Evening Star Newspaper, October 25, 1925, Page 45

;EDITO NATIO RIAL PAGE NAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATUPRES Part 2—14 Pages EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunday Sta Society News WASHINGTON, B 0. SUNDAY il T, MORNING, OCTOBE R 25, 1925 ELECTION DAY THIS YEAR IS OF LOCAL IMPORTANCE wo Governors, T and State Assemblies to Be Chosen at Polls on November 3. G. GOULD LINCOL TION day. has little November meaning from 4 national political stand- point. Indeed, elections of any kind are to be held in compa few States. This is an ** year” that is “offer” than usual, even when compared to other years in which neither the President and Vice President nor the Congress are to bhe elected Only two States, erser. will elect Two members of the House of Rep- resentatives will he chosen. one in Kentucky and the other in New Jer sey. New York State will elect its Assem bly, 150 in number, but no ate Senators New Jersey elects its Part of its State Senate Virginia elects its assembly Kentucky elects its House of Repre. sentatives and one third of itx State Senate tively Virginia and New governors. House and Mississippl elects its House of presentutives and part of s Ser Rep te. Important Municipal Elections. This enumeration the S and congressional elections this There however, a number of fuiportant municipal elections to be held In some of the great cities and elections of St Judicta State commissioners various and county elections ‘The tendency in the states has been more and more to hold State elections With some measure of conformity to the time when the National and con gressional elections are held. It costs the States money to carry on primary covers e elections and the elections themselves, | and by holding as many possible on the same date the States save considerable pense. Annual elections of State officers are no long er held in any and in many the are elected for four ear of purely local elections States of the West and Middle West, there will be no contests this Fall, Outstandmsg among elections fs the fight ew York City. a brisk of them as tes Outside in the zreat the municipal for mayor in In Boston. also, there ntest over the mayor Gov. Al Smith, the pride of New York Democracy. during the primary campaign for the Democratic nomina tlon for mayor took off his coat and worked for State wtor James I Walker, Tammany's candidate inst Mavor .John 1y who had the cking of Willlam Randolph Flearst After a campaign of bitter ness, in which all kinds of charg were made by both sides, Walker won the nomination at the polls. The Re- cans, with comparatively little culty, nominated Frank D. Water a successful business man Hopefu It thout 30 publicans elected York, except a date. Some of them the time has come victory, particularly bitter contest wagzed by the factions of the Democrats during the primary campaign. But those on the inside predict that the Democrats will, as nsual, put across their candidate for mayor when election day arrives. If Mayor Hylan had consented to run as an independent candidate. with the backing of Hearst, Republican chances for guccess might have been hrighter. though even under such conditions it mizht have happened that many Re publicans would have voted for Walk ar just to make that Hylan would not win. Waterman is standing on rm of business administration, promising. with other things, to go ahead and dig new guhways to add to the transportation facilities of Greater New York The Republicans at present control w York Assembly. although the Democrais have the Governor and control the State Senate o rally is urging the Democratic Assembly. lezislative program may put through. a program which been blocked by the Republicans the Assembly The voters of New day will also extrene in New York.. is vears since the Re mayor [ New “fusion” candi re hopeful that for a Republican in view of the pr of nat « elec he in York on election vote on four proposed amendments the State constitu tion. One of these authorizes a $100. 100,000 bond issue, to be spent amounts not to exceed £10,000,000 a vear over a period 10 ‘years on permanent improvements {o State buildings. A second proposed amend- ment would empower the State Legis lature to create without further sub- mission 1o the people a debt not to exceed $300.000,000 for the elimina- tion of railroad grade crossings, which number about 4,000 in the State. The cost_of the elimination is to be di- vided as follows: by the State, 25 per cent hy the city. town or village in which the crossing is located and 30 per cent by the rall- road company. The Republicans are apposing both these propositions on the ground of economy. danger of ste and graft, and that they would be a mistake in financing Cut Elective Offices. A third proposed amendment calls for the “short” ballot. reducing the number of elective State officers from seven to four, and the fourth amend ment, known as the judiciary amend ment, would fuke out of the constitn tlun and place in the hands of the Stute Leglslature authority (o ineresse walovies of judges and amend Jurisdiction of certain courts, In Virginia the election of a crntic governor vise. State Senator Byrd has the Democratic nomination and the Re publicans have put forward a candi date, but without a chance of success. tis name is S. and he was chosen by the executive committee after Col. H. W. Anderson, twice before the Republican candidate for governor, had declined to be the nominee this vear and after the Repub- lican State convention had adjourned. The Leglslature, which will be chosen also, will be Democratic overwhelm- ingly. In New Jersey there is a real