Evening Star Newspaper, April 5, 1925, Page 41

NATIO NAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES kPart 2—14 Pages WASHINGTON, D. C, ORIAL SECTION hz §1mflag Staf SUNDAY MORNING, APRIL POLAND ADOPTS SLOGAN “THEY SHALL NOT PASS’ Nation Will Dle Fi Yield Territory Regained by Versailles Observer Treaty, BY FRANK H, SIMONDS, ARSAW.—Almost nine vears ago it was my good for- tune to be in France at the great moment of the rman offensive directed at Verdun and to feel the supreme determination and forever memora- bla unity with which the whole French nation rallied to the watch- word of Marshal Petain, “They Shall Not Pass.” And now on the banks of the Vistula T am vividly conscious of the same phenomenon twhich dis- closed itself then on the banks of the Seine. All Poland is rallying to- day against what It believes to be the ultimate attempt to destroy that unity newly created after nearly a century and half of forelgn servi- tude he n diractly W menace comes from (iermany Verdun in the tinie, but it is at the moment political, not military What the German is seeking to do is to establish the principle that the frontiers laid dowil at Versailles are only permanent as thes affect the west. He is seeking to win not only British but French assent to the idea of a revision of the frontiers of the east—that is, of Poland. He fs offer- ing in return any form of guarantee of French and Belgian security which may be desired of course, as did that to Old Story You have then repeating itself; ' 1y times heen for the a partition of reat Repeated. the age-long story not once or twice. European peace has nent consolidated hy oland: wars between have been avoided out Polish territor what happened the century when Frederick the Great bezan the system of Polish mutilation to keep pe between Russia and Austria. It was Poland which paid the great price of Euro- pean adjustment after the fall of Napoleon and thus disappeared from the number of nations. "Now the discussion has all begun over. The treaty of Versailles undid most. but not all, of the work of mu- tilation which had begun by Frederick the Great and carried for- ward by Catherine and Alexander of Russia. Mr. Wilson, in his 14 points, had included the restoration of Po- land, and thanks to American inter- est, and American firmness at the eritical moment, when Lloyd George changed his mind as to Poland, sub- stantially all of the ancient Polish territory taken by Prussia between 1771 and 1755 was restored The territory which returned thus to P'oland historically Polish, it was, with a single exception. inhabit- ed by u clear Polish majority. The exception was Danzig, situated at the mouth of the Vistula, the single out- let to the sea of a nation which was to inc upward thirty millions of people. Danzi had once, been the Polish exit to the sea, but its Population were and had been main- 1y for an indefinite time German to meet this situation. the Paris peace conference created the free city of Danzig. a municipality which was to have self-government. to have its Teutonic character and institutions assured but, at the same time, was to be available commercially as the out- let of Poland upon the free power: parceling That was mighteenth of been was , too, seas. Majority Rights Backed which was faced at Was it better to de- thirty milllons of peo- ple in the restored Poland of any free doorway upon the sea or to sep- arate Danzig from Germany, while leaving to the rman inhabitants their Teutonic character and their lo- ‘eal independence. The Paris confer- ence not a little result of Amer- fean influence. decided to back the rights of thirty millio of thre e th But the problem A with thai lish corrid Polish of The problem Paris was this prive ncarly hund usand Dranzig the was ulso fa reat ma of The Vtion Wop. in territories surround ind stretehing north the old fronticrs of Prussia ieluding the old Prussian prov- Poson, which was itself forei- from Poland in one of To conneet this mass with the sea at Dan- necessary to draw boundaries and thus was created narrow corridor on the left bank Vistula, perhaps 50 miles: wide Fortunately this work to the principle for the people within this corridor were mainly Polish by raca, five out of six according to later official Polish cen- sus statistics, but conceded to the ¥ all the ethnographic maps. German and otherwise, which I have wrenched partitions. lish people was by the . it also t elf-determination do vielence lish by Here, then the origin of which is still a su- The Dan- mass of the the e )pean problem or scparated the territory from the smaller Prussia, it thrust jt- stretehed to the sea two areas which werc ¢ wan were left to Germany, 1 said, having (o choose be- tween cutting thirty millions of peo- ple off from the sia and separating two millions of Germans from their brethren of the Reich, the P ference chose to do the latte Poxen n of f like ween and east a hand Jexser Problem. Tn addition, the taken from Germany of the Parls confe { terly resented by the populations the change unity as did it did bring a within 100 miles of Berlin Posen, however, as 1 have already written from Berlin, does not constitute a pres- ent