Evening Star Newspaper, September 21, 1923, Page 6

THE EVENING STAR, With Sunday Morning Fdition. WASHINGTON, D. C. FRIDAY. ... September 21, 1823 THEODORE W. NOYES. L e The Evening Star Newspaper Company Business Office, 11th St, and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Office; 110 East 42nd St. Chicago Office: Tower Hlll.dlng. Eiropean OJM: 18 nolnn!h.l&eflun, ngland. The Eyening Star. with the Sunday morning edition, Is delivered by carriers within the elty t 60 cents per month; dally ouly, 45 cents per month; Sunday only, 20 ceuts per month. Or- dery may e sent by mail or telephoue Main 6000. Collection iy made by carriers at the end of each montl Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. Daily and Sunda: , $8.40; 1 mo., T0¢ Daily only. . .00; 1, mo., 50 Sunday onl, All Other States. Dafty and Sunday.d yr., $10.00; 1 mo., $5¢ S $7.00; 1 mo., 60c $3.00; 1 mo., 23¢ Member of the Associated Press. Tie Associated Press i exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dis- patches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and also the local news pub- lished hereln. ~ All rights of publi special dispateh Sunday onl; The Ship-Handling Plan Blocked. Attorney General Daugherty, in an opinion delivered to President Cool- idge, holds the Lasker-Farley plan for creating subsidiary corporations to handle the Shipping Board fleet to be illegal. The aiternatives presenting themselves are an appeal to Congress to enact a law authorizing the Ship- ping Board to carry out this plan, the formulation of a new plan or the con- tinuance of the present method of operating the vessels. The merchant marine problem has proved one of the hardest nuts to crack arising after the war. The gov- ernment, through the, Shipping Board and Emergency Fleet Corporation, has continued to operate these, vessels at amounting to some $40,000,000 vear. It has sought practieally without success to sell the vessels ta private American interests, with the understanding that the vessels will continue to fly the American flag in The late President he merchant marine question his most earnest attention, end pinned his faith to the so-called merchant marine subsidy bill as the hest means of bringing about the es- tablishment of an overseas American merchant marine privately owned and operated. While the merchant marine bill passed the House it never was per- mitted to come to a vote in the Senate and died at the close of the short ses- sion. With the many changes in the next Congress, it is predicted that a ship subsiay pan wili have no chance whatever, So President Coolidge must tackle the problem anew. The plan put for- ward by former Chairman Lasker and by Chairman Farley was the result of careful stuay of conditions. Tt looked Yo greater eficiency in the operation overseas trade. Harding gave t of the vessels by the government, and | at the same time to the building up of great shipping corporations, own- ing vessels, business, good will and ter.min: , which eventually might be solc as paying, going concerns to American citizens. It was opposed by shipping interests, which have hoped for a long time that in the end the _Shipping Board vessels must be sold for & song or junked, and by the bene- | ficlaries of’ the present mamager-agent plan of operation, under which the government pays all the losses and pays to the manageragents a per- centage of the gross receipts of the business done. The present.plan.is & sure thing for the manageragent. It dows away with any incentive to pur- chase the vessels. Whether Congress will seriously consider the Lasker-Farley plan de- pends upon whether it is put up to the legislative body by the President. If Mr. Coolidge, believes in the plan, and suggests the legislation to Congress, it will be taken up. If Mr. Coolidge is opposed to it, the plan dies, The Pres dent indicated that if the Attorney Generaltuled favorably to the plan he would appoint a speclal committee to study the matter further before it was put into effect. He may yvet appoint such a committee to aid the Shipping Board in finding a solution of its problem. In any event the President and the cabinet will have to give the matter their attention in the near future. ————————— President Coolldge desires the gov- ernors of statés to discuss the gues- tion of law enforcement. Too many laws are drifting toward a dangerous condition of unemployment. ———— 8pafn's -economic methods ‘will. be worth_studyirig if she can devise a rellablé system for revolutionse that do mot materially interfere with busi- ness.” * et A number of people are anxious to sec Démpsey deprived of the cham- pionship. Father Time will attend to that. Court and Klan. Gov, Walton of Oklahoma wins the first round of the legal fight. Yester- ay a district judge ruled that the military power is supreme in Okla- “horna, dismissing petitions for habeas corpus filed in behalf of three men held by the militia officers for .par- ticipation in the Tulsa county flog- ging. While an exception to the Tul- ing has been filed, and the case will therefore probably go to the supreme court of the state, thefe is little reason 16 ‘look for a reversal, as in such cases the courts usually hold the ac- complished acts of -executive officers to be valid. In other words, the courts @s a rule sustain the judgment of the executive in respect to the existence of emergencies. With ‘the military’ rule ‘established by the governor’s actipn. thus upheld by at least the court of first instance, & mevement for iryseachment becomes less important. It is, indeed, to “be doubted if a majority of the leglsla- ture will assemble and seek to chal- lenge ‘the authority of the governor. At first he was inclined to seek to pre- vent & meeting. Now he is advised to fet“the meéting be held, if one i at-| rempted, and to disregard it as illegal and ireffective. The speaker of the lower house, who is a supporter of the governor, has declared that a session ,®f the legislature would be illegal, Editor while leaders of the impeachment movement arinounce’ that the speaker would, in case of a meeting, be de- ‘posed from his office. It is quite a long way between the call for such a meeting and an actual assemblage and action. Members who may in the first flush of feeling be in. clined to