Evening Star Newspaper, September 26, 1926, Page 41

3 EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES Part 2—14 Pages “BIG BUSINESS” METHODS . CITED AS BRITAIN’S NEED WorTinic Aide to" Lloyd George Says _England Would Profit by Substitu- tion of American System. BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. OT American money, but Amer- fcan methods, {s what Furope needs. England is in‘a bad way economically. Years ago Fpg- 1and hroke the grip of her aristocrats on government. Now she must hreak the grip of those aristocrats on her ndustry. To do this England must adopt the business methods of American big business. * Sir Phillp_Henry Kerr, wartime sacretary to David Lloyd George. was talking to me of the problems of the Old World, and the sentences given ahove sum up his diagnosis of the flls which now hesst England and all Europe. English Methods Still “Little.” In England, he explained. business s atill “little” business—small con- cerns controlled unprogressively hy family dynasties who are tremen- dously resistant to any business con- solidation in England: to any big busi- ress in England. So long as busine in England is a conservative family matter, lacking the consolidation, the bignass and the leadership of merit that vou have In Amerlca, England will he'n hack number in prosperity. Sir Phillip was explaining to me how the Old World could get on its feet, pay it dehts and prosper hetter than by horrowing anv more money from the United States. Tn America we think of Liovd George as the great English demo- crat. We remembar how he was the first to exploit the press in England, the first 10 teach KEnglish politics the use of publicity. We think of him as the incarnation of the skill, aggres- siveness and resourcefulness required in popular politics, «nd 1 was very interested to see what kind of a man he wonld have for a secretary. Would he be a symhol of the popular faith that Liova (eorge had preached--a miner. a mechanic, just one of the common penpl Thinks Like Lloyd George. It was easy to see that Sir Phillip had heen converted to the faith. was the kind of an Englishman that one would have imagined lived on a great family estate and had heen horn into an environment of perfect culture and good manners. Sir Phillip s atrikingly goodlooking. And he has the ease of the centuries:made aristo- crat But grafted upon the polished heredity are the unmistakable marks of association with Lloyd George. Sir Philllp has the Lloyd George way of putting things crisply and interesi- ingly. He tal almost poetically mahout liberalism —has the Lloyd George sparkle 1o his thoughts. * “England and the Old World made a transition from royalty and aristocracy to democracy ontinued Sir Phillip, “and not infrequently we find remnants of the oid system stili | clinging on and doing harm In the new one. In Ameriga you did not have to make this transiten. Yeu started out with new ideas. a fresh environment, and you have gone on adding new idens and progressing. In England we had 1o contend con atantly witn the old and to prevent it from hindering the new. kKngland as the first to sponsor the machine and the great industrial revolut Capitalists First in Field. Our capitalists were the first in the field. They founded great indus- tries in their day, but today their de- scendants have not kept up the pace set by these founders. Whv? Because business in England has been a famuly affair. Business in Ameri has been a struggle for leadersmp Lecause bux ness in America ix dons by corpora tions, and corporat ave -areiy owned by single famili==. Kvery cor poration Is usuaily seething with struggle for conin 1 corporations are ever looking for better talent it management. “In England there a . porations. When the founder of a big industry dies his family keeps the business, and they do not pact With their ownerzhip because there are no stocks to soll. There is no way of getting rid of a part interest in Eng Jand like ther> is in America. In America an heir can sell his interests in a business in 2 few moments cn the stock exchange. In Engiand an e& fate or husines< nsually descends to one heir. and he represents the family pride of ownership. “Such an heir may, no Interest in the business the distinction of ownersaip. father may have been a great bu leader. He may be an ar clination. He wili go to Pa care a rap whether his father's busi ness is improvinz or not. So jung as he gets something trom it and is not greatly worried he is content. The intense individualism of the average Englishman is standing in the way of husiness progress in England The owners of Briiish® industry are tremendousiy opposed to anything that will consolidate husiness. An Eng- lithman likes 1o have a thing all 1o himself. He doesn't want to share it with anybody eise. 1f vou don't be leve this. try and use the same comb and brush with an Englishman, try and get him 1) let you share any of his. He might do it for once great favor. out an Englishman to have things “or his own ex use. It is a stronz sense of individu alism that has heen planted in him through centuries, No Industrial Leadcrship. “England must hegin 1o do business through corporaticns, through con solidations of her inefficient little con cerns. What chance in America does a small con~ern have :gainst a_ big e? America is a land of chain stores, huge corporations, consoilda- tion and amalzamation. What chance haa the litti= concern in England of competing f big business America” We cannat produce as much, we cannot produce as cheaply, our machinery gets ont of date hecause the family cwners of our fndustries are not enterprising. Ve