German grievance although there are certain German paitics and leaders who that all the lands lost Germany in the east must be restored By contrast, the uilti te cession to TPoland of the southern end of Upper Sllesia constitutes for the German: a ance hardly less acute thap, that of corridor. Here the population. is undeniably Polish, but in a plebiscite; taken before the settlement, the whole area in which the yote was had favored ihe German alleglance by something like 6 to 4. On the other hang,.in the re- kions finally turned over to Poland the majority was for the Polish sovereign- ity And the terms under which the vote was held provided that the settie= ment should be made with regard to the will of the people of the various localities. = The German, for his part. claimed and continues to claim that the decision of the majorits of the ‘Voters in the gwhole area should have been accepted the entire district and that it should remained German. But the dispute 1y important because in the area Anally turned over to Poland are most province of Posen was but this decision nce was not so bit- the Germans, because was incontestibly Po- did not break up the corridor. Polish _frontier lish and German though insist . | for th, gainst thos: | al- | by | giltmfl Rather Than Finds. Jof the coal deposits, together with the zinc and iron mines and the larger part of the great industrial machinery which Germany has in recent vears construct- ed here, making of Upper Silesla a second Ruhr. Great Value to Poland. or Poland the possession of Upper Silesia is the guarantee of a real econo- mic life, for it assures to a state with | great industrial needs a source of coal adequate to its requirements for several centuries to come. Withh Upper Silesia Poland can become an industrial nation: without it the certainty s that Poland will become an economic vassal of Ger- many You have then, briefly sketched, the situation at the momen: ermany, while accepting the western Ssttlement of Parts as final and while volunteering to give guarantees for the security and integrity of France, including Alsace- | Lorraine and Belgium, while even hold- ing out some reasonable hope cepting some form of demilitarization the Rhine region, announces in unm takable terms that she will not accept her eastern frontier as permauent, al- though she s ready to make some rather empty gesture of assurance that she! will seek by diplomacy and through the League of Natlons, rather than by war and with armies, to obtain the revision | which she insists upon | | Now it is essential for. all Ameri- | can students of this Polish-German | of ac- of | ! Hybrids question to perceive just what is at stake. It Is not a relatively small amount of territory, for the amount | |of territory involved is dbsurdly ! small. What is actually at stake is the issue as to whether Poland, with nearly thirty millions of people, liv- "i”: on an area five-sixths as large | as Germany, shall have an outlet to| the sea on its own territory and shall | have the resources essential be- come an Industrial country, or wheth- | er it must be forever dependent upon | Germany for outlet to the sea at| Danzig and for coal and other min-| erals in the Upper Silesian area Comparison With Serbia, If Danzig and the corridor are re- ' urned to Germany, then Poland will in pre ely the situation of Serbia before the World War, when | that little state la ed any outlet to) the sea and was obliged to find its| marke and its outlets in and |through Austrian territory Thus, whenever Serbia showed any inde- Pendence politically Austrian rulers closed their frontlers to Serblan ex- ports and the whole economic life of the country was paralyzed. Eco- nomic prosperity for Serbia then was |always dependent upon political vas- salage to Austria, and out of this| | situation grew the World war. But| { while Serbia before the Balkan Wars in 1913 was a little state, with barely three million people, Paland has thirty And if Upper Silesia showld Le re- | | turned to Germany. Poland would be | similarly dependent upon Germany fuel necessary fto its manu- | factories and it would always be pos- sible for Germany, by fixing its own price on coal #nd by controlling the water approach to Poland, to make it easy for German goods to under- sell Polish and thus destroy all | chance of any real industrial deyel- | opment in Poland. Here, then, is the | real question, and it is only remotely political. | It is true that for the Germans the| | 1oss of Danzig and Upper Silesia is perhaps just as bitter and as Intol- erable as the loss of Alsace-Lor- raine for France, but the real as con- | trasted with the sentimental factor | | | | | 1o be | is that to regain both would be to exercise an absolute and enduring domination upon the whole economic life of Poland, and the political in- dependence of Poland would be pos- ble only by the saerifice of all smic prospe which would be impossible, for Paland must he an exporting country to live, Heal Isxue In Dispute. Polish wperialism, then rought about the present ituation, nor the aliocation these territories to Poland a wanton and violent departure from the path- | way of justice, for all of the