Evening Star Newspaper, April 1, 1923, Page 37

¥ BONAR LAW IS FACIN SHOWDOWN ON RUHR Tides Against Premier’s Policy of Inac- tion Grow—May Wait on Turk Settlement. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. HAT Bonar Law, prime minis- ter of England, will be forced to take definite stand in the immediate future in regard to ihe French position in the Ruhr and Rhineland, or retire from his present exalted position, is the intimation that has reached Washington. The Law policy of indirect sanction of French actlvities, coupled with repeated refusals to intercede actively in effort to settle the difficulties pre- vailing between the French and the Germans is arousing every branch of British political thought. Law's enemies have seized upon England's present Ruhr policy as & weapon in strenuous attacks. Politiclans are rallving against the government, and cven though present efforts may be discounted as mere political thunder designed to shake the confidence of the government -in its present posi- tion, it nevertheless {s belleved that within the course of the immediate fature Law will not dare defy the demands so builded up and that Iready are flooding the government. erywhere there is a desire for ex- peditious and firm stand in regard to serpetuation of French tenure in the Rtuhr. as permitting a general European economic advance. Bonar Law Is loath to antagonize the French, but Wwith the belief constantly spreuding in England that the French are en- deavoring to bulld up and perpetuate territorial, political and military su- premacy on the continent, suspicion of French purposes in the Rhineland and the Ruhr grows apace. Even the many friends of France in England have fafled In stemmming the anti- French sentiment. Bonar Law, it is declared with certalnty, cannot long withstand the pressure being brought to bear. If his recent iliness should force the premier to ratire from his position and Lord Curzon should as- {fume the reins of government, or the Law regime should be overthrown and the laborites assume control, the answer will be the same—England will take open steps to end the Ruhr deadlock whether Poincare likes it or not. The feeling grows that England, fo her disadvantage, has temporized too much with the French policies and that with a show of firmncss there will come settlement. Turk Issue Must Be Settled. Bonar Law may be more farseeing {than his political enemies give him credit. With the Turkish fssues stil! hanging fire 1t is but natural that England should not fncur the enmity of more than one natfon &t a time. The new Lausanne parley will meet early in April and then the Turkish counter proposals will be thrashed out |with & view of finally settling the {Near Eustern questions. If the allles succeed In Impressing their ecnomic and financial capitulations on the Turka and settle the hundred and one vexatious problems attached thereto, then there will come a stronger British policy in regard to strictly icontinental matters, There has been indlcation on the Ipart of the allled governments that they regurd the Near Eastorn ques- tion as already solved and the Turks' signatures already placed upon the « 3 T dotted line, but as a matter of fact are insistent that Germany first mak, o tonders directly to France and Belo | MUch more water must pass under e The renc deme and thar | the diplomatic bridge before settle- means of procedure will not be tol- | MeRt Will have been reached. erated. Germany's pride prevents | Angora Concerned. this if other methods can be utilized | and it is not surprising that during; Though the Angora assembly has ‘lnr‘ ;‘ li‘-n day ‘ll;flrnxh’l; th;(i:l‘lfir tacitly accepted those stipulations In on Rosenberg should send up kites in Washington, London and Rome, in. | F°§2rd to the future of the Darda- dleating Germany fis ready to accept | nelles and the Straits, it nevertheless the Hughes plan of determination of is a fact that allled rejection of Gummaty ‘*‘.