Evening Star Newspaper, October 25, 1925, Page 47

WASHINGTON BECOMING U. S. RELIGIOUS CAPITAL Many Denominations Plan Great Na- tional Churches and Institutions in City in Immediate Future. ASHINGTON is rapidly be coming the capital cal America. Within the past of spiritual as well as politi- three weeks three graat Christian denomina- - | the city, and the shrine of thousands of visitors to Washington Within the past three yvears, under the energetic administration of Bishop Freeman, the great structure is being rapidly pushed to completion. The tions have announced their intentions | Cathedral already Is one of the great of establishing In the near future na- which beauty | Woodrow Wilson and Admiral Dewey tional churches here—edifice: will be symbolic of the dignity and power of the religions they repre sent. The unmistakable trend has been The under way for the past 30 5 Natfonal Capital has seen from year to vear its architectural wealth, educaticnal opportunities and by Episcopallan, Catholic, and other faiths. noted cathedral cities of Europe and two great universities devoted to sec. tarian education are the standing evi derices of this trend. But with the recent announcements | ts its spiritual atmosphere enriched in turn Methodist Six churches well | worthy of a place in the settings of religious life of the Through the burial of centers of the United States. in its crypt it has become sacred ground for Americans of all creeds. | Roman Catholic Center. "| The most widespread national re- | ligious center in the National Capital |is that of the Roman Catholic Church | at Brookland, grouped about the Cath- olic University, with its imposing buildings and the very beautiful | houses of studies of various religious orders. Under construction and destined to be one of the most beautiful ecclesias- tical structures in the world is the 1 of the Christian, Congregationalist and | Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Universalist denominations that they |on the university campus. the | city, and the plans under way in the | Presbyterfan denomination which may <ult both in a national church and a seminary here, Washington comes | tional would erect national shrines in into its real spiritual heritage. Millions Must Be Spent. The ecclestastic projects will involve in the next few years the expenditure of _millions. The churches for the most part have taken cognizance of the fact that the ves of the religious world are upon them in Washington and that the local congregations, composed la ely of devout people, of limited meuns, are unable to undertake projects of sufficient magnitude and dignity to truly represent their denominations ‘without outside aid. They also have recognized that Washington has a large floating pop- ulation of church members, includ- ing many of the most prominent men and women in the various denomina- tions, who use the local churches for purposes of worship while here, but do not remain in the city long enough to meet their adequate share of the burdens {nevitable to large lishments. Few of these churches, however, are national in the sense of being national administrative headquarters The term is applied to them, rather. because they are bullt with funds raised by national campaigns. The Disciples of Christ, or Chris- tian Church, voted to establish national church here at their annual convention in Oklahoma City two weeks ago. One at Thomas Circle. The site selected for this building is the northwest corner of Thomas Circle, one of the most prominent locations in the city, and the esti mated cost is $1,000,000. The project was proposed by Rev. Earle Wilfley, pastor of the Vermont Avenue Chr tlan Church, now the most centrally located church of that denomination. The funds are to be raised by na tional subscription. Impetus was given the raising of the $1,250,000 fund for the erection of a new downtown First Congreg tional Church at Tenth and streets here yesterday by the tional Council of Congregational Churches through 3,500 delegates in session at the Washington torlum for a period of nine days. The council adopted a resolution pledging its co-operation in the rais- ing of the fund by ®hrowing its pul- pits open to Rev. Dr. Plerce, pastor of the First Church, and acknowledging its responsibility for the success of the worthy under- taking. It was pointed out in the resolu- tion that the First Congregational Church here is to be in the nature of a national church, and all Con- gregationalists should do their part to make their leading church in the Capital City rank with those of other denominations in Washington. Plans of Universalists. G First steps probably will be taken | this Winter for the construction of a $300,000 national Universalist Church &t Sixteenth and S streets directly opposite to Scottish Rite Temple. The natlonal organization of the TUniversalist Church, in convention at Syracuse, N. Y., this week, gave its flnal approval to this project, ‘which has been under consideration for several vears. The present ‘Washington church, of which Rev. C. E. Rice is pastor, has been sold. The farewell service was held in the old bullding, at Thirteenth and L street, two weeks ago. The natlonal organization now owns a row of 10 dwelling houses at Sixteenth and S streets and prob- ably will acquire the eleventh in a few days. It is hoped, Rev. Mr. Rice sald, to have these structures de- molished during the Winter so that the site will be ready for actual con- struction work in the Spring. Offictally, the new structure will be known as the National Memorial Universalist Church. Architectural plans still are very indefinite. Extensive blueprints had been made for the proposed struc- ture last year when it was intended to locate it on a lot owned by the church on New Hampshire avenue extending from T to Swann streets Opposition developed to this loca- ton. Many members felt that Six- teenth street was the logical ave- nue of churches in the National Cap- ital, inting out the long line of impos ecclesiastical structures erected along that thoroughfare during the past few years. The New Hampshire avenue location, it ‘was felt, was just off the line of church development. As a result the building lot will be sold. The new church will be national in the sense that it will