lands had once been Polish, and Danzig and | the Polish corridor were only sepa- rated from Poland by one of the most immoral of all historical per- | formance: namely, the partitions of Poland. So much. then, for facts in the situation. Now for Po- land the question i= one of life or death, It cannot give up the corridor, | agree to a restoration of Danzig to! Germany or abandon Upper Silesia without passing promptly from the rank of free nations. If one can imagine what would have been the' situation for the United States if New | Orleans and the mouth of the Missis- sippi had remained in allen hands and the age of railways had not arrived one can fancy a little of Poland's plight were German hopes realized. { Turning now to the west of Europe, what Is the situation France re-| mains anxious as to her securit Since Britain and America refused t make good the guarantee promised by Mr Wilson and Lloyd George at Paris, she has proceeded to make al- liances with Czechoslovakia and with Poland, as well as with Belgium. The basis of these treaties is the com- mon danger from a restored Germany, and the fundamental premise Is the preservation of the territorial fl'n‘l»[ sions of Paris in 1919 of the treaty of Versailles. All four nations would be equally endangered if Germany should in the future become strong and warlike. It which the underlying | Cxchange of Guarantees. i Thus Francg, in effect, guarantees the present frontiers of Poland and receives in return the assurance. that in case of German attack the Polish larmies will play the role which was played by Russia in 1914. And in the same way France guarantees the | {V(vl\!lrr‘? of Czechoslovakia and fs | similarl assured of the support of | Czechoslovak armies in case of emer- |gency. Other agreements bind Poland and Rumania, Poland and Czechoslo- vakia, Rumania and Jugoslavia, but In the present discussion thew are relatively unimportant. What Is es- sential - is to grasp the fact that France, failing the American and British guarantees, has found a ‘sub- stitute In the alllance with the two Slav states of Poland and Czechoslo- vakia. But having these alliances, Frane {still feels insecure, and has taken ad- |vantage of the moment when the evacuation of the first Rhine zone is [due to demand of the British some form of guarantee which shall rein- sure France If she is attacked after leaving the Rhine barrier. In other words, the French are unwilling to ' | | the desert ea | rather ! than |that date a heavy Jeave the Rhine without a British guarantee. while German failures to afinued on Third Page) 5, 1925. |Luther Burbank Would Breed Up Men Just as He Breeds Plants and Fruits BY DREW PEARSON. MERICA is only half civilized and will follow the path to ruin of ancient Rome unless it stops breeding Its future citizens from its worst classes instead of its best. This direful prediction was made to me by Luther Burbank, wizard of plants and flowers, and a life-long student of the sclence of eugenlcs. But when Mr. Burbank talks of se- lective breedinz he uses very different terms from those usually empioyed by advocates of such a .process. and cross breeds are not terms of reproach in his vocabulary, but on the contrary represent the high- est type in any of nature's families. “There never a beautiful or useful plant.” he s hat was not a hybrid, and there was never a tow- ¥ great man in all the ages who was not a hybrid.” Works 71 was ours a Day. talked Mr. Burbank gazed over the beautiful acres marvelous experiments in the breeding of plants have been car- ried on. In shabby slippers and a fruyed work jacket, ghe works for 10 hours every day among the plants he loves, and every day means Sundays and holidays, and has meant that for 60 years. The world knows what has done with plants—with the ex- traordinary variations of vegetables and flowers which he has perfected by means of careful intercrossing and As musin whe Mr. Burbank selection. One of his most wonderful achievements the reclamation of | the most forbidding undiscipiined in the soil into a highly docile and nutritious food for animals for candy for | men. Threush selection he robbed the | actus of its thorns as he did the orange of its seeds, so that now. prop- erly directed, it can be raised in cul- tivated acres and fed without any preparation to cattle, making the cheapest and most succulent fodder known was ns and nlant and base Men Without Thoras. Mr. Burbank believes that with men he has done with the cactus—-that careful breeding and selection we produce without thorns, men shorn of vices, their weaknesses and their tendencies But thix will not promiscuous intelligently directed and super intercrossing It would mean drastic reorganization of our whole social But this not frizhten the wizard of the zarden He pointed to many of the great lead- ers of history and showed how they had really grown out of a merging of the strong qualities of many races, we ean do what by can men their evii mean intermarriage intercrossing but ed system does “Intercrossing.” he continued, hi.