Evening Star Newspaper, September 25, 1927, Page 43

DRACTICAL WORK URGED .. INU. S. COLLEGE Banking and Farming Cited as Desirable in Curricula—-—Proper Education as Means of Lessening Crime Discussed. BY WILL J. BALLINGER. HE seamiest problem to de of our youth is not petting parties, hip < and booze, wild parties and splurges—the ammuriition for mermons and exhortations from elders. ‘The paramount problem is taking the automatic out of youthful hands and steering clear of electric chairs. hang- man'’s nooses and prison bars’ increas ing hordes of juvenile waywards A recent student of crime says that 80 per cent of all crime in the worst | country of the world is committed by boys under 25 vears and | that to divert this growing army ot crooks from its annual occupation of taking more out of the pockets of the Nation in dollars and hard cash than the pestiferous collector does, jobs must be found for thou- sands of boys who, under our w t education kes up a life of crime becs t the most im-| mediate means of livelihood. Authority on Education. T mentioned this statement to Mabe Montsier, lady who has been con nected with reform moevements in ed- ucation for a number of years. Miss Montsier is one of the fore- most au! ies in the country on progressive education. has been active in tho fie fonal re- | form for reat and only | recently added new laurels to her ca- reer by sponsoring a national poetry contest amon From | the contributio e com- piled an an Anthology of Ju- v.” which has been pub- lished. She w mazad to find the latent talent among young school chil- dren and more than ever convinced venile Poetry that our present educational system does not afford sufficient outlets for originality and real creative work among students. Her mission has Teen to save American education from the evils of standardization and to keep alive the precious qualities of originality and initiative in young minds which would otherwise wither from assauvlts of learning by rote and amming for examinations. Education for Work. “It is one of the worst faults of our present educational em that it does not equip boys to earn a living,” Miss Montsier replied to my vemark. *I think the first purpose of an educa- tion should be to enable a boy to make a " living. Educators have harped consistently on the idea that education should be primarily for the | purpose of making a life rather than & living, and have decried the sug- gestion that education should have any intention of equipping a boy to make money. In consequence many boys have taken as little of educa- tion as the law required and then set about making a living. Education under this theory can only be af- forded by the few. And as long as our_ colleges keep their curriculums so limited in the opportunities they offer to young men and women just so long will thousands of boys be un- equipped for making a living. “Our educational institutions need to be greatly expanded in their in- terests and in the opportunities they offer to young people.” “Do you mean that they take in more students?” “Certainly we should have more education in America, and particular- 1y in the ranks of college graduates. Do you realize just how limited a col- lege education is in America? On June 1, 1920, there were only 358,026 male graduates living in the United States. The tendency at present is 1o cut down the numbers applying for higher education in America. What should be done is to enlarge the ig- terests of our college.” College Course Expansion. “Would you put in more courses 1 queried. “A university,” replied Miss Mont- sier, “used to be a place where only the mind was used. The courses offered were very limited. A hundred years ago the student going to Yale was given such abstract courses as ‘Pres- ident Clapp on the Will,’ ‘Wollaston's Relative Nature Delineated,’ Greek Testament and Euclid. Since that date we have, of course, expanded our college courses a great deal, but | not far enough. We have not yet reached the point where a person going to college is taught to use his ‘hands and feet, if he desires that kind ini s much as his mind. “‘For instance, there are many bo; who like machinery and would be perfectly happy to become master me- chanics. Others are interested in avi- ation; “others in physical cultur others in banking, in accounting, in farming, etc. Today a young man who goes to college and wants to be a banker gets his training for bank- ing after he quits college—not while he is in college. “A modern university ought to take notice of such interests and should make it posgible for a boy to study courses pertaining to banking al- most exclusively while in college, 80 that hie would know all the particulars pertaining to the banking profession vhen he came out. As it is today a ¢ must get his banking or farming experience in the bank or on the farm. 0ld School Methods. “The advantage of education should be to give a future banker or farmer should o0 aivorce | COURSES _Drofession. The old school where hoys went to be apprenticed to bank- | ers or farmers or mechanics gave a { practical viewpoint. But the all-| | around viewpoint can be obtained only by looking at one's occupation | trom the complete angle and that is | the angle that boys should be able | to et in college on some occupation \that they might choose. There is [far too much of the impractical in our educational system.” don't you imply that in our uni-! | versities and colleges there is a dis- | crimination against manual labor?” 