‘Jx“l‘jI""‘:_"‘::f“‘““‘f’xzi-"“"‘::‘ ;;‘;]Turkixh counter proposals in regard sums thereby flled. This scheme in | o economic and financial matters has tirn has been spurned by Poincare. | caused some concern In Angora. It ety very, way the French |5 expected that when Ismet Pasha and @ bolt it, as stated by Chancellor | Other delegates go to Lausanne to re- « nwhmu;r }'wn n in the llrlll-hinum(- delfberations with the alles commons uring the past week. | o, 'y will carry very defi mions Sdurhe 4 eek. f the. 3 nite fnstru Troce naieiaieed {hat ser every | tions to hold out to the last for those DD igal as well as economic, | clauses which Mustapha Kemal deems alized re giving fn. essential to the perpetuation and Ihonor of a strictly Turkish state. | So emphatlc are the Turks that ssing for settlement n | their nation escape cxactions of for- ¥ must capitu. | ©IEn Dower in regard to economic nd meet Trenen | 8R4 financial capitulations, a tacit u ieet I'rench fwarning has been sounded by Musta- Iy—terms which are;pha Kemal, he declaring the Turks amblguous and which prob- |1l have it within their power to e revenied wien { €Nt and must be reckoned with if veal witl | the aliles ride rough-shod over Turk- iwlifications when Germany | txh natlonal sentiment. However, the readiness to treat with |threat of warfare now is discounted & Germany is suspietous | DY 411led negotiators and those know- X anyis aus Sling the Turkish desire to settle down ¥rench exaetions without | to order and progress. outside sources, Tt ! that the pol of | continue to be | erman_government muake kuown their are made ca About for Plan. Rather than face fall in vote in parilament, it s learned through well informed sources, that the premier Is today casting about for a way to preserve -England's friendship with France and at the same time settle present vexatious problems in order that the future se- | curity of Europe may be insured. The position of Bonar Law is not cna to be envied. Premler Polncare has stated most emphatically that Trance will resent as hostile any iove designed to prevent fulfillment all French purposes. The French . a test Wants Own Settlement. terms comple as yet 1y tr announce Yrance Doxss w only be ir ediation o Russians May Have & Owing to the Russian among the delegates a 1k assembly there Is every there fh oaohe. are mMadebelleve that the Russtans at Germany " xpl‘run«’h‘,"“kp some active ‘rance directly. Buf < there is | definfteness on’ the part of France there will be procrastination on the | part of Germany rding to wdvices which have ! rd Washington the Germauns are ! ATy unto death of the stulemate in | the Ruhr. They desire settlement— | ¢ would rather pay an amount of repa- | Influence tions fixed within their means than | Indlan tinue present conditions and ab- | reached Angora and are declared to wate the treaty of Versaliles and |have promised a general strike in subsequent ullied exactions. Ger- |Indla In case of conflict with the Jany wants to get back to work with ; Turks, in fact are ready to send a @11 her old-time power and cnergy, division of Indian troops to help fight ut with the present conditions pre- | agalnst Ingland. Though this in- vailing there prevalls lttle except | fluence may be discounted in some certainly is no in- | quarters, it nevertheless probably ha. of sefzu welghed largely In Bonar 1. extent. framing of general policles. | It is generally belleved that if the | Germans work out a fair and equare financlal program looking toward the liquidation of the reparations debt, zive guarantees for France's future safety and then France ~France will negotlate if England ther “hull be negotiation position probably is stronger on the continent than any othe France could net affors womee it clrcumstances to fly in the face of the this reason ¥ will reaton to vet move to prevent complete acceptance by the Turks of allied stipulations. The Russians have been fortering the spirit of re- slstance in the Turkish breast and, have increased thefr efforts k¥ toward undermining Eritish in India, revolutionary Law's Suspicion Grows in England. that Germany has both Bonar Law and | ussolini that she must treat directly h the French, but there s every reason to believe that the statements o' both Mussolini and Bonar Law are mera pap for French consumption. "he former is exceedingly desirous ©! bringing the Ruhr deadlock to an i public opini 3 5 end, thercby winning diplomatic | PILOD 0F (the ihorld whioh would be agalnst her cas 3 glory and prestige for Italy as well| spurns definita wffers’ % case she Eidty and yreatigator Ty as el apatas deRiln olfess L - 0 U. S. Hot on the Trail of “Business Cyeles™ Tt is declared heen told b present them to refuse to that not inststs Worries of President | Not Abated by Recess The “business cyele.” tiat mysteri- cus economic malady which is blamed fur everything undcr the sun, from v ployment to overproduction a stagnation, be controlled—pro- (Continued from First Page.) other things, the rich man' things, ti 1an's son had to shave himself and biack his owy ghoes, but the ex-soldiers were whie to patronize the coll vided