\‘ made America the greatest nation in the world. Uncrossed natfons are what we call aboriginals and amount to | nothing. We Americans are the most | crossed nation in history, but the trouble is that we have multiplied | without any scientific confrol. and to- day our criminals are reproducin; their kind faster ihan any other claxs | LUTHER BURBANK in the nation. Interbreeding gives both good and bad varieties. It pro- duces the greatest number of geniu and also the greatest number of crimi- na's, and because we have done noth- ing to select the best for reproductign civilization the down grade follow the path of Rome un- halt and adopt a scien- practica of eugenics es our is on and less tifie we call & “Contact with foreign culture proves that America today is only half civi- lized. It is like a garden in which the gardener pays no attention to the weeds. Our criminals are our weeds, and weeds breed fast and are intense- ly hardy. They must be eliminated.” He paused, and I ventured a ques- tion as to how the weeding in our national garden was to be carried out. “Stop permitting criminals and weak- lings to reproduce,” he replied prompt- ly. “All over the country we have to- day enormous insane asylums and similar institutions where we nourish the unfit and criminal instead of ex- terminating them. Nature eliminates the weeds, but we turn them into parasites and allow them to re- produce. Germany and some of our States have taken a step in the right direction by sterilizing the unfit. 1In former days in all countries there was capital punishment for many crimes. The death penalty for minor offenses was abolished, and now mistaken sentiment has practically ended capi- tal punishment for any offense, with the result that crime increases even more rapldly.” Wants Immigration Ban. He paused again and 1 asked him for hix views on immigration. “I would “like to see a ban on all immigration.” he replied. “Opponents of immigration restrictions claim that without the infusion of new blood which we obtain from that source America would stagnate. There is no reason for any such belief. China stopped immigration 2,000 vears ago and Japan 1,000 years ago, and nejther of these zreat nations suffer from stagnation. America in time will be more densely populated than China as the two countries are similar in climate, size, soll and natural wealth and we have a greater naticial vigor. I suggested that any such increase in population might raise a serious question of food supply and a lower- ing of standards of living, but Mr Burbank brushed the suggestion aside. No Danger of Starvati “The proper breeding of plants,” he said, “will increase the food supply of the world by one-third, and the id development of machinery would prevent any falling of our standards | of living As a parting query I asked Mr. Bur- bank what he thought of the action of the Tennessee Legislature in passing a law against the teaching of evolution in the schools of that State. “Well,” he sald, “why do they stop there? Wh do they not go ahead pass laws against gravity, elec- tricity, the gelescope and microscope, light and vélocity, and every instru- ment for discovering the truth? and | go only part of the way?" SUCCESS OF DAWES PLAN FARM PROSPERITY NEAR, HINGES ON NEAR FUTURE kets for Her Goods i May Be Deciding BY WILLIS H. President BOOTH, ‘ ternational Chamber of | Commerce. HE natural doubt as to whether | the machinery set up by lhv“ Dawes plan would adapt itself to the confused situation in Germany has been set aside. It is working us smoothly a8 could be ex-| pected As the first result many has changed froth discouragement to hopefulness. If not technically, at| st least practically, the German cur- rency 1s on a gold basis and is in as strong a position as any other Euro- pean currency. Discount rates are high and will probably remain so for some time. The large commercial banks are in good condition. Unem- ployment has decreased rapidly. About a year ago it was estimated at €,000.000. It is now probably not as much as 500,000 Taken as a whole, the industrial plant of Ger- many {s larger and better equipped in 1813 and the capacity for production seems unquestionably greater than before the war. the spirit of Ger- Payment Schedule Ke Payments callad for under Dawes plan have been made schedule, or a little better schedule. This year, however, is not 2 fair lest, s the entire amount to be paid is only 1,000,000 gold marks and it was contemplated thix would be paid out of the foreign loan and part. interest on the rallway bonds. The real test In this regard will not appear until the fifth year, when the standard annual payment of 2,500,000,000 gold marks is to be met. In the meantime, the problems of production in Germany are associated with the greater problems of eco- nomic readjustment. The peace treaty, which broke up the Austro-Hunga- rian Empire, erected tariff walls im- mediately through what was for- merly Germany’s most productive area. German greatest economic readjustment will be with France in regard to the iron'ores of Lorraine and this is in a very acute stage at the present moment. On January 10 ldst the provisions of the treaty of Versailles, which allowed the ffee import into Germany . of the products of Alsace-Lorraine lapsed, and since tarifft barriér on the new frontier has arisen