fight for the governorship, which at present is held by a Democrat, George Silzer. The Republican nominee is State Sen ator S. Arthur Whitney and the Dem- eratic nominee A. Harrv Moore Polls taken in various parts of the State indicate a Democratic victory Whitney, who is a wealthy man. has heen known as “dry.” and efforts have heen made to hitch him up with the Ku Klux Klan. He has recently made a public statement denying that he is A member either of the Anti Saloon League or the Klan. How- aver, it 1= said that many of the “lib oral” Republicans will vete fo \inore, who is regarded as a “wet. W hitney deleawed the late Thomas F. to Demo \ fr | helped | to has | Twenty-five per cent | the | 1 sure as the sun- | H. Hoge of Roanoke | wo Reprebenlalives} | and a Catholic, in primaries. Mec n cholce for the | nomination, although Mr. Edge Is now | supporting Senator Whitney. The | | death ofAlcCran at this time has not | Whitney, but has further | aroused McCran's friends against the | man who defeated him. Efforts have been made to get President Coolidge | to mix in this Jersey fight, bus with | out avail | The election from the third New made necessary by the death of | Representative T. Frank Appleby, Re pub n. will take place November 3 also. The Republicans have put for-{ ard Stewart Appleby. son of the late | Representative Appleby, and the Nemocrats have nominated Lyle Kinmonth, editor of the Asbury 'ark | News. Representative Appleby was | elected a vear as by about votes. In 1920 ppleby was ele also about 000 votes, but in 1922 Democrats won this district by 5 ind in, 1916 it went Demo cratic narrow margin, while in 1918 it was found in the Eepublican | column by 3,00 votes, In recent therefore, the district may be have shown considerable IRe. ! publican strength. McCran, a “wet” the Republican | was Senator Edge’s of a Representative | Jersey district, | by the 2 v by Election in Kentucky. member of Congress {to be elected November will hatl from the third Kentucky district, where Representative Thomas, for so | many years Representative of that | digtrict in the Hou died not long | ago. John W. Moore, a banker at | Morgantown, is the Democratic nomi nee, and the Republican is Thurman | Dixon, of Bowlinz Green. Thoma: carried the district last year by about 3300 votes, a lead which the friends of Dixon think they will be able to overcome on election day. \While { Thomas carried the district with | regularity for many vears, his margin of victory sometimes ran as low sy 600, in 1920, although in 1922 it ran up to 7,000 | If the Republi these congressional political make-up of the which meets for the first cember, would be 8 182 Democrats, 3 Farmer-Laborites and Socialists. If the Democrats | should win both these seats, then the Republicans would have and the Democrats 184 members, No matter how these elections zo. the Republi- cans will overwhelmingly in con trol of the liouse, and the administia 1 should have no difficulty in get- ting its legislative program’ t that branch of the National lature | 'The only other ns should win both | elections the new House, time in De Republicans, igh Lt Three Republicans Elected. last Congress adjourned Republicans have suc eded in electing their candidates to fill three vacancies rring in the House. One was the first woman o be elected to the House from New | England, Mrs. John Jacob Rogers of | the third Massachusetts district, chosen to succeed her husband, the late Representative Rozers. A sec: | ond is Joseph L. Hooper, in the third Michigan district, and the third is Henry L. Bowles of the second Mas: sachusetts district, President Cool idge’s own district. Al of these dis tricts are normally Republican. Mrs. Julius Kahn was elected last Febru- ary 1o fill the vacancy.caused by the death of her hushand. Representative Julius Kahn of the fourth California district Maryland, had it not heen for a recent change in her constitution. would have indulged in a State elec tian this vear, too. But this election goes over now until next vear. In Pennsylvania there is one e Su preme Court justice to be elected and county officers to be chosen. In | Rhode Island there are some town and nty elections, and the same is true in Indiana and a number of the other States Although there are tions of importance to be held this ovember, there has heen a great mount of campaigning during the Summer and Fall for elections which are to be held next year. The Repub licans have a real fight to retain | control of the Senate in the 1526 elec tions and candidates for re-election in ny of the States have worked like beavers to strengthen their fences | There is promise of a real row in | Pennsylvania next year, when Gov | Pinchot is expected to make the race | for the senatorial nomination against | Senator George Wharton _Pepper. { The leadership of Secretary Mellon of | the Treasury Department in Pennsyl- | vania is at stake, for Gov. Pinchot | has attacked Mr. Mellon's record | again and again, principally on the | “dry” tssue. While several vacancies have occur- red in the Senate since the last Con- 1 Eress, they have been filled by ap- pointment, except in the case of Wis- ! consin, where Robert M. La Follette, | |dr.. running as a Progressive Repub- lican to fill his father's seat, swept aside the regular Republicans in an { overwhelming victory. In North Da- | kota the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Ladd has not heen filled {and will not be filled until next year. ' G Sorlle, Non-Partisan leagu | elected as a Republican, failed to c i special election and he has not : | pointed because he has not the power {to fill vacancies in the