support an impeachment move are likely -to hdsitate, in the, light of the decision of the court that military rule is valid. If, however, im. peachment is undertaken by an ir- regularly sitting legislature, and it re- sults in a declaration of ouster from office, it is altogether probable that Gov. Walton would refuse to recog- nize the validity of the procedure and hold firmly to his post. In- that event a dual government would be installed in Oklahoma, one recognized by the courts and the other by the legisla- ture. But with the state militia sup- porting him, and .with the courts sus- taining his position, it is hardly con- celvable that the governor would yleld or would fail to exercise efficient au- thority. Continued effort to oust Gov. Wal- ton frpm his office in face of the court decision thus far rendered would be in line with the spirit of coercion by extra-legal means which animates the organization for the suppression of which as a factor in Oklahoma affairs Gov. Walton is now working. The executive of the state has proceeded thus far within the boundaries of legal right. The organization which is defy- ing him has, by the decision of the court, placed itself outside of those boundaries. ——————————— A Sacrifice to Science. The tragedy yesterday at the bu- reau of standards was one of the sac- rifices that science makes in its prog- ress and development. The cost was a heavy one. Four lives were lost and six of the laboratory workers were seriously hurt: A material dam- age was caused estimated at $10,000, much smaller, of course, than the loss in life, for which no adequate com- pensation can be made. Only speculation is possible as to the cause of the accident. It is be- lieved, however, that it was due to a short-circuit spark igniting the gas that had accumulated within the air- tight chamber in which an airplane motor was being tested to determine the loss, of fuel by evaporation. The tests under way -were designed to show the efficlency of air motors at different altitudes, as measured by the degree of vacuum in the testing cham- ber. The casualties were due to the assemblage of a number of men with- in immediate range of .the explosion and within @ restricted space. The work of the bureau of standards s in large measure deslgned to in- crease safety, to decrease the percent. age of accident. Tests are made as to the strength of materials and the power of fuels and explosive sub- stances. There is no possible calcula- country of these tests. Buildings and all other struc- tures are stronger and more durable because of them. Industrial processes are safer and more efficient. And this work has been conducted on a steadily increasing scale for a good many years, with a remarkably. small per- centage of mishaps. Yesterday's acci dent was the worst in the history of the Institution. Seemingly no one is to be blamed for it. It was simply one of those things that may happen at any time in the course of laboratory work where dangerous elements are being handled. The keenest sympathy is felt for those who are hurt and for the fami- lies of those who died. Material aid, if it is needed, will undoubtedly be forth- coming. The government itself makes but small provision for thése who are injured in its service. In this case Congress should by special enactment recognize the government’s obligation. —————— Earthquakes —are reported from Italy, but the fact that they are geo- logical and not political in character { prevents them from getting as much attention as they might have under ordinary circumstances. —_—————— Italian statesmen are now trying to impress the comforting suggestion that they are settling matters in their own way in order to save trouble for the league of nations. ———————— A strike problem assumes peculiar difficulty when definite information as to what the strike is about is mot generally available until gfter the men have quit work. & —_——ee—— Lord Renfrew has become so well known that in order to remain incognito the Prince of Wales may have to look up another name. ————— | New York newspapers were handi- !capped in printing the really big news item to the effect that there were no newspapers. ——————— The Milk Row. In the controversy between milk producers and distributors the main point of interest to the people of the i District is thdt there shall be no in- | teffuption of supply, no lowering of quality an¢ > increase in the price of milk. The health officer announcés that his office will protect consumers. Spokesmen of the producers’ associa- {tion have said that the association does not contemplate an increase in price to distributors, that the-asso- clation will ingure a full supply of milk to Washington and that “not a child shall suffer nor a customer go begging.” Spokesmen for a group of distributors say they refuse to recog- nize the association of producers be- cause it wotld put control of the milk supply of Washingten under that as- sociation, and that then the quality of milk might be lowered or the price raised. Representatives of the producers make specific denial to each chdrge made by the aistributors. They say that the farmers, members of the as- soclation, are “standing firm for the right of co-operative marketing”; that their association has been formed in accord with the co-operative associa- tions law of Maryland and federal statutes, and that their association had the approval of the Secretary of ‘Agriculture and of othér dairy and farm experts in the sefvice of the na- tional government. + The public bas not and cannot have tion of the value to the people of this | experiments and | pus rushes and so much is lost! | ciprocate by taking an activ that close and detalled knowledge of milk production and distribufjon which would entitle it io an opinion on the merits of dispute. Both parties to the quarrel give assurance that they are acting in the interest of the public and also In their own interest. The producers seem more emphatic than the distributors.in saying that cons| sumers shall not suffer, and the Dis- trict -health office, which has super- vision over milk shipped to and di: tributed in Washington, is on guard. Speed the Source of Danger. The other day @ government official had a very narrow escape from death in a traffic accident In this city. He was