Evening Star Newspaper, July 11, 1926, Page 33

NATIONAL SPECIAL FEATURES Part 2—12 Pages : ENGLAND SHARES PRIDE IN JULY 4th, SAYS GARVIN| |- Acting Together Two Nations Cflh’k" Mightiest Force Noted London Editor. % BY JAMES L. GARVIN, Note—The following article was pub- Jished tast Sundey s’ a " signed. edin in ‘the London Observer. of teAich Mr. arvin iy chief editor us tell as edifor ©f the Encyclopedia Britannica. ODAY is the Fourth of July with a_difference—a date of extraordinary interest in the history of the United States, \ and one which ought to fill 4this country .with reflection. By a series of coincidences it is a triple an- niversary. ‘The birthday of the Arer- ican nation is that of its President, Mr. Coolidge, whose quiet habits go a with his mighty position.” Just a hun- dred years ago died Thomas Jefferson and another of the fathers and Presi- dents, John Adams. Jefferson left his ineffacable stamp on- American democracy and the world. On that same date, exactly 50 years before—the -original Fourth of July, 1776—he had written his own name among many signatures to the Declaration of Independence, but he was the real begetter of the document which called the United States into be- ing and reacted on Europe to open.a whole modern epoch of revolutions up to the climax of the great war. Struggles for unity and independence are a chief key to the history of all that age. Looking back from the high stand- point of this Independence day upon the astonishing record of their pros- ress, Americans may divide it clearly into three half centuries. Britain and Europe, instead of taking for granted the familiar miracle, may well ask themselves what are the present Ppropositions of that miracle, by what ' means has it been accomplished, what re the saving lessons to be drawn rom-it and what its consequences are sure to be in the future? America Half Grown, America within itself, for all its present wealth and power, is only halfway to full development: America as a world influence is only beginning. When Jefferson died on this date of 1826 he had seen the Republic grow Srom three mijlions of citizens to twelve. Half a century later, when the centenary of ¢he foundation of the Republic was celebrated| in 1876, the population had risen to semewhere about 45,000,000—equal to that “of Great Britain today. The ravages of the Civil War were repaired, railway construction on a colossal scdle was opening_up the West to agriculture, and massed manufacture, though new- born, was aiready an infant Hercules cradled in iron. ¥ronf then till. now, during :the Temory of: hosts of people” still 1v- ing, the third half century of the Republic has been the most marvel- ous of all. A bare statement of facts reduces rhetoric to impotence. S this. Fourth of July the population of the United State nearly 120,- 000.000. Its -wealth: larger in proportion, is at least seven {imes as creat as that of this country. per- haps 10 times as great, and is draw- ing still further ahead every day. Tt wields a tremendous mechanical equipment, incessantly - improved. Based on the resources of half of the continent, America still is mainly golf-contained and self-sustained. De- fended on both sides. not by mnarrow seas, but wide oceans, America is {mpregnable_and invuinerable, enjoy- ing the happiness of political-and eco- pomic security never known at any time In the Old World. New Standards Set. To conceive this reality we must shake off all pre-war impressions’ about the United States and rise far above all European standards of com- parison. . America Is a glant among nations. Keeping to the eloguence ot round numbers, it is enough to say the Republic produces “over 20 per cent of the world’s wheat, over 40 per cent of all its coal, over 50 per cent of its copper, nearly 60 per cent of its cotton, fully 60 per cent of its steel and 70 per cent of its ofl. Relatively to this vast, unified so- ciefy, pulling together at present bet- ter than any othér, economic Europe is an impoverished chaos. Let no man imagine that this is a spectacle merely of triumphant ma- terdalism. Those who take that view understand nothing. An increasing amount of wealth is ‘going just where it should. America Spends as much upon education as all the rest of the world put together. In architecture she leads grandly. That kind of excellence has always been the index of progress in the other arts. Paul Bourget thought: the Ameri- can mastery of steel as inspiring as the Greek mastery of marble. There is no finer book printing in the world than the best that America now cre- Jates. Art Flow Justified. 