1 asked. “Precisely,” answered Miss Mont- | | sier. A good farmer is as valuable | to society as a good doctor or banker. | The trouble is that we are suffering from tradition. If you will go lmt‘l:l into the history of antiquity, you will {find that the only people who were | respected and regarded as amounting | were nobles, warriors | | churchmen. In Greek history | | the business man was looked down on. The artisan and manual worker | was without the caste of respect. Far « long while in certain parts of the United States a gentleman lost casto if e worked—or if he worked witlf | his hands. Business Man New God. {to anything nd “Today the business man is our new god. He is very much esteemed and respected and yet he once be- longed to the strata of society that was the least approved. Accordingly, why should education continue to exert a snobbish distinction between labor with the head and labor with the hands? When we look the truth fairly in the face, we might dispense with every occupation except that of the farmer. He is the foundation of society ‘Why shouldn't we incluae the farmer’s interests in the courses of our universities? It is the aim of progressive education to stimulate people to be original and to equip themselves to do a work in life that will support them. Education in this sense is not a mere adornment of life—it is not only a means of making life more livable—but, more funda- mental still, it seeks to build a nation of workers—men and women, equip- ped with education to do work, be paid for it and makes themselves eco- nomically independent. Of such ambi- tions strong nations are made. “Let me summarize my criticism of our present educational system. “First of all, education today Is too standardized, too destructive of origi- nality and initiative. Let me say that any educational system that withers initiative and originality is a heavy national loss. Today we cram too much into heads and teach them far too little how to use what they have learned. The first aim of progressive education is to encourage students to do the greater part of the work themselves. The teacher plays a minor role. The student is encouraged to write original poetry or fiction— original designs, etc. Culture Is Emphasized. “In the second place, modern edu- cation places too much confidence in the value of mere culture as a means lo making the best possible use of a human life. It neglects the necessity that a livelihood comes before the en- Joyment of culture. A student must first equip himself to make his living before he will be in a position to make a life. You can’t make a life without first making a living. Our education, |/ therefore, should aim to equip stu- dents as soon as possible with a trade in life, giving them, of course, enough of cultural courses to make them ed- ucated in the fullest sense of the word. “In order to do this our educational system should be revamped all along the line. Emphasis should be laid on first equipping the student to make a living. If one’s talents are not great, a student should be placed in some occupation quite soon, leaving his more mentally equipped brethren to go onward and aspire to higher and more difficult occupations. But under such a system every one would be equipped for at. least some occupation. There would be far less jobless youths and in consequence far less orime —Iif the diagnosis of the authority on | crime is correct. | Urges Wider Curricula. “Finally, we need wider college cur- ricula. A modern university should in- clude more interests. There is no good reason why a farmer cannot receive a diploma for a knowledge of farming from a university as well as a doctor or a student of history or mathematics. “In this way we send every boy and girl who goes through the educational system out into the world armed with tools for a livelihood. We make educa- tion serve the end of life which is to sustain life as effectively as possible, Those who believe in progressive edu- cation have no objection to letting students study purely cultural courses —courses which old-fashioned legisla- tors thought so important in the mak- ing of a life. That kind of education will still go on. But along with it will be the opportunity for different-mind- ed people to choose other courses which will give them enough cultyre and vet equip themselves to get an economic start in life, found a family, become property holders, respectable citizens and more effectively escape the temptations of a life of crime and predation.” a long-sighted viewpoint of his Copyright U. P. C. News Service, Inc., 1927. Prehispanic Ruins Found in Mexico Link Cultures of American Indians Important prehispanic ruins in Northern Mexico of a civilization that bridges the gap between the Pueblo culture in the Southwestern United States and that of the more advanced culture of the Aztecs and Mayas in Southern Mexlico have recently been inspected and studied by Dr. Eduardo Noguera of the department of arche ology of the Mexican department of education. The ruins are of a fortified city on the crest of a hill about 35 miles southeast of Zacatecas, the capital of the state of that name. The locality was apparently chosen for defense, Dr. Noguera says, and suggests that the prehistoric town was surrounded by enemy tribes. The hill is about 500 feet high and more than 3,000 feet long at its greatest point, and where it is not naturally defended by steep cliffs it is surrounded by stone walls which are double in some places. The hill is a serfes of five terraces, and each terrace has its groups of buildings. The approach is guarded by & smail pyramid, and from there an evenue leads uphill to the first ter- race. Minor avenues lead to other parts of the hill and to other edifices. On the first terrace is a great “galon,” about 130 by 100 feet. It is surrounded by a wall, and within are 11 pillars, constructed of stone. They are at irregular distances from each other, but are plac at regular dis tances from the walls. Thelr purpose is a mystery. F n in th ruined siate the highest of them are more than 17 feet. | This salon leads to another, many times larger, and also surrounded by walls, which open at the east end and give access to a small pyramid. A Whird pyramid on the same terrace is is not_truncated, as in the case of all other known pyramids of the Mexican Indians. It is about 50 feet high and 35 feet at each base line. A fourth pyramid of this anclent Indlan city has a series of rooms of different sizes built into one of its sides. Although this structure is in a very bad state of ruin, the material that remains gives an idea of what it was in its heyday. The best preserved edifice of all is another pyramid in an adjoining quad- rangle. It is 33 feet high and has a serles of rooms or living quarters, The material out of which this city of pyramids is bullt {s yellowish gray porphyry, coming from the geological formations of the hill on which the city stands and others in the vicinity. The stone fractures easily, and the building blocks are of uneven sizes, | but none more than six or eight inches long. The mortar used is of red lime mixed with straw. The ruins have been known for more than 20 years, but they have been meglected by scientiats, both American and Mexican, mainly be- cause the large number of Maya and Azteo remains in other parts of Mex- ico have detracted from others by their greater