somebody comes along with the | poyh O bose Dather. Of course there may be cired mstances right solution, which, to date, some- | ahout this case Which: mom n body has failed to do. Judging from | tional and not typleal, o <¢ It €xcep- the intercst the business world fs| Hospital Safe Refoge. £howing in the report of the commit- | tee on business cycles and unemploy- | ment, appointed by Secretary Hoover | to study the probiem, there are indf- cations that this vicious circle of business booms and slumps can yet be witigated, for a remedy can alw be found if there is a sufficient de- wand for it ; | The twenty-one chapters of the | committee’s findings on the causes of | th business cycle” consist of in- formation brought together by a corps of economic experts and busi- | ncss men under the leadership of the) nutional bureau of economic research. IProm the bureau's findings and | oiher available sources, Mr. Hoover's committee has drawn up a series of mmendations and a plan of aciton | hem wiich the Department of Commerce |hospital and trying to Mlans to submit to & nation-wide ref- | pne o oo FYINE to make & begin- erendum to business generally. The, > private occupation. recommendations deal “i""| what | In the judgment of some of the ¢ of the business cycle is con- | government officlals, \ablc, 'The necessity for Eroup ac. ils a great. diswdvanie oot Stunag tion, the importance on the trend of oldlers. It Is leading the youny mon current business and closer study of lin a dircction away from self-rejianes husiness problems, advance planning, | As one offlcial expressed it: “The Ru‘v« neial stabilization, publie. wo ernment, by its management, Is will. reserve projects and employment ex= | fully building up among tens of thou. changes. sands of young men @ most Unhappy spirit, hurtful to themselves and lile- ly to’cause them to have & most un- { Americ attitude toward our gov- ernment. If the coming investigation could be managed in such a temper as to cover the whole matter of policy net another sheep need be sheared 3:3:;‘:‘*:51«:“‘_;23-]:"!'7 rfl-son to the 4 & mig] e perma- for two years, but now there is “n-nuy sefol fe 5 emmrum“v"mlh erowing shortage of wool. Just as|The amount of money now being paid there is of cotton. One explanation | out Is by far the largest single item ot the inoreased demand for wool is|of government expense, except the That the Asiatio peoples now want [item of interest on the war debt. The woolen garments rather than the |expense for care of the veterans is Zarments of coarse cotton with whici | already much greater than was antici- {iiay were once satisfled. Possibly the | pated. and those who are closest to shortago is temporary. The clip in | Uie subject of appropriations say that iiie United States this spring should | it will go on increasing from year to 1. considerably larger than that last | vear, and fear that it {s almost im- Year, for reports indicate that the sibic to seo the end. Apart from mumber of sheep bas incredse s smviicy fuvolied, ihere is doubt @s can -As fllustrating another phase of the Same sltuatlon, a government officlal Inspecting a hospital for ex-soldfers asked the doctor in charge how soon he would be able to cure some of his soldier patients so that they could get back to work in private life. The doctor replied that he would never be able to cure them to the point where they would be willing to leave the hospital voluntarlly, because the amount of money the government was Paying them as ex-soldiers under treatment was just enough to make them timid about going out of the Asiatics Want Wool Now. Yrom the Youth's Compavton. Only two years ago it was said that thie supply of Wool was so great that { influence | Ing provided, and doubt as in the Angora |aGaptation of many of the individual will | There is fear. also, that there is be- [ soldiers a spirit of dependence on the government, which will have the un- make good In the world and on their attitude toward soclety. THE SUNDAY- STAR , WASHINGTON, D. C, APRIL 1, 1923—PART 2. - | The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN HE follow!ng is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 31: FRANCE—Sarah Bernhardt died at Parls on March 26, at the age of seventy-elght. In the last hours she was delirious and declaimed passages of Phedre and L'Alglon. Mme. Rostand, widow of the great dramatist, was at the bedside, Sarah Bernhardt was doubtless the great- est actrcss the world has known; and as sculptress and writer she was by no means contemptible. She