1t the artistic treasures of Euro- 4n -countries flow steadily into American collections, let us remem- ber that Rome, Venice, Florence, Spain, France, England and Germany at different times.made similar_use of their wealth to the utmost. Eng- land, f@ instance, when her relative position in the world was very like {hat of the United States today, “collected” Elgin marbles. Religious forces of all kinds are shore actively powerful in America On{ language is the for Good,”Adds % Eufope s theorizing, Large numbers of workers across the Atlantic hold shares in the conocerns employing them. . They are members of the cor- po. ‘‘ons and companies they serv: In one big motor business 90 pel cent of the employes are buying stock on the installment plan. In another raents of its workers to enable them to eélect & majority of the.board of directos ‘This sort of American worker is a man with-a car. He feels himself to be anything. but a miserable wage ve. He is not ashamed of his status. © He looks his employer in the face like any other man. and he earns his money by putting his back into his job. - A real constructive revolution Is progressing in Ameriea. * There is no possibility of a solution in Europe except on the same lines, Soclalist ‘worki en who will not try to make the it of the present system, yet cannot have the other, are keeping their féet in the bog without getting their heads to the stars. Employers may be certain, on the other hand, that, without a systematic development of high wiges and part- nership on this side of the Atlantic, unwillingness, unrest, chronic -hostil- lt?r and recurrent strikes must con- nue to injure the interests of capital. Higher output for higher wages, an increasing partnership between capi- 4al and labor in counsel and profits, to make their interests the same—either ‘we shall pursue these purposes with all our strength or the whole commun. ity _as well as bofh the economical belligerents will continue to pay the ruinous price of our present devastat- ing antagonism. Higher Wages Advised. Either capital will have the vision and courage to offer labor more and miore, or.the profits of capital—assur- edly of fixed capital—in this country will be less and less. In view of either event, the prob- v BY SIR PHILIP GIBBS, people “are their M OST thoughtful end: some senseless heads a worrying good deal about the secial conditions of England. i Nobody can pretend that they are satisfactory with something like a million men still unem- ployed and frightful overcrowding districts. in slum « Although trade is improving, not by leaps and bount but in a gradual'and hopeful way, the figures” for the whole of last year were rather alarming because they show clearly that ‘we are buying more and selling less in the markets of the world. But those hard facts are not the chiet cause of uneasiness In the minds of men and women whom I happen to ‘meet in a social way. They are much more afraid of what they be- lleve to be a weakening in English character and ideals. B They believe that a revolutionary deliberately engineering soclal strife the present system of English life may ber spirit is so._that overthrown and some new order established to the advantage of the *‘under-dogs.” Some of these fears, chiefly among women <% s00d soclal class, reach fantastic It i surprising~how many of heights. them . talk mysteriously of secret socleties dealing in occultism and black mdgic! | * ok k% Well, leaving aside all imaginary fears and extremes of folly, is it possible to find any * Is there any 1 In these anxieties? social strife in England? Is our English character losing its olu steadiness and common sense, overstrained by the effects of war and the disappointments of peace? ‘Writing with perfect frankness—otherwise it is not worth while—I do see certain signs of demoralization in England. ‘What surprises me is that masses of ‘men‘and women are not more demoralized considering the state in which they have been living since the end of the war, There are hundred of thousands of men in— this country today who have never been able to get a decent job since they took off their uniforms in 1919. They went abroad before they had served any kind of apprenticeship, .and they came back neryous, restless, disflu- < sioned, to find that there was no place for them in the trade unions or in any field of regular employment. They drifted into casual labor as odd-job men, and 1 lem of Gg]{ Britain is’complicated and