artistic aspects. But {from a scientific standpoint these ruins are of the greatest importance, Dr. Noguera says, and will open a new horizon in American Indian archeol- {ogy. So far no excavations have been made in search of pottery and imple- | ments which will give a picture of the | | lives of this unknown race of pyramid buliders. BY WILL P. KENNEDY. HE most important measures coming before the incoming Congress—such as Mississippi River flood relief, the $165,- 000,000 Federal bullding program and the three great waterpower and reclamation projects, Boulder Dam, Muscle Shoals and Great Falls—emphasize that Washington is the great engineering center of this continent, as it has been in growing importance since George Washington and Maj. Charles L'Enfant, 136 vears ago, charted this most beautiful of al! citles out of a wilderness and swamps. Study of Washington as a great center for englneering work also brings forcibly to the attention of those who have drifted into the thought that the seat of Government is a theater for political squabbling, and little else, that in reality great constructive work is being done by tbe Federal Government, which is be- ing carried along progressively regardless of which party happens to be in power. It shows also that private industry and the best engi- neering skill of the country is co-operating with and supporting the Government to get the hest results—and not merely for some petty individ- ual contract, as so many suspect. d ko % The new $9,000,000 water system for Wash- ington, with a new conduit from Great Falls paralleling the old one, and a new filtration plant at the Dalecarlia reservoir (which also supplies water to neighboring Maryland and Virginia) {s one visual example of the impor- tant engineering projects in Washington. The $15,000,000 Arlington Memorial Bridge across the Potomac River, physically linking the North and the South, is another, and the new Chain Bridge must come soon. Not only the $50,000,000 Government build- ing program for the Capital City to house properly Uncle Sam's workshop, but the $165,- 000,000 program for the country which is to be expanded into a $500,000,000 program—all heads up here. The development of the National Capital by the National Capital Park and Planning Com. mission, co-ordinating its work with similar commissions in Maryland and Vifginia, is essen- tially an engineering program, including park. ing, zoning, street layouts, building construc- tion, water supply, lighting, fire protection, transportation, traffic control and many other engineering problems. All the rivers and harbors work by the Engineer Corps of the Army, with a current appropriation of $50,000,000, is planned and ddrected from headguarters here. So also 8 the Federal aid p¥gram of linking all parts of the country together by good roads, for which the appropriation for the fiscal year 1928 is $75,000,000. The Lee Boulevard, the new Defense Highway and the proposed memorial boulevard to Mount Vernon are local illustra- tions of this phase of engineering activity. * ok ok The Bureau of Standards is the headquarters for scientific research for the Nation, with its findings eagerly watched for and beneficial to hundreds of industries. It is the greatest in- stitution of its kind in the world and does in- finitely more than its title indicates. L. Pen- dred, editor of the Engineer, published in Lon- don, after a recent visit to the Bureau of Standards, sald: “Each successive door is a veritable beehive of cells and opens to reveal sor:a new research on a large scale.” Here, besides the physical engineering and other laboratorles, is a complete paper mill, a large weaving shed with looms and spinning frames, and a glass works, where optical glass is made for the Government. There is a new apparatus, the essential feature of which is a calorimeter, which is being employed for a com- plete reinvestigation of the properties of steam for the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers. This bureau tests everything from the tensile strength of building materials to base balls—recently it has been testing duralumin parts for airships. * ok k¥ All aviation progress looks to Washington. Washington as an Engineering Center Here we have as the research organization the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics concentrating the best thought of the leading aeronautical engineers. Here we have the War, Navy and Commerce Departments, dig- nifying the comparatively new sclence of flight, each with an assistant secretary in charge. Thus we have the vision and development of aeronautical sclence and the regulation of fly- ing centered in Washington. Similarly with the new science of radio communication, we have a Federal regulatory board, which licenses all stations, lodged in the Department of Commerce. All mining finds its guidance in the Na- tional Capital. It was emphasized during the recent war days that the product of these mines was the basic need of a self-sustained natlon. In mineral and coal mining a great part of the sclentific development and the regu- lation of operation is in charge of the Federal Bureau of Mines, which was recently trans. ferred from the Department of the Interlor to the Department of Commerce. The Geological Survey co-operates with the Bureau of Mines in the vast problem of de. velopment of petroleum resources, so essential in this automotive age. Battering down the monopoly of nitrates held by Chile during the World War, the Geological Survey now has exploration work in progress in New Mexico and Texas, with the probability of developing our own source of supply for explosives and fer- tilizer, All the basic information regarding water resources is obtained by the Geological Survey, and the data it gathers shows whether it {s economically and engineeringly possible to tap such resources. Tt shows the proper sites on which to erect water supply and water-power projects. Mok sk % The Geological Survey and the Coast and Geodetic Survey furnish all the basic data for our maps, and particularly topographical maps, which show where to put rallroads, streets, public roads, etc. Surveys and maps have been made in this country ever since Capt. John Smith mapped @hesapeake Bay, some 300 years ago, and in rcoemt years those engaged in in- dustrial and commercial development have been most insistent in demanding extremely ac- curate maps. Topographic maps serve as a Dase on