Evening Star Newspaper, June 13, 1926, Page 51

. ®worked man in Sp RIVERA HOLDS LIBERTY . FAILS AS RULING MOTIVE Declares Governments Must Lead Masses and Not Be Led by Them, Note—The erumbling of Abd-el-Krim's | ®oirer has again directed public attention 10 1he depands of Spain for recognition ax ' ‘worid poier. in the League of Na Tions. " In’ 1taly “Mussolini and. in Spain e Rivera. enjoying absolute au Such as few fings have ever have been ‘able to assume positions on " international wuestions. In the political turmoil and upset of governmental systems which have Tollowed the World War the phenomenon 07 ‘the. re‘establisnment "of ' dictatorial government is one of the Mmost interest- ing incidents z % 7 In_the folimwing interview with Primo de Rivera. Andres Revesz, well known Writer on foreign affairs and, foreian, edi- Tor of ABC. leading Spanish verodical. »as furnished for. The Star and other wiembers of the North American News aper Alliance, erclusively, the Spanish dictator's oicn 'statement of his pofitical ‘Dhilosophies as well as the more o Zyete poticies which he intends 1o follow. BY ANDRES REVESZ. Foreign tor of ABC. DRID, June 1 believe | ith Mussolini that _the principle of liberty is very pretty as a principle, but is no longer sufficiently effec- tive as a rule of conduct of a nation and that it must be replaced by the principle of authority.” Primo de Rivera thus outlined to me the b belief of the philosophy which has carried him in an incredib! short time from the military govern: orship of Barcelona to a position of Supreme authority in the Sparish nation. ““The agoressive influence of what is called | public opinion on the acts of govern- | ment must be strictly limited.” he | gaid; “that is to say, the masses must not direct the government, but the government must lead the masses. The premier virtually asserted that spain will_ withdraw _ from the League of Nations if refused a per- manent seat in its council. Mussolini 1s le. In as frank an utterance as he ever has made for publication, the premier outlined the international policy of Spain and replied in emphatic terms to the recent pronouncement by Lord ‘ecil obviously aimed at Spain. Con- -asting his own system of govern- ment—which he ed must last | for at least half a century—with that of Mussolini, he admitted that it was the action of the Italian dictator that showed him what he had to do to “save” his country. It is not easy to secure an inter- view of any importance with Gen. Primo de Rivera. The Marquis ‘istella is the type of Spanish aristo. crat that is found in literature: amiable. courteous, hospitable and generous. But the prime minister, or or. if vou prefer it,is a different proposition” altogether. The hardest n. he has rarely | consented to be interviewed. He received me at 5 o'clock, imme- diately after his siesta, in the private rtments he occupies at the min- i , in the Palace of Buena- vista, which stands on a little hill in the very center of Madrid. Has Cordial Manner. There really is nothing very terrify- < about the dictator of Spain. He eptionally tall and is heavily In spite of his white hair and ung man’s is built. moustache, he smiles a v smile. He is cordial, sincere, straight- forward. He has a fine, virile head, which i not unattractive to women. Although from the south, Xerez in Andalusia, his skin is fair and ruddy. His eves are clear and he gives the impression of having been fair in his vouth. His voice is rather hoarse and somewhat feeble for so big a man. Rut the outstanding impression he zives is one of courtesy, friendliness, cordiality and nobility. He is a_gooa examplé of one's ideal of a grandee of Spain. He lit a cigaret and gave me one and submitted amiably to the cross- questionin, “Your excellency 1 He interrupted quickly “Never mind about that excellency. Just say ‘you'." Had M “Thank vou, a soldier becoming a ] was probably captain gene marshal.’ *“True. “Well, then. will you tell me when vou first thought of assuming power?” “Willingly. I thought of it for the time about a vear before the coup Aetat. At that time I was military zovernor of Barcelona and T witnessed the state of shameful and painful anarchy into which my poor country had fallen owing to the feebleness of those who governed, or rather mis- governed, it. If Spain had had a ftrong and capable government I should certainly never have thought of upsetting it, because I assure you ihat it is no great pleasure to me to have to reconstruct the whole of =pain after a long period of anarchy. “To go more into detail, I may tell vou that my patriotic resolve crystal- ized on the occasion of the mutiny at Malaga of a regiment under orders from Moroceo, when a corporal who had fomented the mutiny was ac- quitted in the most disgraceful man- ner. This acquittal, following so many murders of an antl-social character in Barcelona, gave me to understand Spain was on the edge of a hor- s and that it was necessary to save her from complete ruin. Since nobody else moved. I undertook this surgical operation.” “Do vou really believe, sir, that you have public opinion with you?" Has Public Backing. “There is mnot the slightest doubt about that. The political parties never lean on public opinion or on the popular masses, but only on cer- tain restricted organtzatiol urround- particular politiclan who af- friends material advantages. 