being driven to the stat{on to catch a train. Time was short and the chauf- feur was hurrying. He tried to “jump dcross him” ahead of two approaching street cars after checking his machine partly, and missed. He was caught between the two cars, and only by a miracle was there an escape from death, This case, so fortunately free of fatality, illustrates one of the most dangerous factors in the traffic situa- tion, the desire to make time. A hait at that crossing td permit the street cars to pass would have cost perhaps five seconds, maybe ten. As a result of trying to save those few seconds not only was the train missed but damage amounting to several thou- sand dollars was inflicted, with all but the death of two or perhaps more peo- ple. So little is gained in these impetu- The other night an unidentified motorist coming into Washington from the di- rection of Baltimore was in such a hurry that near Hyattsville he side- swiped @ car that he was overtaking and threw it into a ditch, overturning it, with the serious, possibly fatal, in- jury of its two occupants. There was probably not the slightest reason for his speed, no urgency of errand. Who he is will perhaps never be known, as he rushed on without halting to see the extent of the damage he had caused. Speed, needléss speed, is the cause of most of the traffic accidents to mo- torists and to pedestrians. The vic- tims of the speed crashes are usually wholly innocent of any rule breaking. Only occasionally is the speeder him« self punished by his own folly. The fact that a motor car can make fity or sixty miles an hour is no war- rant whatever for such a speed in con- gested area. No car can possibly be run with safety in the city at a speed of over thirty miles, and at that rate is not in such control as to be sure of avolding accidents. A speeding car cannot be braked quickly, and in a city dangerous conditions develop in- stantly, so that all drivers, to be safe for themselves and for their charges and for others ahead of them, must be in a position to deal with them as quickly. They cannot possibly do this when they are speeding. —_———— A certified check for a million as installment No. 1, handed Premier Yamamoto by Ambassador Woods is as good an assurance as could be de- sired of the friendly relations between Japan and the U. S. A. —_—————————— Women now attend prize fights, but men as yet absolutely refuse to re- interest in the sewing circles. ———— Sovietists who think the U. S. A. government needs overturning might offer a few suggestions on how to make matters worse in Oklahoma. —_—————— Germany may be trying to make its new paper currency sufficiently fine in appearance to have value in the eyes of art collectors, SHOOTING STARS. RY PHILANDER JOHNSON. The Farmer, I wish the gentle farmer ‘Would consent to reappear { The literary charmer That he was of yester year. 1 wish that he would mutter “By Gosh” or else “By Heck" And not stand forth to utter Strange thoughts our calm to wreck. I wish his trousers ample Inside his boots he'd tuck And be a gay example Of optimistic pluck. His phrases economic Now make me heave a sigh. 1 wish he'd be as comic As in the days gone by. Pictorial Prominence. “You have not made many speeches this summer.’ “No,” answered Senator Sorghum, “I have spent most of my time being photographed, Tt begins to look to me as if a statesman nowadays were Judged not 80 much by his public ut- terances as by ‘how he looks in the movies.” Jud Tunkins says he wishes he could join some kind of a secret so- ciety whose constitution and by-laws required 2 man to do eight hours work per day and get eight hours sleep. Laws and Enforcement. Of laws we quickly make a score. (Enforcement’s. ways are devious.) And then we have to make some more To help the ones just previous. Teamwork. “Which do you most admire, money or brains?” “There must be a combination,” re- plied Miss Cayenne. “Either can be made to look foolish without the other.” AR Synthetic Strategy. “Why did that bootlegger make such a wild race with his motor car?” asked the innocent bystander. “The police found no liquor aboard.” i “He makes that kind of a demon- stration every few days,” answered Uncle Bill Bottletop, “to create the impression that he imports the stuff instead of makin’ it peacefully in his own dttic.” “I tries to be kind to.dumb ani. mals,” said Uncle Eben. “I wish dar was some kind of a sussiety dat could persuade a mule to reciprocate.” Can Europe Hold Together? VIII—The Baffling French Debt. BY.JOHN F. SINCLAIR. The population” of France has d creased by two millions. since 1913. Her national annual income per capi- ta has decreased from $185 {n 1913 to not more than $150 today. Her na. tional debt has increased per capita from $166 in 1913 to $1,605 in’ 1923. For every dollar the government of France paid in interest eharges in 1913, she must now pay $12, while for every dollar of national income she had in 1913 to pay with she now has only 81 cents. /To add to this problem, she is sell- ing tax-exempt government bonds. By issuing these tax-exempt bonds what really {8 happening s this: The sur- plus profits of the large Industrial groups are more and more getting under cover and evading future taxes on their wealth, while the taxpaying classes of France—middle class peo- ple_and laborers, who live by their work and not by’ their Investments— face heavier and heavier tax burdens. Taxes are being shifted more and more from the rich to the poor. Taxes, to be just, should be based on ability to pay. Only in this way can a natlon grow strong. But the policy of France is just the reverse. Even beforé the war the large finan- clal anl industrial groups who, through Poincare, control the politics of France, have always followed a policy of indirect taxation. Only the indirect taxes which can be shifted are popular with the controlling ele- ment. When we realize that France must have ten times as much in taxes "today as in 1913 and that the present policy of France tends more and more to relieve those of large wealth by selling to them tax-exempt bonds, we can understand that the present pol- icy can lead only to national disaster. ‘We can conclude, therefore, that the French public finances are in a mess and the present policy if con- tinued for long will only