Biblical geography. Reconstructing the @ccount in Genesi: “A large river flows from this district tnto the park and probably by many branching canals irrigates it. Baby- Jonian parks and gardens were thus irrigated by canals from the Euphrates and Tigris. As this river leaves the park it branches into four rivers. One of these is called the Pishon encircling the land of Havilah. Another is named the Gihon, compassing the land of Cush. The third river is the Hiddekel flowing in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.” How To Locate Eden. The Hiddekel, Dr. Duncan says, has en identified with the Tigris. The uphrates is well known. So all that is necessary in order to locate Eden is to follow up the Tigris and the Eu- phrates to a common source where they join with two other rivers. Assyria, a great empire, with its capital at Nineveh has been pretty well uncovered by archeological research and its bounda- ries are known. Havilah and Cush are doubtful localities, but the former usu- ally has been regarded as Arabia and the latter as Africa. But the utmost efforts have failed to reveal the Pishon and Gihon. There is | not even any geological evidence that two such rivers might have existed. Moreéover, the Tigris and the Euphrates do not have a common source. They rise approximately 50 miles apart in the Taurus Mountains. Anybody who tries to find Eden from the directions in Genesis is going down a blind alley. Baffled by these difficulties theologians have made some ingenious reconstruc- tions of the biblical geography, Dr. Duncan says. By actual count, over 80 specific localities have been reduced, ranging from Scandinavia to the South Sea Islands. Early writers, such as Josephus, labored under the fallacy that the land mass of the world was en- circled by the ocean and explained away the difficulty by placing Eden in some indefinite location to the east- ward beside this all-embracing sea which was the source of the four rivers. The Pishon was identified with the Ganges and the Gihon with the Nile. Others placed Paradise in the Taurus Mountains, somewhere near the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, and de- scribed it as a valley of springs. The two unknown rivers were assumed to be obscure mountain streams since dis- appeared. Thus would put Eden some- where in the present Armenia. John Calvin located the garden in lower Babylonia, assuming that the two un- known rivers were channels from the “Tigris and Euphrates entering the per- sian Gulf. Martin Luther believed that the landmarks had been wiped out by the flood so that it would be impossible to local Paradise by physical signs. Still others propounded a symbolic interpre- tation, “calling Eden Heaven and the Tour rivers the streams of wisdom flow- 4ug from God. . Another Explanation. Another explanation of what ma; Bave been in the mind of the aumos;' ©of Genesis, Dr. Duncan said, may be fFeconstructed as follows: “In Northern Mesopotamia there was a large body ©of water suggested by a dim knowledge of the Black Sea. Here was the park in iEden and here was the source of the four rivers. The Euphrates and the Tigris flowed southward and ended in marshes, The Pishon, suggested by the Kerkka, starting more to the east, flowed into the Persian Gulf, supposed Yo be a river, then turning westward, it circled Havilah, Arabia and finally ended in the Red Sea. The Gihon, lxugtx}!"sted! b};hlhe Karun, starting still urther to the east, ended finall, the Nile, iy “The ultimate source of the Hebrew Paradise seems to have been in Baby- lonia, where there was the garden of God with the tree of life at the mouths ©f the four rivers, Euphrates, Tigris, Kerkka and Karun. The Hebrews ap- ‘parently transferred this location from fthe mouths of the rivers 4 a supposed common source in Northern Mesopo- ;imllln where God was supposed to \dwell.” In the final analysis, Dr. Duncan #ays, the author of Genesis had in mind A place “somewhere east of Palestine.” mlf"fldl g ?;d Tegt:l\)!lnent scholars,” he ys, “would probal agres in sayin; that the Biblical wrll.{r gd only v;’gug Il:ld indefinite ideas of geography cast of Palestine. He was a man of his time in his knowledge. His geography of the park in Eden cannot harmonize with our modern exact knowledge of lands and rivers east of Palestine.” Dr. Duncan believes, however, that in & general way the author of Genesis - ‘The actual Eden was east } was right. of Palestine—several thousand miles. ‘The Biblical writer thought in terms of only a few score miles. Modern ercheology, he holds, has demonstrated rather clearly that the emergence of man took place in Central Asia, where the most primitive pre-human skeletal Temains have been found. The writer ©f Genesis may have had in mind cer- tain vague legendry which the primi- tive race carried with it as it spread eastward from the Mongolian Desert. ‘There are some theories, he admits, ‘which hold that Eden was in the Vale of Cashmire, long known as one of the loveliest spots on earth. This would be in keeping with the ideas derived from the Bible of the extreme loveli- ness of man’s first home, and at the same time roughly consistent with the anthropological evidence of the dwell- ing place of the first men. He believes, however, that this location still is not ugh eastward and that the mod- ern scholars are falling into the same error as the writer of Genesis in their efforts to preserve the beauty of the Biblical legend. Explains Babel Tower Story. Recent archeology in Biblical lands, Dr. Duncan says, has thrown much new light in the Scriptures, which now can be interpreted in the light of exact knowledge. He thus explains the story of the Tower of Babel, which, curiously enough, appears to be the origin of the modern church_steeple. “About 5000 B.C.,” Dr. Duncan says, #the Sumerians, & non-Semetic people, came into Babylonia. They probably were the first settlers in the land be- tween the Euphrates and Tigris. These Sumerians were a religious people and built