1t is for that reason t as soon as that type of politician lost the ad- vantages afforded to him by power each party became rapidly disorgan- fzed. I can assure you without exag: geration that the gvhole of public opinion is with me except for a very small number of persistent malcon- tent: of politicians whose personal interests had been attacked, of anti- patriots and people who are fanatics where the parliamentary system is concerned. But the people, what may really be called the people, are with me. “Besides, do the streets of Madrid Jook as if Spain was under a dicta- torial regime? Suppose a stranger came to Madrid without having read the papers and without having been told of any of the events which have occurred in Madrid during the past few years. Do you think that stranger would suppose that the Spanish peo- ple were oppressed by cruel dictator- ship? What do vou notice in Spain? | Discipline, work and a relative well- | being. One lives, one works and one loves just as in the past. Today you can walk about in the middle of ‘the night with perfect safety in the most doubtful quarters of Madrid or Barce- lona without fear of losing your pock- etbook or stopping a bullet. That is the nature of the change that I am blamed for. “What I am being réproached with,” continued the prime minister, “is the end of parliamentarism. But no hu- man institution is everlasting. The parliamentary system, which was very useful at a certain time. has har its began. Drop the itary Aml ns. «ir. T imagine that as had never thought of itician. Your ambition end vour life as a that is to say a as in the Past. |ister. able to the good of the count might even go so far as to say that it is often harmful to the smooth prog- ress of public affairs.” “But what would you put place?” in its * Favors New System. “I would replace it by a completely new and original system of govern- ment which I cannot outline today. We shall devise a system as demo- cratic as parliamentarism, but far more _effective. “Will your system last”" “It must last, not for my personal convenience but for the good of the country. A century of misgovernmnt demands at le: 50 years of a strong administration. “Your coup d'etat followed Musso- lini’t by a little less than a year. Was vours influenced by his?" “It was. There is no doubt that the decay of Spain had reached a point at which a change would have occurred even if Mussolini had never existed. But as a matter of fact Mussolini's action showed me what I had to do to save the country. Mussolini is a torch which affords light to nations. I be. fieve with him that the influence of what is called public opinion on the acts of a government must be strict limited: that is to say, that the masses must not direct the government, but the government must lead the masses. I also believe with Mussolini that the principle of liberty is very pretty as a principle, but is no longer sufficiently effective as a rule of conduct of a fon and that it must be replaced the principle of authori Mussolini,” he continued, “is cer- tainly not a conservative. He is a revolutionary, but a national revolu- tionary who respects tradition and often turns to very ancient institu tions. We, teo, are revolutionaries in that sense, hecause we consider that we must revolutionize all the organ- isms of the state—teaching, the civ service, the fiscal system—in a word, everything. We are only at the b ginning of this national and indis- pensable revolution “Are you going to follow Mussolini in the province of syndicalism?" Spain More Conservative. “I do not think so. Here we are more conservative than Mussolini. We lean on a party, the Patriotic Union, on a militia, the Somaten, on the army and on the neutral masses.” “What is the international policy of Spain?” he present is a_period of perfect balance. We maintain the most friendly relations with all countries. Diplomatic and military collaboration in Morocco has strengthened our bonds with France. Our friendship with England is traditional. Is not our beautiful Queen herself an Eng- princess? We have just signed 2 commercial treaty with Germany. We look upon Portugal.as a sister nation, while to Italy we are bound by affinity of race, by the resem- blance of our political systems and by the reciprocal v of our sover- eigns. As regards America, we en- tertain the deepest and most sincere affection both for Latin America and for the United States.” “Did you read, sir, the speech that Lord Cecil delivered in the House of Lords on the League of Nations on April 212" (In the speech in question Vis Cecil said that the British Govern- ment's_instructions to its representa- tives—himself and Sir Austen Cham- berlain—at Geneva were unchanged so far as they were relevant to the matters that would come before the commission. One of these was that there should be adherence to the rule that only the great powers should be permanent members of the council.) “Certainly 1 did.” “Did you consider it a clear state- ment?” “I did. “And what is your opinion on it?” ‘Want Permanent Seat. “Here is my answer. We are of the opinion that Spain is entitled to a permanent seat on the council of the League of Nations. Spain consid- ers herself a first-class power by rea- son of her history, her area, the num- ber of her inhabitants, by the fact that she possesses two wealthy and very important island groups (the Balearic and the Canary Islands), owing to her colonial heritage which, 1 admit, is now a modest one, and owing also_to world-wide interest in Morocco. But even if Spain were not a first-class power, she would still be the most important of the nations which did not take part in the Great War, and all the world recognizes that during that war she observed a loyal and geherous neutrality. For all these reasons it would seem ab- surd to prevent her, even temporarily from participating in the mission of the League of Nations. ““Moreover, Spain has a right to a permanent seat because of her his- tory, because of the race she repre- sents, because of her personal merits and because of the steady work she has carried out within the league. ‘Therefore, if Spain meets with seri- ous obstacles in obtaning a perma- nent seat: if she sees, in fact, that the door is shut in her face, we, who after all, no band faith in the veness of the League of Nations, will pot show ourselves too stubborn in our desire to belong to it." After this categorical deelaration, in spite of the diplomatic language in which it was conveyed, I realized that Primo de Rivera would not ray anything more. 1. therefore, with- drew just as the minister of war, the Duke of Tetuan, whose family name is O'Donnell, came in to discuss an urgent matter with tne prime min- He wanted to talk about Moroc- co, and although I am a journalist, T have not vet forgotten the meaning of the word discretion. Later, however, the prime minister gave me a very complete expression on Morocco. Sees Problem’s Solution. “The surrender of Abd-el-Krim ls, of course, a very Important factor in the Moroccan campaign. This un- conditional capitulativn leads us to- ward a real solution of the Moroccan problem, namely, a total disarmament of the tribes and organization of the occupied zones in such a manner as to assure security and economic de- velopment in the territory.” “And the prisoners?” T asked. “We have already given orders to the airplanes to transport the wound- ed and sick to hospitals as quickly as possible. 