her cholce must be decisive, In all- circumstances we must put first our relations of kinship and friendship with the United States. That is the desire of our hearts, but it is also the essence of right judgment. To that cause, even our membership of the League of Nations, while America re- mains out of it, always must be sub- ordinate, Nothing. but the most im- probable abuse. of_its giant power by the English-speaking republic could drive us the other waf. ‘It must not be. We are the only European race which ' cannot ‘be merely European ‘v:hfl]; we keep gur present place in the orld. I 2 As Charles 'V .sgld in effect, “the he soul” -In:the world fhere are nearly 200,000,000 of Eng- lish-speaking A of them are North American, and that mejority will inctease. To maintain polidieal solidarity among those using the chief world language is hound to e a decisive American concern, as it nlrem:l‘; is at bottom the strong- est of British political sentiments. Reasons for Friendship. Sound policy is good foresight, said the sage. Let us look forward and measure carefully the coming condi- tions. Why are the United States and the British Empire going to be indis- pensable to each other? ' We have glanced over- three half centuries of 5. far. In another couple of decades the United States ought to reach easily. 150,000,000 inhabitants. To reckon with progress on this scale is a matter of immediate politics, not of abstract speculation. Twenty years soon pass as history counts, and the polities un- able to see the obvious in that respect can make no claim to statesmanship. Now as American production and consumption move surely on to st | more immense expansion the United { States, just like other societies, is bound to enter more and more ifto Interconnection with the rest of the world, this- not only becanse of the need of widening the market for mas ufacture, but because.of the still more vital need of importing raw materials in increasing bulk and variety for do- mestic use. Rubber is only one in- stance—though a big one—but even steel and ‘the electric industries must import from abroad part of their rarer metallic elements. The second lesson ‘is political, but it is of surpassing importance. Amer- ica's Constitution plays no small part in advancing America’s = prosperity. Her great dead, as in no other coun- try, still aid the living. That Consti- tution was deliberately framed with deep reasoning and farsighted judg- ment. What we call the British con- stitution ' has been knocked about haphazard - without any sort thoughtful rebuilding until it is now rather a ruln than a structure. 4 Changes Not Easily Made. Under the American system only large and settled majority of whole people can alter the fundame; tal institutions of the country. This security promotes :confidence and enterprise, - Among ourselves a con- stant sense of political uncertainty since the break-up of the old two-party system has become a factor seriously n in any European country what- te):n“ Fou. may call “fundamental- jsm" primitive and Intolerant; you cannot call it materialistie, ° Where do muchines spring from 1f not, like Minerva, from the brain? e shall glance at a few further reagons for thinking that the prodi- glous success of the United States in making material wealth and in dif- fusing it among the mass of the peo- ple would have been impossible ‘with- out the force of character and moral energy which; have_ entered into its progress. g We come to.the question of lessons’ and consequences for Kurope, and, above all, for Britain. The first ‘les- #on_18 social. deadly conflict between capit fahor has raged from the war t general strike. Factors in Trade War. / To too large a degree the temper ©f capital has been as hard and nar- -row as a knife. Labor, given over to the imagination of vain things, has done just about.all it could to \im- Ppoverish itself. * e By contrast, the American people as a whole have reached a level of the Jopen eyes they h Another political contrast more vital and #uts a erucial question to the Old orld. Union makes strength. Onthis Side of the ocean big majority | o adverse to all our practical lnt‘e.ruta. A poor game at best. / OLD-AGE PENSION ADVOCATES SUNDAY MORNING Many of them never became’entitled to draw the dole. - LR The lucky ones in the army of unemploy- ment drew the dole, and“many have gone on drawing it week by week, month by month, year by- year. It keeps them alive without luxury, but it is idle to pretend that it is not demoralizing them. It is worst of all