temples for their divinities. Not less than four of their temples have been found in Babylon. with it. These towers were solid struc- tures and consisted of platforms, each slightly smaller than the one below. The origin of these platform towers | lieg in the fact that the Sumerians, “n%heir lold$ ROmeLRG; WOrsIRgd g | was only about 225 feet. Dr. Duncan says: | Each had a tower, separate from it but connected | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. €, TANUARY 6, 1929—PART P American U. Attempts to Geography, Aided by Modern Knowledge. divinities on elevations such as hills and mountains. In Babylonia all is flat, so the Sumerians constructed towers to resemble the hills and mountains of their fatherland. The church steeples of today are the direct de- scendants of these old Sumerian temple towers; so, too, are the minarets of mosques and the medieval bell towers.” Babel, says Dr. Duncan, was only a rather ambitious sample of these Sumerian towers. the ruins of which recently have been uncovered. It has been used for centuries as a brick quarry. From Assyrian and Babylonian records, he says, it is possible to reconstruct this tower. Compared with the Wash- | ngton Monument it was a rather un- pretentious structure. It consisted of seven platforms and its total height It was sit- uated close to the Temple of Marduk, the supreme god of Babylon. Common to Sumerian Temples. “In modern language,” Dr. Duncan | says, “the Tower of Babel was the seven-story steeple of the Church of Marduk in Babylon. Such stecples and towers were common to all the Sumer- ian temples in Babylonia. The one at Ur, connected with the temple of the moon god, now is being excavated. The Tower of Babel was evidently built by some very early Sumerian king. For some reason, the structure was left un- finished. For many centuries ii re- mained a vast ruin, inspiring wonder and awe. In the course of centuries folk lore was busy weaving tales of a confusion of tongues and a separation of the builders who were guilty of aim- ing to erect a structure that should reach the very Heaven where Jehovah had His abode. Political disturbances, lack of funds, earthquake or storm may have storped all work upon the tower. The builders then would scatter to their homes in Babylonia and other lands where different dialects would be spoken.” The first language, says Dr. Dun- can, will never be known. It long was assumed that Adam and Eve spoke Hebrew, but it now is known that He- brew is a late Semetic language which was first spoken about 1000 B.C., the time of David. It was derived from a primitive Semetic tongue spoken in | Arabia, which still was a long way Te- moved from any primitive human lan- guage. ‘There was a real flood, Dr. Duncan holds on the basis of the archeological evidence, but it probably was no more significant than the Mississippi flood of last year. Both the Babylonian and Biblical flood stories, he believes, can be explained on the basis of an un- usually heavy winter in the mountains near the source of the Tigris and Eu- phrates followed by melting snows in the Spring, possibly augmented by pro- longed rains and winds sweeping in from the Persian Gulf. Really Now 1936 A.D. Another interesting fact which Dr. Duncan derives from Biblical archeol- ogy is that we really are living in the year 1936 AD. rather than 1928, as time is measured from the birth of Christ. House-to-house censuses were taken every 14 years under the Roman governors of Palestine. Christ was born during the taking of a census. ‘There are definite records of a census under Quirinius, governor of Syria, in 6 AD,, so the Nativity must have taken place 14 years before, during the pre- vious census. This would put the birth of Christ in the year 8 B.C. ‘The Bible writers, Dr. Duncan holds, were expressing divinely inspired thoughts in the symbols of their time and are alone responsible for their geography and bad arithmetic, which do not affect the authority of the gen- eral revelation which they convey. The thoughts were inspired, but they used their own symbols to convey thes thoughts. Dr. Duncan, who besides his posi- tion on ‘the faculty of American Uni- versity is head of the local Y. M.-C. A. School of Religion, has worked for years with Egyptian, Assyrian, Baby- Igpian and Hebrew records in his ef- forts to bridge over in fact the ob- scure passages in the Bible and is con- sidered one of the foremost authorities in America on Bible antiquities. In his latest book, he locates with consider- able exactness some of the obscure geo- graphical references in the Old Testa- ment and is able to bring the spirit of many of the Bible stories in harmony with the findings of modern mem;i Western Social Usages Find Favor in Japan Social usages of the West are finding their way into Japanese life, especially that of the imperial family, to an ex- tent that is of great interest to for- eigners here. The actions of Prince and Princess Chichibu in particular are watched closely, because they, having both been in close contact with customs of other countries, are looked upon as social leaders among princes and prin- cesses of the blood. “Ladies first” in Europe and the United States is exactly the opposite of the form prescribed for Nippon. But even this citadel of tradition is being sorely put to it by the popular prince and princess. On December 3 the couple were the guests of the America- Japan Society at a large banquet. There were mostly Japanese present, virtually all having been educated abroad. ‘The entire gathering was pleased and not a few of its members surprised when Princess Chichibu led her hus- band as they entered the door. Going into the dining hall, the guests of honor had to pass between two tables which were so close together that there was not room for both to get through. At this time Prince Chichibu very obvi- ously stepped back and allowed the princess to go ahead. U. S. Loan Being Sought For Serb Land Project Jugoslavia’s provincial administra- tions in