1 cannot say yet what will be done with Abd-el-Krim. In any case, the rebel chiefs submitted to the sultan and indirectly to the protecting powers, whose commanders. in-chief will be present at the formal act of Abd-el-Krim’s submission. _Aft- erward we shall forget as much as possible the disloval acts of Ahd-el- Krim and treat him in a chivalrous manner, as is the tradition of the Spanish army. Will Watch Krim. ““We shall, of course, take care that Abd-el-Krim doesn’t eventually exploit our generosity. With France, we shall make it absolutely certain that Abd-el-Krim shall no longer be able to create difficulties for us either in Morocco or elsewhere. “During the last few months the political and military co-operation be- tween France and Spain has been . Today it is no lenger lndiy ms- . © THE SUNDAY STAR, \\'ASHI GTON, D. C, JUNE 13, 1926—PART How to Secure World Peace HE simpler the answer that is given to -this question the more certain it is that that answer is wrong. Interna- tional peace will be a by- product of an advanced civilization in which both men and nations are guided by moral principle and high ideals. . . The eternal conflict in human nature which philosophers, moralists and poets have exhibited, discussed and interpreted for thousands of vears must be resolved in favor of man’s higher nature before interna- tional peace can find a secure basis upon which to rest. Temper, selfishness, greed, am- bition, lust for power, drive both men and natlons to those words and acts which fnvite, and even compel, con- flict. The truly civilized man is a self-disciplined man, and the truly civilized nation is a self-disciplined nation. The problem of international peace is a phase of the problem of self-discipline of men and of nations. * K ok K During the past century, and par- ticularly by reason of the lessons of the great wir, men have learned what they did not before realize, namely, that even a victorious war may be economically, soclally and politically disastrous. Therefore, the moral argument for international peace is now receiving powerful as- sistance from those who cannot see beyond immediate economic and social advantage. In other words, selfishness and self-interest are, for the time at least, enlisted on the side Lot international peace. That spirit of nationalism which underlies and supports patriotism is excellent and highly commendable if it rests on a sound and ethical basis, but it is easily distorted and perverted by ignorance on the one hand and by demagoguery on the other. Careless and unkind words relative to the con- duct and policies of another nation that are spoken on’the floor of the enate of the United States through lack of knowledge or from a mere spirit of pestilent demagoguery may so wound the feelings of another people as to undo the work of years of patient and unselfish effort in knitting relations of international understanding, international associa- tion and international co-operation. There are some hereditary national antipathies which yield but slowly | to the progress of sounder and better ideas, and there are others, based on racial and religious differences and lack of appreciation, which play a large, sometimes a controlling, part in the development of public and international policy. All these are to be reckoned with, and, so far as pos- sible, reduced to a minimum or re- moved by wiser counsels and fuller understanding. * ok ok % It is vital that a nation conceive itself as a moral being and not merely as a bundle of material interests with money to make and mouths to feed UNDERWOOD NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. and appetites to gratify. A true nation is a moral personality, with all that that means by way of responsibility, self-control and ~high purpose. As progress is made in respect to these fundamental matters, institu- tions come into existence to give form a9 By Nicholas Murray Butler, President Columbia University. and shape to these fine purposes and lofty hopes. For hundreds of vears philosophers and students of human nature have been hoping and plan- ning for a_better organization of the world, to the end that civilization may be co.operative rather than sharply competitive, and that international peace may displace constantly re- curring war as well as costly prep- aration for wars that It is felt can- not be prevented. * X ¥ ¥ Judicial process is the method by which, in_the private life of men, earlier and violent methods of settling controversies have been displaced. In the relations between nations, arbi- tration and judicial process have been gloing their quiet and helpful work for many vears. International arbitration and the work of an inter- natfonal court are two aspects of one and the same method of approaching, defining and settling a controversy between nations. International ar- bitrations have steadily tended to be- come more and more judicial in form and in fact, and there is building a body of international common law which one day will be systematized and so stated that he who runs may read. That body of international com- mon law will underlie and direct the international conduct of truly moral nations and it will guide the estab- lished Permanent Court of Interna- tional