lead to bankruptcy and repudiation by the government itself or revolution by the masses. (TR = Before the war France bought each year two hundred million dollars more goods than she sold. Here is the way she paid this account: In 1914 she had invested outside of France 8,000 millions of dollars. The interest on this sum was 300 millions of dollars a year. Agaln tourists who went to France each year left about 150 millions of dollars. Then her ships doing a world business gave her another 50 millions of dollars each year. Now these items which the economist calls “invisible exports” totaled 500 millions of dollars a year —two and a half times the amount needed yearly to square the account. The problem, you see, was easy and simple, Now let us see what the war did to this situation. Of the 8,000 millions of which France has “invested 6,000 millions was {n Russia. This is now practically all lost. Of the bal- ance 1,000 millions of dollars was in- vested in the Balkan states and Turkey. France has lost perhaps 85 per cent of her forelgn investments as a result of the war. Her other invisible exports vielded her nothing from 1914 to 1919 To add to her troubles France has bought during the past tén years an average of 1.200 millions of dollars more goods on the world market eacheyear than she has sold. At the same time she has had little or no invisible exports to help her square this account. Re- sult—she has piled up $12,000,600.000 of debts outside of France, which must sooner or later be paid. This foreign debt is equal to 19 per cent of the total It Is much harder to take care of this 19 than of the 81, which ghe owes to her own people. Because the must be paid in either gold or goods (invisible exports included). eannot pay in gold, for if she sent all her gold she could pay only 11 | cents on each dollar owing outside of her country. procedure would completely alize her internal currency. Then if she cannot send gold, she must fall back on sending goods encugh to square the account. To pay her foreign debt In fifty years France would be required to sell 750,000,000 more goods a year than she buys. Only by enormously in- dollars outside, demor- WASHINGTON BY FREDERIC When President Coolidge and David Lloyd George meet at the White House next month they'll have one {toplc of peculiarly mutual interest. {Both of them-had as political and educational mentors in early life { humble village cobblers. Mr. Coolidge gave public credit, a few days after { he became President, to James Lucey, { Northampton shoemaker, “for my be- {ing where T am today.” Lloyd George, the son of poor parents, lost his father when & very young lad and | was brought up by a fond uncle, who was a mender of boots at Cricceith, Wales. “L. G.” never tires of recail- {ing the debt of gratitude he owes to his cobbler-uncle. He will be sure { when hobnobbing with President { Coolidge to want to know the story of “Jim” Lucey of Northampton. * k kX Woodrow Wilson was probably the only President of the United States who wore the insignia of his office— the offictal shield of the republic. Thereby hangs an_interesting tale. When Mr. Wilson became President of Princeton University a local jew- eler presented him with a scarf pin bearing the coat of arms of the house of Nasseu. When he was elected Governor of New Jersey the same benefactor gave Mr. Wilson another pin adorned with the arms of the state. This ornament the President- clect wore to Washington when he arrived to be inaugurated, on March 4. 1913, He actually had the pin in his scarf when he drove up Pennsyl- vania avenue to the Capitol with Mr. Taft. To the astonishment of ob- servant onlookers, President Wilson emerged from the Capitol with an- other scarf pin—one consisting of the national shield. It, too, had been pre- sented by the Princeton jeweler and Mr. Wilson put it on within & few moments after having taken the residential oath. It was seldom iss- P from his necktie while he occu- pled the White House. * K K K How many articles of agricultural produce - are thete. which America imports from abroad and which our farmers might Tearn how to grow? The question was up at the.yester- day cabinet meeting. Here's a list of our chief agricuitural imports, with totals for 1922 and the countries of origin: I 1 ik (Ja ar (1 Seton) s and_skins (Argentica, 'C ada, Brasii Uruguay) * 3 Willlam S.. Kenyon of Iows, now a United States circult ‘judge, was a visitor to Washington this week, en route to the west from his summer toreign debt | France | loreasing her productlon and drasti- cally curtailing her consumption can she ‘o this. How difficult this really is can best be understood when we know that in no year during the past twenty-five hi France ever sold as muck as she has bought. That is the real reason why she has not been able to pay even the interest on her foreign debts. to_ either the United States or Great Britain. * % ¥ X But there Is another snag in the way. Northern France must be re- built and it will take about 20,000 millions of dollars to do it. France has started the work arfd has ac- complished remarkable results. But it has only aggravated her bafiing finance problem. Her overheads are mounting higher. Her public debt in- terest, pensions and_reparation ex- penses now absorb 76 cents out of every dollar raised In France for the government. And the government is ralsing by taxes only 50 per cent of what she spends. i France knows that hér financlal salvation lies in more production and less consumption. But it is one thing to have great production ca- pacity and quité ‘another to get orders enough to run 100 per cent capacity. That France is now finding out. The annual present capacity of France in pig Iron is estimated ut .670,000 tons, and In steel, 8,600,000 tons. In 1922 the total output reached 58 per cent of the pig- iron capacity and 32 per cent of the steel. Why &0 small a production? Lower purchasing power in Europe, the' slowing down . of production, ‘more trade restrictions such as‘ tariffs, | visas, etc., and in France not enough coal ‘and coke to supply the ovens and furnace: b Well what about coal and coke? In 1913 France consumed 75 mil- 1lons of tons of coal. She produced 45 millions and imported 30 millions additional. Today she is importing about the same amount as formally, but prices have doubled and higher prices for coal mean higher and higher manufacturing costs for France. Before the war France needed 7,- 000.000 tons of coke annually. She produced only 3,500,000 tons and im- ported about as much again, mostly from Germany. 