Croatia and in Bosnia-Herze- | govina are negotiating with an Amer- |ican firm, presumably the Founda- }uon Co., for a loan of $25,000,000 for the purpose of draining swamp areas jand regulating rivers. Three large {swamps ame being studied—the Lonjsko Polje or field, befween the Lonja and { Save Rivers; the Popova Polje in the | Herzegovia, and the Narenta lowlands. {The drainage and regulation would | make it possible to raise two crops an- {nually on a large area. The most in- teresting of these fields is the Popovo Polje. A subterranean river is the out- let of this bottom land. In Winter the fleld is flooded by heavy rains and in | Summer it is dry. It is curious in Sum- mer to see the water line around the edge of the then dry lake bottom. Panama P:esident Makes Use of Motto “Work, Order and Economy.” Over every desk and throughout the corridors of every government building in the republic of Panama this motto in Span- ish can be seen. This is an innovation of the new President, Don Florencio H. Arosemena, and is part of his program to enforce stricter discipline and higher efficiency during his administration. Another sign which has also been prominently displayed in government buildings reads: “Countrymen, the country Tequires ] BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON HEN King George V., in crown 7and Tobes, rose from the throne in the House of Lords on the morning of No- vember 4 Jast and declared Parliament_open, having said “Hail!", he might have added “Also Farewell” as he finished his speech from the throne (drafted by Stanley Baldwin and company) and walked out with the Queen. For this is the fith and last session of this very remarkable Parliament, and the party leaders are busier gird- ing their loins for the general election of the coming Summer than worrying about the fag end of political business in a Parliament that has lasted the constitutional limit of five years, and is due to be changed out of all recogni- tion next Summer. The fight that is coming is in many ways one of the most extraordinary in England’s democratic history. It is also going to be one of the bitterest and most desperate scraps on record. Further, it is highly probable that after the battle things will begin to happen which will focus world attention on England’s domestic affairs: A tariff wall after the American pattern, for in- into practice in a highly industrialized modern_state. To orient one's self on the political sit- uation it is necessary to go back a few vears and observe how England has been governed since the war. Lioyd George Dominates. For four years after the armistice Lloyd George with his coalition min- istry dominated the scene. You look back and see him, always in the lime- light and on the front page, swaying perilously, but always cheerfully, on his tightrope, clutching his office with one hand, fighting off claimants with the other, manipulating the press with his free foot and trying by magic oratory to dominate Europe and his own coun- try all at once. Then he nearly in- volves the island people in an unwanted war with Turkey, and the amazing spell breaks. The Tories leap at him and pull him down. They are tired of being bullied by the Lloyd George oligarchy of su- permen. They also know that Lloyd George is scheming to pull down ‘he Tory house in order to build himself a comfortable Center home out of the debris, reinforced by the Right-wingers detached from a riven Liberal party. It was Stanley Baldwin who, in a memorable speech in the Carlton Club, the Tory stronghold, turned the scales against the Welsh wizard and saved his party, and threw Lloyd George and his henchmen, Birkenhead and Aus- ten Chamberlain, into the wilderness (from which subsequently Baldwin al- lowed the two latter to return, peni- tent). Have Smashed Majorities. Since 1922, then, with the exception of a break of eleven months, during which a Labor ministry was in office but not in power, the Tories have held BY HENRY W. BUNN. THE BRITISH EMPIRE.—American “friends of the Prince of Wales” have anonymously made a contribution of $100,000 to the lord mayor’s fund for relief of unemployed coal miners. The lord mayor’s fund has now reached the total of $1,950,000. It will be recalled that the government has promised to duplicate private contributions pound for pound. General elections were recently held in Southern Rhodesia for the second time since_that region became a self- governing British colony. The area of the colony is 149,000 square miles (about three times that of New York State). In 1926 the population was estimated at about 810,000; 770,000 Africans, 40,000 whites, more than 90 per cent of the latter being of British stock. Prior to 1923 the British South African Co., under a charter, exercised soverign rights over the region, sub- ject to partial control by the British colonial office. The annexation to the British crown took place on September 12, 1923, as the result of a popular referendum, the chartered company re- ceiving just compensation. At the same referendum the Southern Rhodesians rejected an invitation to join the Union of South Africa as a province, misliking the separatist tendencies in the union. The relations between the whites and blacks appear to be satisfactory; re- serves are provided for the latter, and the high commissioner for South Africa, representing the imperial government, exercises a supervisory control over their interests. Gold is the leading item of export; the record year's export thereof being that of 1916, valued at about $20,000,- 000. Coal is produced and all is con- sumed in the colony. The colony pro- duces half of the world’s supply of chrome iron, and has very valuable asbestoes deposits. The chief crops are maize and tobacco, the latter having a good export market. & ‘There seems to be good promise for cotton culture. Great areas are suit- able for pasturage, and export of cattle, already considerable, should become notable. There is a favorable balance of foreion trade and a budget surplus. One hears of brisk continuance of Soviet propaganda aimed at stirring up revolutionary activities among the blacks of South Africa. o GERMANY.