which problems affecting human ac- tivities may be studied and Investigated and plans made for their solution. Possesslon of such maps fnsures the economical planning ot improvements and reveals possibilities for the development of resources that otherwise would remain unknown. They are needed for public utilit for industrial development, because it is impossible to inventory intelligently our na. tional resources without adequate maps on which to plot their location ‘and extent; for highway construction on which Federal and State governments are co-operatively spending hundreds of millions of dollars annually, for transportation needs, for the use of water re. sources, for drainage projects, for agricultural development and the development of mineral resources, for utilization of timber resuorces, of grazing resources and in the study of physi- cal geography in our schools and colleges, for statistical uses and as a prime requisite for military preparedness and for national defense. * %k k ok The Federal Power Commission, composed of three members of the cabinet, is in control f all hydroelectric development throughout the United States, with the Boulder Dam, Muscle Shoals and the Great Falls on the Potomac projects engaging immediate attention. The Interstate Commerce Commission con- siders transportation problems, both those af- fecting railrcads #nl water-borne commerce. The Patent Office is the very foundation of all industrial development. The War Department has as one of its major functions to plan for industrial prepared- ness. The Army War College in its work de- pends upon engineernig data. The Ordnance Bureau of the War Department calls for most skilled engineering. In the industrial preparedness = program there are three principal items—standardiza. tion, simplification and elimination of waste. On these the Department of Commerce has been concentrating since the World War, under the Hoover plan. They promote thrift in times of peace and better and surer supplies in time ot war. It is because of this system worked out on a Natlon-wide scale under Secretary Hoover that the War Department is going to be able to make such complete plans for mili- tary preparedness. The War and Navy Depart. ments are both quite active in this campalgn by the Commerce Department, and both Gov- ernment officlals from many units of Govern- ment and representatives of engineering socie- ties and industries are on the advisory board of the Division of Simplified Practice. LR B O The ordinary run of citizen does not have any conception of the importance of engineer- ing work carried on in the Department of Agri- culture. At the present time agriculture in the United States is confronted with an unusually large number of pressing engineering problems, demanding immediate attention if the farmers of the country are to maintain their position against the competition of industry and of the agricultural world at large. So a division of agricultural engineering. has been set up in the Department of Agriculture, which is now in the Bureau of Public Roads, but legislation is promised to enlarge this work into a distinct bureau. Agricultural engineering, it should be explained, includes such important elements as farm power, farm machinery, sanitation, farm ‘water supply, rural electrification, farm light- ing and heating, farm buildings, prevention of sofl erosion, drainage and irrigation. And it #hould be borne in mind that such projects for improving the economic condition of the farmers {s not only reflected in the quality and price of the food products which come to city consumers, but that it stabilizes general pros- perity and industrial activity on which the masses of the people are dependent for their livelihood. Take one specific unit of the Department of Agriculture—the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory on the American University grounds. Toward the end of the World War the need of nitrates became so great in this country, for use in explosives and as fertilizer to produce crops, that the famous Muscle, Shoals power station was built for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, one of the most cost- ly of the war projects. That gigantic plant drew its purpose from the humble Fixed Nitro- gen Laboratory here, which, established as a war necessity, has been continued as a control against extortion in the price for Chilean nitrates, and the work of which promises to make this Nation independent for all time, and especialy in war days. It is devoting its atten. tion almost exclusively to the synthetic process. It is an educational as well as experimental institution, having contributed more than 120 papers to the sum total of engineering and sclentific knowledge. *ok ok ok > Then, again, the Department of Agriculture, in co-operation with the Department of Com- merce and private industry, is helping out the wood conservation program and working to protect the United States from a hold-up by Canada on the matter of wood pulp for paper making, which affects every newspaper reader in the land. The Forest Service protects our timber supply and promotes reforestation. The Tlorest Products Laboratory determines the best uses for the various timber resources of the Nation. The Bureau of Standards is con- stantly experimenting for the best utilization and for new utilization to” which the forest products are not now applied. The wood utiliza- tion committee of the Department of Commerce has directed a wondertul piece of work in the standardization and simplification of lumber. In co-operation with these Government agencles @ great many scientific organizations have been (Continued on Fifteenth Page.) | LTHOUGH the public, and, in- !s deed, the medical profession at The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended September 24: B O The British Empire.