1In 1922 France pro- duced 1,000.000 tons and imported over five times that amount. Prices have likewise doubled during the past year on this article. She now has jiron and steel, but they are valuable only as she can provide cheap coal {and cheap coke. She has already {found her great fron and steel in- dnstries serfously hampered for lack {of both eoal and coke. This crisis {has been coming to a head ever since the close of the war. She knows that her one salvation from bank- {ruptey and debt repidiation lies in isurplus production. But she must {have more coke and coal for her {own price. Where can she get it 50 that she may become economic independent? By this time vou will ihave guessed where these things o | necessary for her are located. Both are found In_enormious quantities in | the Ruhr. rmany produced 190,- { 000,000 tons of coal in 1922 and 114,- 000,000 of it came from the Ruhr. * o % % i So in January, 1923, France e itered the Ruhr, not to make ( {many pay reparations, but first and {foremost” to get cheap coke and { cheap coal to assist ber in increasing | her production and t6 -be well s {plied in the future struggle for bread {that is surely and swiftly approach- | ing. | In a word, France, now almost able to feed herself from her own i production, and driven almost to madness by her financlal difficulties, has definitely cast her weight into the scale pan of civilization on.the side of business nationalism. balance {of power alllances and financial and ! economie imperialism. She has come to the conclusion that her future j welfare lies more and more along that line; backed up by such military strength as Is necessary to get re- sults It ! s only a little step from this At the same timé this ) y and | JRos o e enat Of e military and | government is the established oné in economic dictator -of Europe. This Is the story of France today as I read the figures. Tomorrow.—"“The Problem of Ger- many.” (Copy 1923, Britain ' by Alliance. orth American Newspaper All rights reserved.) OBSERVATIONS WILLIAM WILE home in Maine. He called on sen- atorial and other political cronies of former days, but fervently averred he is out of politics forever and ave. On the subject of running for Presi- dent in 1924 as an ultra-republ n progressive, Kenyon is deprecation itself. He is sald to indulge in dis. of the scheme whereby his elevation to the federal bench was to make room in the Senate for a less vocif- erous “radical” from Towa. Th came Brookhart. - e S. S. MeClure, veteran magazine editor, is in Washington on a pertod- ical reconnoitering tour. He spent the summer in Europe and ran across lished war history. A former mem- ber of the German diplomatic serv- ice disclosed to McClure that when the kaiser made peace with the bol- shevists at Brest Litovsk, taking Russia out of the war, the Germans concluded a secret treaty with the reds. This provided for the delivery of the czar and his family to the Hohenaollerns, ostensibly for the pur- pose of preserving their lives. Later (according to McClure's informant) the bolshevists learned that Ger- many’s real purpose was to re-estab- lish Nicholas IT on the throne of Rus- sia_as the ally-vassal of the Hohen- zollerns. When they heard of this the reds decided to make way with the czar, the czarina and their chil- dren. ot 5 \ Sir Campbell Stuart,’ managing di- rector of the London Times, was one of President Coolidge’s recent callers, Stuart is a young Canadian, who once sold Otls elevators, .but was discov- ered by Lord Northcliffe and ad- vanced, in meteoric fashion, to rank and power. He accompanied North- cliffe to the United States in 1917 as that British high commissioner’s mili- tary aide, and later was rewarded with a knighthood. The London Times, now_controlled by the Angli- cized ‘branch of ‘the American Astor ngflly._recpntly disclosed the steps taken to keep it a truly national in- stitution. It has been provided by the new proprietors “that no person shall hereafter acquire an interest in its controlling shares unless with the approval of a body of trustees, to be chosen from among the occupants of certain exalted positions in the com- munity. “Insthis way . there will be substantial _security ~ that the his- toric traditions of the Times will not be changed unless for weighty and high-principled reasons. * ok ok % Promoters of the new Hotel Hard- ing at Marion, Ohio, walted until after the late President's passing be- fore advertising broadcast over the country for purchases of the com- pany's mortgage gold bonds. A 6% per cent issue of these, totaling $275,- 000, fs now on the market. Mr. Hard. [ing is nndo:md vu!nv‘a T - t:d more than a year &go 4&n e o float the - securities -publicly, %‘Ifll’ that it would be an undue use of his nd high office. x (Oupyeight, 1923.) creet fits of laughter when he thinks | an amazing plece of hitherto unpub- | i ‘necessarily d | established in the 'state, in United States and Great | | ognized standard lar | page : publi | tederal Constitu j merce. CAPITAL KEYNOTES BY PAUL V. COLLINS, In war news, the latest from the front may ‘be discredited before it arrives, for conditions change momen- tarily. The Oklahoma “war” between the' regularly constituted administra- tlon by the elected officials and the “invisible empire” may at any moment completely change the situation. In the following remarks there is no intent to discuss the Ku Klux Klan with its claims of justification for taking action against individuals who offend it. It is intended to bring out a few legal phases of the conflict, together with precedents of deflance of official administration and the relation of the federal and state governments in such crises. PR It has been assumed generally that the federal government had no con- cern in state affairs, unless a gov- ernor or legislature calls upon the seneral government for ald, confess- ing that the situation had got beyond state control. Such, however, is not wholly the case, according to high logal authorities. Precedegits of