—The report of Mr. Par- ker Gilbert, agent general for repara- tions payments, on operation under the Dawes plan during the fourth Dawes year, ended August 31, 1928, gives cold comfort to the German who had hoped to find in it support for the claim that the reparations annuity of the standard Dawes year is beyond German “capacity to pay” and that the commission which is about to overhaul the scheme of reparations should ease the German burden accordingly. The fourth Dawes year was the last of the “transition years,” the current Dawes year being the first standard Dawes year, the an- nuity rising this year to 2,500,000,000 el as against the previous 1,750,- Germany celebrated the New Year sumptuously, paying especial honor to the American bacchus, whose cult is now securely established in the father- land: in simpler language, Germany {131; enthusiastically adopted the cock- ail. * ok ok ok ITALY—A special commission ap- pointed to examine school text books reports that all histories and geographies in use in Italian schools should go into the discard. It seems that they con- tain false presentations of the pre- Fascismo world and fail adequately to expound the achievements of Fascismo, the geographies, for example, giving in- correct data as to “the populations and minorities along the frontiers.” There- fore, the minister of public instruction has been directed to prepare new text books setting forth the truth, and especially giving Fascismo its due. Moreover, the higher institutions of learning are to get a shake-up. New Fascist chairs of politics and history are to be established. All over the world preparations are being made for the celebration next year of the 2,000th anniversary of the birth of Virgil; born near Mantua Oc- tober 15, 70 B.C. The farmers should | stance, or an attempt to put Socialism | J. RAMSAY MACDONALD. gxmce and power by smashing majori- es. Labor came into office only because Baldwin, inheriting the premiership on Bonar Law's death, thought it his duty to take the protection issue to the coun- try instead of using his huge parlia- mentary majority to introduce it whether the country liked it or not. ‘The country was not ready for pro- tection. England has been free trade as long as living men can remember. England, moreover, connects protection as the “Georgics” (more finished and original than the more celebrated “Aeneid”) is the noblest of the tributes to their occupation. If one cannot ne- gotiate the Latin, one should at once honor the poet and delight one’s self by reading Mackail's prose versions, and one’s pleasure and understanding will be much enhanced by perusing the studies of Virgil by Sellar and Myers. Finally, there is Tennyson's magnificent eulogy, * K ok K PALESTINE —Work is beginning on the harbor improvements, completion of which will make Haifa, in Palestine, a fine port. Haifa is destined to a great commercial future. The chief manufac- turing plants of the new Palestine are located there—a cement factory, flour mills, a soap plant, etc. Soon (a great desideratum for the important fruit in- dustry) a cold-storage plant will be added. Completion of the oil pipe line from the Mosul oil fields will boom the town’s importance. And, with the wine- dark Mediterranean in front and ma- jestic Mount Carmel in rear, nature has favored it for a place of residence. * k kX CHINA—The Manchurian govern- ment announces that it has adopted and Is flying the Nationalist banner— red, with a white star in a blue fleld in the upper left-hand corner. Ina circular telegram distributed throughout Man- churia, Chang Hsueh-Liang, super- Tuchun of Manchuria, declares that his redoubtable father “never opposed the principles of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, but only fought Communism”; that his father’s will expressed the hope that China would attain to unity and peace; and - with food at famine prices. She once suffered protection for the benefit of the land-owning and wheat-growing squirearchy, and she has never for- gotten that black episode. (Bread went up to a shilling a loaf, which was about a tenth of a laborer’s weekly wage in those remote days.) England, therefore, in 1923, deprived Baldwin of his hand- some majority and returned Labor as the second strongest party. Will Britain Go Labor? Will Ramsay MacDonald Triumph or Will Lloyd George Snatch Labor-Liberal Coalition Control? Liberal group, ignored the appeals of panic-stricken financiers and big busi- ness men and revenged old grudges against the Tories by supporting Labor’s claim to form a ministry. It was a government in pawn to the Lloyd George party, but anyway it was a Labor movement. All the new ministers were absolutely without experience of political office. Not one of them had even held an undersecretaryship. A miner sat as the King’s representative in Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, with a loyal and patient senior duke in attendance. Courtiers clutched their dizzy heads when a plumber was introduced into the royal household by way of one of the household political appointments. A few Labor peers were hastily made, there being, not unnaturally, a complete dearth of such in the House of Lords to represent the government. Smiles, But No Incidents. Certain apprehensions were enter- tained 2s to what would happen when some of the more militant Labor min- isters had to kiss the King’s hand on receiving the seals of office. But the tact of the sovereign, English humor and Labor’s respect for English tra- dition, precedent and constitutional usage triumphed. There were some smiles, but no incidents. Labor's wives helped Labor into court dress, and Labor decided that after all they were Englishmen first and Soclalists second, il:d it was a fine old country they lived Stocks recovered. Rich men recalled the capital they had hastily