—The elections to the Dail Eireann resulted as fol- low: Government 61; In- party, 6. Government group, party (headed by Cosgr: dependents, 12; Iarmers’ Total, 79. Opposition, Fianna Fail (headed by De Valera), 57; Labor party, 13; Na- tional League, 2; Communists (Tom Larkin), 1. Total, 73. The defeat for re-election of Tom Johnson, head of the Labor party, was a surprise. Both the large parties made very considerable gains at the expense of the smaller groups. The Fianna Fail gained perhaps six seats by reason that the Sinn Fein failed to put up candidates. It seems fairly certain that Mr. Cosgrave will consent to head a new government. It so, he will find his situation im- proved by reason of the elections, though far from secure, as the sup- port of the Independents is regarded as precarious. On the other hand it is thought he can count on the support of the Laborites and National Leaguers on constitutional questions, and one would not be surprised to see the National Leaguers joining the government group. And perhaps it is a trifle exaggerative to speak of a definite alliance between the Fianna Fail and the Labor party, though their economic programs fairly harmonize. The Free State Parllament meets October 11. ‘We are told that since the rupture of diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia in May last Soviet agents have been feverishly active on the frontiers of India, especlally in Afghanistan, and that there has been considerable’ military bustle (troop mobilization and training, improve- ment and extension of the system of strategic rallways, etc). In the so- called republics of the Soviet Union adjacent or near to Afghanistan, the British are instituting arrangements and evolving plans which presuppose serfous menace from the great bear. It is not surprising that the people of India, whose annual income is esti- mated to average only $39 per head (as against $770 in the United States), should be susceptible to bolshevist propaganda. The British will to re- lleve the immemorial misery is des- perately thwarted by the poverty of the people. In respect of taxes yon cannot “curtail the already curtailed dog.” But it is no less thwarted by the abysmal ignorance and supersti- tion. For example, the government hires men to kill rats, plague carriers. Mobs, taught by their religion not to take the lives of animals, even the noxious, kill the men. As to self-help, the old adages simply don’t apply. What effort of self-help can you expect from & peeple most of whom have the hookworm, many millions of whom are slowly dying of insufficient nutrition? No wonder they listen to those who promise the millennium through a few catch words. Col. Ralph Isham of New Jersey has brought to the United States n collection of papers left by Boswell, s The Permanent Court of Interna- tional Justice, now in session at The Hague, consists of 11 regular judges & a peculiar structure, in that its top and 4 deputy judges, each of & differ- ent nationality. LR the biographer of Samuel Johnson, re- cently recovered from oblivion, 1. Isham is quoted as saying t the collection ~ contains ‘“‘unbelievable riches,” {ncluding a lost poem by Goldsmith, a description of Voltalre by Boswell, indited while he was a | combatant craft): guest at Ferney, etc., etc. Col. Isham promises to publish the material. | x K K ok The Netherlands.—It 13 expected that the great work aow in progress of reclaiming 1,170,000 acres of soil by partial draining of the Zuider Zee will be completed within eight years. Already the larger of the two great | dams involved is nearly completed. | The area to be reclaimed includes what was lost to the fierce assault of the North Sea in 1827, and then some. The total present land area of The Netherlands is 8,170,000 acres. The reclamation will increase the cul- tivable area by one-seventh. * ok ok ok Germany.—The other day President Hindenburg reviewed the greatest naval parade since the war. Thirty- five vessels and 7,000 men partici- pated. It will be recalled that the Versailles treaty limited the German navy as follows (i. e., as to important Six battleships of pre-dreadnaught type, 6 light cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. Submarines were forbidden. The per- sonnel (before the war 75,000, with a reserve of 110,000) was restricted to 15,000, including a maximum of 1,500 officers. Replacement vessels might not exceed the following tonnages: Armored ships, 10,000; light cruisers, 6,000; destroyers, 800. Recruitment must be by voluntary enlistments, of officers for 25 years, of men for 12 years. All coast fortifications were demolished. Baron Ago von Maltzan, Ambas- sador of Germany to the United States, was killed on Friday when a Lufthansa plane in which he was a passenger crashed to earth en route from Berlin to Munich. * oK K K Poland.—Parliament met the other day, summoned in_ special session to pass the budget. It was warned not to extend its activities beyond the budget. The Sejm did not heed the warning, but entertained a motion for rescission of the censorship law. In- stanter, the president, at Pilsudski's instance, adjourned Parliament. It does not appear whether or no the budget was passed. Rumor persists that Pilsudski is playing around more or less with the nobility, whose an- cestors were the curse (and sometimes the glory) of old Poland. * ok K China.—A. conference of leaders of the Nanking and Hankow groups met at Nanking on September 15 7or the purpose of constructing a new Na- tionalist government that should com- bine Nanking and Hankow elements. Reports were rife for several days that the conference had been wrecked, that all was_confusion, that Wang Ching ‘Wel had resigned as chairman of the central executive committee of the Kuomintang. Now we hear that every- thing turned out happily, that Wang did not resign, that fusion was con- summated, and that a new govern- ment represeinting a merger of Nan- king and Hankow has taken office at Nanking. The grand executive, we are told, is vested in a commission of five, including the redoubtable Wang Ching Wel, and in addition there are seven ministries, a council of educa- tion and a council of war. Sun Po, #on of Sun Yat Sen, is minister of finance, and Wang Chung Hul min- ister of justice. The cohference appointed what might be called a committee of purga- tion to purge it of Communists, They are sald to have done their work most RHOPOUBIYs & .oiiii bk v If the report is correct that Admiral Bristol, who recently assumed com- mand of our Asiatic fleet, intends to order to Manila a very considerable part of our vessels now in Chinese wa- ters, and that he even considers with- drawal to Manila of our Marines now at Tientsin, the obvious inference is that he regards the anti-foreign move- ment in China as no longer seriously menacing. Should it dangerously re- vive Manila is not so far away. * K ok % 1 United States of America.