to ob- struct the exchange of goods. The German. and French governments are trying to negotiate a commercial treaty to meet this situation. Both are trying for ‘advantageous bar- gains. Germany has always been one of France's best customers and France has bought heavily from Ger- many. Neither can ignore the other commercially in the long run, but the embarrassing commercial relationships at the moment are obstructions in the path of normal recovery of both French and German industry Problem to Come Soon. For countries, outside of Germany the operations of the plan have been beneficial and the resulting increase in confidence has been a stim- ulus to business. ixchanges have been strengihened, payments on rep- arations account are being made, marKets were promptly opened fg foodstuffs and raw materials the on than \ in Next Few Years Issue of Scheme. this business America most important share. Briefly, then, the ples upen which the are being justified portant thing in connection with the whole plan is the determination of | the majority of the German peopl® to muke it succeed. The real problems| will come in the next few years, when | it will be necessary for Giermany to ship to the markets of the world, large amounts of goods. from the pro- ceeds of which reparations payments will be made without impairing the | present business and exchange situ- ation of other countries, particularly The nations to whom she owes repa- | rations payments. Whether or not this can be done is for the future to determine. Our encouragement that it may be comes from the fact that in all of our post-war cconomic rela- tionships human ingenuity has al- ways been adequate for the task pre- sented | (Coprright, 1025.) recelved @ | princi- bused | The most im-| Question of Ruled Minorities Disturbs and Menaces Europe BY RICHARD WASHBURN CHILD. Former Ambassador to Italy. America has cause for deep grati- tude for her political system, for the good sense of her Constitution, for her geographical position, for her resources, for her abllity to absorb foreign elements into a clvilization which passes peace and prosperity around in an unparalleled richness of blessing to mankind. We some- times become irritable because our republic is not a pluperfect machine or because there is suffering in some corner or because restiveness appears at rare intervals under the surface of the stream of our national unity. It is comparison. however. which awakens us to our good fortunes. And no comparison presents a sharper contrast than our digestion of minority raclal and national groups as distinguished from the often-forgotten, painful and menacing indigestion of raclal and national minority groups in the so-called “new world” in Europe. The afflic- tion is divided between the governed racial minorities and the nations which have to govern them. The suffering and humiliation of Jonah inside the whale was great, but misery had comfort; the whale must have suffered, too. Europe’ has been hardened to the pains of the problems of racial minorities which have been humili- ated. The history of the continent is a long chronicle of conquered groups forced to @ccept alien rule and harboring hate while they waited for a day of revolt. In the middle ages this fate was one of the ac- cepted hazards of life, but today the undigested minorities, ard, Indeed, the nations which govern these minorities, have every right to feel resentment that the peace treaty created more indigestible groups ther than less, and..a _new. resent- ent has been added go the old SECRETARY JARDINE SAYS |Germany’s: Ability to Find Foreign Mar- New Agriculture Head Declares Big thy Industrles Are Facing Hard Times. Crop Surpluses Exhausted. BY HARDEN COLFAX. | ROSPERITY down on the farm | i« to Nft its head with the greening plants this season. So suys Secretary Jardine, In the | most hopeful forecast issued by | the Department of Agriculture in five | | years “Events are moving rapidly,” says the department’s forecast, “that it Is difficult to cateh their signifi- cance. The big central fact as to the early season’'s outlook is that a new chapter has been opened in the gen- eral after-war sftuation. “Only a short time ago the country was seemingly foaded down with sur- pluses of fiber crops, of grains and of live stock. For four successive Spring seasons farmers have made their plans against a backzround of distressing surpluses in the open country, with most of the time fat Prosperity in the citles. “We open our eves this Spring to something different. There are no resentments because the mere phrase “self-determination” has not made magic and there is still a yearning to have the world pay sufficient at- tention to the problem “of " racial minorities under allen. governments to fimd a solution of this menace to peace. > No one can travel in Europe or liye there without knowing something of the plight of Croats and Montenegring, of the Germans in the Itallan Tyrol, | of the Hungarians in Transylvania, of | the Slovaks in Czechoslovakia, of the minority groups in . Alsace and | Lorraine and dozens of _others, a plight of doubt and humiliation and hate not relieved substantially by the mere fact that