sent out of the country to the States in anticipa- tion of a capital.levy on all fortunes over $20,000. The country got used to the idea of a Labor government. And all was well. For a time. But unluckily the party had come into office before it had been able to untie, itself from the Russian bolsheviks, who pulled it this way and that like a can at a dog's tail. Also, Zinoviev at Third International head- quarters would send letters to Com- munists in England giving precise in- structions as to how the armed forces of the crown were to be seduced from their allegiance and turned into revolu- tionaries ready to strike the decisive blow in the coming class war. One letter was intercepted and pub- lished in the Tory Dally Mail. It was too much, even for the Liberals, who withdrew their support from the government. MacDonald, protesting that he had been ill-used, went to the country. And when the country had finished with him he was almost a hospital case. The Tories came back with 412 seats out of a total of 615, and an unparalleled majority of 209, the Liberals being re- duced from 153 to 42 (didn't they put labor in, the dogs?) and the erring Labor party from 192 to 152. With a majority like that all the Tories had to do was to sit back and enjoy them- selves . . . .for five years. But much happens in five years. The Lloyd George and Asquith, holding the balance of power with their small that the policies. of Nanking were now “identical with those of Manchuria; wherefore” it was decided to accept Nanking’s authority, thus consummating the unity of China. Since Chang Tso-Lin’s assassination the machinery of central government in Manchuria had consisted of a “Man- churian peace preservation committee” with Chang Hsueh-Liang as “chairman.” ‘This body becomes the ‘“Northeastern Frontiers Defense Commission”; same rose under a new name. Apparently Manchuria will continue practically autonomous, remitting no revenues to Nanking. One wonders whether the railway rolling stock carried off to Man- churia by the Manchurian soldiery when they evacuated Chihli will now be returned. * ok ok Kk BOLIVIA AND PARAGUAY.—The protocol drawn up by the Conference of American States on Conciliation and Arbitration, in session at Washington, providing for investigation of the recent Bolivian-] guayan clashes by a com- mission of nine members, was accepted by the Bolivian and Paraguayan gov- ernments and has been signed by rep- resentatives of those governments at ‘Washington. Each of those governments will designate two members of the com- mission, and the conference will appoint the other five. It invited each of the following named governments to nomi- nate a person for such appointment: Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Uruguay and the United States. The Argentine and Brazilian governments having declined, the Mexican and Colombian govern- ments were invited in their gohces. and accepted. By the protocol Bolivia and Paraguay engage themselves to stop all A Few Kind Words for Business BY BRUCE BARTON. GRADUATED from college when muckraking was in its greatest glory. The magazines and newspapers and reformers had filled our youthful minds with so mich distressing information that we hardly knew whether the world was a safe place for us to step out into or not. We looked askance on all the fellows in college whose fathers had made money. To be sure, the fathers seemed decent enough old codgers when they visited us at the fraternity house. But we felt that something was dark and bad in their past some- where. We would not have been seen walking on the street with John D. Rockefeller for anything. I remember visiting Washing- ton and looking at the United States Senate. | felt a 1 were inside the gates of Sing Sing. There was So-and-So from Texas. We had been told that the oil trust owned him. There was So-and-So from consin. The railroads owned him. And so on. All there through some unholy alliance. All city governments were cor- rupt; all laws were passed from evil motives; all business was yoked together in a vast unseen network, fashioned and fostered to exploit the Nation. A business man was a being without conscience or intelli- gence, like a slot machine. You gave him a nickel, and he gave you a nickel’s worth of goods. If he took your nickel and withheld the goods, then he was a successful busine: Running a magazine was very easy in those days. All one had to do was to take down a map of the United Sta and place his finger on any spo say Owosso, Mich. Then call in a writer and say, “Get on t train and go out and see what rotten in Owosso.” Muckraking did some good, but we have come to realize now that that it overplayed its hand. In fact, | believe it could be shown that the greatest force for righteousness in the United nothing more or than the once maligned business. Business is the greatest ally and promoter of honesty. And more and more | have come to feel that honesty is, after all, the corner stone of all the virtues. Nothing has impressed me more than this: Get to the top of a big business enterprise, and nine times out of ten you will find an idealist. You will find a man who has long since ceased to be interested in mere money-making, who is staying in business because of what he wants his business to do for his employes, his community and his country. I do not say that business is perfect. Far from it. But | do say that the time is past when the young man who goes into business needs to feel that he making a selfish choice—a choice that cuts him off from service to his fellow men. “Be not slothful in business,” said St. Paul, “fervent in spi serving the Lord. by-product of building, strengthened the character and lifted the ideals of hundreds of nd helped in the regeneration of a whole com- entire has changed. People look The Story the Week Has Told { troop concentrations and to make every effort to reach agreement on the gen- eral question at issue; the commission confining itself to ascertamning the facts concerning the recent clashes and fix- ing responsibility in that connection. * kK X UNITED STATES.