—The fol- lowing extract from the report ren- dered to the President by Secre- tary Hoover upon his return from a survey of the situation in the lower Mississippi region, is of high interest: ‘’All of the flood sufferers have now been returned from concentration camps to their homes,” says the Sec- retary. ‘“There are 46,000 still depend- ent for food supplies, who are being rationed at their homes. Therefore, of the 614,000 at one time dependent on public support, 92 per cent are now providing for themselves. “In the work of rehabilitation, in all of the 120 counties touched by the flood a house-to-house canvass has now been completed in determination of the varied needs of the people, with the exception of 9 counties, where the surveys are as yet incomplet-. “The county committees in 111 coun- ties have now estimated. the entire cost of these requirements. Their estimates have been accepted and the money with which to complete this re. habilitation has been placed at the dis- posal of the committees. “After providing for this rehabili- tation work and after providing for the destitute until the first of Janu- ary, we estimate that there will re- main of the Red Cross funds some- thing over $1,000,000 at that date. “A strong health unit {n each county is being established through the State health authorities, and has been financed for the next 18 months Jointly by the States, thg counties, the Rockefeller Foundation and the United States Public Health Service, and fur- nished with supplies- by the Red Cross. “Owing to the second flood and other causes, probably 2,000,000 acres, of crop land will make no substantial money returns this year. An organi- zation has been initlated to sacure c ordinated action between mortgage holders, local banks and the Emer- gency Finance Corporations to assuro financial support to the farmers who have lost this year’s crop to plant and mature the 1928 crop. “Emergency repairs are in course of provision against possible rise of the river in October, and all im- portant levee breaks will apparently be closed before the first of December. “The greatest .measure of rehabill- tion is, of course, the establishment by Congress of effective flood control, for such a measure will greatly re- store confidence, security and. credit.” The President has appeinted Dwight W. Morrow Ambassader to Mexico, In succession to James R. Sheffield, effective about October 1. Mr. Morrow is a member of the firm of J. P. Morgan & ., Which heads the banking syndicate. which holds the Mexican loan. It is understood that he will resign from the Morgan firm. Saturday week Jean Lacoste of France, for the second year in suc- cession, won the singles tennis cham- plonship of the Urited States, beating the glorfous Tiiden, 11—9, 6—38, 11—9, being the first foreign player to win of this ‘“classic.” cent contest. - By winning two out of three races for 6-meter craft” against the Ameri- can defender, Clytie, the challenging Norwegian sloop, Noreg, has eaptured the Seawanhka Cup, which Sherman Hoyt, skipper of the Clytie, won back from Scotland with the Lanai in 1925. The races were sail off Oyster Bay, the stiff weather favoring the challenger in her two victories. The cup will not stay at home. Since about 30 years ago It was put up by the Seawanhka Corinthian Yacht Club, it has been won by Canada, England and Scotland. - This, gentle- men, is sport. 1t was a magnifi- * ok ¥ ¥ Notes.—So Hungary defles League Council, refusing to accept the solution proposed by the Council of the controversy between Hungary and Rumania respecting indemnities to be paid by Rumania to expropri- ated Hungarian Jandowners in Transylvania. The "Council adopted the report of a committee headed by Sir Austen Chamberlain. 'Rumania is satisfled with the solution proposed. Hungary most emphatically is not, and demands reference of the matter to the Permanent Court of Interna- tional Justice for'an advisory opinfon. I shall not attempt a precise in- terpretation of the results of the re- cent general elections in Jugoslavia, but I find plausibility in the view that developments in that country are framing themselves in the direction of a dictatorship. Or perhaps, rather an autocracy, with King Alexander as the autocrat and the services of Parlia- ment dispensed with. In the dark backward and abysm of time there was a Kingdom of Lithu- ania, which the tradition whereof great glofy is more or less falsely as- sociated, and now there are many ardent blogds who would fain revive the kingdom. The brief experiment of democracy has lacked much of suc- ce: It is not generally recognized that to successful working of de- mocracy experience, wide diffusion of aducation and patience are required. A good many are expecting the ardent bloods to have their way. A member of the economic commis- slon headed by Prof. Kemmerer of Princeton (the “economic physician”), which recently, at the invitation of the government of Ecuador, surveyed eco- nomic—in particular, financial and fiscal—conditions in Ecuador, and re- ported and recommended accordingly, is quoted as saying that the commis- sion found the railroads of Kcuador losing 750,000 pesos monthly, but that in consequence of reforms and im- provements adopted pursuant to rec- ommendations by the commissfon thess same rallroads are now making 100,000 pesos monthly. e Grade Crossing Peril. From the Boston Herald. From the earliest days of the rail- road the llability of its trains to run down persons at the crossings; either in vehicles or on .foot, has been pathetically in evidence. This evil the automobile has accentuated, when it' should "have reduced it. In the old days of the horse, its driver could not ordinarily stop teo closs to the tracks because of the animals’ fears; where the motor can run to the very edge. .