played in more than two hundred parts. Few human beings have exhibited no much energy, or for that matter #o_indomitable a spirit. During the war of 1871 she qualified s a nuree, turned a theater into a hospital, and devoted herself to ministering to the sick and wounded. She dld the same thing during the great war, but this activity was cut short by the amputation of her right leg, made necessary by inflam- mation of the knee Joint. Bul within six months this incredible woman was acting at the front for the soldlers, and she continued to act up to the beginning of her brief fatal {llness. She was a great-grandmother. The world recognized Sarah Bernhardt as a goddess above criticism. When it called her “The Divine” it paid a sincere tribute to her genlus. * ¥ k % GERMANY—On March 24 Herr Severing, the Prussian minister of the Interior, sent the following teiegram to the proper authorities throughout Prussia: “Because of threatening behavior of radical elements and helghtened alarm, preparedness of the security police Is to be ordered every- where." “By radical elements” Herr Severing meant extreme exteremists of the nationalist right. Belin has been thrilled by rumors, of which the most exciting was that Hitler was about to invade Prussia, where he would be joined by the gentlemen of the newiy-formed liberty purty and the counter-revolution would be on in earnest, no ordinary Kapputsch, but the real thing. Hitler, so the rumor ‘imported, was not Koing to sit tamely by and let Herr Severing smash the liberty party, fair daugh- ter of his own “national soclalist” organiza- tion. Probably the spley rumor originated in the fact that the Hitler guards at Munich were under orders for “field maneuvers” on March 25. One hears of bands of 100 “anti- remitic, “counter-revolutionary” “shock troops” all over the reich, and recent expan- slons of these bands into battallons and even regiments. The fact probably ls that much of the re- cent scare was dellberately got up by the Prussian and reich authorities for foreign propaganda purposes. The foundation is gen- uine enough, but the super-structure Is mostly sham. The relchstag has adjourned to April i1, wherefrom it should perhaps be inferred that {ts members do not take Herr Severing’s disclosures very serlously. One hears wlithout complete displeasure of the following matter: In Saxony there ix a new soclalist ministry hardly to be distingulshed in color from com- munist red. Its platform is almost equivalent to dictatorship of the proletariat, though the minisiry contains 1o seif-declared ~ com- munltsts. The miniatry refused the latter's demand that all administrative measures be submitted for approval to the executive com- mittes of the Saxon congress of industrial councils, the orgunizations which are, so to speak. between soviets and “company unions.” But the ministry has the communists’ sup- port because it has conceded the minimum de- mands of the latter to wit: suppression of anti-republican propaganda: _removal from officlal positions of all who refuse to obey the orders of the “workers' government” and or- ganization of a labor militia (a red guard) under_“control” of the councils. Or so says the New Yorker Volkszeitung. Here, then, is one answer to Bavaria and the knights of the Swastika, the free corps. On March 35 a migthy crowd demonstrating in front of the French embasey in Berlin and ainging “Deutschland Ueber Ailes,” (the com- munists, however, whistled the “Internation- ale™), was dispersed by mounted security police. The demonstration followed a mass meeting, to the efficacy of some of the train- to the ex-soldlers to the careers for which the government is training them. ing_bullt up in the minds of these happlest effecis on thelr abllity to ORD Present Management Lauded. Whatever may have been the de- in New York a few days ago,! for the avowed purpose of ob- “For Rhine and Ruhr”, in the square in front of the Relchstag, in which it s estimated thgt 160,000 Germans participated, led in the sing- ing by 4,000 trained singers, likewise, a band of seventy pleces discoursed ~soul-stirring strains and heaven-kissing orators denounces wrath on the enemlies of the fatherland. The unemployed in the occupled territory are becoming clamorous in their demand for in- crease of unemployment pay and cheaper food. One hears (with cautious ear) that it is very doubtful it the Berlin government will be able to continue much longer the unemployment oles. On Friday, Gen. De Goutte issued a decree, effective at omce, requiring the striking Ger- mun railway men in the occupied territory to return to work, under penalty of expulsion from the occupied territory. It is probable, however, that the men will be given a chance to think the matter well over before ex- pulsions begin, The French have seized the vineyards.along the Moselle owned by the Prussian state and will sell the stored products and apply the proceeds to reparations account. 