be constructed by donations from the entire Universalist body throygh out ths United States rather than by the local congregation of the Chureh of Our Father. It will not be an.administrative headquarters, but is designed rather as a worthy place of worship for all Universalists coming to Washington. Presbyterian Project. The Presbyterian project, which still is in the formative stage, calls either for a_merger of some of the existing churches of that denomination in the Capital or the construction of an en- tirely new church, which will be a national center. A local committee headed by Dr. Charles W. Wood of the Church of the Covenant now is studying the problem. At the last national convention a report was adopted which contained both these projects. The report also contained a project for the establishment of a seminary here, to be either Presbyterian or in- terdenominational, the students at which would have the unrivaled edu- cational facllities of the National Capital to draw on. Of the older ecclesiastical projects here, the most pretentious and prob- ably the best known is the National Episcopal Cathedral at Mount St. Albans, designed as one of the greatest and most beautiful religious edifices in_the world. For years the Cathedral remained a magnificent fragment, overlooking estab- | Audi- | Jason Noble | This is be- tions from Catholics 1 States, and in this itional edifice. Brookland not considered a na- dmir istrative center of ' the | Catholic Chu.ch in the United States. | Bach dioce: - is an administrative pn- |tity under ihe Vatfcan. Catholic Uni- { versity, hovever, is the annual meet- ing place of the American hierarchy, composec. of all the bishops, archbish- | ops and cardinals of the United States. At the: . meetings policies to be pur- | sued during each year are discussed |and decided upon. | An Educational Center. The university itself, however, is the I national Catholic educational center, |devoted to the higher education of both clergymen and laymen. It is far | from complete. The present group of | imposing “buildings is intended only | to serve as a nucleus to the beautiful | dream fabric of the men who first vi- | sloned the university, which is getting | further and further toward realization {each year. The various religious houses here ing bullt by dons all over the Unit sense will be a re not generally administrative heads! | Quarters of orders. but rather dwelling | places for priests and brothers while thC,\' are studying at the university. Each vear there are additions to the group of these buildings, which are | widely scattered about Brookland, and { many of which are models of ecclesias- tical architecture. The Franciscan Monastery, with its remarkable reproductions of the Ro- man catacombs, long has been the ob- | Ject of pilgrimages of Catholics from all over the United States, and it is | the center of some of the administra- tive work of the Franciscan order in the United States. | Trinity College is a national Cath- {olic college for women, and fits in ad- mirably with the universtly group, al- | though it is not an organic part of the | university. Earliest of National Churches, The earliest of the imposing array of national churches along Sixteenth street is the Swedenborgian Church of the New Jerusalem at Corcoran street. The corner stone of this beau tiful structure was laid in 1894, and | first services were held there In 1896 This is truly a national church, Rev. Paul Sperry, the present pastor, ex. plained. Tt was bullt by funds raised | by the national Swedenborgian body, {and is the administrative headquar ters of the sect’s mission work. The local, Swedenborgian society, Rev. Mr. Sperry explained, has no property in- terest in the structure, but merely is allowed to hold its services there by. the national organization. All Souls’ Unitarian Church may be described as ‘“national” only in the sense that a portion of the funds used | in construction of the imposing edifice |at Sixteenth and Harvard streets were | subscribed by Unitarlans all over the | United states, according to Rev. U. G. B. Plerce,.the pastor. It is, however, entirely under the control of the local | soclety, and the greater part of the | money was raised by Washington Uni- | tartans. | _Each Unlitarian church, Rev. Pierce explained, must be considered as an_entity, entirely self-governing | and without any controlling organiza- | ton which could dictate policles or assign clergymen. In this respect, he | said, a national church would be im- possible. It was long felt among Unitarians throughout the country, however, that the faith should be represented in the National Capital by a struc- ture the building of which would be a very heavy drain on the resources of the local soclety. Seventh-day Adventists. Among the most firmly established national religious organizations at the Natfonal Capital is the Seventh- day Adventist center at Takoma Park, most of the buildings being just over the District line. In many respects this is the most truly ‘na- tional” of all, since it includes not the ecclesiastical, but the edu- nal, missionary and administra- tive headquarters of the denomina- tion around whick are grouped the | dwellings of a considerables body of | adnerents The most notable of the Adventist organizations at Takoma Park is the Washington Missionary College, where regular colleglate courses are | given each year to several hundred students with the special object of training them for the far-flung mis- missionary activities of the church. A great bulk of religlous literature is issued annually from the national publishing house and from the na- tional church pulpit are sounded the keynotes of varlous national cam- paigns waged by the sect. Yearly the Adventist colony is im- proving the appearance of its prop- erty until it has built up one of the most beautiful religious villages in | the world set amid imposing scenic | effects. A cardinal purpose of the | church is to insist upon a strict sepa- ration of church and state and for | this purpose, leaders claim, the lo- cation near the National Legislative | center is particularly desirable, since |they are able to spot at its start {any subversive movement, such as they insist is represented by various drives for Sabbath blue laws and other restrictive legislative cam- paigns of like nature. ‘Will Be National Church. | The Mount Vernon Place Church is expected to be delcated within a few weeks as the national church of the Southern Methodist denomination. Under a rule of the church it was nec- essary that the total indebtedness on the structure be paid before this cere- | mony takes place. Practically enough tunds are now on hand to make the church debt free. The church originally was located on the other side of Ninth street on the site now occupied by the Mount Ver- non Savings Bank. At this time it {was purely a local church. The site was unsatisfactory and the bullding too small and unfitted for the broad- ening actlvities of the organization. The present site across the street was available, but the congregation saw ahead a long, uphill fight, possibly a losing fight, to finance the sort of Mr. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, OCTOBER 25, 1925—PART 2. Concrete Evidence of Red Affiliations Of Karolyi’s Held by U. S. Government BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. ONCRETE _evidence of the Communist affiliations of the Karolyl family is in the possession of the United States Government. It will be “Exhibit A” in the administration’s case for barring Countess Karolyl, wife of the former President of Hun: gary, from this country, if and when “Red Catherine’s” cause is lald be- fore the Senate at the instigation of her would-be host, Ralph B. Strass- burger, young Pennsylvania Repub- lican leader. The evidence on file in Washington consists of statements declared to have been made by Count Michael Karolyl personally to Uj Elore, a Hungarlan dally news- paper published in New York City and the leading forelgn language Communist organ in Amerlca. “I am a most radical revolutionist,” said Karolyi, according to an article ublished in Uj Elore on May 24, 925. “My conviction,” the count continued. “is that capitalism must be superseded by a proletarian regime. Soclal questlons can be solved onl by the dictatorship of the proletariat.” It is the “dictatorship of the pro- letariat” that is now enthroned at Moscow under the guise of the Soviet republican government of Russia. Honorary Head of Party. Uj Elore disclosed that Count arolyi is honorary president of the “American Hungarian _Republican Party” and addressed to him the fol- lowing “open question” “Although you are not sojourning | in the United States at present, you will read this question. You will| know, without our emphasizing this | to you, with what great interest the American-Hungarlan workers are | awaiting your answer to this ques- tion. Before putting this question 'to you I have to recall to your mem- ory a conversation, and the circum- stances under which it took place. Shortly after your arrival in the United States,” through Mr. Simon Szerenyl, you brought to our knowl edge that you desired to speak to us. You could not come to us, however, as your steps were watched by Fed- eral detectives, and if it were known that you had called upon us your application for extension of your temporary permit would be in vain. Through Mr. Szerenyi you requested us to give you an opportunity to have a private conversation, of which the Federal detectives would not have | knowledge. Promised Work for Revolt. “We gave you this opportunity and vou told us what you had on your heart. You stated first of all that| you had no proposition to make at | BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following s a brief sum- | mary of the most important | news of the world for the | seven days ended October 24: | ok ox % | The Locarno Treaties.—The text of | the instruments initlated at Locarno on October 16 were issued for publi- cation on October 19. Under the Rhine pact (“Treaty of mutual guar- anty”) the high contracting parties (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and Italy) guarantee the inviolabil- ity of the frontiers between Germany and France and between Germany and Belgium fixed by or pursuant to the treaty of Versailles, and observ- ance of the stipulations of articles 42 and 43 of that treaty concerning a demilitarized Rhine zone. Germany and France and Germany and Belgium undertake to settle by peaceful means, and in the manner laid down in the pact and in subsid- jary conventions, all questions of every kind which may ari: between them and which it may be pos- sible to settle by the normal methods | of diplomancy. Procedure for deal- ing with violations of the undertak- | ings of the pact s laid down. The | pact is not to be effective until Ger- | many has become a member of the | League of Nations. building which would fit into the| dreums of the leaders. In this juncture assistance was ob- tained from the board of church ex- tension of the project of a National Church, to be built by the entire Southern Methodist organization, took root. The Mount Vernon Church,| which was built under the pastorship of Rev. Dr. Clovis G. Chappell, was a ploneer in the natlonal church field in Washington. The present church, symbolic of the great religious body which it repre- sents, by no means represents the en- tire fulfiiling of the dream. Present plans call for a $200,000 Sunday school bullding in connection with the church and it is expected that this will be realized in the next few years. National University Planned. The Northern Methodist Church claims the honor of being the first to establish a national church in Wash- ington. > This is the Metropolitan Memorial Church at John Marshall place and C streets, which was bullt by sub- scription from the entire body of the church, starting with the authoriza- tion of the Baltimore conference in 1853. The imposing headquarters build- ing of this church near the Cap- itol was dedicated three years ago and forms a worthy addition to the reli- glous bulldings of the city. The present vision of this church is concerned with a national univer- sity rather than a national church in Washington. American University, with its ideal location on one of the highest points around Washington, is projected as eventually one of the great educational centers of the Nation. For several years advanced classes have been conducted in downtown | quarters. Thig Fall, however, the | academic courses in the