his- tory do not lmit federal concern in rebellion against state authorities to cases of official appeal to the Pres- ident. A state cannot call on another state for help, but ean call Iy for federal aid. The general government also may decide to in- terveno without such a call from the state, under certaln conditions. * ok ko The United States Constitution, article IV, section 4, provides: “The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a re- publican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion: and on application of the legislature, .or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.” On the face of the above, it has been popularly assumed that the fed- eral government cannot Intervene un- til asked to do so by the legislature or by the governor, if the legislature cannot be convened In the present situation in Oklaho- ma the legislature could be convened, but the governor charges that it is controlled by the Ku Klux Kian, against which all the fight is being made. and if it were convened -it would seek to fmpeach the governor for enforcing state laws against ‘the “invisible emplre” warring against the state and charged with terroriz- ing the people. Hence, the governor refuses to oonvene the legislature and threatens to jafl members who, undertake to convene without: his| call. * ok ok % In such a situation, can the legisla- ture call for federal aid against the &overnor and his martial rule by the state mflitia. Or can the governor call for federal aid without convening the legislature? Or, if both parties fail to call for aid, can President Cool- t, without such a call from the There are historical prec- for the last suggested possi- C R Prof. John Ordronaux, law profes sor of Columbia Law School, is a rec uthority. His “Or- ux's Constitutional Legislation,” says: faving formed a ‘more perfect Union' of republican states than e isted under the Articles of Confede tion, it was n ry to its perpe- tuity that the republican character hould be forever maintained as a sine qua non of state autonomy. No broken link could be permitted in such a chain of political hegemony Sinee the adoptien of the Constitu- ion the question -of deciding: what constitutes a republican form of gov- ernment has alwavs devolved upon Congress. ~ The question. is a politicai one, and not to be answered in w judi- clal tribunal. In the case of Luther v. Borden, Chief Justice Tan aid: 1t rests with Congress to decide what a state. For, Euarantees to form the United States ach state a republican of government, Congress must ide what government is efore it can republican determine or not.’ ‘This guarantee form sf government does not, ever, designate any particular go ernment as republican, nor is the xact form to be gu: teed espe- v mentioned. * - The practical interpretation of the decision, sa Taney, that a re- n form of government in a state means a political society which acknowledges its subordination to the on, and administers its government in a manner especially provided in its own constitution. * k% whether it is of The same author, Ordronaus, prove inadequate to ablishment of its civil authority, ind then alone, can the general ment intervene, either upon the application of the executiv slature or as in the case of ded states, upon prima facle of the overthrow of lawful within the terms of the Constitution, . * %k L is exactly hington did. in rebellion in what President the case of the western Penn- in 1794, History relates Mifflin was too timid and ting to deal with the corn around Pittsburgh in their re- bellion against a federal tax on whisky. Because of lack of transpor- tation, they had no means to carry their corn to market, except as con- densed into whisky. When the fed- eral government put a small tax on whisky, they refused to pay it, then rioted, murdered collectors, burned public warehouses and robbed the mails to discover what was being written_about_their riots. Gov. Miffin “wrote them a scolding letter.” but President Washington, without Gov. Mifflin’s call, requisi- tioned Pennsylvania, New Jerse: Maryland and Virginia for troops, and marched 15000 against the rioter: That was sanctioned by the courts, which certified to President Washing- ton that in counties of Washington and Allegheny laws of the United States were set at naught and that the courts were unable to enforc them. It appears then that the action of the President was taken at the call of federal courts to enforce federal laws. * X k * A hundred years later President Cleveland sent troops into Chicago to protect the mails and interstate com- This was done against the open protest of the Governor of Illi- nois, who was charged with acting in sympathy with the Debs railroad strike. President Roosevelt did not find it necessary to send troops into the coal reglon, but he relates in his books how he had all plans laid to take military possession of the mines, overruling all courts by military power. That had nothing to do with violation of federal laws, but was for the “general weltare” to supply all people with coal, pending a strike which state authorities were seem- ingly unable to control. No state call for aid was made. * %k X X As plainly stated at the White House, there will probably he no fed- eral initiative in the Oklahoma sit- uation without a call from state au- thorlties. It a situation should arise in which Gov. Walton would be captured, with- out his death, could any successor function, under state laws? And in the absence of any functioning state authority to call for federal aid, Would that be taken as “prima facie evidence” justifying federal . inter- zrena-. to maintain a republican rm of govéernment, as was done by President Lincoln, in the secesglon of states? P. V. Coilins.) e T ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN ~ Q. Of what disease do most of the phimals (n"the Zoo.djé?—H. J. F. | A. Redords of the National Zoolog- ’lnu Park for'the past elght 'years show that enteritis is the most com |mon cause of death. Enteritis is the medical term for inflammation of ‘the intestines and covers, of course, spe- cific troubles of véry different origins. Q. Does President Coolidge draw the President’s salary or the Vice President’s?