for the boys who were too Young for war and became of working age since the war, but did not find work nor get' apprenticeship “in any trade. Any nation which. is ralsing up an idle ycuih itke that has the word of doom written across its life, PR S B One cause for all this trouble is rarely men- tioned. It needs some courage to point it out, because it seems unchivalrous. But I am going to do so for the sake of truth. It is the in- vasion of yourig women into the spheres of labor where men were previously employed. They have gone into the offices, the factories, and the shops, not for reasons of-economic : necessity, but for the sake of silk stockings, pocket money for the movies, a margin for the + fun of life and escape from domestic drudgery. I don’t blame them—most of them are rather splendid—but 1 wish so many of them were not - taking the places of ‘men whose work their elder sisters did during the war—jolly well— and whose jobs the younger ones have kept. The employers like them, of course. They ‘ aré cheaper than men, easier to manage, nicer to look at. But it was hard, for instance, on an ex-soldier I met the other day who was turned ,out of his job as a club waiter because ‘women were replacing’ the men. It is hard on an ex-officer of the Grenadier Guards, who, as I happen to know, has tried for many clerk- ships to which women have been appointed. %% Al that is lamentable, but what is even more tragic is the frightful ignorance or the de- liberate falsity of political leaders who try to make use of this distress underneath the fair surface of our social life by stirring up class ha.red. ‘ n the one side are narrow-minded employers, panic-stricken by their trade returns, who put all ‘our evils down to the high. price of labor; the tyranny of trade unions, and the laziness of a dolé-supported population, hide their belief that the only chance of pros- perity for England or themselves is to beat down wages, lengthen:hours, and smash the trade union system. ‘They do not [y 'S JULY 11, 1926, ' On the other mide are the Communizcs and revolutionary agitators who belleve that the whole nation ought to be on the dole, sup. ported by the ‘state, in return for a minimum service of short hours and easy work. -1t these two ext es represented the thought fo England’ there would be no chance of peas nd we might make up our minds to confiict and revolution. But I have no belief in all these fears of coming strife, because be- twéen those two extremes—small groups on eacly side—the ‘great body of our people are responsible, tolerant, anxfous to be fair to the other, fellow, ready for compromise .and 1 have no bellet at all 'In the necessity of strife, no amount of industrial or political con- fiict can help the average man; to get better ‘wages, shorter hou’- and & higher standard of living. 1 * % S It is becoming blindingly clear to all moderate thinking men and women that the social con- dition”of England cannot be cured by any poll- tical juggling, by any change of parties or leaders, but only bys a united effort of the whole nation to adapt itself to a new phase of ‘world history. " How are we going to compete with forelgn nations working for logger hours and jless wages than ourselves? In my opinion, we can’t. If we decide not to work any harder we must make up our minds to be poorer, be- ‘cause we can't have it both ways. How are we going to buy nine months’ food supplies froni foreign countries, it they are not Boing to buy our muml-cwreé articles to the same extent as in former years? The answer les not in communism, mor, in strikes for higher wages, but in the land which is largely derelict in England. ‘'We must grow more of our own food, and get some of our men out of the citles and.the slums. We must increase prodiction and lessen its cost, not by lower wages, but by less slacking and more efficiency in every grade of work. If we wish to avoid soclal conflict, which would hurt everybody if it came, we must unite in a spirit of good will and fair play all around for a sound solution of our social problems. No class must be asked for greater sacrifice than any other is prepared to make. The middle class mind in England is, I believe, out for peace on those lines, and in my judgment the fanatics on both sides have no. chance against their weight for common sense. (Copyrisht. 