1t is reported that the German workers (some 15,000) at all the coal and coke plants, where the French have requisitioned fuel, have gone on strike. It seems pretty certain that similar action will be taken at all other mines and coke plants.to which requisitioning may be_extended. The first death sentence for sabotage pro- nounced In the occupled territory was com- muted by Gen. De Goutte tq twenty years im- prisonment. Dispatches tell of some unsuccessful at- tempts to murder French sentries and of the severe mauling of & French officer by a mob. At Recklinghausen a mob attacked a pastry shop patronized by the French and a French patrol was summoned. The latter was at last comvelled to fire and one German was wound- ed. The important question, with reference to these mob attacks, Is whether they were spon- taneous expressions of popular feeling or en- gineered by nationalist agitators. By arrest and expulsion the French and Belglans are making a vigorous effort to rid the occupled territory of nationalist agitators Only about $12,500,000 of the German govern- ment’s $50.000,000 gold loan. was subscribed by the public, another $12,500,000 being, in accordance with prior engagements, subscrib- ed by the banks. The industralists failed to “come across.” I leave the interpretation to the quidnunes. * K K ok BULGARIA—The indemnity of $450,000,000 imposed on Bulgaria by the treaty of Neuflly has been reduced to $110,000,000. Gradually in- creasing payments are to be spread over sixty years; the first year's payment to be $1,200,000. To be sure &t the end of thirty years, the ques- tion Is to be considered whether Bulgaria is able to pay the sum originally fixed; but no- body imagines that it will ever serfously be proposed to add to the reduced figure. Pay- ments are to be a fixed charge on customs recelipts. Bulgaria will now be rid of the scandou: expensive reparations commission: its cost has been almost us great as that of running the Sofla government. Bulgaria's experiment with an agrarian gov- ernment s one of the most interesting of po- Htical experiments. Ultimately, in all prob- ability, that government will come a cropper finuncially; in which case the capitalist nations in gratitude for the object lesson., ought to dig down In their jeans and make it easy for Bulgaria to return to the paths of economic and financlal orthodoxy. * ¥ X ¥ RUSSIA—The soviet supreme court sentenced to death Archbishop Cleplak, head of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia, and h! vicar general, and sentenced four other Roman Catholic clerics to ten vears' imprisonment and eight to three years’ imprisonment. The detalls have been cloudily reported. As I understand the matter, all the accused were charged (but in varying degrees), with obstruction of the soviet's policy of requisitioning church treas- ures and with counter-revolutionary activities, and the vicar general was charged with tre- sonable correspondence with the Polish gov- ernment in 1920, when Poland and Russia were at war. It is to be remarked that Archbishop The House of Cecil BY FREDERICK CUNLIFFE-OWEN. C. B. E. ROBERT CECIL'S arrival know to be untrue house of lords, a statement which he The affair w something so entirely foreign to the late Lord Salisbury’'s reputation and :re of Polish Cieplak and the vicar general tholics in blood, as are most of the Roman Russta. i The reviewing authority, the all-Russian central executive committee, approved all the sentences, but on the alleged ground that “A certain backward element of the Catholic eiti- zens of Russia” might misinterpret the motives of the soviet government should it enforce the death penaity in the case of the arch bishop, commuted that penalty to solitary imprisonment for ten years. But the vicar general, it seems, must dle. The announcement by the' central executive committee of its decision to commute the archbishop's sentence, affects to ignore the protests from all over the world, including that of our government, but one inclines to think that those protests saved the archbishop. The vicar general, how- ever, must die to save the government's face. * % ok X TURKEY—The London