Jack aggressive and ip-lo-date busi- ness leadership. Al of this is due to family control of husinesses in Frng land. Until Engiand incorporates her business, builds up the same kind * large units of production as you have in America, opens tha road to enter- prising business leacership and scien- tific managemen:, Fngland will not he able to bid for prosperity against America. “For exampls of how little | nsiness handicaps prosperity in Rritain, take our coal mines. We have 1400 dif ferent coal mines The great major ity of them are family heirlooms. Thelr developmen: has been neglected for vears. In many the machinery just manages to go. In general the British gno__unrker strikes Lecause however, have side from His iness He | has | ry few cor- | world markets with the | he has no livinz wages. and he has no ! living wages because he has no up-to- {date tools to work with- -tools that | would enable him to producs as; heaply as other mines that have up date machinery. The British coa®| mining industry needs consolidation and new machinery, That is big busi- ness. Rul the family tradition of re-| sistance to anything consclidative pre- vents this, Railroad Methods " Old. “On British railroads we are still | switching by horses, by ropes and | capstans, In America you switch by | machinery and electricity. We work | | by hand and back and you werk with | machinery. In England many of our ! | rallroad coaches are so small and | | stuffy that we have a good many ace- | ! dents vearly of people falling cut of | them in an endeavor o gst a breath of fresh air. In Americi you would think it very unusual it a passenger | falls off of a train.” “Then you think big husiness meth- {ods will make England prosperous?” 1 arked. “You have faith in mass and | standardized production. Many people in America would be quite content to have our husiness unscrambled. They | see a_great menace to liberty in our | consolidations. Furthermore, mass production, it s charged, has some |artistic drawbacks. It tends to stere- | otype material things. We galn in | quantity, but we lose in quality. Only a short while ago a speaker in the | German Reich urged that Germany save herself from the infection of American mass production. He said it killing 'all artistry in the A people can’t live op art,” replied Sir Phillip. “The need in the Old World and England is to fill stomachs, clothe backs, give hetter shelter. Those | are primary needs in production. After | the hack of the human being is suffi- ciently clothed and his stomach sufi ciently fed and he has a place to shal- ter him comfortably, his next aspira- tion will be for quality. You will see quality production after we have had mass production. But mass produe- tion is necessary first. * “In Greece we did not have the age of Pericles and the era of culture un- til Athens had developed her com- |merce. When she had enough mate. | rial weaith, then there was leisure for |art. Culture has to have a material hasis hefore it flowers. In the last 40 | vears in England I have noticed al. | | ready a liking for classical music | |among the people. Forty yvears age | | cheap music was all the rage. \While ! {In America I was surprised to see how | well classical music was applauded at | | your cinemas. The desire for finer things in life comes in a nation as | primary production sets at rest the | demands “of empty stomachs, un- | clothed backs and unsheltered heads." | Obstacles Are Cited. i “Rut isn't England and the Old | World forn in two by the menace of radicalism? Aren't workers trying their best to smash capitalism and in augurate Socialism? Won't that hold up big business in the Old World>" 1 queried. “The truth is that Socialism is dy- ing all over the world. In England when the Labor party came into power the leaders of academic Social- ism saw the practical impossibilities of it. The world is learning by experi ence that Soclalism is utterly imprac- | I tical and that the road to prosperity | is in learning how fo work the capi- | talistic system rather than by demol. | ishing it completely and setting up a branc-new xvstem. Big business in the Old World will produce more. That will mean that workers will get more. And as the productivity of capitalism goes up the virility of radicalism | wanes, D very aske her few you think that Britain is in 2 ous industrial sitnation?" 1 1 have heen hearing ahout army of unemployed for quite a “Yes. Britain is in serious trouble, Ninety two per cent of our penple live | in eities and only R per nt in the country and on farms. We are pre dominantly an industrial nation. But | an industrial nation, especially a free. | trade nation, must find markets. And | | Engiand cannot get those markets un. less she can produce more cheaply than her competitors. It is all & ques. tion of modernizing Rritish fndustry. - | equipping it with up-to-date machin ery. consolidating It into hig husiness, gelting rid of the tradition of family husinesses. How will we do that: “The sharp logic of disaster will drive lus to do it Truth Sinking In. “The recent strike set people t¢ | thinking In England as never before, The truth about our hackwardness in business as compared with America s slowly sinking in. The British people are slow people to move, but when they wake up they get ther We are beginning to wake up. England i due for a tremendonus husiness revolu tion in tha next few vears. Either that or we will go to the wall indus- trially. Between two such choices it is not hard to predict in what diree. | ti we shall move. | ngland does not need loans: | neither does Europe. What we need is better business methods of