Senate. The Republicans will have @ work- ing majority in the Senate at the coming session, notwithstanding the fact that a Progressive bloc exists | which may desert the administration at any time. The make-up of the Senate will be 55 Republicans, Democrats, 1 Farmer-Laborite | vacancy (from North Dakota). | since the reh 4, the so few elec- U. S. Visitors in Balkans Hampered in Trading | i | i | i Among the things that seem espe- | cially to impress American visitors 1o the Balkans is the virtual impos-| sibility of carrying through busines deals without recourse to intermed laries. Thus, in a question of buying lor selling, there is always some in- dividual who will offer his services, saving that he is in position to ob- | | tain a very low price for the buyer lor a high price for the seller. For- eign residents in the Balkans find it especially difficult to dispose of any | thing direct. example, a certain | foreigner who for months has been | | selling his furniture. his automobile | land other effects has never once come into contact with a réal buyer | There seems to e a tacit arrange- | ment among the real huyers and the intermediaries by which each agrees to respect (he other's rights, | District, steadily increasing for the |ing to figures just compliled by Maj. | huildings and the equipm | but {lar—by. far the largest item. Premature and Unsatisfactory Peace Allies’Fate, Without Quick Aid of U. S. Editor's Note—The by and to Walter Hines Page, fo U nited States Ambassador to Great tain, compose the ticenty-second in. ment, and shed interesting light on United States aid meant to the alli Jollowing e the World War and tell of the dificultics faced by Great Britain in a financial EDITED BY BURTON J. HENDR TO THE PRESIDEN] 29 June, 1917 Dear Mr. President: The financlal panic (it's hardly less) that this government has raises the question, earth do the British drift along till they reach precipice? That’s hard to answer. | w They are too proud to acknowled, predicament even to themselves until force them to do so. Mr. Balfour Infq that the agreement that he reached in terms with Mr. McAdoo was this—t Government would thenceforth lend France and Italy (and Russia?) the su would otherwise have to borrow from (as they Hve all the while been borre (2) in addition lend to England whatev should be required to pay for British ment purchases in the United States. for that I have no information whet M McAdoo's understanding Now, Bonar Law assured me at the inancial conference to which they inv that th (the English financial agent) only half in June to meet the British governmer in the United States. Since they had on meeting all such bills from advane by us, they find themselves unable (o ther without our help. They have used gold they have in Canada. This, then edge of the precipice. Forced to Ald France. It came out that, French came over a few weeks here and persua ! British that in addition to the French loan from the United States they were abliged the British loans to them continued— Jong. I do not know. Bonar Law sa simply had to do it.” The British, th ! in spite of our help to France, still have France ik and continue to give her that for a long time the Briti: that the French were not makingz cient financial effort for Frenchman will lightly &i cause that touches his ima rather die than give a franc for There is a recurring fear here lest on their 1 know felt e his life any Fri London. S0 much - Treasury Department had given Lever themselves. ination, but he will tters rmer Bri- stall- what e in rate peace. the fall of exchange a right into such a crisis way. They are not t are too proud for ICK. (his predicament I do n nothing of what arrangements were made with them except what Mr. seems to me that some here they are in this Why on s their ze their I events orms me general hat our M to ms they England ing) and er sums govern- two or three at once. tion is as serious as the ter knowledge of t cial situatio But in alike—the Hritish drive losses, their is their temperament. peril (the Germans ave erucial actlvity—ther men and their Sims has reached the have reached —independ: view The immediate grave lies herve. 1f () shipping goes victory is won her fearful prese ited me ! the enough MUs blilx reckoned es made go fur i all the is the is in the waters of the dom—not anywhere destroyer power that « made available must b area within weeks (not n in the two navies half provised destroyer: be enough to provide ¢ that is worth saving. 5 the the 150 ded chantmen ships escape—almost al ing actual experience. 0 If we had not come to have for how id, “We herefore, help with almost say heaten (though this ma do say that they would money. <h have a suff for any situation of a submarine su might have financial and the would cause.” ance, in o 'COST OF EDUCATION PER PUPIL REASE FOR YEAR School | Volpi Without Personal Embarrassments and Com-| .o REVEALS INC Elementary Expenses $6.17 and High $15.68 Higher for Each Individual, Detailed Study Shows. attended the chabls last year Every public pupil wh elementary {cost the District $63.88, an increase | of $6.17 over the preceding year. | pupil enrolled in the senior schools set (he District back or $15.68 more than in 1923. esponding _increases were noted in the normal, the vocational, the pecial, the night and the Summer schools. The cost of public education in the last decade, took its biggest jump during the last fiscal year. accord- 0. Wilmarth, business manager of the school system Mmonat £2500,000 more was expend- ed Dby the public schools last vear than in 1923. Maj. Wilmarth's that for the 1924-1925 fiscal vear the public _schools