university | buildings themselves were opened and the nucleus laid for the great school of higher learning which will look down upon the clustered roofs of Washington. The half-million-dollar Immanuel Baptist Church on Sixteenth street, one of the most imposing structures on this great avenue of churches, is most truly a national church. For its construction funds have been raised by both branches of the Baptist faith in America, the Northern and South- ern. The five-year campaign for its financing has just closed. At first it was designed as a na- tional memorial to Roger Williams and the cause of religious liberty. It {s now planned to place in front of the church structure a statue of the great New England pioneer, the father of the State of Rhode Island, whose champlonship of complete religious | Iberty in the New England colonies is the treasured tradition of the Bap- tist faith. The Willlams statue is intended to have a real symbolic significance. Standing almost on the crest of Six- teenth street, the eyes of the great ploneer will be continually on the Capital of the Nation founded to such a large extent on the ideals of which he wag the first champlon. | are embodied in the pact; but a note THE COUNT AND COUNTE! present, but that you might have after you regained your right to speak, and that we should consider your statements as strictly confidential. You also stated that if we should publish what you tell us. you would be oblized to deny it. Thercupon, in your conversation, which lasted about an hour and a huli—during which you | were interrupted here and there by | our questions—you sald in substance | the following: | “I desired to speak to you for the | sole purpose of expressing my friend- | ship toward vour activities. Iam to- | day a most radical revolutionist, and | it is but natural that I should sympa- thize with the Communist party. I will work toward winning over the | peasantry for the revo'ution. For | the present I cannot speak publicly, | fnasmuch as I would thereby breik | my promise given to the State De- partment, and I would be forced to leave the country. However, I want | to acquaint you with my standpoint, | 80 that you would know that [ in_sympathy with your activities.’ Uj Elore explains that it extorted | the above from Count | Karolyl hecaus bicions that he | sympathized with the so-called “Oc- | tobrist” revolutionaries who are not | as 100 per cent red as the Moscow Communists of the Third Internation- | ale. The newspaper's open question m | conventions between | nd Germany | al except as to | Subsidiary Germany and Franc and Belglum (1dentic names of contracting parties) pre- | scribe in detail the machinery of the pacific settlement, whereof “per- manent conciliation commission” is the most interesting and novel fea- | ture. The “arbitration treaties” hetween Germany and Czechoslovakia and Germany and Poland are practically | identical in wording with the subsid- fary conventfons mentioned above. | They lack the heavy guarantee of | the latter. but in the View of Heaven | they should be equally binding. | By a treaty with Poland. France | engages to support Poland should | Germany, flouting her arbitration treaty with the latter, wage unpro- voked war upon her; Poland recip- rocates with reference to the Franco- German ngreements. France and ! Czechoslovakia similarly engage | themselves by treaty. [ Like most public documents, the Locarno instruments are not remark- | able for lucidity of expression. But | only by a super-equivocation at which the father of lles himself might balk, can a loop-hole of Justification be | alleged for ageressive war by Ger- many on France, Belgium, Poland or Czechoslovakia; or vice versa in| each case. No concessions to Germany (as to evacuation of Cologne or this or that demand by the German nationalists) addressed to the German delegates by the non-German delegates gives suf- ficient assurance that should Ger- many join the league her compara- tive disarmament and her geographi- | cal position will be falrly consldered | in allotment of military duties under Article XVI of the covenant. May it not moreover plausibly be urged that certification of German fulfill- | ment of the disarmament clauses of | the treaty is implied by the pact? As to rumored gentlemen's promises to Germany on the side no doubt some of the rumors are authentic. Evacuation of Cologne in the near future is expected. * X k¥ France.—Caillaux boldly confronted the Radical Socialist Congress at Nice and won a respite. The Congress declared “in principle” for the capi- tal levy (“a special contribution on allfor of fortune and capital”), | but agreed to allow Caillaux a reason- | able time for developing his new plans for averting the threatened financial crisls. It will be recalled that Caillaux’s program on his as- sumption of office in April called for (a) a genuinely balanced budget; (by a special conversion loan to ease the pressure from the National Defense bonds falling due; (c) definite arrange- ments as to the foreign debts. Re- alization of that program to bring confidence and stability. ‘What has happened to that pro- gram? The budget (a) has been knocked galley-west by the expenses of the Moroccan and Syrian Wars. The conversion loan (b) has realized only 6.000,000,000 francs, whereas a minimum of 15 was expected. Noth- ing doing on (c). In April the ex- change value of the paper franc was 19.25 to the dollar. Today it is above 23. What are the new plans of M. Calllaux. A new debt-funding offer to the United States, acceptance of which should restore confidence in France at home and abroad, with favorable effects on exchange, etc., more plausibly a reduction of inter- est on all outstanding government securities the monies so saved to be turned into an amortization fund to care for maturing securittes. To be sure the latter would be sort of a kind of capital levy; repudiation of sorts. ; But if one saves his country, surely he should be allowed to “save face.” 1f the proposal of such an expedient should please Parliament, the latter might make no difficulty about sanc- tioning some slight further inflation— i. e., extension of the limit of nate cir- culation of the Bank of France and of the limit of advance to the govern- ment by the bank. (This would be the