produec. | |tion. Loans can't give us that. We | must do that for ourselves. The day of little businesses is over in Fngland and Europe. It must go fust as it did in America. If it doesn't, we will get pushed to the wall just as the stubborn little concern in America gets {put out of business when it tries t¢ hold out against the 42.centimeter | blasts of a hig business. (Copvrizht, 1978.) |Chinese General Makes | His Own Decalogue | Gen. Chang Chung-chang. tupan of | Shantung and right-hand man of Mar shal Chang Tse-lin, Manchurian war |1ord. has his own Ideas on right con- | duct and. emulating M has laid | down his own 10 commandments, which his men have heea ordered to follow out te the letter. | His decalogue is as follows: 1. Thou <halt mot insult people; 2. Thou shalt not take revenues by force: 3. Thou shalt not commandeer vehicles or im- press coolies: 4. Thou shalt not enter iprivate residences: 5. Thou shalt not raid houses or search passersby for |contraband witheut permission; 6. | Thou shalt not interfere with the ! majesty of the law: 7. Thou shalt not accupy Confucian ‘temples or schools: S. Thou shalt search for undesirables only in co-operation with the police 9. Thou shalt not inflict harm an peo. ple in the course of thy duties: 10. Thoy shalt tondg:c zh{ull at all times in a manner oming to a good | Chinese soldter. . . jraised against him. iin lite. {is one of the statements that has not ° EDITORIAL SECTION ° ¢ Sundiy # T WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER Star 26, 1926: The League'_as a Battle Ground BY FRANK SIMONDS. ENEVA.—“Now, what of the future of the League? The effect within and without of German entrancy This is the single question which rose on all lips when the dramatic and slightly over- emotionalized moment of Briand's welcome to Stresemann had passed. I put the question squarely to one of the most distinguished fig- res in the whole history of the League, and his reply was a little startling. He said: “Last March I told tou that the League was at full crisis. The crisis has not heen resolved. It continues; perhape it is a little aggravated. You tell.me that yvou have an impression that the League has submitted to an internal shock totally different from the outside success which has momentarily caught attention. I agree. The. small nations have suffered a profound shock. The League itself has lost not a little of its democratic character; it has become more-like a concert of Europe than like the original conception. B ey “I will go farther and say that, in my judg- ment, the haroic period of the League is over. By that T mean the period in Which the small powers plaved great roles and representatives of the small powers strove rather to be Euro- pean than nationalistic. That time is over. Rranting is dead: Benes is going: Spain, which played a very real role, has retired. In my opinion, the League is destined to enter a period of real deciine. Today no one knows what has happened. All are walting; all are not a little anxious. The coming of Germany has brought with it a shock to everything. [ mean a sense of change. We are now going to sea the national game here played very intensively. But no one knows what combinations will come. Yes- terday, perhaps today, Itallan feelings were very bitter toward Germany, but it may al- ready have changed overnight; it may change instantly. For myself I believe the League will regain much It is now bound to lose. 1 am not a pessimist. but T do see a change, a de. cline for the next few yvears. In a sense, as [ have sald, the passing of a heroic period. * k% % 1 talked with some most distinguished Ger- man represenatives. One of them said to mi “Reforewe came here we found our main ob- jection that the great powers exercised a con- trolling influence over the small—that in real- ity the small powers wera more or less servants of the large; but, coming here, our first im- pression Is even more strongly confirmed than we expected. Wa had hope that the League was a democratic Institution made up of great powers and &mall which were independent, but «hall T say to you that our first impression confirms our fears rather than our hopes?” Moreover, following the first sentimental stage. nothing Is more significant than the in- stant reaction of pessimism both in French and German quarters, the rather abrupt reali- zation that all the kind words left everything Just where it was—that now realities had te he dealt with by a system of mather sordid har- gainings. To the German the presence of French armies of occupation on German soll after Locarno and Geneva svemed a thing at once unnecessary and to give a character of hypocrisy to Briand's fervid words. To the Frenchman the immediate opening of this ques tion appeared no more than evidence that Ge many had come into the League onlv to seek to destroy agreements and peace treaties under more favorable circumstances. Roth French and Germans are constantly conscious of their public opinions, their oppositions. The Ger- man nationalists demand that German entrance to the League, which they opposed, ehall bring forth fruits and already characterize the fail- ure to get these as evidence of the sham of the whole thing. French public opinion “feels uneasily that the actual reappearance of Ger- many as a great power means the opening of & period of dangerous, costly diplomatic m: neuvering. . * % Kk In the meantima, the smaller powers -the men who made the League, in a sense—are not only disappointed by what has happened, but are disturbed to see the League itself pushed aside and Geneva, become a market place where the great powers trade