spent a total of | $0.282.950.16, as compared with $6.810.097.47 for the preceding vea A number of factors have con- tributed to this unusual increase— A gain in enrollment, additional| teachers, ete. First and foremosi, however, was the start of the gigan- $19.000,000 five-vear building program, which resulied in the ex- penditure of $2,178,798.86 for lh_e pur- chase of ground, erection of new ent of these | <chools. The previous vear bufld- | ings, grounds and equipment took §684,290.81 out 'of the school budget. Raymond statistics show Cost of Instruction. The largest individual item of the total expenditure last year went, not | ‘or mew buildings and grounds, but | for instruction. This item alone rep-| resented an expenditure of $5.443 137.13, or an increase of $559,671.26 | er 1923. ®¥he summary of public school ex- penditures last year, as shown by \faj. Wilmarth's compilations, fol- lows: General administration General supervision. Instruction .. Co-ordinate activities Anxiliary agencies. Overation of school bl Pensions 5 ente .. i Compensation ihrough injurs Repair of buildings. Repair _and repla poCutpment o urchase of 1a Sl Construction of new buildings. 1 Eouipment of new buildings Fouipment for old buildings.". ja cement of Shows All Expenditures. Maj. Wilmarth's figures also show | just how every school dollar was ex- pended during the 1923:1924 term. In- structign tovk 71% cents of each dol- Capital outlay was next, with 11 cents. One cent went fgr general control, b cent for co-ordinate activities, 10 cents for uperation of the school plant, 3 cent auxiliary agencies, 5 cents for maintenance of the school plant und 1, cent for fixed charges. The ever-growing cost of education | ix not local, however. A survey made recently by the research division of the National EducationiAssociation shows that virtually every city in the United States is feeling the increasing obliga- tions of public education. The research division's study cov- ered every phase of the question of school costs as they affect the tax- payer, directly or indirectly. It was made with a view of determining whether it is possible for the Nation to provide for school support on the present basis or on a more generous basis, if it seems wise. As a result the division reported: “The present cost of education could be doubled without encroaching upon any of the Nation's economic needs. Such an increase could be made by redueing our Juxury expendi- tures but 13 per cent. Increase of Wealth, for each year ix more than five times the amount expended for all public educa- tion. “The cost of education is but a frac- |from Prussia and probably from Ge tion of the amount expended for goods and services that are clearly in the luxury cla; While we spend dollars for the expansion of our industrial| processes and for the production of the | non-essentlals of civilized life, we dole out pennies for public school support. “The support of education requires | but a small tax on our wealth. A levy | of 56-100ths of 1 per cent on the Na-! | tion's total wealth would cover the | cost of education.” a moment of war-weariness, may make o sepu As things stand today donment of specie payments. These British run to_confess their plight even to themselves. ng to lie down on us: they that. ought to have been reduced to writing. duly reported by telegram. “Crises” Come in Groups. It is unlucky that “crises’ But the submarine situa than T have of the finan- misfortunes till they are on the very brink of disasier: that 1 have gone pretty thorou; shipping And tin the problem: and the place where it will be won Ise -an must be got. fords the minimum of protection. re destroyved ev sible Fate of Allies. did. and if we had not begun action and given miraculous speed that the British would have been actually paper money basis, thereby bringing down the peacy ever cor er of all in ban. there is a dav nd (perhaps) the be y may vear, before they are willing Wh; ot fully they know. got_into 1 know Mr. M tion wit ington. Balfour tells me. It definite understanding But predicament, which I fiod to that America informa purchas come in groups- financlal. I have a bet- English to repre especial ence. be frien clusive future 1 have it sidered or docu What sritish, that * one respect they are ahead, concealing their and théhr mistake: Into this submarine fast winning in this no doubt about that) hly with their naval authorities. Admiral ame conclustons thut 1 ently, from his pofnt of dunger for the y ¢ rate of destruct war will_end is of the essence tng the culties Mr. Boi Page, w Britain of approach 1o this King The full avallabl by any method be concentrated in this months). There are not destroyers enough; im There must -onvoys for every ship conditio tates « sreat Merely arming them af. Armed mer ry day. Convoyed That is the convinc Wi 6780, Ju Contin Reginni the exc would 1 four wo be comr into the war when we 1 do not v have followed), but 1 have quickly been on a o Adod indirect or any promise « N the coess European allies of the Germa aused a premature struction of shipping. sence of the other responsible American official had prom proceeds of the first Liberty loan. and insisted before ed himself as rather confused by the number of America can assu and sets forth histeric of the exchequer They were in worse straits than they iessed to themselves. And now we are | d straits because of this submarine de And time 15 of the matter. One seagoing tug now worth more than a dozen ships next Yours very faithfully, WALTER H. Differed With the British icAdoo differed on the financlal situa h the British representatives in Wash- He declared that neither