conference of rep- resentatives of the great allles to consider the Turkish counter proposals, ended on March 27, in complete agreement, which found expres- sion in a note of reply to Ismet Pasha's note of March 8, which Jatter inclosed the counter proposals. It 18 understood that the allled note Droposes resumption of the Lausanne con- ference on some date in April It 1s understood that the allies do not agree to omission from the treaty of clauses dealing with economic or financlal matters; that they are unwilling to make further juridical con- cession that the other aillies support Italy in the latter's refusal to turn over the island of Kastelorlzo to Turkey; that, however, the allles are willing that the question of mutual tndemnities as between Greece wnd Turkey should be left to negotiation between the Greek and Turkish governments. It seems that the allies have dectded to yleld to Turkey on & very important point, that they consent o give up forelgn supervision of the administration of the Ottoman public debt. * % % % THE MAYAS—The Maya tongue 1§ still used by more than 8,000,000 people. With the excep- tion of the Guarani of Uruguay, it is the only rative Indian tongue that has successtully de- fended itself. The exploration in Yucatan of the remalns of the Mava clvilization, being undertaken under the joint auspices of the Carnegie In- stitution, the museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation) and the Peabody Museum of Harvard, promises very great things. Prof. Spinden of Harvard, says the Mayas “pro- duced one of the four really great and co- herent expressions of beatuy so far given to the world, and their influence in America was historically as important as was that of the ireeks in Europe.” That is certainly a strong statement, d the latter part of it obviously Tequires reconstruction. These are great ys to live in, I!lflnk! to the Mavas, and Tutankhamen and Ur of the Chaldees and Sardis and Patagonia and Mon- golia. * ¥ ok ok MISCELLA? 'S—The fifth pan-American conference opened at Santiago, Chile, on March Of the American republics, all are represented except Mecico, Peru and Bolivia. There is reported to be consliderable insur- rection in Rio Grande Do Sul, the most south- ern state of Brazil, with accompainment of a good deal of pillage. Uruguay !s sending troops to protect her border. . The number of registered unemployed in Britain is still above 1,300.000. It is, however, catimated that the total percentage of unem- ployed workers fell from seventeen, at the beginning of the year 1922, to fourteen, at its close. X There Is a serious strike of farm laborers in Britaln, There is a small strike of miners, but there is some fear that it will spread dan- gerously. In several other industries there are threats of strikes. * Lenin is reported to be worse. . “Twenty-one Columbia senjors have nr\?A kissed a girl” Is about time for a shake-up at Columbis, is the obvious comment, but perhaps ihe true explanation is that the &t of men- dacity Is on the boom at Columbia. church element of Anglicanism, as well as the extremes of toryism, and as pronounced contempt for money— in fact. the one thing that sanctifies money in his eyes is antiquity, and to him property becomes sacred if it caw be shown that it {s inherited from long descent or medieval bequest. Better an acre received as a royal boon from some dismembered monas- tery than a whole county purchased by the profits from the manufacture of soap. Naturally, under the circum stances, he has no 1iking for the new rich. But, on the other hand, the ap- as Envoys of the parties have ance's | afford under such l | fects in the recent management of the War Veterans' Bureau, there is univer- sal expectation among those most competent to judge that the manage- ment now in charge will do well Harding’s appointment of Brig. Gen Hines to take charge was the fruit of a search for a man best qualified ! by tralning and ability for this kind of task. Men who have had contact | with Gen. Hines in his conduct of the functions he has filled | varlous ofilch in the past go out of their way to| commend him and express enthusi-| astic confidence in his ability to} handle this estraordinarily difficult| job. Competent officials of the gov- ernment say It would be possible tn‘ ‘e g much as $100,000,000 a year in | $hv® management of the Veterar Hurean and at the same time do that is now being done for lhl: E‘ e ens and do it more to the satis-) foation of the ex-soldiers themselves. o tont %8 needed is that every ex- coldier who