under cover of a soclety of nations. Nothing is more difficult at Geneva than to preserve a true balance between the inordinate amount of sentimentality, the rather fervid idealisms which flourish here. and the cold, quite caleulating policies the representatives of several nations adopt toward each other. In Geneva statesmen kiss in public amidst the ap- plause of an audience and the indescribable enthusiasm-of League supporters, but an hour or two after the osculation one finds them sep- arated by wholly selfish issues, combating na- tional causes with more skill than sentiment. So far both Locarno and the present Geneva epleode have both heen consequences of cool. clear, calculating business consideration rather than of any degree of profound humanity. The politiclans have been controllad by business; they have done their part with very becoming geetures made toward the Ieague, but at the bottom it would be quite impossibla to differen- tiate hetween the real objectives pursued now and in the pre-League period. The fact that material rather than moral forces explain tha changes does not make them less important nor lees likely to last. Ao el It i= absurd to helieye that bhecause Briand and Stresemann indulged in rather dramatic gestures in recent days, as they did at Locarno, the real barriers of Franco-German understand- ing are now eliminated. All barriers are still there. We have before us, beyond any doubt, a long period of difficult negotiation, during which the spirit of Locarno and the League will be invoked by hoth contestants to serve their purposes, but discarded with equal factl- {ty*when found inconvenient. Perhaps 1 can best illustrate what T mean by saying again that three days after the Briand-Stresemann affair in the Assembly [ found all my French and German friends in several delegations depreseed rather than ex- ultant, pessimistic rather than optimistic. Both were rather comically aware that neither had in any real degree changed its position, that none of the solid difficulties had been dealt with. The German delegation is here in the League o obtaln the evacuation of the Sarre and Rhineland. It is just as certainly here to reek the return of the Danzig corridor, together with Upper Silesia. It is here hecause it be- lieves theee obfectives can he batter served within than without the league. Like every other great power here represented, it is here to use the Teague to serve ils own ends. Tt has acoepted the League as a valuable instru- ment. 1t believes it ean fight better here than anywhere else for what it means to accom plish. which. by and large, is the deetruction of much of the treaty of Versailles. although by no means all. * k Xk * The French are here to defend the treaty. They have assented to German admission be- cause they believe Germany, under the influ- ence of the League, in which France is strong and has many friends, can best be opp here. But the French are in no mood to part with anything which they hold, even for a short time, only save as they are paid in a larger way. They still hold out for the in- tegrity of Poland and the permanence of the treaty of Versailles, territorially at least, as the recent epitnde demonstrated. Nothing is less exact than to belleve that elther France or Germany accepts the league as a place of peace. On the contrary, for both it is the battleground on which for vary- ing reasons they prefer to join battle—and the battle {s just beginning. The American oheerver of events at Geneva must always be on his guard against appear- ances. The European is at less disadvantage, because he knows all the machinery by which foreign offices operate. He sees behind the wmoenes to a degree and never for a moment imagines that what Is actually on the stage represents anything but a comedy-tragedy ar- ranged for the audience—not, to be sure, pres- ent, but the reading world of the press. The Furopean knows that the battle hetween for- elgn offices is eternal and follows lines which are little modified by the centuries. He never weeps over the preamble and is little impressed by announcement of agreement in principle. He is realistic, sophisticated, not too hopeful. * % ok ¥ The American, on the contrary, rees abso- lutely nothing of what actually goes on. He is not even informed of the months of pre- liminary fighting in conference, of the cool, realistic bargains which have been struck in advance, often enough at the expense either of League principles or the real rights of the smaller natfons within and without the League. The drama which he actually witnesses in his eyes is spontaneous and complete. He does not read the comment of Berlin, Paris and Rome newspapers; he does not see Old Europe moving along its familiar pathway with only slight variation of pace. Then one day there comes a surprise--the occupation of Corfu. war between Poland and Turkey. Nothing happens of all he had expected. Every one here is consclous that a great period of the Franco-German controversy is beginning—not ending—at Geneva. The danger of war is not avoided by the fact that both have come here, but both have agreed to come hera because neither had the remotest notion of fighting now or in any future which is now worth considering. They cannot fight: neither do they want to fight. But Germany thinks she san gain mora by heing here than by staying horhe. France helieves she can lose less with Germany here than witheut. But hoth have hrought here all the machinery and methods of their foreign offices; both are at all times completely controlled by their own domestic public opinion and interests. ) * koK K The most fmportant fact about