he nor any PAGE pay the “Morgan overdraft” out of the making such engagements the n Government must have rather more tion about British finances and British es in the United States. He also express men in the United States who professed esent the British government, and was Iy puzzled by Lord Northcliffe’s p ‘We have every desire,”” he wrote, dly and obliging. We have given c evidence of this, but in order to avoid nisunderstandings, it would be wise to understood that nothing shall be con us agreed to until slgned memoranda | ments have been exchanged.” espectally hurt the feelings of the however, was Mr. McAdoo's statement mer \tion cannot mean that ne the entire cost of finane Thix statement, and the difti wising from the general situation, led i Law to frame a memorandu hich, since 1t suceinetly deseribes Great | financial efforts since August, 1914 with the utmost frankness the | ns that prevailed when the United ! ame to the rescue document of | importance Ga's Co-op Wi ' 1 for | THE CHANCELLOR OF TIHE EXCHEQUER PAGE London "ARY OF STATE, ashington ly 20, noon wation of my 6779, ng of memorandum hequer has seen Mr. Page 1ith, and e much oblized if Mr. Secretary Bal uld cause the following note in reply to municated to Mr. Page. The chancellor of course, accepts Mr. Mc statement that “At no time, directly or Iv, has-the Secretary of the Treasury one connected with his department 4 to pay the Morgan overdraft TO July 20, 1917 ‘l July 20, 11 am The chancellor of Continued on Fourth Page.) i ITALIAN DEBT ENVOY BEARS | STRONG CONTRAST TO FRENCH! of Hor Caillau> UNDERWOOD JOHNSON, Ambassador 20-1921) The coming of Count Volpi at the head of Italy’s debt-funding commis- sion marks some strong contrasts with the mission of Mr. Caillaux. First, it will be free from those com plications of home politics which gave an alr of disingenuousness even to the sincerest acts of the French minister plication BY ROB! Former American to FRANCE APPEARS PRESENT POL IN NEW ROLE; ICY 1S PEACEFUL Gen. Allen, Who Commanded U. S. Troops on Rhine, Praises Caillaux Attitude in Debt Settlement Nego- tiations—Sees Disarm BY GEN. When HENRY T. ALLEN. one reverts to the davs of [the great conference of Paris follow Ing the World War, one immediately | recalls the attitude of victorious | i France toward the recent common en- | emy, her insistence at one time on the Rhine as the new military frontier, at another on a treaty with each of the separate states of Germany. A little later the Gallic state made eve fort to consolidate its holdin, that river while encouraging dis. gruntled Rhinelanders in their to form an autonomous state separate | many. During this troublous period the Poincare government, whether through fear and the alleged necessity for se- curity or with the intent of dominat- ing the continent, made defensive al- liances with the states contiguous to Germany on the east. The delinquences of Germany and the obvious intent of French aggres- siveness served to increase the mu- tual distrust of these two states to the great detriment of European welfare. When a financial settlement with France's oversea creditor was men- tioned, the essence of all replies was that the borrowed money was ex- pended in the common cause and that payment could be made only in pro- portion to the amounts rcceived from a recalcitrant undependable debtor. The continued numerous but fruit- less conferences, supposedly to settle repurations matters, served mainly to show that security wus more funda mental than finance. Some felt that the uncompromising aititude of 'rance in those conferences was jus-| tfied by Germany's unwillingness to' America and Scotland Joined by Land | ament Parley Nearer. live up to the terms imposed by the treaty, whilst others saw a studfed ef- fort on the part of the former coun- try to increase its continental suprem- acy by the undoubted weakening that | seftlement was causing Be that as it may, untii government came into power, political and financial chaos dominated, with little or no possibil- ity of such a_calming measure as the Dawes plan thus far has shown itself to be. In spite of the opposition of the Na tionalists and all those who believed in the administration first mentioned, there has been a changing sentiment in France that does her great credit in the eyes of the world. The successor to the Herriot government has adopted the newly initiated policy of concilia- tion and peace. It has taken the lead at Geneva in supporting the cause of universal arbitration, security and dis- armament. The Painleve government backs a thesis on the proposed se- curity pact that gives assurance, cer- hope, that these central Euro- pean states may compound differences that seemed impossible of settlement not many months since. All honor to France in her new role! May she continue a great coun- cfior of peace, in the happy convie- tion that most of the states of the world are supporting her conciliatory policy. The cause of peace owes not a little to Briand and his two able as- sistants, who are making a superb stand for a peace not confined by lim. ited areas nor determined by regional pacts. Furthermore, we must expect soon to see Irance an advocate of the policy of arms limitations as she is of Just settlement of all international fnanclal obligations. (Copyright, 1925.) the delaved the lattel the Herriot In Former Times, Geologists Declare America gnd Scotland were formerly joined by a bridge of land, according to evidence discovered by a geological expedition under the leadership of Drs. E. 0. Ulrich and C. E. Resser of the United States National Museum, and Prof. R. M. Field of Princeton University, who