—V. D. i A. President Coolidge draws the salary of the President of the United States, which is $76,000 a year. Q. What proportion of the farms of the United States use electricity?—A. L. G. A. The rural lines committee of the Natlorial Electric Light Association estimates that 5.4 per cent of the farms ‘of the country are supplied with electric energy from central sta- tions and individual plants. Q. When and where is the next publishers' convention?—R. D. A. Tne National Publishers’ Asso- ciation will hold its annual meeting September 18,19 at Briarcliff Lodge, Briarciiff Manor, New York. Q. Wrat Is the origin_of the pe- culfar cry of the fascisti?—M. W. D. A. The Itallan embassy says that the fascisti have adopted the cry “eja, eja, eja, alal'a,” which the poet- warrfor Gabriele d’Annunzio used dur- ing the recent war when in command of a squadron of airplanes called *Sere- nissima,” after the. medieval republic of Venice. D'Annunzio himself had revived this cry, which was used by the crews of the Venetian galleys in the middle ages. Q. When was the first terrestrial globe made?=L. J. P. A. The oldest example of a térres- trial gloBe known is that constructed at_Nnremberg in 1492. One of the earliest to contain both hemigpheres is that in the New York Public Li- brary, and is of date 1506-1507. Q. Why do secret societies set fire to a cross?—H. L. A. The fiery cross has been for many centuries a. signal to gather peoples of certain organizations or affiliations together. Q.. What is meant “Steilian Vesper: A. The name * given to the ma by the term —J. J. ian Vespers” was acre of the French in siclly, because the carnage at Palermo, Italy, on the day after Easter .(March 30, 1252), took place while_the: church bells were ringing for. the .vesper service. Charles of Anjou, France, had oppressed the conquered Sicilfan people, who arose on this day and massacred all the French ' résidents of the city, even Italians and Sicilians who had mar- ried "Freénch cltizens. Q. How do the profits of the Pan- ama canal compare” with the cost of building it?—R. A. G. A. The Panama Canal Commis- sion says that the profits from the canal to date have “been approxi- r‘:mlll;l‘y u:,oov.)tfi, while the cost of uilding the canal was approximately $375,000,000. Ny Q- Where was Nathan Hale buriea? A. The body of Nathan Hale was placed in an unmarked grave and its location was never disclosed. Despite the fact that the anthracite. miners have gone back to wark the coal situation continues the chief topic of editorial comment. There is a decided growing feeling that it will not be settled until Congress takes such action as will prevent tie-ups in the future. The demand for legislation, voiced now for more than a year, is taking on most insistant form. Incidentally the Pinchot appeal for sion are held to prove beyond ques- tion that only Congress can find the remedy for existing abuses. “Within the field of principles laid down by the commission,” the Balti- more Sun holds, “there is obviously an area in which the particular rights of organized labor and organized capital may reasonably conflict. If they cannot reconcile their diffe; ences through their own machinery; if industry cannot solve its own pro lems amicably, the Congress of the United States must intervene.” That likewise is the view of the Albanay Knickerbocker Press, which, however, replying to suggestions that much of the action demanded of Congress is communistic in char- acter, insists “mine owners, mine operators and miners need fear no radical action by the public if a jdecent regard for the public interest actuates their conduct.” Then, again, as the New York I'ost points out, the experienced consumer will not expect much from Gov. Pinchot's efforts to see that somebody el pays for the latest advance in coal. The consumer has won & two-vear breathing spell. The Ceal Commission suggests a basis for better conditions. Finally the consumer should resort to a little self-help by giving atten- tion to the possibilitise of consumers’ co-operative buying associations organization is an advantage to the miner and the operator, as it plain- 1y t would be an advantage to the man for whom both miner and operator 1s working.” *okok & The present arrangement, the Phil- adelphia Bulletin insists, “is plainly a makeshift,” and action must be takén so that the public, “as a paramount party shall have a voice which must be heard'and respected.” “The public,” goes on the Rochester Times Union, “is simply called on to deliver, or g0 without coal,” because, as the Buffalo News contint ihas not come to the industr years hence there will upheaval, unless Congress declares the public directly in interest—i less it takes action to bring the .in- dustry under a fair measure of I government control. In connection with the debate which has been .in progress ever since the strike was settled the Omaha World Herald wonders why “President Coolidge passed up the honor to Gov. Pinchot and whether it was done on purpose?’ The World Herald also insists, despite the sup- plemental “reports, -that “all the fig- ures gathered by the Coal Commission went for naught. s S | Objecting to this thought, cinnatl Times Star insists “it is onl. in'its recommendations that the Coul Commission is hagy. Or rather its report so generalizes as to fail to have immedlate applicability. ~The reaction to the report' is not goimg to revolutionize the coal industry or any other. But it represents sincere investigation and calm consideration. Th retrospect it may become one of the significant_economic documents of our time.” Because “in this settlement the miners gain a little, the operators Jose nothing and the public stands the cost,” the Albany News insists “aome way must be found to put the n o basi . coal business on & basi The Duluth Herald warmly indorses tiie Pinchot declaration that. “it is time to be giving official attention to the retail ‘price of hard. coal. -The coal-carrying.rajlroads. e ros- e cwmorshin of coal mines are still pretty much the same. It will be surprising if the action against gouging and the latest | report of the Federal Coal Commis- | TeHt's a grouchy d | of > Q. Should a photograph be viewed {ih hoth eyes; or with one eye only? i A. The pioture taken with a single fend and it will be found that in order to seesjust what the camera récorded one eye should be closed. ‘When so viewed the figures stand out and the picture seems to haves depth ‘which is lost when viewed with beth eve Q. Are seaweeds used to make get- atin fn:this country correspondng to the agar-agar of the orfent?