Justice in the determination of controversies, * ¥ % ¥ Just as soon as, behind the pro- tection of judicial process, the nations both large and small shall feel secure againet exploitation or unprovoked attack, then the limita- tion of armaments becomes an easily practicable matter. Armaments’ will atrophy from disuse when the inter- national policy of nations rises to this higher plane. There will be no | need of formulas or rules or agree- ‘ments. When this stage ik reached. each nation will lay aside its arms, as the civilized human being walks the streets of his capital city without a4 gun in his hands or a bomb in his pocket. It will be seen, therefore, that international peace is not to be ob- tained by passing resolutions or enacting statues or, more particularly, by declaring that war is a crime. That would be a mere empty and futile geste, to make ridiculous the nation which offered so absurd a declaration to a watching world. The peace of the world rests in the hearts and minds of men and of nations, and there is no short cut and no easy road to its accomplish- ment. (Copyright. 1926:) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BU) HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 12: The British Empire.—A long confel ence on Tuesday bettween representa- tives of the coal mine owners and the miners seems to have accomplished nothing whatever toward a settle ment. Owing to shortage of coal and the weakness of the yarn market, the Lancashire cotton mills are to shut down on alternate weeks. The total number of registered un- employed in Great Britain on May 1 (exclusive of miners) was about 1,107, 000; the number on May 31 was about 1,614,000. The total number unem- ployed today. including miners, is about 2,700,000 At Covent Garden on Tuesday night Nellle Melba bade farewell to opera. She sang parts of “La Boheme,” “Romeo and Juliet” and “Othello. The ovation was almost unparalleled, but not undeserved by one whose voice was as beautiful a thing as her age could boast. The incomparable diva was summoned to the royal box. Where the King and Queen congrat lated her and presented her with a bouquet. The Union of South Africa is going in stronger than ever for protection. The budget balances at about £27,000,- 00. 0The Australian commonwealth has just celebrated its twenty-fifth anni- Versary. Next year the common- wealth Parliament will take up its quarters at Canberra, the new capi- tal. Within the quarter century the pop- ulation of Australia has increased from 4,000,000 to 6,000,000, and its overseas trade has trebled. Viscount Willingdon of Ratton is to succead Baron Byng of Vimy as Gov- ernor General of Canada. * kx kX France.—The franc, which rose to the equivalent of 3.35 cents toward the end of May through government intervention, fell to about 2.98 a week or so ago when that intervention was withdrawn, but it has since remained fairly steady at about 3 cents. It is understood that about half the pro- ceeds of the Morgan loan (approxi- mately $85,000,000) was used in the intervention. There was talk of using on the exchange markets for the pro- tection of the franc what might be necessary of the gold reserve of the Bank of France ($1,100,000,000, the biggest gold reserve held by any single banking institution in the world and amounting to more_ than 10 per cent of the inflated paper cur- rency), but the authorities of the bank fiercely opposed such use, and it was decided to hold that reserve intact against “the final phase of stabiliza- n.” tk’A ‘committee of ministers, in consid- ering a program “in defense of the franc,” which, according to rather vague intimations, may include more or less of the following: (A) France to draw supplies more largely than hitherto from Germany by way of payments in kind under the Dawes plan, thus avoiding New York and London exchange; (B) Importations to be limited to absolute necessities and speculation in that kind stopped; (C) Curb on exportation of food- stufts and restrictions on consumption resembling those of war time, involv- ing government control of prices and prevention of acquisition of reserve food stocks. As to what may come of such pro- posals, it is decidedly “to see.” The government has announced the intention (it can be done, I understand. by decree) of removing the restrictions on export of capital, which have had an effect precisely opposite to that proposed. It would fain lure back ex- — e laboration, which we desire to con- tinue, will be the best means of avoid- ing ulterlor complications, because it must be admitted that European powers which have colonies or pro- tectorates to guard and civilize have identical interests, even if they don't always realize the fact. “That means, in my opinion, that in forcing Abd-el-Krim to capitulate, Spain and France have rendered a real service to th& whole civilized world, and they hope that it is in this sense that their victory in Morocco will be interpreted every- ‘where.” (Coprricht. 1976, bx the Nor R ewebaver Afilancery. Ameriess patriated capital, reassure all posses- sors of wealth. It proposes mno in- crease of taxation, but correction of the present incidence thereof. There has been talk of a cabinet shake-up, of a cabinet to include rep- resentatives of all the principal sroups except the Communists, or all except the Monarchists, the Unified Socialists and the Communists; but it has been decided to make no change for the present. | The above might be interpreted as | signifying scarcely more than a cer- {tain restlessness while the report (it {should be submitted by June 25) is jawaited of the commission of experts, the which treport is expected to em bodv a fiscal and financial plan an swerable to the desperate need. Let us hope tha expectation will not be disappointed. It would appear that Henri de Jou venel, French high commissioner in when leaving Syria for a visit ance somewhat camouflaged the Syrian situation in his statements to orrespondents. To be sure, the re cent operations of the troops under