~ Moreover, the horse's pace could not be greatly accelerated in an- emergency; the motor can be made to jump. We ought to have no accidents at crossings now. the In-"is at present no Fed Public Health Servic Found Certain Re BY REX COLLIER. large, scarcely realize it, the Unitéd States Public Health | Service within the past few weeks has made one of the most revo- lutionary discoveries in medicine since Walter Reed conguered yellow fever. The discovery is that of a specific cure for the dread “economic” disease, pellagra, for years increasingly preva- lent in the South. So sure are the Government physicians that the new cure is positive in all but the most| advanced cases that they have | branded as useless all other medicines heretofore employed in the treatment of pellagra patients. Simplicity is the keynote of the new treatment. In fact, the remedy is so astoundingly simple that aif-| ficulty is being experienced in getting some of the health authoritles in Dixie to try the revolutionary treat- ment. Yeast Is Remedy. Pure, powdered yeast, taken daily over a period of from 6 to 10 weeks, 1s the Government’s novel prescription for the ravaging skin disease now in- festing the Southern States. An ounce a day of this cheap food-medi- cine will cause the skin eruptions to Aisappear, normal strength to return and general health to improve, it is claimed. ~As a follow-up treatment the Public Health Service prescribes a varled, adequate diet of fresh veg- etables, lean meats, milk and eg Discovery of the yeast cure just on the eve of the flood, when it was feared pellagra would become serl- ously epidemic, has been hailed by the "American Red Cross as a god- send, and that organization has tinder- taken the distribution of more than 5,000 pounds of powdered yeast in the Mississippl Valley, where 50,000 pel- lagra patlents are causing concern to health authorities. Accorcing to Dr. Willlam DeKleine of the Commonwealth Foundation, at present acting medical director of the Red Cross, pellagra is a disease par- ticularly common in the cotton belt. It makes ltself manifest by a charac- teristic eruption on the skin, mostly on the hands and forearms, on the neck and upper part of the feet and on-the lower part of the legs. In ad- vanced cases it frequently results in serlous illness and. if the disease is unchecked, in death. It also mani- fests itself by disturbances of diges- tion and the nervous system, result- ing in undernourishment and inability to work. Pellagra has been prevalent in the Southern States for a number of | portance until about 1906 and 1907, | when it was noticed extensively in asylums of the Southern States. Since that time many outbreaks have occurred in institutions of that kind | in these States. It is now generally recognized as one of the major causes of death in the South and has become one of the principal causes of illness, presenting, therefore, a very serious economic problem in the land of cot- ton. The true cause of pellagra, Dr. De Klein® says, was not understood until very recently. Dr. Joseph Goldberger of the Uniled States Public Health Service has contributed more regard- ing the true nature of the disease than any other physician in the world. By carefully controlled experiments with animals, especially dogs, and also with patients in institutions, he has been able to give the world much valuable infofmation concerning the disease. Proper Food Needed. He has shown conclusively that pellagra {s caused by the absence of certain food essentials from the daily diet.- These food essentials are in the nature of a vitamine found in such foods as milk, lean meat, eggs, tomatoes and certain other vegetables. {1t probably is found in other foods besides these, but just which ones is not definitely known. It will require more experimental work befors they are finally determined. If a sufficient amount of such foods as milk, lean meats, eggs and to- rations of the people w to pellagra, the dis 0 are subject e would be matoes could be added to the daily | TYEAST CURE FOR PELLAGR \ IS TRIED OUT IN SOUT"' e Reported to'Ha' » medy to Prevent Disease Prevalent in Dixie. wiped out in this cBuntry, the P Health Service declares. Many of people in the pellagra area live foods sych as fat meats, mainly : pork, corn bread and white In and dishes made from corn meal white flour and molasses. This « frequently constitutes the chief « ments in their daily rations. Ti may not apply to every section in t Southern ates, but inquiry 1. « shown that it does apply to many » tions. Such a diet, it has been shc is entirely inadequate, not only ! the prevention of peilagra, but f preventing many other human ilis Dr. Goldberger has shown that a pure culture of yeast serves as : excellent preventive and cure f pellagra. The v nin found in t foods mentioned also is apparent found in pure yeast. This pure yea is in much more concentrated fori: than the yeast cakes usually ¢ tributed for commercial and houe hold purposes. “About one ounce of this pu veast a day, taken for a perfod «f from one and a half to two and half months, will cure by far the m jority of patients with pellagra, pro- vided the disease has not advanced to a stage where it is beyond hope of cure,” Dr. De Kleine asserts. must be understood, however, that veast is only a palliative measure for immediate treatment. The prevention and control of the disease must even tuaily be effected through an adequate diet.” Education Is Needed.” The control of pellagra, it is pointed out, resolves itselt into a question of economics and education. 1f the people commonly subject to pellagra can be educated as to the true nature of the disease and its pre- vention, and if economic conditions can be so improved that it is possible for every one to obtaln an adequate diet, then pellagra will disappear. “I do not mean to imply,” Dr. De Kleine states, “that economic condi- tions in the South are extremely back- ward, but rather that many people in this section have drifted into certain economic ways of living that have brought on this condition. Many years of custom and tradition in the cotton belt have caused thousands of persons to fall into certain habits of living which are very difficult to change, and which have resulted in pellagra and other conditions of un- dernourishment. Proper educational methods and improvement in economic conditions will do much to remedy this situation. Pellagra during the past two dec- ades seems to have appeared in waves, increasing and decreasing from year rears. It is occasionally i first reported in the United States. iy | €cOnomic conditions. If crops are good 1864, although it was not generally | 804 prices firm over a period of years, ¥ | pellagra apparently wanes. If the op- fegfenized ‘as of any particular: im-|1C.ic"s frue, the' diseass increapes, indicating that an abundance of food readily available for every one is nece essary for the prevention of the dis- ease. Pellagra has been decidedly on the increase in the Southern States dur- ing the present year. This does not, apply only to the flood area, but also to other States in the South. It is perhaps more generally prevalent in the Mississippi Delta at the present time, but that has been the case for