—3, A. W. A. Such an industry is 4n ‘its in- fancy along the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. Q. How old'is the city of Glasgow? —L M. C. A, The origin of Glasgow and its earilest community is not a matter or authentlc récord. One historian says its cemetery was consecrated in the fifth century. A continuous outline of its history dates from 1124. Q. When did the first Americans attempt to find the north pole V. C. F. % A. The first American expedition for arctic _exploration left Phila- delphia on.November 4, 1753, Q. Is it true that the weasel useful to the farmer?—H. M. C. A. Weasels live almost entirely on live animals which are péSts to the farmers, Mice, ground squirrels, rab- bits and chipmunks are favorite food Q. Where s the battle of flowers held?>—D. L. F. A. While battles of flowers are held in connection with many car- nivals, Villefranche sur-Mer, the great 'French Mediterranéan winter resort, has‘an event known ay the Battle' of Flowers, Q. Are railway locomotfves com- pelled ‘to have electric headlights’— A G. A. The Interstate Commerce Com- mission says that there was an order established in 1917 whereby rallroad locomotives were compeiled to have electric headlights. Q. Where are the pictured rocks?- C.F. & 3 A. A series of sandstone cliffs, 300 feet high, stretching along the shore of Lake Superior for about five miles. are given themame “Pictured Rocks.” They are about forty-five mliles cast of Marquette. Q. When was the postal money or- der system started?—H. L. . _A. The Postal Guide says “In 1864 the need for, some safe method by which small sums of money could sent by malil became S0 pressmg that Congress passed the act authorizing a postal money order system. The pos- tal money order service thus estab- lished was the ploneer in the money order field in the United States. The fact that absolute safety is thereby assured at a nominal cost acec for the remarkable growth and. popu- larity of this postal facility.” Q. Is there a plant where willow wood is used for the making of arti- ficlal limbs?—A. F. O. A, The forest service says that willow wood is used in $0 per cent of the artificial limbs that are manu- factured. ~ Sometimes basswood is used. Willow is very satisactory, as it has the combined necessary prop- erties of lightness and strength. (The Star Information Burequ will answer your question. Give your full name and address and send your query to The Star Information Bureau, Fred-1 eric J. Haskin, Director, 1220 North Capitol street. The only charge for this service is 2 cents in stamps for return | postage.) Ultimate Control of ‘Coal By Congress Seen by Editors" | Interstate Cémmerce Commission can- Mot find.here a point where the con- umer can be helped. Any increase greater than 50 cents a ton would be ion on the public. ~Any in crease applying to coal mined before the settlement would be a plain hold- up. And the examination of freight rates and dealers’ margins may dis- close the fact that instead of there 1 ‘hlvan: any hu*r‘;s.w at all there should {be a arp reduction i ce of | anthracite. s | .. Even the govern the Cinecinnati Snquirer believes, realized “the weak- Ss of his settlement as a relief to | consumer. The governor, who | loudly professed interest in the co | sumer at the opening of the con- | ferences. left it for the last phase of his settlement. That is. the public. which should have had at least con- curreifit, consideration. is to be given it last and must wait for it indef- inftely and, may not get it at all. 1 consumers of anthracite escape with less than a dollar a ton extra the. will be lucky. 5 It ts, of course, possible that public will eventually be protected. ut the Canton News points out that the need of complete readjustment of the anthracite industry is empha- ized by Gov. Pinchot, whe realiz !hal the agreement to continue min- ing overations is only temporary. The Coal Commis: anthracite industry is operated most unscientifically—which may be taken to mean that the operators and min- ers have been getting all they can from the business, and consumers pay the costs, To which the Peoria somewhat sarcastically adds mine workers and operators are hapny. politiclans are happy that Gov. Pinchot is happy. As for the additional dollar added to the price of hard coal settla- ment, the public will pa: reluctant! perhdps, but none the less certainly consumer_wha quib- bles over the price when gnod fellows get together.” In a Few Words. The diplomatic and political class of ‘Europe has no natural affection for the League of Nations.. Its at- titude is somewhat that of the union labor man toward the strike-breaker. —WILL IRWIN. l the Transcript Until we select our ‘prison wardens with as much intelligent care as we would use in selecting the head of a college, or at least a factory, we can hardly expect much in the way of moral improvement among prisoners. —THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE. T am in favor of men and women learning and practicing the art of self-defense. Every man, woman and nation should be so fit that no one would dare to kick them. —REV. FREDERICK E. HOPKINS. Longevity does not thrive on iner- tia—one must keep moving. I eat what I want to eat three times a day. There are no_ “don'ts in my regime. —EX-SENATOR CORNELIUS .COLE (101-years old). " On every hand there is a demand for a religlous solution of the diffi- culties that confront tha world to- day, but the practical trouble ie man’s loss of faith in_man rather than in God. . —REV. HORACE BRIDGES. 1 | 1 st The farmer is back to pre-war prices for all he sells, but the war is still pn as to taxes and afl he has, to buy. —SENATOR BORAH. I sometimes feel that the children are the most sophisticated. members of this generation. They don't be- lleve in Santa Claus any more—but the adults do. —BIRD 8. COLER. New York of today has more the auspéct of a Européan city than any large city of : t Europe. . ~KONRAD BERCOVICL nynat s te optimistic aboit the future “'fl o n sciente and P —JULIAN HUXLEY. ' ! on_also says that the § ? &