French colors in Syria have been very successful, but the Hauran Druses have not by any means been completely suppressed, and sporadic insurrection and banditry continue rife in the rest of Syria. Apparently De Jouvenel's object in going . to France was to impress on the French government the absolute necessity of a very considerable addition to the French forces in Syrfd in order to complete pacification. There are now 30,000 under the ¥French colors in Syria; at least 20,000 more are needed. Of the 30,000 20,000 are being emploved against the Druses, and the job of policing the rest of the country puts too much of a strain on the remainder—10,000. The latter are making good remarka. bly, but can't be expected to carry on indefinitely without reinforcement. * ok * ¥ —All Germany is terri- bly het up over the referendum to be held June 20 to determine wheth- er or not the property claimed by the former ruling families is to be expro- priated without compensation. The situation has been rendered more spicy by the publication, unauthor- ized by President von Hindenburg, of a letter addressed by him to a leading monarchist, in which the marshal de- clares the proposal of expropriation to be “an attack on the constitutional foundations of the State, a violation of the fundamental laws, or morals and justice; evidence of a deplorable lack ‘of traditional sentiment and an exhibition of base ingratitude.” The letter was in reply to a letter asking for the President’s views. Some that he really expected his an | swer to be published, others that he fell into a trap set by reactionaries. It remains to be seen whether the let- ter will help or harm the claims of those to whom Germany should be so “grateful.” The total value of the property claimed is estimated at about $500,000,000. The Socialists say it should be sold and tne proceeds dis- tributed among war invalids and those impoverished throujth the war. * ¥ Xk X Hungary.—On Thursday, as Count Bethlen, premier of Hungary, was stepping out of a committee room in the Palais des Nations at Geneva a nan stepped up to him and, crying “Traitor!” slapped his face. Swiss de- tectives rushed up and arrested the man. He proved to be one Ivan de Justh, descendant of one of Kossuth's most valued associates, secretary gen- of the Hungarian Republican party and secretary general of the Hungarian League for the Rights of Man. As he was being conducted | away he dropped a letter which char- cterized Bethlen and his government as “holding the Hungarian nation un- der oligarchical servitude”: which re- ferred to “the insupportable shame of the Hungarian counterfeiting scan- dal,” and which stated the object of his’'act to be the humiliation of Beth- len under circumstances of vivid pub- licity, in the hope of thereby arousing the Hungarian nation to throw off its “‘shameful yok . * ko X Poland.—Parliament did not sit dur- ing the past week. Apparently Pil- sudski would give the legislators a lit- tle time for consideration for coming to a right mind—i.e., to acquiescence in his program. M. Bartel has formed another cabinet, the personnel being thie same, with two exceptions, as that of his former one. Marshal Pilsudski is again minister of war. Last Sunday the Ukranians of East- ern Galicia demonstrated for inde- pendence in several towns, Tarnopol, Jaroslav, Lwow (Lemberg) and else- where. At Tarnopol, the demon- trants clashed with troops—result, several of them killed, more than 50 wounded, many arrested. On Thursday 3,000 workers in the iron and munition plants of Ostrowiec walked out, demonstrated, cowed the police, Troops were called in and be- More than $9,000,000 was spent dur- ing 1925 by the Rockefeller Founda- tion in its great campaign through- out the world to oust disease. ‘Hookworm, yellow fever and malaria are the enemies of mankind which its International Health Board espe- cially aims to annihilate. This or- ganization follows. the policy of work- ing only through governments of the countries to which it lends aid and helps out only at the invitation of an officlal agency. It concerns itself only with new methods, one of its primary ends being to help a health official prove to his community the value of an innovation. The board, however, undertakes co-operation only with the clear understanding that the project in hand is eventually to stand on its own financial feet. In 18 different countries and in 220 counties In 26 different States in our country the International Health Board backed up the local officials in their struggles with the hookworm prob- lem, with the result that nearly a million and a half people were treat- ed. Around hookworm disease as a nucleus the International Health Board has a general educational plan to instruct the populacc of tropical and subtropical countries in sanita- tion and preventive measures against all disease. This idea has spread to Europe and co-operation along these lines has been extended to Francc, Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakin. In 1925 only three cases of yellow fever occurred in all the Americas. whereas formerly this disease made Central and South America and even New Orleans and other cities of the South veritable pest holes. Now these same cities are represented to North- ern touris's as health resorts with a 2 Rockefeller Foundation Leads World In Freeing Man From Dread Diseases fair degree of truth by their enter- prising realtor citizens. War on the yellow fever bearing mosquito has driven this former plague to a last stand in West Africa, where experts sent out by the Inter- national Health Board, at the invita- tion of the countries concerned, are hard at work holding it in check lest it gain access to the Orient, when the transafrican railways under con- strucgion are completed. A new use for Paris green has been found In the contest with the malarial mosquito. Experience has shown that only by exterminating the insect that spreads the infection from person to person can malaria be stamped out, since in the majority of cases patients will not continue- doses of quinine long enough to be completely cured. Paris green has proved effective, cheap and safe as a means of eradi- cating the fever mosquitoes. In co- operation with the Italian goverr.