1926.) DIRECT PRIMARY DISAPPOINTING FIND IDEA GAINING STRENGTH| TO SOME WHO FAVORED IT FIRST Since Massachusetts Began by Naming Commission to Investigate Subject, Several States ‘Have Passed Laws and Work Is Attracting Notice. i ol BY WILL P. KENNEDY. for ‘the ma" :d dvp:n.deor:t B @ poor are attracting Increasing attention in the United States, according to the Buyeay, Labor Statistics, which estimates that there ave between a million two million persons in this country in. need of aid ‘solely because of the dis- abilities of age. ~ Onl Nevada, Montana and Wiscongin— and the Territory of Alaska had adopted pension systems, however, at the close of last year. 5 “Little attention was paid to this question in the United States until| the present century,” says the b . ““The first active step in connection therewith seems to have been the ap- pointment of a commission by Massa- chusetts in 1907 to investigate and ire- port: on:the subject. No action re- sulted from that report.” Massachusetts, -which has a very persistent champion of -old-age pen- sions in Wendell P. Thors, made another investigation eight years later. In 1914 Arizona had made an attempt to establish an old-age pen- sion system, but before it could be- come operative it gvas pronounced un- constitutional on account of its vague- ness. Alaska, {n 1915, passed a law (z.l‘l‘)’lllx 4 pension of $12.50 a month for those of 65 years and more who met vertain requirements to age, ‘residence and character. ' This has been amended several times and still 18 in effect. It is the first Ameri- can old age pension law. ‘War Renews Interest. The war and its effects renewed in- terest in the subject, and a number, of State commissions was appointed to investigate. In 1923 Nevada, Mon- tana and Pennsylvania enacted’ old- as The Nevada law has not been in effect long enough to observe ho well it works. the Wisconsin law had adopts by five counties in which 218" a cations had been 5 France, Zealand, Norway' and Uruguay have stralght pension _systems, - with eral of the county for at least 15 years. Like that provided by the granted. = The average 79 cents a day. In only the maximum pension of $1 a day allowed, and in one case the pension o Comtine had. ol ina count -age pensions. The total number of pensioners was ‘5;511 ;‘nd the average .pension was Hsted, government pro while Great Britain, Belgium, Arge tina, Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Poland, = Portugsl, mania, Spaf have contributory pensions, the cost of which 4s borne in part by those ‘who receive the pension. 5 ““T'he opponents of the old-age pen- slons base their objections upon, sev- unds,” says the Bureau of the. I | BY RICHARD WASHBURN CHILD, Quality of Representatives Declared to Be Declining, " But Return to Boss Sysiem Not Way Out, Says Child. . Wu\s—nnr'u‘n < of direct power . from. the take type of polldfl:'bo- and se| running for office. But those of us imary are Up to March 18, 1926, been ed recelved and 193 §4"Cates vas lot of ot In 1924 36 Mon- insurance which e Australia, .Denmark, Free State,’ New the viding the pension, | MM Iceland, Sweden and Jugoslavia the cost | quatity ot The c] age pension laws. In Ohio, the same year, the voters on a referendum re- fused to accept such a law by a heavy vote. The next year, 1924, the Pennsylvania law was held unconsti- tutional. > Last year, according to the bureau, there was activity over the issue in many States. The Nevada law was repealed and re-enacted in- another form, _ Bills were pending in Michi- gan, Illinols, Minnesota, Ohlo, Maine, New Jersey, Indiana, Texas and of | Kansas. In Texas and Kansas bills were favorably reported -but failed to pass either branch of the Legisla- ture; in New Jersey and Indiana bills were passed by one branch but failed in the other. In Pennsylvania. the gislature passed - a constitutional amendment to legalize old-age pen- sions, ‘Wiscohsin enacted its law. The Qalifornia Legislature passed an act ‘which was vetoed by the governor. ~In January, this year, the Legisla- ture ‘of ‘Washington passed an. act, ‘but the governor killed it with a veto. commission ifi Virginia recommend- ed passage of a law in that State, while .a Massachusetts commission, nothing but a United Statés of Europe could insure to the peoples forming it a general wealth and .well-being fully equal to the prosperity of the United States of America.. , . That Republic, covering half & eon. tinent, surrounds” itself by a tariff wall, but the territory inside that wail is larger than all Europe, including Russia, and throughout that region there is free trade between tz: Btates and an absolute m etn- ‘wealth, power and confidence. general welibeing far, above anything ;18m and Where