enlightened Serbian, Italian, Rumanian, Czech and French’ opinion is all for tolerance, gemer osity, compromise and peace, The clamor to relieve . the so-called oppressed minorities following - the war has died down, and on this side of the Atlantic we have grown. al- most blind to the existence of these sores scattered all over Europe. If we pay attention to them as cases of indigestion, which may breed war later on, it would be folly to begin again to preach independence for every one who, wanted it; our best hope would be to accept the fact that not only the minority Jonah but the ruling whale suffers and that the nearest solution is the gradual grant- ing of generous measures of local au- tonomy. If the fashion of govern- ments in Europe goes toward ex- treme centralization, there will be trouble among the minorities and their rulers; if decentralization of ad- ministration becomes the style of next season, the minorities wili probably make the best of their uncomfortable situation, and like the colonles of old Rome even find some assurance in having a friendly protector. The whale at least saved Jonah from drownl (Copyright, 1998.) big agricultural the partly Moreover, expanded surpluses fictitious left, save one of cattle. the great city industrie: by a boom period, are al- ready bracing their feet against that dull aftermath wherein security inarkets, profit, property values—and finally wages—have nowhere lo go but’ down.. An all-round new chap- The astonishment which seenis most likely to follow that portion statement issued under the authority of the new Secretary hardly will bhe lessened. by what follows. The stat ment continues: “Agriculture might worry about ur- ban purchasing power if she wers still burdened with unwanted prod- ucts. But the shoe is almost shifted 1o the other foot. So much so tha judging from the lessened population movement, an increased number of farmers aparently feel it financlally safe to stay on the farms this Spring and put in their usual crops. Live Stock Outleok Good. “Returning strength in live stock prices is the most impressive of all the general signs. Except for the cat- tle industry, wherein the numbers on feed have for two years tended to ob- scure the liquidation in actual breed- ing stock, agriculture has obviously emptied its surpluses of the major crops and animals, “Over the country as a whole re- ports indicate that farmers have not gone into action so hopefully in five years.” The new spirit of confidence in the future which, the department say: prevails throughout the rtural sec- tlons is reflected in intentions to plant more wheat, corn, oats @nd other crops than in previous years. The new spirit of confidence in the future which, the department says, prevails throughout the rural sec- tions is reflected in intentlons to plant more wheat, .corn, oats and other ¢rops than in previous years. “Reports from all over the country last month,” says the statement, in- dicate intentions 'to Increase the acreage of Spring wheat 14 per cen corn, 2.3 per cent; oats, 5.6 per cent; barley, 23 per cent; grain sorghums, 11 per cent; sweet potatoes, 30 per cent; tobacco, 10 per cent; rice, 11 per cent, and /to decrease flaxseed 3.3 per cent and white potatoes 4 per cent this year as compared with last. “This is the first Spring in five years with any evidence of general stimulus in agriculture. Warns Against Overplanting. “If intentions to plant are carried out and the weather during the sea- son is such as to bring forth aver- age ylelds, production in many lines will be greater than in 1924." Against too great an expansion in the acteage planted to crops the de- partment sounds a word of warning, as follows: “It seems doubtful if “the general expansion of production contémplat- ed by farmers would be to their best interests. Increaseéd veturns for the crops of 1924 were lurgely due to reduced supplies, either in_this coun- rty or abroad, rather than to any increase in demand. The outlook in- dicates that any marked expansien in most lines would tend to lower prjces and result in less satisfactory se- turns te farmers” Why | of the | MESSENGER. RTH agitation of Demo- cratic presidential politics is expected upon the celebration of Jefferson’s birthday an- niversary at dinners that are planned in veral cities for that night, April 13. In Washington and in Kansas City, Mo., the dinners are ex- pected to attract Democrats of national prominence from several cities, A probable clash between the friends of William G. McAdoo and Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New York is looked upon as a possibility. Demo- cratic politicians of the rank and file are of the opinion that the presi- dential booms of these two gentlemen are bound to have a head-on collision some time In the near future Right of way for the respective booms is now being olaimed by the supporters of both men. The Smith boomers are having @ spurt of aotivity at present, induced by Gov. Smith's victories at Albany in securing legislation over the Republicans, who held the m Jority In both houses of the Leglsl ture. Tammany Hall has already the first play on the checkerboard. Judge Olvany, leader of Tammany