third such extension since April) Disclosure of M. Caillaux's new plans cannot be delayed for long. The authorized limits of note circulation and of advances from the bank to the state are nearly reached, and 10,000,- 000,000 francs of National Defense bonds mature in December. Fuller information is much to be desired concerning Monday's affair in ¥ {ists or persons who believe in or ad- | trary | a shot or two from M. | the situation to make an incursion to Karolyi demanded a direct answer s to whether Karolyi meant every- thing he said when he made the pri- vate confessions above quoted. Administration Ready. The Coolidge administration is | ready for the fight threatened in the Senate in consequence of the harring of Countess Karolyl. It will take | its stand not only on the plain and| unequivocal letter of the law ex cluding revolutionary aliens, but on the justification for that luw. The existing immigration statutes provide for the exclusfon of “anarch- vocate the overthrow by force or vio- lence of the United States Govern- ment or of all forms of law” and per- sons who “advise, advocate or teach the overthrow by force or violence of the United States Government or of all forms of law. When the time comes, the adminis- tration will inform the Senate that membership in the Communist Inter- nationale plainly brings persons affl- iated with it within the scope of the American laws just quoted Program of Communists. The manifesto and program of the Communist party contain the follow- ing typleal statements ommunism does not propose to Damacus, Syria. I glean this little | from the meager dispatches that the | Syrian Arabs of the city insurrected | with extreme violence, attacking both the French troops and their civilian | Christians, and massacreing many of | the latter; that they were suppressed | after bloody punishment; that a bod of Druse tribesmen who were to co- | operate with them arrived too late and drew off or were driven off, and that the town is under martial law and will probably so continue for a very long period, £ xS Greece and Bulgaria.—On Wednes- day, in consequence of an episode on the Greeco-Bulgarfan frontier, the Greek government served a note on the Bulgarian government (not, we are told, an ultimatum, but obviously con- templating immediate compliance) de- manding an indemnity, an apology and punishment of the Bulgarians chiefly responsible. Athens claims that on Monday Bulgarian troops, crossing the frontier, attacked Greek troops, inflicting some casualties. The Bulgarian government, to the con-| claims that precisely the oppo- site occurred, Greek troops crossing the frontier and attacking Bulgarian troops. It might well be either way The Greek and Bulgarian border troops have been in a continuous state of nervous tension, and a fight might easily have zrown out of a shot fired In nervousness or panic by a sentinel of either side. It is possible, however, that the trouble started by cedonian Comi tajls (bandits) of Bul these shots being naturally mistaken by the Greeks for an attack by the regular Macedonian military. At any rate, a border scrap was started, and a desultory exchange of shots continued until Tuesday night. Replying to the Greek note of Wed- the Sofla government pro- posed cessatlon of hostilities and im- mediate investigation by a Greco- Bulgarian commission. It also sug- gested (whether as an alternative or in addition does not appear) reference to a neutral commission to be ap- pointed by the League of Natlons. The dispatches indicate that the Greek government did not reply to the Bulgarian note, but instead or- dered a Greek advance into Bul- garian territory; this, it would seem on the strength of a report from the Greek frontier commander that | ondary significance. | ping for the Yangts: | very active one. some Greek territory was under in- vasion by Bulgarian troops. The Bulgarian government has given the lie to that report and it is plausibl suggested that quite probably Bul garian Comitajis took advantage of across the border and were mistaken for regular Bulgarian troops. How- ever that may be, Greek forces (ap- parently fewer than a brigade) crossed the border and by the eve of the 22d (Thursday) had advanced along a 20-mile front to a depth of 6 miles. On Thursday the Sofia government telegraphed to the league secretariat at Geneva, appealing for league in- tervention under the provisions of Articles XI and XII of the league covenant. The secretariat immedl- ately communicated with M. Briand, president of the council, at Paris and M. Briand at once summoned a ses- sion of the council for the 26th (to- morrow) at Paris. He also tele-| graphed the Athens and Sofia gov- ernments, directing them to send representatives to_the council meet- ing and exhorting them to issue or- ders at once whereby fighting should cease and the troops should be withrawn behind their respective frontiers. I must postpone notice of the back- ground and implications of this epi- sode. It seems, at first- eye, just typically Balkan and preposterous, but this is not a fair statement of the matter. The Greeks, for exam- ple, have a just and serious complaint on account of the activities of the Comitajls, but the Bulgarian govern- ment correctly replies that the armed forces allowed to it by the Neullly treaty (a total of 33,000) are not suffi- cient for dealing adequately with these desperadoes in addition . to other tasks which properly have precedence. * ok ok % CHINA —The situation in China has again become too complicated for comprehension by the Occidental mind. The reader will recall how last Autumn Super Tuchun Wu Pei Fu, mllitary, leader of the Chili party, ‘capture’ the bourgeols parliamentary state, but to conquer and destroy it. “The proletarlan class struggle is essentially a political struggle. The objective Is the conquest by the pro- letariat of the power of the state. “The conquest of the power of the state s accomplished by the mass power of the proletariat. Political mass strikes are a vital factor in de- veloping this mass power, preparing the working class for the conquest of capitalism. The power of the prole- tariat lies, fundamentally, in its con- trol of the industrial process. The moblilizing of this control against capi- talism means the initial form of