- meiit the International Health Board has been experimenting with the arsenic compound in Calabria and Sardinia, sprinkling the breeding areas with a _powder composed of 99 parts road dust and 1 part parls green. The small quantity of poison killed the wigglers without harming the fish native to the waters, and mosquito breeding was stopped . at very low cost. ‘Work on malaria was carried on in 12 States in the United States and in Ceylon. ~— 1In recognition of the distinctive po- lice work done by Mrs. Marguerite Curley of San Pedro, Calif., she has been awarded a diamond-incrusted po- lice badge. lation at this session. gan firing “without ceremony.” 1In a twinkling the strikers were back at work and ‘“‘complete calm” reigned. Marshal Pilsudski announces his in- tention of reorganizing the Polish army on the old German model. The dictatorship is proving ficlen ‘ef.- * k% Kk United States of America.—Smith ‘W. Brookhart won the Republican nomination for United States Senator from Iowa by a tremendous plurality. of which victory the deeper meanings are what they are. Taere is or is not to be farm legis- The likelthood that the Goff bill, aimed at strength- ening prohibition enforcement, will be passed this session grows *small by degrees and beautifully less."” The judiclary committees of both Senate and House have ruled that the executive order promulgated May 21, authorizing appointment of any State, county or municipal officer at a nom inal rate of compensation, as a Fed eral prohibition officer, “except in those States having constitutional or statutory provisions against State of- ficers holding office under the Fed- eral Government” is constitutional. As yet no appointment has been made under the order, and it seems unlikely that it will ever be applied on more than a very limited scale. The Detroit Arctic expedition has been compelled to suspend operations, which may be resumed this Fall or next Spring. Eleven times Capt. the West Indies, Brazil, Argentina,: Palestine, the Philippine Islands and; Wilkins attempted to take off from Point Barrow for a flight over the “‘unexplored regions.” Each time he had serious trouble with one or the other of three engines of the De- troiter. Considering the great wing- spread of the craft, Capt. Wilkins is | of opinion that a single engine of great horsepower should be substi- tuted for the three engines. He has exerted himself valiantly and it is to be hoped that he will ultimately en- Joy sucgess. About 430,000 motor vehicles were produced in this country in the month of May—a record. New York City had 262 murders in 1923, as against 42 for London. E The League Council—Extraordinary differences of viewpoint have declared themselves in the preparatory com- mission, whose job is to pave the way for an international disarmament con- ference under league auspices; the which differences bid fair to pestpone to a distant day completion of the com- mission’s work, if not to create a hopeless impasse. The fortieth session of the League of Nations Council has been a stormy one, reorganization of the council be- ing the chief problem tackled. Indig- nant that they should not be treated as of the greater powers, Spain and Brazil have resigned their non-perma- nent council seats, and it is feared that they will sever connection with the league. Further observations on this important business later. * ok ok ¥ Miscellaneous.—All is quiet in Por- tugal. The country, as a whole, seenis to be delighted with the discom- fiture of the politiclans and to ac- quiesce in military direction of af- fairs. A parade of 15,000 troops through Lisbon last Sunday aroused intense popular enthusiasm. The chiefs of the revolution, Gen. da Costa and Comdr. Cabecadas, continue to protest reverence of the constitution. Merely Portugal must be made safe for the constitution, which, all in good time, shall be restored. On Wednesday the council of the League of Nations voted termination on June 30 of league control of the Austrian fisc. The rehabilitation of Austria is, perhaps, the league’s finest achievement, and the league's high commissioner for Austria, Dr. Zimmer- mann of Rotterdam, deserves the high tribute paid him by Sir Austen Cham- berlain. It remains to see whether Austria can go it alone. A Turke-British agreement respect. ing Mosul has been signed, and the Grand Nutivnal Assembiy ut Angora has ntifled it. Tho satsfactury “Brussels iino” iz udopted as t ‘boundury weent Turkey and Irak, ’;»m‘.( a ti huodlfi(u!'(;n in favor of ‘urkey. &y 15 Lo have u cert chure in tiie pracasds e The Angore. iasambly has alse ratified the PMrancoTurkisi agreement re- o Egyp situation has 8id- erably cleared. Adly Pasho. halc::kmdl offioo at the head of & new cabinet which replaces that of Ziwar Pusha. The new Purttament Was opened on from Mosul oil. | |CITY GUESSING AT SITES 1 OF NEW U. Speculation, But BY REX COLLIER. ITH actual construction under the ambitious five- vear public building pro- gram due to get under way in the National Capital soon as the initial appropriations be- come available this Summer, specula- tion is rife as to the location, desig and other details involved in the $59, 000,000 outlay for improvements. Varfous and conflicting reports are being circulated regarding the pro- posed sites for the Archives, Internal Revenue, Department of Commerce and Department of Agriculture Build ings, in the face of a marked scarcity of announcements from the Public Buildings Commission. Prevaliling opinion, supposedly orig- inating from quasi-official sources, had located the imposing Archives struc- ture—a $6,900,000 investment—in the square bounded by 12th and 13th, B and C streets. The Internal Revenue Building, to cost approximately $8,- 000,000, was believed to he destined for an indeterminate area “south of { B street. not in the Mall.” The $10. 