the Leagus is not that it centributes, or can materfally contribute, to making peace or keeping it be- tween nations which are resolved to fight, but that all save perhaps one of the great powers, ontinued on Third Page) ENIN. DEAD, WIELDS STRANGE INFLUENCE ON RUSSIAN PEOPLE Spirit of Soviet Leader, Canonized “Pioneers” Who Flock by Thousands to Tomb Holding Body Embalmed for Posterit RBY HILTON U. BROWN. in which st MDSCOW, Russia, September 25. Lenin, dead, seems to be playing a more placid and influential part than Lenin alive. Nnt a volce {s now He is already enshrined as one of the Russian im mortale. He seems to he the George Washington of the Soviets. His spirit has heen canonized and his bhody embalmed more humanlyv and successfully than were the hodles of the Egyptian kings. Besides, in- stead of a sepulchre in buried tomb, he lies exposed to view as natural as This has been sald and re- peated many times in print and it was dotted fron fence fully and At the a unlocked t or crowdin | snaky line The place land well p been exaggerated. Appeals to Slav Mind. Ruasta is mystic and in Lenin's | case something has heen done that appeals to the Slav mind. Reputed- Iy preserved at enormous expense for sclentific experiment and wisdom. | Lenin's body les as if in peaceful slumber. His color is natural. His features are unshrunken and his re cumhent pose normal. First there was ordinary embalming as known to the funera! directors of all lands. This preservad the hody while the more permanent processees twere sought Several months were required and at | last a perfect result was announced. | Three years have elapsed and 50 vears. it Iz asserted. will bring no change, with possibly periodical chem- fcal treatment. It was a cloudy night with occa sional showers, characteristic of Mo: cow weather in August, when a group of American correspondents and col- lege men went to see Lenin. His body i& exposed to all who care to look from & to 9 In the evening—an hour when the cool temperature approxi- mates the temperature which this live dead man requires for his present term of existence. He lie in a glass canopy in A mahogany-colored wooden mausoleum in front of the Kremlin, the historic fortress palace of the czars and the seat of the Soviet republic. This tomb some day is to be replaced with a stone structure befitting the accredited permanent residence of fta sole occupant We presented our- e selves at 7 a'clock with a special per- mit that was not honored by the guard until & o'clock. but did give us a position at the head of the waiting line, | descending. | the_glas gravel One rehi carrier ed Two across Long Lines Form. Before 7:30 o'clock there were | thqusands in walting, and thie goes on night after night. The double line was three blocks long by 8 o'clock, standing close and no one yielding his place. The throng was composed chiefly of yvoung people. but there were some mature persons, and occa- slonally an old woman with shawl- bound head. or a hewhiskered pa- triarch. Respectful silence and cu- riosity prevailed, with_ evidences of emotion occasionally.. Fluttering over the Kremlin was the red flag of the Unlon of Soviet States. llluminated by concealed lights and beautiful in eolor aven to the eve of those who do, not subscribe to its eignificance. The Red square, a vast cobblestone pliza gold at not sti reh d hi cution erected by long doubled-up organized stream lin An iron rail surrounded the flower incloure in which the tomb is placed. Red army guards in varied shades of khakl paced up and down' inside the trespass by leaning over the fence bade us enter. | was “swallowed floor, Passing up a few steps and then |the line passed around the cenotaph. The body of Lenin, well-lighted within " (Continued on Third Page.) About Quitfing a Paying Job trips down the hill to the stream, carrying back buckets of water. The other washed the gravel, of gold. disgust. s partner had al faith that gold was almest with- in their reach. Just “one more bucket, other w hill together, never to return. later, tried it out with a couple of buckets of wa story as published in the biogra- phy of Mark Twain. water-carrier who threw up the job—the young man who weuld 1f Sam had got that pocket,’ would have remained a pocket- miner to the end of his days, like | , Serves to Inspire ill stands the place of exe- Ivan the Terrible. with people, hesides the is before he thought school | timely | division of physical cation. trailing their guns, watch menacingly. lest any one ppointed hour the guards | prenatal days. he padlocked gate and There was no rush g but .two by two' the turned into the gate and up in Lenin's tomb. was in good order, clean painted, with red-carpeted | the question, "Is for school?” for his mental and turning to the right and | plastic he is A _pallet | “Thera fs much lay composed on BY BRUCE BARTON N a blazing afternoon some 60 or 70 years ago two men were working away at a little pit in the West. made the long, tiresome low an inner urge. But there the question: Adams had cobbler's bench his father's ng eagerly for the glint At length the water- threw dowr the pail in wieh stinctive bending over a He pleaded for but the obdurate. So they and went away down the had stuck to rai in consequence! SN RV RaRBRIE: . s oDt WHOHI the claim some weeks 4 and. found told me how the once—at least that is the He was the up their wild ide ck, the rolling stone in of fairer fields. fod tho Nazareth sa s erstwhile partner, “he (Copyright, 1826.). .. . .. BY WILL P. KENNEDY. The time to prepare the child for is born, presented by | James Frederick Rogers, chief of the education and &chool hygiene of the Bureau of Edu- The author of this revelation in child culture explains that since | the heaith of the child is fundamental | to the success of his studies, the way | to gond health should be paved in his Wholesome advice to mothers and teachers is predicated on vour child ready While conceding that it is never too late to prepare the child physically training, emphasizes that the period from con- | ception to school time s vastly more | fmportant than that of his school life, the earlier his days that we do know ahout what to do for the child The world has an old-time prejudice against the young man who leaves a paying job to fol- Perhaps that prejudice is wise, in the main; doubtless many a man has been saved for success by his fear of being a rolling stone. is another side to Suppose John remained at the in deference to suppose Stevenson had spent his draughting board in the office of an engi neer; suppose Abraham Lincoln splitting, which meant a sure dollar a day—how much poorer would humanity be in Dayton and knew the Wright brothers when they ran a bicycle shop neighbors scoffed at their attempts to fly. “Those boys could build up a paying business,” the wise ones if they would only give | have sometimes wondered neighbors felt after- ward—and what the neighbors of when a young man who had a goed paying trade as a carpenter turned back on the shop and went away penniless to transform the world. 'PRENATAL CARE 1S DECLARED PART OF CHILD’S EDUCATION Dr. J. F. Rogers, Federal Expert, Holds Intelligent Health Training Is Necessary to Mental Development During School Years. in the time of his most rapid develop- ment,” he says, “but we do know that in his prenatal daye the mother should lead as healthy and happy a life as possible, and that the child should he supplied with all the food materials necessary for his bodily building. First Year Is Trying. “The first year.” he continues, “is a trving one for the child, and his care during this time is of more fm- portance in his preparation for school than iIn any later period. From birth he is at the mercy, in most cases, of those who, neither from instinct nor knowledge, know how to deal with him, and he is easily the most help- less of new-horn animals for the long- est period. He is the most confiding cub in the keeping of the most well meaning but by far the most Ignorant and bewildered of parents. “The child of the college-bred mother is usually little better off than that of the mother who cannot read, singe so far as the knowledge of the business of motherhood is con- cerned the head of the former is often as empty as the latter. Latin, mathe. matics, literature, the dissection of frogs and the analysis of flowers help not a whit; but colleges arose in the musty atmosphere of monasteries, and while women are no longer grudgingly admitted to their precincts, thers is still the flavor of celibacy in their training, and woman’s most important function finds_scant reflection in the curriculum. With all our libraries, with all our science and all our elab- orate machinery of civilization we ought to be as wise as a wild animal which knows enough to furnish its young with a perfect and enduring set of teeth. In explaining the reason for health work in the schools, Dr. Rogers says, in part: “In the good old days § was j only necessary to provide the child with a clean shirt and trousers, wake him up betimes, see that his face and hands were washed, and, presto, he was ready for school! Whether it was his first or last day, this was about all that was deemed necessary in the preparation of any child, from any home, for any school. Neither parent, teacher mor any one else knew that more might be done to put him in shape for his educational progress. Body Aids Mental Action, “In the past vears students of {hoth body and mind have learned a very great deal, and especially as to the relation of hody and mind. We know, for example, that many chil- jdren are relatively dull because the tools they work with, their eves and ears, are imperfect, while others make slower mental progress than they might because they are physically | handicapped in other w: Many a child who must repeat his vear's work in school does so because of some remediable defect of ear, eye or other organ. i ince no other agency has shown interest or has been informed in the matter, the school has taken upon itself to find out whether each child is fit and how he can be made fitter for profiting by the efforts put forth by the teacher. _Ome other reazon why | - on is the Dr. Dr. Rogers the more not life GRAVES OF U. BY WILLIAM RUFUS SCOTT. EPORTS brought from France by Senator T. H. Caraway of Arkansas that offensive “epi- thets had been scribbled on the gravestones of American soldiers, presumably a manifesta- tion of French irritation over the debt policy of the United States, have not reached the War Department through any other channel. In fact. the latest information the cemeterial division of the War De partment has about the graves in France is uniformly complimentary to the attitude of the French republic toward the cemeteries and the way they are managed; and even if an isolated instance, of the kind Senator Caraway sald he was informed, has taken place, the feeling in War De- partment circles closely connected with the situation is that it is in no sense representative of the attitude of the French people. of a monument group in Paris, con- taining an_American figure, was later shown to be the work of an alien in France, and until more precise in- formation about the alleged deface- ment of gravestones ix received there is a