—The five days’' convention in New York of the Ameri- can_Association for the Advancement of Science, which ended last Wednes- day, was sufficiently interesting, though these annual conventions of ours are never as entertaining as those of the corresponding British association. Per- hcps the most pleasing announcement was that promising perfection in the near future of a satisfactory method of synthetic manufacture of insulin. All sorts of wonderful promises were in- timated in connection with the en- docrine glands If only we could master the secrets of the endocrine glands, we might, it seems, conquer death itself. But does the immortality envisaged in- clude eternal youth? If nay, seek no further. Perhaps the most interesting of the addresses was that by Dr. Harlow Shapley, director of the Harvard Col- lege Observatory. Space, he pointed out, is full of galaxies, a galaxy being a group of solar systems revolving around a central nucleus. The nucleus around which our little galaxy revolves is in Sagittarius, Relation of our galaxy has been established by Swedish, Dutch and Canadian astronomers and star gazers of Yale and Harvard. “The complete turn, at our distance from the center, is made in 300,000,000 years.” Our solar system, of course, is only a petty detail of our galaxy. Intergalactic space is empty and transparent. He finds himself pausing, as well he might, before the question, Are the innumerable galaxies or uni- verses harmoniously organized as ele- ments of a system, a superuniverse? It is not surprising that astronomers should be modest men. A study of astronomy is to be recommended to all overweeners. No, no, I did not mention Mussolini. All kinds of societies and institutes had dinners and smokers and other “‘get-togethers” outside the main pro- ceedings, more lively than the latter and perhaps as edifying. One envies those who had the good fortune to at- tend the meeting of the American Philological Association and to listen to papers on such subjects as the follow- ing: *“Some Nouns of Relationship in Lycian and Hyttite,” “A Study of Zeugma in Virgil,” “A New Method of Studying the Caesura,” etc. A life de- voted to such speculatiorns has perfume and bouquet. Nor let us forget that empires have clashed over matters less important than the “accentual clausula.” * ok ok ok DEATHS' TOLL.—Death took a heavy toll of distinguished heads in 1928. To mention only the most renowned: Old soldiers and sailors, Field Marshal Haig, Field Marshals Cardona and Diaz, Mar- shal Fayolle, Gen. Goethals and Admi- ral Scher; of statesmen, the Earl of Oxford and Asquith, Lord Haldane; Giovanni Giolitti, Robert Lansing and Gen. Obregon (nomen, soldier as well as statesman); of writers, Thomas Hardy, Sir Edmund Gosse, Sir George Trevelyan and Hermann Suder Mann; of scientists, Hendrick Lorentz, the Dutch physicist, and Hideyo Noguchi, the great bacteriologist. Finally, in Ellen Terry one of the greatest actresses of all time passed from the scene, and in Roald Amundsen one of the supreme heroes of all time. * K K K A NEW CALENDAR.—A resolution is before the House requesting the Presi- dent to call an international confer- ence on simplification of the calendar. Nothing could be more strikingly illus- trative of the conservatism of mankind than the hesitation to adopt a 13-month calendar, whereof the advantages are so obvious. Nineteen hundred and thirty-three would be a good year for the change to take effect, for in that case every year and every month, as well as every week, would begin with Sunday. The only people who would properly have a kick coming are the calendar makers. England delayed munity. And the number of such men— the ideal of busines: Amer- ica- ng very f (Copyright. 1920.) 170 years and Russia about 300 years to accept the Gregorian (reformed Julian) calendar proclaimed by a papal bull in 1582 China_adopted it only this year, but NEW EUROPE Created States Have BY COUNT CARLO SFORZA, Former Italien Minister of Forelgn Affairs. ECIPROCITY in good will,” “ was the thought voiced by President Coolidge in his message on last Armistice day. He meant this reci- procity as a condition of closer and more confident relations between Eu- rope and the United States. But this is- desired just as much in the relations between the different European states. Let us study, on the tenth anniver- sary of their independent life, the symptoms of this reciprocity of good will among the nations which found a new life, or a new form of life, in the treaties of peace of 1919. I refer to Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia and Ru- mania in Central and Oriental Europe, and to Finland, Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania in Baltic Europe. Ten years is too short a time for the old European states to find a recipro- city of good will; for the old states, the decade has been simply 10 years of respite from bloody encounter. But it is in the first years of their independ- ence that countries like Czechoslovakia, Poland and Jugoslavia, as well as com- pletely new states like Esthonia and Lativa, have been able to show their tendencies and their instincts in diplo- matic life, in the economic order and in moral progress. It is through them, more than through the old states where tradi- tions make changes so difficult, that one may hope to perceive the real trend of Europe. New States of Europe. ‘The new states of Central Europe are the effect of the destruction of Austria- Hungary. The Baltic states owe their independence to the Russian collapse. Let us study the two groups separate- ly. We ought not to be too surprised and too supercilious when we are con- fronted, 10 years after the war, Wwith intestine dissensions in some of the new states—in Czechoslovakia among Czechs and Slovaks, in Jugoslavia among Serbs and Croats, in Ru- mania among Rumanians of the old kingdom and Rumanians of former Hungarian