have just returned to this country with several hundred pounds of selected fossils. Fossils of trilobites, extinct crab- like animals, found in limestone at Durness. Scotland, were discovered to be exactly similar to those from North- east Newfoundland and entirely dif- ferent from those found in Southeast Newfoundland, Wales, Central Eng- land, Southern Scandinavia, and Cen- tral FEurope. Comparison of these ancient marine animal remains on both sides of the Atlantic Indicates that some sort of land barrier pre- vented the mixing of animals from Atlantic on the south. This isthmus was evidently narrow, the Arctic and Atlantic animals being found in rocks within 100 miles of each other at both the American and European ends. ‘Work has been started on the more detailed study of the fossils in order to determine more accurately the dis- tribution of land and sea during the Cambrian and Silurian epochs of geo- logical time, when the trilobites, with corals unlike those found today, flour- ished abundantly. In collecting the specimens the ex- pedition visited England, Wales, Scot- land, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Ger- many and ' Czechoslovakia, and held frequent conferences with leading European geologists in an endeavor to correlate the rock strata of America with similar outerops in Europe. The National Assoclation of Women Painters and Sculptors has purchased one of the fine old hrown stos sions in New York City and remodeled the Arctic sea on the north and the \ it into & magnificent clubhouse. man- | me Politics, as in Case. | of finance, ¥France could hardly intrusted her fortunate agent than the avowed can- | | dldate for the premiership of Republic. Only Mr. Herrlot, who was | once mentioned for the task, | have been less of a persona grata.| | Beneath the official courtesy with | which Mr. Caillaux was received was | ial\\a:s wonder at his astonishing | have | cause to a more un-| | could | “come-back’’ from exile and at his ac-| cessfon to financial power, the latter, | «@&pite his ability, inexplicable except | on the theory of “any port in a storm.” Moreover, one felt through- out: his negotiations the spirit of bar-| gaining. a certain lack of dignity—a | | dignity that may persist.even at a| | debtor's bar. By other hands France | !may yet obtain terms more com mensuraty with her unforgotten sacrifices Count Volpl, likewise his country's minister of finance and with an equally free hand. is coming in a | aifferent spirit and with no personal | embarrassments. He will not be on | the defensiv: as to his past, nor under | suspicion as to his future. With as | great a reputation as a fiscal expert as that of Mr. Caillaux. he will pre. sent Italy’s case in a more practical fashion and probably with a greater mastery of its economic aspects. His | country's ability to discharge her war- time obligations is likely to be his| sole thesis | But the note which it may not be expedient for him to strike, it is not forbidden for an American friend of Italy to sound, for it is the kevnote | of all th- consideration that may be | shown to her. By this I mean her immense, but even vet unapprehend | ed. contribution to the cause of the ! allies. Without detraction from what | was done by others, it is now both | timely and appropriati: ‘to recall Italy instinctive refusal to join in the war upon France; her unsordid entry into | the conflict at a crucial moment, when she might have realized all her just ambitions by simply remaining neu- | | tral; the obstacles which she—alone of | the allies—had to overcome by reason of the 40 vears of subsoiling of her | public opinion by German influences; | the half-preparedness of her resources | for the war: the great extent of her ' battle line, appreciably longer than | the whole Western front: the unique | and exhausting character of her | mountain warfare: her farther pene- | tration into the enemy’s lines; her | colossal victorles after her one | treacherous defeat: her relatively larger losses, and withal—and this is of special timelissness—the small ad- vantage she derived from the Ver sailles treaty. Nothing N obscure these facts from the scrutiny of his tory, and they may well be considered in the setilement of her never-disput ed financial obligations to us, for they constitute & moral obligation on our | part to her that cannot be measured in money. How have we repaid her for holding the ri ! of civilization? We have retarded her | recovery by cutting off her exports of citrous” products and wines, and by reducing, bevond the limits of our prudence, her assets of human labor. The least we can do is, by the terms we offer or accept, to make it not merely possible, but comparatively | easy, for her to take that distinguish- ed place among the nations to which her aroused national consciousness so auspiciously points. !Son of Stresemann Is Composer of Note | | | | our debt to ight of the line | Wolfgang Stresemann, 21-year-old son of Germany's ex-chancellor and present minister for foreign affairs, is not only a law student, about to receive his degree, but a composer of | distinction. Recently , the Summer | |orchestra. at Friedrieffaroda perform- ed for the first time young Strese. mann’s “First Symphony in G Major.” The music was composed Iast vear when the author was 20 and shows ithe sirong {nfluence of Richard IStausgy r L quences | many the | ¥ | strength as lable to work to | have done, always, of course, recog- | for the supremacy in Europe which | adopting _policies which had [FRENCH YIELD PRIMACY TO BRITISH IN NEW PACT Locarno Mark Far-Reaching Change Political Leader ship, server—Army BY FRANK H. HIE