disposition to minimize the sig nificance of the incident, so far as it might be construed as an index of French popular feeling. Holds French Show ‘Reverence. One officer who was in France when the war broke out in 1914, who was there in the American forces during the war, and has been thera since, sald the French people are especially reverential toward the dead, and that Officials recall that the mutilation | S. SOLDIERS REVERENCED IN FRANCE Officers Heré Ha;fe NrouDi>r.e(V',t Reports of Desecration—Proceed With Ceme- tery Beautifying Plans. guarded and supervised Amerfean cemeteries in France and fafl to con- duct himself properly, or even deface a gravestone, the feeling in War De- partment circles here is that such an incident would no more be considered representative of the whole French natlon than would the acts of a few visitors Arlington he representa- tive of the American peaple. As for the suggestion Senator Cara- way: made that all of the hodies of American soldiers in Europe he re- turned to the United States to give as- surance that no insults would be di- rected at them abroad. the feeling in the game circles here is that this pro- posal i= contrary to the wishes of the parents or nearest kin of the men. 30,621 Bodies Still in Europe. Congress provided that the hode of any soldier who could be identified would be returned at Government ex- penee if those directly interested so desired, and thus far 46.269 bodies {have been returned to the United | States. There are about 30,621 bodles &till in Furope, all but a small num- ber being in France. There are about 1.600 still unidentified Parents and next of kin were given until Aprl, 1922, to decide if they wanted the bodies returned. There- fore those hodies now in France are there hecause it was desired that they should remain where they fell for their country’s cause. especlally when it hecame clear that the United States Government intended, with the fullest co.operation of the French govern- ment, to mantain the cemeteries in the hest possible manner, The French government has given this is particularly so in those sec- tions where there are American ceme- teries, and this fact. coupled with the gratitude he belleves the French peo- ple feel for American assistance im the war (regardless of any transient opinions held about war debts). made him inclined to reduce the incident as reported to Senator Caraway to the weight of merely an individual ex- pression of critieism of the United States®on the part of one or a very few persons in France. Gen. Pershing, who only recently returned from France, where he was engaged, as chairman of the Battle Monuments Commission, in work con- nected with the cemeteries, and especially the selection of permanent gravestones, has not reported to the War Department any incidents that would cause him to regard public feeling in Frarce as in any apprecl- able degree hostile toward Ameri to the point of offensiveness in: in reports made to Senator (‘a Secretary of War Davis now hs his desk thq recommendations of Rattle Monuments Commission the erection of Itallan marble grave- stones, and plans for permanently beautifying the cemeteries in France are going forward according to con- gressional authorization. If approved, 'the gravestones will be in the form of crosses for all except the Jewish soldiers, who will have a marble de- isign of the Star of David. Relatives Approve Cemeteries. Many of the thousands of Ameri- jcan tourlsts to France this Summer have expressed decided approval of {the American cemeteries. and among these tourlsts were parents and rela- tives of soldiers buried there. It is recalled that it became nec- essary to place a guard at the gra of the Unknown Soldier, in Arling- ton National Cemetery, when thought- less_ visitors occasionally fell short of paying the proper respect to the dead; and so if now and then some one should get Inte the carefully thie co-operation, it is pointed out, |and has evinced the strongest appre- |ciation of the desire of American | parents and relatives to have their | loved ones buried in French soil. | If a feeling should rise in the | United States sufficiently strong to | induce Congress to order the return of all remaining bodies of American | soldiers in France and Europe gen- | erally, the procedure would be the | same as in returning the 46,269 al- ready reinterred in the United States. An appropriation of possibly $10,000.- 000 would be required, although the cost might be under this estimate. Fach Given Military Honors. There i= no handilng of soldiers’ hodies en masse. Fach body s han- dled with military honors, and at an individual expense from France fo |New York of hetween $250 and $350. The Government also pavs_transpor- tation, with an escort, from New York | to the home town of the soldfer. Tha | Veterans' Rurean hears the hurial ex- | pense fn the home town up to a given amount. Tt is unmistakahle, however, that War Department officers concerned primarily with this problem and with the maintenance of the ceme- teries abroad, do not consider that any facts have been disclosed which | will cause any considerabls public | demand for returning the bodies to |the United States. On the contrary, they were surprised by the reports Senator Caraway brought back and up to the last of the week had not had any similar reports from France or through any other channele The writing on one gravestone, as told to Senator Caraway, was “To hell with America,” or words to that ef- |fect. It was declared by more than one Army officer here that a French- man almost certainly would not use such a typical American expression if he wanted to be offensive. It is ., they say, the way a Frenchman it is not in the French vernaec- The continental Iron and steel Iagreement ;ust concluded iff Paris by which France. Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Sarre divide up the raw ores they sell each other, the goods their factories produce and the markets of the world, is one of the most important steps toward Eu {ropean peace which has been taken | since 1918, The® step came only after four vears of constant negotiating and more than fifty years of struggle which indirectly helped to bring on the Franco-Prussian war, the \Vorld War, the invasion of the Rubr and the ‘most titanic struggle between !ateel trusts that Europe has ever | witnessed. The present iron and steel peace can be called, certainly with- out fear of contradiction, a peace of necessity The basic cause of this long fight was. of course, the fact that the geo- graphical forces which formed Fu- rope happened to place fron ore and coking coal very elose to each other, | whfle man insisted upon drawing | political lines through this area until it was carved up inte three countrie and one duchy, efficlently separating ore from coke. The Franco-Prussian war was fought primarily to bring Lorraine ore over to German coke. Again ir the World War, one of the French aims was to get Lorraine ore back again. Once she got it back. French industrialiste launched an extensiv campaign to make their steel indu: try the forem in Europe. For a time they were tremendously success- tul. Tmmediately after the armistice there was a great demand for steel to vebuild the devastated areas. North Africa’ and _southern FEurope also bought heavily. French steel mills ! not only hoomed, but went outside their boundaries to buy up foreign competitors. Steel War Then Waged. Then began the great steel war be- tween the two steel kings of their re spective countries—Eugene Schneider of France of German: It waged throughout the great steel mlills in Silesia and Stinnes acquired its rival. Schneider purchased over 50 per cent of the great steel and munitions works in Czechoslovakia and. not to be out- tor. When Stinnes got the ‘“iron mountain” in Austria, Schneider also went into that country. The war was carried even into Jugoslavia, Hungary and Turkey. ‘To hoth Schneider and Stinnes it ap- peared that steel markets were in. exbaustible. Therefore the chief strug- gle was to acquire the means of pro- duction. So aleo it appeared 1o most French steel manufacturers in 1919 1920. The crash came after the de- vastated areas had been rebuilt and the war-made markets were satiated. Then both sides awoke to the fact that during the war every country had ex- pended " its I\lflqfllfl!flr’ and there nd the late Hugo Stinnes | Europe. Schnelder bought up one of | done, Stinnes bought up its compet!- | [EUROPEAN IRON AND STEEL PACT { ENDS HALF-CENTURY STRUGGLE 100 more blast furnaces than were needed tn supply the world's demands. Not only the United Spain and Sweden expanded autput of steel, but such hitherto unindustrfalized countries as Argen- tina, Australia and even India had built their own blast furnaces. French and German steel manufac- turers hegan to realize, at this point, that they would have to swim together or sink alone. But their countries were still torn by war prejudice and sach side blamed the other for its de. pressfon. Germany was unable to get iron ore from Lorraine, as she had when she owned the province herself. France was supposed to get Ruhr coke to smelt her ore in lai; of repa- rations payments, but the coke did not arrive in sufficient quantities Motive for Ruhr Invasion. This fact was partly responsible for Poincare’s disastrous invasion of the Ruhr and his attempt to mina Ruhr coal under French supervision. By 1923 the French government had seen the futility of this move and had ac- tually come around to inducing Ger- man and French industrialists to ar- range_for an exchange of coke and ore. But Poincare proceeded with his negotlations as a politician rather than as a business man. |- Eugene Schneider, the man whe had waged the steel war against Hugo Stinnes and_who was chairman of the Comite des Forges (committee of stesl manufacturers) made the following comment on Poincare's diplomacy: “Poincare lines the two sides up around the table, waves the flag abova our heads and savs ‘come to terms But business is not done that way. | 1f the government had kept out of this fndustrial scrape, we manufactur- ers would have worked out a seund | business agreement profitable to hoth French and Germans before this." Finally, the Frenen government. for- | Rot_fts prefudices and let the German { and French steel manufacturers draw up a_peace agreement in 1924 which | paved the way for the present agree. | ment. By the present agresment. each | country s allotted a certain per cent of the total steel production of the parucipating countries. If it exceeds this ratio, it pavs a fiie which goes to the country which happens 1o un- derproduce its ratio, and consequently | suffers from unemployment. The fine goes to alleviate unemployment. The | markets of the world are divided up. The amount of ore which Germany shall buy from France and from t! Sarre {s also apportioned. Every country is able to keep the most accu- | rate gauge on the armaments which | the other countries are constructing | through production records which will be exchariged between members. were about Government perts have been ex- perimenting with the possibility of |stimulating plant growth- by elee- trlcl:)’.{but 8o far thh:.doemc treat- ment for plants not proved promising. IR A