Transylvania. We ought not to forget that the motto of the House of Hapsburg, which from the Hofburg in Vienna ruled 50,000,000 men with 10 different lan- guages and 10 sets of traditions, was Divide et impera. A house guilty of the declaration of war on Serbia in fatal July, 1914—a declaration which unchained the European war—does not need to be accused of further crimes; its conscience bears a suffi- cient burden. Yet—to judge the ef- forts of the new governments in Prague, Belgrade and Bucharest se- renely today—we ought not to forget how the House of Hapsburg always en- deavored to keep alive the various divi- sions of its subject races in order to further its own power. How Austrian Policy Worked. Diplomatic and military Austria knew that her only safety lay in the constant jealousies among these races—Roman_Catholic Croats against Orthodox Serbs, Hungarians among Rumanians, Slovenes against Italians of Trieste, and so on. But this was not enough: At the Ballplatz, the proud center of Austrian diplomacy, the dip- lomats were always trytng to hatch mischief between, let us say, Serbia and Bulgaria, between Bulgaria and Ru- mania. Balkan nations at peace with each other might have meant progress for them all; they might have become hopeful centers of irredentistic dreams for the Austrian subjects of similar nationalities. That is why we must not overrate, unpleasant though they may be, the symptoms of intestine discords in Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia and Rumania. For instance, in Czechoslovakia at present the Slovaks like, perhaps even more than ten years ago, to call their, years ago the Slovaks were crushed under Magyar tyranny, and they em- hasized the Slav character of their language. Now that the rulers are in Prague, the capital of the Czechs, the accentuation of ‘the difference of lan- guage helps them in defending their autonomy; that is only human. But the truth is that a native from the Slovak mountains could converse with a native of Prague much more easily than a Toulon fisherman could chat with a Paris gavroche, to take the mos} united and centralized country in rope— France. The only problem is a moral problem. The Slovaks, like the Alsatians in France, want to be good patriots, but at their smaller country. They are slightly irritated when Czech officials call them Czechs, but they would be infuriated were some one to refer to them as Hungarians, Leaders of Nation. On the whole, to judge Czechoslova- kia, one ought to consider what it was ten years ago when two men, Masaryk and Benes, started their task of recon- struction from a heap of ruins. Now Masaryk, the President of the republic, a coachman'’s son and himself a black- smith’s apprentice, who developed by sheer personal force into a university scholar of world-wide fame, and his minister of foreign affairs, a young and indomitable refugee in Italy and France during the war, may boast of an admirably run mansion, with a good diplomacy, an army, a flourishing trade and a steady currency. I alluded to a certain Slovak discon- tent concerning language; yet Czech government may boast of the school reform in Slovakia as one of its greatest achievements. Before the rev- olution, under Hungary, there was no Slovak state school in the whole coun- try of Slovakia. The Hungarians, in pursuit of their policy of Magyarization, refused to allow the ple state schools where they could be taught in their own lan- guage, and established only Magyar schools. Today we have 3,000 Slovak primary schools, more than 40 sec- ondary schools and a Slovak university as well. To me that seems a very great achievement for only ten years of free- dom. Before the war there were a cer- tain number of non-state Slovak schools in Slovakia belonging to the churches, especially to the Lutheran Church; but not a single state school. Division in Jugoslavia. In Jugoslavia, of course, the internal divisions appear more serious. Croats and Slovenes, who with the Serbs form what is officially styled as the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,” are Western peoples with a Western 'inheritance of culture, -amm-l istration and custom. The Serbs are Orientals. Even the religious denomi- nations are different. The Croats and the Slovenes are Roman Catholics, the Serbs are the Croats thodox, Ever since the union of and Slovenes with Serbia in a single Jugoslav state the Croats have con- ducted a com| against what they have often described as the “Balkani- | V1 zation” of their country. Through Rome, Venice and Vienna the Croats have a long tradition of ordered rule and a strong and proud belief in their right to at least an equal share in gov- erning the Triune kingdom. Serbians Are Proud. ‘The Serbs are proud of their military record. They admit that their original Sulture 16-WeEe* language Slovak, and not Czech. Ten’ the same time they want to be loyal to (. *$ap Wste"will a0me dav, AS SEEN TEN YEARS AFTER WAR Survived and Press Ahead Despite Internal Dangers. . ern. They admit that in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, there may be more culture than in Belgrade. But they say “It is only our milit=rv resistence, our dogged courage, our record of battles that created an independent Jugoslavia.” My political opponents in Italy have so often accused me of identifying the Italian victory over Austria and the fruits of our victory—all Italy united and free under the complete crown of our Alpine frontier in our hands—with the progress ‘and life of the free suc- cessor states of Austria-Hungry that in Belgrade they may at least believe in my deep and cordial sincerity when I tell them: “You believe that you are proud. On the contrary, you are modest and sus- picious—suspicious of others, but more of yourselves. Your political leader- ship when a crisis menaces the horizon is such a historical necessity, the grow- ing generations in Slovenia and Croatia have such an honest desire to belleve in their southern brothers, that with no danger