Hall, has come out in an open declaration that Gov. Smith's i triumphs in the Legislature over his Republican opponents show he is the logical candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1928, and that if he runs for United vear he will win handsomely in that céntest. no matter who his opponent | may be, thus strengthening his pr. dential prospects made Praises Smith's Record. Judge Olvany declared that Gov. | Smith has made @ record tbat must have impressed voters throughout the | country. Modestly denving speaking for the Democratic State organiza- tion, he said the Democratic organi- zation in the City of New York In- dorses the suggestion that he is the logical candidate for the presldenwl nomination There is some discrepancy In the reports of the Kansas City dinner. Former Representative Shouse, who | was also Assistant Secretary of the | Treasury under Secretary McAdoo and a personal friend of Mr. McAdoo, in a recent dispatch from Kansas City. put the soft pedal on the Inti- mation that theres is to one of the two Kansas City Jefferson day dinners. In fact, he denied thas | any one authorized to speak for Mr. McAdoo has suggested a conferenoe of McAdoo supporters to be held at any of the dinners scheduled for that night in any city Democratic polificians are lof Mr. Shouse's expressed incredulity lovef 4 McAdoo rally on secount his prominence in the McAdoo family political council. Among the pro- moters of the Kansas City dinner is M. I. Fox. McAdoo's secretary-treas- {nrer’in the pre-convention campaign last xear: George R. Milton, who had charge of McAdoo's press publicity: former Secretary of Agriculture Mere. | | | | BY WILLIAM C. REDFIELD. Former Secretary of Commerce. Arbitration is as old as the stone age and as new as the day's morn It has long heen the practice, and ©one may say the increasing practice, of many leading business and trade organizations. It has worked so well as to have become & standardized cedure in prominent exchanges lehambers of commerce all over { land. It hus become Comtnon | helpful in the field of foreign trad land fs a definite objective of the in '!erumlonzl Chamber of Commerce and of many bodies of more re- tricted scope that co-operate with It Arbitration has “taken the air’ and wpeaks through efficient announcers throughout the land and across ihe seas. Old as it Is it is also the most recent illuminant of the shadows of modern trade. Efictency in Justice. Modern arbitration, howev. fers from that which until recentiy has prevailed both in what it is and {in.what it does. It is not conciliation. it is not mediatiom. It contains ele- ments of both and’ applies success- fully the considerate spirit of each. but It goes far beyond them. It is now, under recent State and national statutes, an effective means of doing Jjustice, simply, cheaply, quickly, clearly and finally. One of its most attractive elements is that, because of its simplieity and clearness promptly applied, it succeeds, upon the whole, In dolng Justice In such a Way as to satisfy all the parties con- cerned that real justice has been done. Another essential femture that it permits the settlement of dis- putes by men specially qualified to pass upon the matters concerned The State of New York has the honor of having enacted the first mod- ern arbitration law, followed year later by New Jersey, and in the pres- ent year not only by Oregon, but by a Federal statute of prime impor- tance. These laws concur in the fea- ture that, when an agreement to ar- bitrate has been made part of a vol- untary contract, the courts shall en- force that agreement. Having volun- tarily agreed to arbitrate. the parties cannot refuse to do so. An arbitra- laws the same binding effect as any other contractual agreement. Tt not been 80 hithertn; it is so now. This constitutes the great advance which these statutes provide. The decision of arbitrators acting under these statutes becomes a decision of a high- er court and is not in practice open to appeal save for fraud and other evi- dent causes. Lists of official arbitra- tors are provided by various recog- nized Incorporated bodies, and even courtrooms are furnished for hearings at a nominal price. Promoted In New York. The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York has long held an honorable primacy in promoting the modern development of commercial arbitration. Quite recently a number of powerful bodies have been created to educate the general public on the application ‘of the new laws and to promote the enactment of similar statutes .throughout the country. Among these are the Arbitration So- clety of America, the Arbitration Foundation and the Arbitration Con- ference Board. These organizations co-operate in a harmonious effort to forward one of the greatest modern | the first ¢ presidential | JEFFERSON DAY DINNERS . THREATEN REAL CLASHES Smlth-McAdoo Forces Believed Ready to Launch Booms Again, While Oldfield Backs Drive for Control of House. dith, who held the for McAdoo for about Hollins Randolph orgia delegation convention Seek to Recapture House. The Jefferson day dinner fn Was} ington is expected to be addressed by Willlam Jennings Bryan and Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was Mr Roosevelt who issued recently ihe suggestion of the calling ference of Democrats of nation-wide prominence to discuss plans for eorganization of the Democralic party his has raised a world of discus and comment expressing opinions upon the pollcy undertaking at this time. Violent exception was taken in s quarters to the proposition ment of Democrats said it ix too earl to begin to talk about 1925, and that sk in hand is to lay plans for capturing the next House of Rep resentatives in the congresslonal election of 1926. The chiel ady of this idea Is Representative Oldfield ©f Arkansas, chairman of the national congressional campaign committ Suiting action to the word, Mr. Ol field {s now abroad in the land acti Iy proceeding with organization plans looking to a Democratic victory in the election of the next House Towa 100 ballots leader of the New and the ¥ conflictine of such an States Senator next | be a grand | round-up of the McAdoo supporters at | dublous | tion clause has, therefore, under these | has | At all of the Jefferson day din- ners of April 13 it is likely that this subject will be uppermost, despite whatever undercurrent there may of political maneuvering amonz friends of the presidential candidate Presidential plans for 1%2% by the supporters of prospective dida will go in double plans r the preliminary side campaign G. P. 0. Ix Hopeful. Chairman Oldfield contends such big questions as the reorga zation of the Democratic party, pro- posed by Mr. Roosevelt, and Willia | J. Bryan's proposal that the South |and West should unite on the ldea hat the Eastern democracy does not | contain the essentials of the dential victory stew own for present Gov. Smith recently prominently to the f« | polftics the im revival of the and sectio Democratic So these Jefferson day dinners por tend some lively dissensions Democratic policies. Scoffing Repul |1icans look forward with cynical a ticipation of some lively rows these celsbrations. Republicans [that it is probable that the Dem will find themselves inning presidential campaign quarrelins |among themselves, and they 1 | with satisfaction the § Republicans, in of “the political territory, fail, they the figure of any Dem working on a plan for placating warring Democratic factions candidates, or the conflicting views on Democratic policies for 1928 harne b v should in ther Whe juice lssus ranks be therr o lie Inoking he land in the ene to discern rat who Arbitration Prmmple Brings Surer Justice in Industry steps toward e be- tween man cheaply. The attitude of the bar tosvard thi movement has not been so much help ful as creative. A committee of the n Bar Assoclation was a_po- factor in securing the New York Judges of the Stute Supreme are directors of the organiz Mr. dustiee Attorney Gen Beneh, w Arbitration Socleiy not panacea. | skillful professional guldance save it from rs. It he ever, a long step forward and shouhd | be welcomed as such. With its wid spread use the long delays in do justice which are familiar 10 us Will “fold their tents like Aral |and as silently steal away (Copyright, 1925.) rendering jus and man promptly Court tions named, @ Stone. trcently promoted from to the governor of Arbitration erul Supreme is the Rome Able to House Big Holy Year Crowd Careful counting of the rooms Rome available for visitors has shown that there areg 1,500 hotel rooms. of which a third in buildings con- structed within the last year. In ad- dition there are 4,000 rooms in private houses which can be engaged through the central committes for the anno santo. Further entertainment fered by the religious orders and the pligrim hotels malntained by Vatican Altogether, with these accommoda- tions, §,000,000 persons could visit Rome in the course of the year if each stayed only one night, or more than 1,000,000 if the average visit lasted one week. The fear that Ro would be overcrowded, which appears to have discouraged some visitors thus far, is thus quite unfounded. Inciden ally, the total number of visitors to ltaly in 1923, according fo the computa- tions of the official Italian touriet burean, 700,000, of whom 58008 were from North America The number increases from year to vear, and this year should be not far from 1,000,000, in addition to the pil- grims, who may number 300,000, The tourists in 1823 left in Italy more than $100.000,000 of foreign money American Films Fight For Life in Denmark The fight between the owners of the moving picture theaters in Copen- hagen, the representatives of Ameri- can films agencies and the municipal council continues aggressively. At a recent meeting the municipal council expressed the wish that no Danlish moving picture theater be controlled by Amerlcan film producers. The council will probably advise the gov- ernment to pass a law providing that the showing of films be not allowed in Danish theaters not owned hy Danish subjects. Such a law would do away with the. American film agencles in Denmark, but it fs doubr- ful if in this matter the government will follow the advice of the munici- pal council. The council has con- demned American films as generally expressive of bad taste and lack of culture.