that has ever been known elsewhere in the world’s anpals.. America 1s a land of super-millionnaires, but still more a land of high wages in return full output. p n the supreme business of bring- ing capital anf labor into. pre partpership America is acting while tv_;lenuethfi:‘nm. who wan! A United m Advocates of oldage pensions are | this making 5 F5 ‘The Nevada law allows county com- | ssioners to aged o Jeon: 10 years and citizens of the United States for | e s s ‘their present ah-. Ds*"'“' ' i Poli that i (Continued on KEEP PRIMARY, BUT REGULATE ~ EXPENDITURES, PINCHOT URGES Men Who Have Debauched System Are Politicians ird Page.) pu to some extent money and ‘who advocated the direct pri! today almost | Solden showe advertising, driven to confess, as in.the case of a - new political contraptions, that the architects' plans were pretty | presidency, but.the structure _itself often offends the sight, hearing and smell of all of us, ‘We dld_take power out of the hands of the old political boss by the direct No doubt of that, Canata and Hungary have a form boss, whatever else he of state endowment enables persons to_purchase annuities through payments begun in early life, and Massachusetts, according to the bureau, has had such a system since 1907, being the only American State rect ratio to their power to pick good Wealth Tmportant Faetor. Now, whatever the original theory, | inferior men pick themselves. About the only guarantee we have as to candidates is their quality of affiuence. A man who Is not:rich is sunk in a contest with one who is. man with money to spend on picking himself as a candidate need have no political training and no ex- perience in the art of administration good and patriotic. 1t was devised to old-fashioned 1?1 it back t was de- e o osed | campaign expense s al In theory it can be done, but the odors from ‘Pennsylvania from the which happened to wreck instead of make Gen. Wood’s candidacy !:r t:e of the In the old system, bad as it ‘was, a man more or less trained was more or less promoted into an office for ‘which he was more.or less fit and more or less vouched for by a more or less responsible political boss or machine.. Today the candidate sells himself to the people on the super- advertising basis. We take our can: lates as we might try a new brand of puffed’ peanuts. The puffed pea- nuts ¢ost a dime and can be thrown away; the puffed candidate may stay * |in the Senate and make fools of us for six years. Wise observers say that the quality in our representative bodies has fallen off sadly because of the direct primery, and I believe it. ‘What to. do? Return to the boss- picked candidate? Probably not at all. To offer & nostrum would be easy. That is.what it did before.~ This time m:m ‘work '.l:: 1 Lo “vot on r own problems, which is why this editorial is written. The di primary as it is today, un- But the the soft road for {irrespos ‘and ‘unprepared pol 8. s « 8, 1926.) Drinking in France Back to Pre-War Mark Who Demand Return of Convention, Declares Pennsylvania Governor, Recently Defeated. - BY GIFFORD PINCHOT, Governor of Pennaylvania. _ ticlans hate the primary, and s the most natural thing in the world, People usually bate what makes, them what they regard as un- necessary trouble, and cisely what the primary. ticians. The direct pi rimaty makes it harder | {he for the politician .to bring home the handed. in & divided report. e ; " |perea by it that politicians all over | .5 America_have seized eagerly on the scandalous expenditures in the recent Pennsylvania senatorial text for who now ask that it be fl‘u” they succeeded that the law hed oes/to poli: | EIving the to poli- their own. | primary 2 : . | lowing they have been ham- primary elec- bolishing: the la.that the aute abolished o in deba That s’ like a murderer asking against murder be abol: 18] because he has killed a man, The remedy is not to.destroy the | most powertul means yet devised people a chance to the Government, which, in theory, | fsm be- wuching | having for run nough fof 1914. Lioyd George made iers | tic’ appeal to the allies to resist this o< altered, promises little. . That Httle is | British gilded, IMOSUL. TREATY VICTORY FOR BRITISH DIPLOMACY Gives Country All It Sou—ght Without Expense of War, While Russia and - Ttaly are Chief Losers. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. OMEWHAT obscured by -more dramatic events, such as the British general strike, the fall of the franc and the German refer- endum, the treaty recently made between the British and the Turks covering the long contested .question of Mosul nevertheless promises to be one of ‘the most important of post- war agreements and may easily prove the basis for a continued period of peace in the Near East. It would be difficult to imagine a more complicated issue than that raised by the dispute over the final allocation of Mosul. ' Its value was once economic and strategic; economic because there is involved the posses- sion of the valuable oil deposits of the region: strategic because Mosul is, in a measure, the key of the whole Meso- ‘| potamian region and thus in Turkish hands would render (nsecure and probably ephemeral the state of Irak, erected under British inspiration at the Paris peace conference. The dispute has dragged.for eight years, during which the principals | j have changed. At the outset it was a battle between France and Britain, the former basing its claims upon a treaty made during the war between London and Paris which did actuall, assign Mosul to the French along wi Syria. While France and Britain were quarreling Turkey rose from, the ruins of her complete defeat and be- came a claimant. Clemenceau Yielded at Paris. At Paris Britain had the best of France and Clemenceau, much to the st of his fellow countrymen, jded. Mosul was turned over to the new Arab state, which was, in “act, a British pawn, and the French frontier—that is, the boundary of the French mandate of Syria—was car- ried back to the Tigris, north of Mo- sul. France thus disappeared from the scene, but the resentment born of the dispute poisoned the Paris atmos- phere and had a very evil effect upon Anglo-French relations for a’long time thepeafter. victed from Mosul, the French pro- ceeded to make a separate treaty with Turkey, just beginning to show signs of recovery, by which in return for certain cessions of territory at and north of the Gulf of Alexandretta and along the Bagdad railway France ob- tained immunity from any Turkish at- tack upon her Syrian mandate, a re- sult which was to prove very useful ;han the later Syrian insurrections The Franco-Turkish treaty, made by Franklin Bouillon for France, was followed by the Turkish-war with Greece, whichi was acting.in a meas- | strikin 2 equiv; against » Straits, recovering all of her lost ter- ritory in Asia Minor and carrying her {rontier in Europe back to the lines his fran- Turkish advance. But not only did his the outset Britain benefited by the fact that Anglo-French relations are, now friendly und there was no French support of the Turks. But even more useful was the situation with regard to Italy. The Italians had been prom- ised much of the Aegean coast of Turkey in the secret treaties of the war time. Britain had pushed Greece into Smyrna to forestall the Italians, despite the promises of the t treaties. Italy had landed at the Gulf of Adalia, but had withdrawn rather ;hu risk a war after the Greek de- eat. Now Italy was turning to Asia Minor as the single field for great co- lonial expfnsion and all Itallan com- ment seemed to Indicate that Italy was intending to establish herself in the regions which Greece had taken and lost. There were conferences be- tween Italian and British statesmen and after Austen Chamberlain had been in Rome last Winter Europe be- lieved that Mussolinl had obtained a British consent for his colonial ex- periment in Asia. In effect, while the ‘Turks were threatening to attack the rak and seize Mosul Britain was en- couraging Italy to undertake a cam- paign of conquest on the Aegean coast of Turkey. Again, Greece and Italy came to an agreement which seemed to forecast that Greece would seek to regaln her lost prestige by a v!-nevlr war with Turkey in alliance with taly. To balance all this, the Turks made a treaty with the Soyiets which for a moment took Europe aback, but when the terms were published it turned out that prudent Moscow had done no more than pledge itself to neu- trality and Turkey was left to face the possibility of fighting Britain, Italy and Greece, if she carried out her threats as to Mosul. In this situa- tion the policy of wisdom was obvious; the single question was whether the Turks would be wise. Showed Good Sense. The treaty recently sighed is a ., demonstration of ultimate good sense on the part of the Turks. True they lose Mosul outright, save for a smail frontier rectification, but this was actually lost in the World War and has not been in Turkish hands since. But in return they are assured 10 per cent of the taxes paid by the oil concessions, a _considerable