moral Locarno IMONDS. { pact have been em- | phasized and perhaps over- ! estimated alike in American | nd British comments. Ob-| despite warranted optimism | sult of the making of the agree we shall not have a new| heaven or a new earth and interna tional rivalries and disagreements are bound to continue. The great task of reconcillation remains to he formed and it Is a matter of y not months, and of habit, not more signed treaties. On the other less comment viousl as a re ment hand there has heen upon the polith n sequences of the arrangement, not withstanding the enormous extent of these consequences. A new Kurope or an old Europe entering upon different set of combinations, of coin binations which puzzle, weary and irri th rican now alllunces, combinations the World War ha Inevitably Ilurop take | observer s ssociations of definitely nations ended will | dance There moreover of ‘the which must have tinuing importance. In the first | this agreement puts a definite to the I'rench supremacy in Europe 1u the second place, this termination ould not have been achieved without French consent. [Finally, the fact this French consent opens the way many important things three conse Locarno agree present wnd a T 10 Rise of French Arn French supremacy in Furope was | ! based upon French military superior- | | Locarno a ity. This superiority was the direct result of the war. In 1914 there were | five great armies in Europe, the Ger- | man, Russian, Austrian, Italian and | I'rench. Of these the -French was | numerically the third, althor not much inferior to the German, while the Russian was first In numbers and the German in efficiency, training and equipment AS a consequence of the war Ger was disarmed, Russia passed into the bolshevist stage and its army ceased to deserve consideration as i effective force. Austria while Italy, because of litical conditions and poverty of na tional resources, could not in any de gree be considered a counterweight to we had retired fr itain had dentobiliz my was the dominating European situation. On the milltary side France was more completely supreme than even in the days of Nupoleon. Since France possessed this power he future of Kurope for u time depended upon the might make of her irresistible strength At Paris when peace was made the ench did not rely heavily upon the military _circumstanc Clemenceau | n disappeared, domestic po 1 the French fact the { was vastly more interested in getting for his country a British guaranty, to | gether with an American, than in es it_on the middle Rhine. Despite all the criticism which has | been directed at the old “tiger,” he never was an imperialist and he never believed France could hold the Rhine barrier. Effect of U. S. Policy. Paris and in the Versailles ance resigned those military s which she held and could. for the time being at least, continue to hold. in return for an Anglo-Ameri can guaranty of security against a new German attack. It was only when both engagements lapsed by reason of the attitude of the American Senate that French feeling hegan change 1t was the long quarrel hetween Lloyd George and the successive French premiers which bronght about the gradual decision of the French nation to rely upon its military its only means of self protection. As securlty by guaranty teadily became less likely Ge many with _growing success and un mistakable British approbation evaded reparations, the French fell back upon their army as their bulwark and the occupation of the Rhine barrier as the insurance that their army would be the greatest advan tablishing tage French opinion cr: convictions: “We shall not let Ger- | many recover her physical strength while there is any chance of her em ploying this strength_against an iso- lated France. We shall, not permit Germany to recover her economical financial strength while France is still deprived of German reparations and while her own financial burdens, as ed with German, make her ble to German attack. Agreement With Poland. Lacking a British or an American guaranty, moreover, the French looked elsewhere. Three nations—Po- land, Czechoslovakia and Belgium were, like France, neighbors of Ger. many and had reason to fear German aggression quite as much as did France. FEach of these nations was in itself incapable of resisting German attack, for each the French army would be a guaranty of security and for the French army each of these countries would in its own military forces bring precious reinforcement to | France. Thus we had the series of | military treaties uniting ace with Belgium, Poland and ¢ze lovakta. When ex-President Poincare came power, ax direct consequence of Anglo-French quarrels, French hegem a solid fact. He demon st by destroying Lloyd George's Genoa conference with the aid of his continental allies and then by marching into the Rubr accom- panied by Belgium. After futile re- sistance Germany was obliged to sur- | render and lay at Poincare's feet, while Britain, although bitterly op- posing the whole Ruhr affair, had been unable to prevent it or end it. French Not Militaristic. Now, had the French people been actually militaristic, as was charged, there was no limit to what they might stallized in these to nizing that in due course of time Europe would have united against them. But the French people were not militaristic; they did not care was again in their hands. The) wanted peace. They had only con- sented to the use of military strength in desperation. When the Ruhr bat- tle was over and Poincare failed to make peace, then France threw him | over and turned to the Left—to Her- riot. Meantime in Britain the fundamen- tal truth had been percelved