several years past. Economic condi- tions there are such that the disease usually makes rapid inroads. Health authorities say it is possible the flood had some influence in.increasing the disease by robbing many persons of cows, chickens and vegetable gardens, but they consider it more than likely that there would have been a heavy increase if the flood had not occurred. Red Cross Helps Sufferers. The Red Cross has supplied pellagra patients with a special diet, and many of the victims have shown improve- ment. The Red Cross has therefors done much to offset the serious ef- fects of an inadequate diet. No one {knows what conditions might have been but for this assistance. Now that the yeast cure has been put forward by the Public Health Service, the Red Cross is distributing a pure form of powdered yeast to all pellagra patients in the flood area. This is being done through State and local health agencies and physicians, and it is expected in this way to con- trol the menacing disease just as it threatened to become, of grave propor- tions. (Continued from |do anything about any sort of radio advertising. That left the field wide open, and the broadcasters, particularly in the West, were not long in recognizing the profits and advantages accruing to him who could use the ether route for advertising something to sell. The upshot of the whole business is that direct advertising on the air today is progressing by leaps and bounds until, in the West at least, radio musical programs are jumbled up with mer- cantile advertisements of a character that leaves nothing to the imagina- tion. They don't go quite into the matter of price, nor of the particular merit of a given article, but the infer- ence s plain. It is good business—for the broad- caster—-and he {s profiting tremendous- ly from his new air theater. So much 80 that it s on record that the owner of station KMA out in Shenandoah, Iowa, a relatively small station, is realizing $1,000 a week for the exclu. sive use of his station one hour a day, and that is small pay. Earl May, who operates this station, hopes to realize a handsome profit from his broadeast- Ing venture this year unless Congress steps in and does something about it. But there is another and sinister angle to the problem, and one with which Congress must cope, it the air is to be kept free of objectionable ad- vertising. That i3 fraudulent adver- tising via the air. It has already come up in at least two cases; in fact, the Federal Trade Commission now has a case before it involving alleged frau: lent advertising by radio. It is now seel:d..z to determine how far it can act and what redress the injured buyer of a radio-advertised product may have. Throughout the country there are any number of better business bu- reaus maintained by the newspa- pers and by advertising agencies in the interest of truthful adver- tising. Fraudulent advertising or deliberate misrepresentation of a product through use of the malls car- ries severe penalties, for Uncle Sam has' thrown a vell of protection around his postal service until a man who would fraudulently advertise through the mails thinks long and earnestly before he takes the step ‘whiich may bring the law on him and his-business. But who is there; what Federal or State agency controls fraudulent advertising over the air? If-a product advertised over the air and delivered, for example, through the mail, is not as represented, what redress has the buyer? The product was not sold through the mall; it ‘was sold by radlo, and simply deliv- ered through the mail. Therefore the Post Office Department has no Jurisdiction. And who has? There 1 agency em- the title twice in.the 46 years' history ' stead, we have more than ever before. powered to protect the public against Fraudulent Advertising in Radio Will Prove a Poser for Congress fraudulent advertising over the radio route. The Department of Justice as so ruled, casting a weather eye Congress in the hope that the legislative body will draw up some kind of legislation to clear up a situa- tion that is certain to cause so trouble unless it is remedied. Opinion of Bellows. The Federal Radio Commission, ing strictly “by the book,” takes the stand that since the law does not give it permission to censor radlo programs, it can do nothing about the situation, but must sit by and watch direct advertising, fraudulent or not, take its place on the air. Com- missioner Henry A. Bellows, spokes- man for the commission, holds that, since the Constitution guarantees a free press, without any censorship other than public opinion, radio should have the same right. “I Ao not agree with all that fs printed in all newspapers,” he says. “But I don't go and ask Congress to banish from newspapers that material which I think objectionable. 1If I don't like it, I tell the newspaper so. That is just the situation with regard to radio advertising. If the public doesn't want direct advertising the broad- caster will soon flnd it out.” But the odd part of it is that direct advertising—of the bona fide kind— has found a foothold and seems des- tined to stick unless Congress takes it upon . self to draw a line of demar- cation between direct and indirect ad- vertising over the radio. If the com- mendatory letters received by broadcasters who permit direct adv tising via their radio channels mean anything, then the judgment of the national radio conferences must have been at fault. And direct advertising, of an unobjectionable nature, must be the = ing the listening public wants. For several years now radio has had the benefit of excellent orchestral and vocal presentations ‘“through the courtesy” of some national advertiser whose product was firmly but non- chalantly spoken of at the beginning and the end of the program. That is what is called “Indirect advertising.” But the West has gone far beyond this gentle and persuasive method of making known the merits of a brand of rerchandise. It has moved out into the open with its tales of chicken wire, seeds and garden tools. And in the move has come Mr. Flim Flammer, who tells Mr. Listener he has something very, very good to sell. And Mr. Listener buys itand it doesn't meet the specifications he got via the radio. What can he do about {t? i So he turns to may aid him. And that, according to those who have watched the turn of radio events over the past few months, is just what is to be the keynote of radio legislation during the coming session, .