British loan and some form of British guar- antee of Turkish integrity. This last circumstance is exceed- ingly interesting, because on the sur- face it would -seem that Britain, hav- consider new . occul territory, has now guaranteed Turkey . against this contingency, which is a B 2 0 S Italians and Greeks will welcome the solution is at least open to question, yet it is-hard to see what eitber allies of the war decline, but also the | Sh British . Dominions refused to rally, Lloyd George fell and a war in the ear East was avoided only by thé humiliating recession of Europe be- fore the Turks. Turkey Got Support. At Lausanne, where the Near East- ern situation was liquidated, the Turks took a high tone and, having had their own will on most of the other questions, turned their atten- tion toward the question of Mosul So far they had received a consider- able, if tacit, support from both Italy and Francé, which were hostile to British policy, the French because they were using the Near East as a counterbalance to the Rhine country, the Italians because they had aspira- tions in’ Asia Minor and were natu- rally unwilling to see the Greeks, as agents of the British, foreclose upon all the Aegean shore from Smyrna to Adalia. ‘The rivalries between European states were once more the means of saving the Turks, who at Lausanne maintaimed their demand for Mosul and now seemed prepared to turn their wvictorious armies against thé strug- gling state of Irak. They were the more encouraged because British pub- lic opinion was much opposed to the “Mespot™ adventure and the assump- tion. of vast expenses and dangerous responsibilities in this direction. At Lausanne the Turks and the agreed to send the Mosul prob- lem to a League of Nations commis- sion. But from the outset the situa- tion was complicated because the Brit- ish insisted that the commission: was to decide the title to the whole prov- Ince, while the Turks argued that oaly a frontier delimitation was involved. Always, it is to be remembered, the issue was nominally between the state of Irak and Turkey, with Britain ap- ing as the mandatory for Irak, t the British had decided to aban- don the mandate and retire once they had put Irak on its feet and settled the houndary questions. “ Decision Was Complicated. ‘The commission of the leagve, how- ever, returned a surprisingly li- -cated decision. It ruled that 3 ctically entire, should go to Tur- ey outright unless Britain was ready to assume the mandate for the Irak state for a fresh 25 years. This de- cision meant, of course, that the com- missfon perceived that Irak could not hold Mosul against Turkey, and- that it the British led upon ‘Arab claims they must assume the respon- sibility for protecting the Irak, This verdict -was equally unpopular. new war after the exhaustion follow- ing almost continuous fighting from 1912 to 1923. A great portion of her territory was devastated by the Greek invasion, during which Smyrna ‘was burned. - Even more serious was the expulsion of the Greek popula- tions of Asiks Minor, which resulted in the forcible removal of nearly 1,500, 000 of the most useful and progres- sive inhabitants. ‘Working for New State. As a°result of the expulsion, all business has been paralyzed, ' while Greece, after the first crisis, has ab- ‘bed vast _population and placed Constantinople as the part the Near East. It is a matter of very great doubt as to whether the Turk has within himself the capacity for organizing & modern state, but at least he is now to have the chance. After all, however, the Turkish phase of the question is minor. The really important fact is that the whole Near and Far East have been in eruption ever since the’ World War. The Turkish victory over the Greeks, who were fighting under _British guidance, was accepted as.a defeat for Britain and the Wost generally. From China to Morocco, European pre was-shaken and the resuits have been disclosed, notably in Syria, Egypt and Morocco. Just how much further this general movement of re- volt against the West might have gone had there been an Anglo-Turkish war over Mosul is hard to say, but the whole region was a powder mine. Now Britain gets Mosul, France has at about the same time and I company Spain settied the Morocean affair, her hands are now free to deal with Syria and the out- come there cannot be long in doubt. nrest remains in Egypt and the re- cent election caused Britain k Most of the trouble both have had Near East has been due to rival- General War Feared. For .several years all nsides