that | France could not he coerced into British | his | recon | disarmamen | the reasons which explain | the | follow German antagonisn: | agreement | mistake approbation. The break between Franece and PBritain had heen a disas- ter for all concernad, but the imme- @lale cuusequeuce had peen,-not the | ays Ob- Cuts Likely. vielding of Fran, tion of the Ruhr rmany economic ing British pr hardly known sinc gone to St. Helena Accordingly, when Donald became the fi minister, con whole mashing of id the lower- stige to a point Napoleon had Ramsay Mac- st Labor pri expectations, directed at He saw red to 1 arily, \ pre policy was France. clearly that 2 > de: throw Germany revolution, to crush there was no force vent i the desire F w the 1y get expk anarch Tempo; in Europe t hand of inabil tior on of Fr tion la Way Paved for Dawes Plan ald's success paved the way lon runce ompil wh nald had rried on Cham q ing British guarantee W rer curity strength ness of be preserved by the middle Rhine But with the London agreement, which was the Dawes plan, and the red ent which is the pact, for the sn army French nded solely is also assur- an Italian German t nge for th. upe ciation of esting and the Germar, rmed ntinued helpless in reality only to French garrisons on security preme curity mainly hased the reason A PP is no lonzer f upon French upon the presumptive ance of Italian and British This ald is not to b the more cer tain by the maintenance of a military establishment which hreat both n Rome and London. while € man disarmament no more permanentiy imoted save neighbors of Germany standard of armament Locarno then opens the way to real in Europe by removing the arma The ce you his the dit < e ms seems a the adopt a similar can i £ military power that pe disarmament faillacious by ments of the chie American notior must first procu been demonstrated fact that the fi effective disarmument only arrived with L visble st Continent. Arbitr his b Na v Dromse the dis formula has correctly ification, and this order is going to be followed. Since the size of any army is based upon a nation’s estimate of its danger, to reduce the army you must reduce the fear Position of United States. An American conference to discuss disarment could lead to no results because the United States would undertake no responsibilities to pro- tect a disarmed nation which was at tacked. But Great Britain and Italy have every right to urge French re duction_when they are assuming the responsibility for French safety, and conversely to oppose French reduetior of armed strength if it seems un wise in the situation Backed I Br in and Italy. France could con front a German attack with equanimity, for other allies inevitably—RBelgium Czechoslovakia: but Germany temptation to invite h or France 1o sacrifice such But Fra can longer he pleases, she cannot pursne Germany policles which are nunrea sonable, unfair or provocative, for by o doing she would ut one time raise nd lower British ind Ttalian readiness to come to he aid. She is the captive of her own security; she has what she sought but she has it at a price. She ha sacrificed much of her independence for a degree of safetv which she mus conceive to he British Prestige Higher. rno really a degree at least in Europe. The guaranty pact really her creation. She stands 1 tween Germany and France, ready to defend either against the other, and thus in a position to command the consideration of both. She is. not merely the guarantor of French se curity, she is the protector of German immunity from any new Ruhr pro cedure. s long as the basis of in i peace the < been the wrmumen t 1 for pa would Poland has no such isol security do towa marks the return of of British authori | fluence in Europe was bayonets, Bri | tain was relatively long as she declined to assume res ponsibilities she could not restrain France and she was equally unable to protect Germany against French operation. ’ The foolish Lloyd Georgian notion that the true British policy was hold France back until Germany n her feet and then join hands with Germany to restrain France fatled because there was no way of holding the French back while Germany got on her feet. The basis of restoring uropean lalance of power wus an with France. Dut the es ential condition of the agreement ud to be that it protected French terests while serving Iiritish Machonald 1, and his conduct of the foreign office during his stay fn Downing street will unques tionably entitle him to stand with the great foreign ministers sritish history But negligible. As zot ends suw brief there was an that the necessary with France might be clusive alliance. Any exclusive alli ance of Britain with France would in the fullness of time insure a_coun ter alliance, most. probably a Russo- German alliance. Then _inescapably would come the rivalry between two systems of alliances, which made Eu ropean history from 1905 to Arma geddon. It meant for the British per manent involvement and permanent inability to restrain either the enemy or the ally. Relations With Berlin. British influence has heen supreme in Berlin for a good while. German foreign policy has been more and more responsive to British urging. But this influence was not of much use while British influence at Paris was small or non-existent. British influence at Paris is now quite as considerable as at Berlin. Germany believes that she was defeated hy Britain, that the fatal which brought Britain Into the war Insured her downfall. There is not the slighiest present desire in Germany to renew the struggle with Rritaln. hecause ihe value of sea (Continued gn ¥ourth Pagey obvious danger understanding made an ex-