000,000 home for the Department of Commerce has been placed by rumor along Fifteenth street, from B street northward across Ohio avenue and be- | vond C street. The new general offices | for the Department of Agriculture, which are to supplement the connect- ing link between the two existing wings, were understood to have heen proposed for ‘‘somewhere west of B street southwest, near the present Agriculture group.” As a matter of fact, it is a pretty fe assumption that the Public Build- ings Commission is going to hesitatg long and carefully before making any premature official announcements con- cerning tentative sites for these im portant edifices. Land Boom Feared. The Government already has title to much of the land on which it is proposed to erect these Federal buildings, but there is yet an appre- clable amount of ground to be ac- quired from private owners. The land | under private ownership at present | has no extraordinary sale value. Specific demand for such property in the particular area affected undoubt- edly will create this “extraordinary sale valua” however. The Government desires to pay what it regards as a fair price for any land needed in the location of its new edifices south of Pennsylvania avenue, but it does not propose to be made the victim of a realty boom of its own creation. Hence the adamant silance of officials charged with the se- lection of sites under the big construc- tion program. In this connection it would he well to_hark back several vears te the voluminous study of the needs for | Federal office expansion conducted by | { the Public Buildings Commission, pur- suant to the provisions of the sundry civil appropriation act approved July 1, 1916. ‘This act authorized “the ap- pointment of a commission to investi- gate and ascertain what public build- ings are needed to provide permanent quarters for all the Government ac- tivities in the District of Columbia. Personnel of Commission. The commission, as formed at that time, was composed of Senator Thomas S. Martin, chairman of the committee on appropriations of the nate: Senators Joseph T. Robinson and Reed Smoot, members of the com- mittee_on appropriations of the Sen- | ate; Senator Claude A. Swanson, | Ivhalrman of the committee on public buildings and grounds of the Senate: | i Senators James A. Reed and Francis E. Warren, members of the committee on public buildings and grounds of the Senate; Representative John J. | Fitzgerald, chairman, and Representa- tives Swagar Sherley and Frederick H. Gillett, members of the committee on appropriations of the House: Rep- resentative Frank Clark, chairman, and Representatives John L. Burnett and Richard W. Austin, members of the committee on public buildings and grounds of the House; Elliott Woods superintendent of the Capitol Build- ing and gounds: James A. Wetmore, supervising architect of the Treasury: Col. C. S. Ridley, officer in charge of public_ buildings” and grounds, and Arno B. Cammerer, secretary. This commission appointed Supt. Woods, Mr. Wetmore and Col. Ridley as a speclal subcommittee to conduct an extensive survey of the | needs, present and future, of the various governmental branches in | Washington, with recommendations as_to their permanent housing. ‘While the survey made in that vear, 1917, was effected under war-time diffi- culties, there was laid down under the general heading of “future require- ments” an agendum that still approxi- tenth and I° spect of construct ing. proportion of halls and walls t office spaces, and cost per cubfe foot stories asserted. one may gain som: prospect for the C: }‘\' 1l and Penns S. BUILDINGS Proposed $50,000.000 Program Excites Officials Refuse to Risk Starting Boom. terior Department streets, “as typical n, 11 materials, ligh The office type should be six or sever above the Lusement, ft was Applying these precepts to the enn struction program to be e b ward here during the next five vears idea of what fs in pital in the way of new Federal structure: Archives Is Different. While *the purposes for which Archives Bullding is projected are nc immediately classifiable under the types suggested, it is known that the original design, since discarded In fa vor _o{ a more impressive and com modious edifice, followed the gener:! lines of the departmental buildings The Fine Arts Commission. in pass ing on the first design, explained that ““the exterior design does not sufficient Iy express the special purpose of the building. The architectural treatment is more fitted for one of the executive department buildings than for building four-ifths of: which will he devoted to the storage of documents The problem is by no means an eas: one, but it should he undertaken at once and carried to a satisfactory con clusion. * o o The site originally selected for this structure lay in the area between Twelfth and Thirteenth, B and « streets, near the Post Office Depart ment. ' So far as fs known, nothin has occurred to change the opinion of the Public Bulldings Commission re garding this location The Bureau of Internal Revenue his grown to departmental proportions since the 1917 survey of the commis sion. At that time no special provi sion was made for this bureau, but it was recommended that n Treasury annex, occupying: the entire Madison place frontage opposite Lafayette Square, be erected. A “first section.” at the northeast corner of Madis place and Pennsylvania_avenue. sul sequently was completed, and in the block at Vermont avenue and H street has been reared in addition the Ver erans’ Bureau home. Revenue Need Greatest. The internal revenue situation since has become acute. The various divi sions and sections of the bureau are scattered all over the downtown sec tion, seriously hampering efficiency In “view of the belief that the new home for this bureau will be of the departmental type, it is expected that this large structure will be placed no great distance from the Treasury “not in the Mall.” Just what is meant by the cryptic statement