the revolutionary mass action that will conquer the power of the state. Mass Action Advised. “Mass action s industrial in its origin, but it acquires political char- acter as it develops fuller forms. Mass action, in the form of general political strikes and demonstrations, unites the energy and forces of the proletariat, brings proletarian mass pressure upon the bourgeois state. The more general and conscious mass action becomes the more it antagonized the bourgeols state, the more it becomes political mass action. Mass action is respon- sive to life itself, the form of aggres- sive proletarian struggle under im- perialism. Out of this struggle devel- ops revolutionary mass action, the means for the proletarfan conquest of power. Strikes of protest develop into gen- eral political strikes and then into revolutionary mass action for the con- quest of the power of the state. Mass action becomes political in purpose, while extraparllamenary in form; it is equally a process of revolution and the revolution itself in operation. “The Communist party shall partic- fpate in mass strikes, not only to achleve the immediate purposes of the strike, but to develop the revolution- ary implications of the mass strike. “The revolutionary era compels the proletariat to make use of the means of battle, which will concentrate its entire energles—namely, mass action, with its logical resultant, direct con- flict with the governmental machinery in open combat. All other methods, such as revolutionary use of bourgeo parliamentarism, will be of only sec- A Communist would not have to be directly affiliated with the American branch of the party to come within the scope of aliens excluded. It i sufficient that he be a®member of any one of the bodles composing the Com- munist Internationale. (Copyrisht. 1925.) then ir® power at Peking, was betray ed by his chief lieutenant, Gen. Feng Yu Hslang (the “Christian general”), and defeated by Super Tuchun Chang Tso Lin and Feng Yu Hsiang in combination, and how Wu, with a sorry remnant of his army, took ship He was re- ceived with open arms by the Yangtse Tuchuns and it was thought he mjght, combining their forces, at once make head against Chang and "eng. But he decided to go into “re- tirement.” Until quite lately his movements were carefully screened, but evidently his “retirement” was a head_of a coaltion which includes at least” the Tuchuns of Kiang Su, Cheklang, Anhwei, Hopeh and Fukien and throws down the gage to the pro- visional Peking government. The other day Sun Chuan Feng, Tuchun of Chekiang, advanced upon Shanghai (Kiang Su Province), and the Man- churfan troops of Chang Tso Lin vielded the town without fighting and etired northward. So you have now groups of Tuchuns in China—the group which backs the provisional Peking government, of which zroup three grand | Chang Tso Lin is the military head the group headed by Gen. Feng Yu Hsiang, and the group headed by \Wu Pei Fu. The alllance of Feng Yu Hsiang and Chang Tso Lin was short- iived, Feng soon after Wu's over- throw retiring to Kalgan with his army. He is undoubtedly in close touch with the Muscovite authorities and it is commonly the creditable re- port that he has received consider- able military supplies from them via | Mongolta. Chang is undoubtedly still better supplied, and from more than one source, including arsenals of his own. There is no doubt that Chang is regarded by Japan with benevolent eye, but still less doubt that Japan would fain keep out of the mess. Japan, however, will not allow her position in Manchuria to be com- promised, nor is it likely that she would permit open intervention by Russia in China. No doubt the Red Canton government would like to rhake common cause with Feng, but it has its hands full with Gen. Chen Kwang Ming, an old friend of Wu Peil Fu, and a man of the same kid- ney (a moderate Liberal). Almost anything wierd or fan- tastic might develop out of such ele- A good deal of pessimism is felt regarding the prospects of the international conference on Chinese customs, scheduled to open at Peking on the 26th. Feng is against the conference and so, rumor has it, is Wu. But I think one had best awalt authentic disclosure of Wu’s attitude. He has never in the past shown him- self unfriendly to the Western powers. So much detail is, at first blush, confusing, but I think the_reader will find it useful in the seqiel. There are going to be things doing in China, not merely typlcally fantastical and celestial, but of prime importance to all the world. * K ok % Note.—The French cabinet has re- jected the proposal of the American debt funding commission for tempo- | rarily dealing with the French debt to us. The officer, then, is defunct and will not be submitted to French Parliament. A counter pro- posal is sald to be preparing. - Machine Will Herald Coming of Earthquake Dr. J. Shida, selsmologist at the Kyoto Mmperial University, has in- vented a machine to herald the com- ing of an earthquake by means of sounds a few seconds ahead of its actual ocrurrence. The apparatus consists of a pendulum that,registers slight vibrations prior to an earth- quake and makes sounds by coming into contact with a coil. “The sounds are magnified by means of an ampli- fler. The strength or weakness of the impending quake may be deter- mined from the audibility of the sounds. Dr. Shida says that a dis- astrous earthquake usually occurs about seven seconds after a slight tremor, which is not felt by the human body, and, therefore, people in pos- session of his apparatus will have time to get outside of their houses before the disaster falls. But they must “make it snappy.” He now appears as | | lain. the | rs CHAMBERLAIN REVERSES NOTED FATHER’S TRAITS Son Is Gentle and Uncritical of Persons in Contrast With Parent’s Biting Tongue, Says Writer. Editor's Note—The following arti- cle, written by Mr. A. . Gardiner, one of England’s foremost writers, gives an interesting picture of the British foreign minister, who, as the leading spirit of the Locarno conference, has Urought peace nearer in Europe. BY A. G. GARD R. T IS the pleasant custom of de- scriptive writers when they wish to say something complimentary about the Right Hon. Austen Chamberlain to trace the resem- blance he bears to his famous father. The, truth, of