you might afford a sufficient amount of decentralization in the new state to give Zagreb and Ljubliana the sensation that they did not struggle against the Vienna and Budapest rulers only to be governed by Belgrade. The more self-government Belgrade will per- mit in the three parts of the state the strorlx‘ger will be the unity of Jugo- slavia.” Situation in Rumania. In Rumania the tenth anniversarv of her existence as a state where all Rumanians were united for the first time in their history has witnessed a great event. The rulers of the old king- dom had tried to retain their former supremacy without giving a sufficlent amount of influence to the populations of Transylvania, much more Western- ized and cultured than those of the kingdom. The situation was somewhat analogous to the crisis in Jugoslavia. ‘The latest development is that the regency of the state has wisely advised the “dictatorial” cabinet to resign and has appointed as prime minister in their place the leader of the Transyl- vanian peasants. This gentleman, Mr. Mantu, has announced his intention of uprooting the present bureaucracy and establishing a truly democratic regime, the first condition of which is the es- tablishment of “free” elections. This would mean a complete break with the former semi-Oriental traditions of the Rumanian regimes. Europe and. the world must follow with interest such a novel challenge to vested inter- ests and such a candid determination to reform the Rumanian state from top to bottom. Anyhow, it is life; it is not Oriental stagnation. Above all, it is reform, bold reform, without ar- dic- tatorship. Poland’s Dictatorship. Of which, to tell the truth, with the disappearance of the Rumanian oli- garchy, there is no trace in the new European states, except in Poland, where the forms of freedom have been saved, but in reality power has been concentrated in the hands of Marshal Pilsudski. This fact, of course, makes it difficult to judge the progress made by Poland. Dictatorships live on pres- tige and the entire atmosphere of a country which accept them gives an impression of unreality and artificiality that discourages an honest search for the truth. 3 It cannot be denied at least that the. foreign policy of all these countries is marked by some common ideas and bound by some common links which, in spite of appearances, make this part of Europe a healthier zone than before the war. In spite of appearances, I said, be-: cause the old Europe of 1914 still seems to many to be the only permanent and reasonable Europe. All men of mature age, in America as well as in pe, had grown used to seeing on the map in the center of Europe two vast uni- color blots symbolizing Germany and”’ Austria, and the new names and the new colors on the map sometimes seem causes of disorder, or at least of un- certainty. In reality this is a very distortcd view of European history. The Europe of 1914 was only 50 years old, while Poland had existed for 800 years and Bohemia for 700. ‘The Austria of 1914 could only live on divisions and jealousies, being as it was not a national entity, but a sterile oligarchy of courtiers and bureaucrats with no spiritual message for the wo:ld. Living Nations Exist. Now, probably new injustices have replaced some of the old ones, new re- sentments _have been added to old hatreds. But the great fact remains that where artificial Austria was stand- ing, stand today living nations. Each of them had centuries ago, and will pe’s progress ‘hos! ve, with Huss, a great martyr to_rel - dom; Jugoslavia, where West and East meet under the same language; Ru- mania, with her Latin oasis in a Slav world; Poland, with her free overindi- vidualistic history. Now that they have come into a new life, each of these nations may commit blunders. But, like Britain or Ger-+ many, Italy or France, they are living entities, each one with a mission and a voice in an organized Europe. " In minor proportions the same may be said of the new states on the borders of the Baltic Sea. It would be a great injustice to them to believe that they were invented by the entente, and ure- cially by England after the Russ! collapse. In the course of the nine- teenth century, which was the era of national awakenings, the awakening be- fell even the little Baltic nations, each™ the | differing so profoundly in race and lan- guage from its powerful German and Russian neighbors. Finland, Esthonia, . Latvia and Lithuania only awaited the right moment for asserting their own life. That moment came with the out- break of the World War. States Have Shown Vitality. For a while it was the fashion to repeat for the Baltic states the same lullaby which was used for Central Europe—that the treaties of peace had “Balkanized” Europe, and that all those Latvias and Esthonias would be merely season states with no real life. ‘Ten years have elapsed, and the new Baltic states have shown a vitality that their best friends did not expect. With their juvenile nationalism they have put the maps against them. It is difficult to remember that Kovno, the capital of Lithuania, has now been baptized Kau- nas; that the old famous port of Memel is now Klaipeda; that Reval, the capital of Esthonia, is now Tallinn, and so on. Is it possible that the Baltic states will merge some day into a Baltic union? ‘They probably will do so, but slowly, as if at first each of them wanted to taste the full and young joys of inde- pendent life. . Only after having been completel Latvian, Esthonian and Finnish wfi they, perhaps, with growing conviction, forge st links among themselves, but links that will not crush individual . tality. It is with them as it is with the groups of the new states in Cen- tral Europe—a past of grudges,, rancors and petty suspiclons is fti penalty of a long history not lacking in * generous contributions to the millennial chain of our becoming. b In spite of accidents and blunders, it. is out of these national living entities that a newly peaceful organized Europe ‘ I, SRACIRR ‘