in official quarters that this building may e put “south of B street” is not clear unless it is the intention to place this building closer to the Capitol, perhaps in the neighborhood of the temporary buildings at Sixth and B streets. The Commerce house, of course, naturally falls under the category departmental buildings, and since th type was selected for the area alon Fifteenth street south of Pennsyly nia avenue, it would not be surprisin to see it go up on the southerly por tion of the squares lving between the Ivania avenue. The Justice Building, not immediately pro- vided for in the current estimates, had [been planned for the Poli's Theater | site. The Agriculture Buildings include two types. The central portion, con necting the present monumental wings, will have to conform to the Mall scheme of architecture, repre sented in the wings, but the new gen eral office no doubt will resemble the Interfor Building, an examplar of the pure office style. The location sugx gested in 1917 for this projected office structure was between Twelfth and Fourteenth streets and B and C streets, in which section the depart ment now has a number of scattered i offices. Except, possibly, for the Archives Building, the locations of the mew Government buildings is vet whollv a matter for conjecture among per sons interested in the zigantic develop- ment. The details must he worked out by the competent force of engineers, architects, computers, draughtsmen. estimators and other technical ex- perts to he employed shortly. When all this preliminary completed, however. and the stately edifices mow projected have lifted themselves against Washington's sky line, the citizens of the National tal and of the country at large may he assured that America’s seat of Gov ernment will rival, if not eclipse, the far-famed capitals of the Old World. mates a fundamental policy governing Federal office extension. Certain Rules Laid Down. In determining the location of buildings to be constructed the com- mittee was guided by the following rules: First. Public buildings, other than those of the executive departments, should face the grounds of the Capitol. . Second. New executive department- al bulldings may well be located to face Lafayette Square in such man- ner as to complete the arrangement already begun, and south of Pennsyl- vania avenue along Fifteenth street to B street, on the land already pur- chased and awaiting such occupation. ‘Third. Both sides of The Mall, with the exception of the space needed by the Department of Agriculture on its grounds, should be occupied by mu- seums and other buildings containing collections in which the public gen- erally is interested; but not by de- partmental buildings. Fourth. The space east of Four- teenth street between Pennsylvania avenue and the Mall should be oc- cupled by public buildings. The committee went further than! this and announced a rule to follow in determining the types of structures ! to be erected. It recommended three | principal types, designated as ‘‘de. partmental,” “Mall” and ‘“office” designs. Three Types Outlined. The departmental type. it was stated, should house the head of a de- partment and such cf the divisions and bureaus of department ua should be in direct und immediaie touch with the centrai ce. As ex-, |amples cf this iype “to Le foiiowed | but rotl copled.” i designing futurs ' structures, the commitiee cited the | Treasury Bullding, the Patent Office the Senate and House OMce Bulidings | and the o!4 Post Office Bullding at | 7tk and ¥ streets. % i The departmental buildings, It was ! proposed, should Le of five stories and ! - basement. . H The Mall type. for bulldings con | structed along’ that spacfous pai way, 1a exemplified, it was pointed | in the New National Museum, the Freer Ari Galle: the incompleta Do- partinent of Agriculture Bullding and the desigr. for the George Washington Memorial Hail. The office type. to be used in hous- ing_activities other than those in- cluded under the first two classifica- tiens, would take as a model the in- jout, Philipi)ine Cotton Tariff Favors Other Nations BY WALTER ROBB. Although the Philippine Islands are the largest .overseas market for American cotton manufactures, the Philippine tariff, unrevised since 1909, is so low on many items that two- fifths of the cotton manufactures trade of the islands goes to countries other than the United States. The in- sular cotton tariff ha become one for revenue only. according to inves tigations by the American Chamber of Commerce. During the first quarter of this year the total value of seven types of coi- ton goods imported into the islands was $5.136,637, of which $3.060.37 worth came from the United States Japan and China supplied 1 square vards of muslins, the United States 1.384,552. Due to cheap labor. the goods from the Oriental countries sold 2t a cheaper price than that from America. The United States sup- plied 7.600.941 yards of bleached goods of a total of 9,228,903, but Japan alone outsoid the mother country by nearly 30 per cent in dyed cotton textiles, the IP Ited States supplving 2.005.694 vards and Japan 3.972,486. Great Britain #0id the faiands 1,020,214 yards of this 30 per cent of the co'ton prints mar- ket, witl: Japa:n and Graat Britain leadlig compatitors. Japan enjoys most & monopols <7 tne cotton und : amounted during < $261.818, and the lion's share of 31 thrend trade. m;h:'nb.r of commevce. coni- posed merican business men in- terested I Amearican trade with the ‘slands, caloulatos ! he United Staten iost $2.000.00¢ in cottun goods ride due to low 1arlff. whiie tha Phillppine government gained about $36¢,000 in dutiss coilected on forelgn cottons. The whamber, . tivugh its journal, interyrets his situation as one in which the 1/uited States is pay- ng tbute o the PL0pplaas. Tho tribute, it curis to that, s unta Congress l:as power " rate¢ Ii: the islards. (Ceoyrirns, 1976} Twice as man;: didates for the U and House of Hepiesentativen th's Fall a8 the number whick ran lust yoar. o