course, is that in all essential particulars two men more dissimilar could hardly be found in a day’s march. Joseph wore an eyeglass and an orchid and Mr. Austen wears an eyeglass and an orchid, and that is about the begin- ning and the end of the likeness. As Fluellen would say, there is an M in Monmouth and an M in Macedon. | That is all. When Joseph Chamberlain came into the House of Commons, with his long arms hanging loosely from his forward sloping shoulders, his head cocked up with that foxy alertness that seemed to take in the whole landscape of things at a glance, the adventurous nose almost visibly scent- ing his prey, his cold, calculating, dis- dainful eve shooting its lightnings around the chamber, he brought an air charged with electricity with him. You might hate him, or fear him, or admire him. But you could not ignore him You watched his tions. You wondered what game he was up to now. Ne kept you ex: pectant, mystified, bolt that would be hurled vou knew not where or how. When he spoke, he spoke in a soft, velvety voice that gave a curiously sinister effect to the | cold steel of his words. No man said harsher things about his opponents, or stated more questionable facts, but he never withdrew and he never apologized. Right or wrong, “What I have said T have said.” Let it stand. Never Admitted Mistake. He disowned every policy and prin ciple he had once held, but he never said that he had been in the wrong or admitted that he had changed hi mind. The facts had changed, ex- periences had changed, principles had lost their validity: he had not changed. He would not tolerate a superior or suffer a rival near the throne. If he could not rule, he would not serve. and the whole record of his life is that of a powerful dis integrating, explosive force that broke varties and polici nd men with a scornful indifference to conseguences Now in_ all these respects there could not be a greater contrast than that presented by Mr. Austen Cham berlain. He comes or goes and the calm of the House is equally un- ruffiled. Even in externals he is, in spite of a certain facial resemblance, ngularly unlike his father. He stands square shouldered and erect as a grenadier. His voice has no hint of that soft sibilant hiss which added sting to Joseph's most merciless thrusts. It is ponderous and a little muffled. The movements of his mind are ponderous, too. One may almost hear the creaking of the machinery So far from being a disturber of the peace or a reckless adventurer, he is the mirror of good form and the re specter of tradition. He is the last reminiscence of Victorian correctitude left in the House of Comm He perspires respectability, and he would as soon think of surrendering his silk hat as he would of outraging the Union Jac One feels that he re. gards the silk hat as a pillar of the constitution, a_symbol of that dignity of things which is the essence of statesmanship. In Past Stormy Days. It is not inappropriate that his first recorded achievemant in the House was assocfated with silk hats—Ilots o silk hats. He had just entered Parlia ment 33 vears ago and was junior whip to the Liberal Unioni They were stormy days, the House was crowded, the Liberal Unionists in- sisted on sitting on the Liberal benches, and the difficulty of securing places w gre: He invented a de. vice for the emergency. It is recorded that he arrived early at the House in a four-wheeler full of silk hats, which he duly deposited on the government side. His deportment in all respects errs on the side of perfection. It mak the air just a trifle stifling, and an interruption from Will Thorne or David Kirkwood, even a rude inter. ruption, a welcome relief. The normal man cannot be always on the best be- havior. He must occasionally un- bend. But Mr. Chamberlain never unbends. by side with Mr. Amery on the treas. ury bench I am incontinently re minded of a famous picture of Land. seer's, with Mr. Chamberlain in the role of “Dignity,” and I am bound. to confess that he fills it with distinction. 1 have stressed this point of bea; ing somewhat because it helps to explain Mr. Chamberlain’s part in the public life of his time. But do not wish to overstress O'Connell said that an Englishm had all the qualities of a poker- except its occasioral warmth. That would not be true of Mr. Chamber- He is stiff and formal; but he has warmth and he has kindness. Son Never Speaks Harshly. If it is true of his father that he said more vindictive things than any man of his time, it is no less true to say that he himself has sald as few unkind and unfair things as ar man who has been in public life s0 long. I do not think he has the gift of saying them. I am sure he { has not the taste for saying them. He is scrupulously fair. He is truth- ful, not only in form, but in inten- tion. I have never known him con- scientiously to. mislead the IHouse. And what is even more rare, I have never known him deliberately to cul- tivate a comfortable deception. These are great and honorable at- tributes. They explain much. And there is another feature of his phi- losophy of conduct still more admir- able. His father had the courage to refuse to withdraw, confess, apolo- gize. Mr. Chamberlain has the higher courage to say “Peccavi” He has said it not furtively and half-heart- edly; but stoutly, firmly. And he has said it in circumstances in which he could have remained silent, which means that he felt that it ought to be said, even though it reflected not | only on his own past, but on that of his father, his devotion to whom is notorious. *And his confessions have not been on side issues; but on the major is- sues of his career. Three events have dominated his political life— home rule, the Boer War, tariff re- form. On all these issues he frankly followed his father's lead. Filial plety is an excellent thing: but filial servitude is a bad thing. once knew a man who said: “In all the difficulties of life, T take my father for my guide. I consider what he would have done—and then do the opposite. In that way I keep fairly straight.” Change of Opinions. Mr. Chamberlain’s record - would have been better if' he had had the same independence. On the two great mo- | waiting for the | When I see him sitting side | Ty | auestions which filled the first half | of his' parliamentary life he has pub- |licly recanted by word and deed. He | was one of the cabinet that gave home | rule to Ireland. He was, I believe, the | member of that cabinet who most de |cisely revolted against the black-an tan shame, and whose revolt turned the current of policy into the home rule channel. And on that noblest achievement of modern statesman- ship, the grant of government to South Africa, he has pronounced his own judgment upon himeelf “There came a change of govern- ment, and by a great act of daring faith they conferred upon our recent |enemies * * ¢ full self-government | I voted against them. That is the vote I would undo if I could undo a vote once given That was nobly said, and the two | incidents maxe a fairly complete repu of his own past and of his fath, statesmanship. There re- mains tariff reform, s here his | record is more equivoc In 1922 he | seemed to have emancipated himself | from this last rag of thraldom to his | father’s imperious but mistaken juds- | ment. He said: diation nd Reversal on Tariff Policy. “In a world where what is not to defend yourself | petition, but to find any a position to purchase and to place with to go out with the old iff reform ¢ ¢ * fect madne But a y ter. when Mr. Baldw hade his memorable plunge into pro | tection, he retracted his retractation: “In_the face of the existing situa | tion, I agree with the prime minister | that our first duty and the essential duty is to protect our home market. There is 1e other incident of his career which reflects credit on his atti- tude to public life. When the ex posure of the maladministration of the Mesopotamian campaign during the | war was made he resigned his post as secre for India, not because he | was personally responsible for the administration, but because h {was the official head of the depart- ment which was culpable. And final ly, before we come to what all this signifies, it to be put on record that his lc ¢ to his colleagues—no mean of statesmanship if it is duly subservient to the still higher loyalty to the public interest—is above reproach. He has never played for his own hand. When Mr. Balfou the Conservative vou w; one who is ur goods vom Se e program to of s hooted out of leadership by the press, he might have regarded the re. his own, but Walter ted it, and he yielded to a 1 solution in the person of Mr. Bonar Law without a murmur and with perfect good temper. And | azain when the coalition fell he stood by Mr. Lloyd George, and once mor saw the leadership of his party p: | from him, first to Mr. Bonar Law and then to Mr. Baldwin. He is not a self-seeker. And if he were his men- | ta. operations are 1o slow d his po- litical strategy negligible 10 en able him to succeed Shadow Cast by Father. What the persona Long w tertium ¢ e we to put upon nerges from thi It would obviously be unjust him as being wholly respon. mistakes of the first half He had the misfortune S a famous man who power of imposing Until that father the ne Austen only the obedient When the father the son preached While Joseph was rals- ing the waters against the Lords in the country with “They toil not | neither do they spin,” the san at the Cambridge Union was boldly declaim ing: “Sweep them away. Why cumber they the ground?” And 20 vears later, under the same sway, was de. nouncing the Parliament discipline of the cumbere: revolution, nutured in lies,” he would “submit now after It was not of his career to ‘be the son had an unrivaled his will on others, | hed fror | Chamberlain v echo of his voice. preached “ransom,’ ransom too. to which not or here 14 that he may be said en emancipated from lea gs, and to have lived cal existence. He has earned the respect of men for his character rather than their admira- tion for his powers. His industry is great, his sense of public duty is high, his word is respected, his honor is above reproach. He speaks compe- tently, if a little cumbrously, as one who has learned the art against the grain, but_has learned it. He rever- ences the House of Commons and the wisdom of the past, and he has neither an adventurous nose nor a gambling spirit. | View of His Abilities. But he is commonplace, uninspired and uninspiring. He does not say foolish things, but he does say plati- tudes with aggravating solemnity, and he is one of those people who talk of ‘“cheery optimism.” He is not | happy with new ideas and realizes | them slowly and a little ‘painfully. And, lacking originality and force, and numbed by 50 years of subjection 10 a despotic mind, he gives the sense of a_timorous spirit that takes refuge in the bureaucracy and disguises its dependence on the permanent official under the mask of a stiff and un- vielding public bearing. 1" He has the hauteur of consclous | weakness and wol timidly within I the limits of departmental sanctlon. | His contribution to public life is that {of a conscientious and painstaking Tectitude, but he belongs to the past jand has no vision of the future. He was born under the shadow of a great name, and from that shadow he will not emerge. (Copyright, 1925.) until |Manila Schools Force Heavy Text Book Cost | I { Schools have reopened in Manila | with the usual tragedy—many parents ;u!’hl’lle to buy the huge stacks of text | books required in every grade by the { text hook board—one of Manfla’s most flourishing political institutions. Five sizable books are required in the first half of the vear in grade 1. After that the requirements mount in a rapid progression. In the intermediate grades the average sized child finds it difficult to carry the books required for the daily lessons. The school authorities disclaim responsibility and admit that the selection of text books is beyond their control. By action of the legislature in 1921 the selection was placed in the hands of a committee dominated by legis tors. ~ This applies throughout t lisland and affects about 1,500,000 pupils. Besides regular texts for the classroom outside reading is required. The demands of sanitation usually are employed to prevent other children from passing their used books down to younger brothers and sisters. The average Filipinc family meets a stag- gering bill every vear for text books very ordinary except in price. Bombay has opened a public library and reading room exclusively f Wolaen. .