has been disabled should | be cared for in such a way as to make him feel that his sacrifice has been D pensated, so far as It is humanly | ible to do fit. And the lmportunl’ thing is that this service should be" Yiven to the ex-soldier in such & way | B it such a time as to give him sat-; A ction. What the ex-soldiers com- Main against, and complain against Dk & justice that appeals to every- hady, is that there 15 intolerable de- Tax in taking up their cases, and lack | o the best management for the hos- ! Ditals and vocational training schools | P hich the ex-soldlers are cared for. Both a8 to giving hospital care to the ! Poabled and as to providing them Sith tratning to make a livelihood, | time s fmportant. In actual practice Gelay 18 the great complaint. The ex- Oldiers express no grievance against The provision Congress has made for them, nor do they complain of the Smount of money assigned to each. 4T "the burden of dlssatisfaction is; | charged agalnst management, against ifack of prompt efidiency in admin- {stration. i Veterans’ Hospital Survey Under Way A complete survey of the Veterans' { Bureau hospltal program fis being imade, Direttor Hines sald vesterday, to determine whether existing facilities are adequate, both as to the number of beds and as to the condition of hospital bulldings. The first establishment to be ex- amined, it was Indicated are those in | the district comprising southern Cal- {fornia, which involves the Liver- more project near San Diego. The { director said that before any bids | for the Livermore Hospital are acted ‘upon he will confer with the hos- pitalization board concerning the adequacy of faclilities on which the bids were made. This same policy wiil be followed with regard to all new construction. The survey eventually will com- prise forty-eight hospitals in the Veterans' Bureau's program, and if 1t'1s found that the program cannot be completed under present &ppro- priations, additional moner will be ssiied of Consress, g | that sight is being lost of the other literating the prejudices which exist in the minds of a large portion of the people of the United States agalnst the league of nations, in its present unsatisfactory and unreform- ed state—a task which President Woodrow Wilson, with his Immeasur- ably superfor knowledge of the psy- chology of his countrymen and of American conditions, so signally fail- ed to accomplish, is engaging to such an extent the attention of the public, scions of that historic house of Cecil, which has played so great a role in the_history of Great Britain'ever since Willlam Cectl, Lord of Burghley, was secretary of state to Edward V1, and prime minister to Queen Eliza- beth at the time of the attempted in- vasion of England by the Spanish armada, and since his son Robert, first Lord Salisbury, succeeded him In that office In the closing years of the reign of the Virgin Queen, securing at her death the succession of the crown to the Stuart dynesty In the person of Jaumes VI of Scotland, who became James I of England and Ireland. And yet it Is necessary to know something about the other Cecils, and especlally about the brothers of Lord Robert, In order to'understand him, and to form a correct appreclation of his somewhat complex character. It is & character In which unselfish and disinterested patriotism. a lofty sense of personal honor, loyalty to certain ideals and traditions, are strangely mingled with extraordinary casuistry and readiness to sacrifice political principle to political expediency, where what the Cecils believe the welfare of the nation to be concerned. * % ¥ ¥ There was no more honorable man in private life than the late Marquis of Salisbury, thrice premier of Queen Victora, and also prime minister of Edward VII during the first years of his relgn—a statesman of such welght that he was able to dominate both of his soverelgns In a number of {mportant matters. He was a deeply religious man— strongly imbued with the illustrious traditions which he had {nherited from a long line of celebrated fore- bears—a man who would never have dreamed of tolerating anvthing in the least degree equivocal in his pri- vate dealings. Yet, in 1878, when ask- ed in the house of lords, on the eve of the Berlin conference, whether there was any secret understanding be- tween Great Britain and the sublime porte, he gave a positlve assurance that there was nothing of the kind in existence. although on the following day, through the dishonesty of a tem- porary and supernumery clerk of the forelgn office, the London Giobe pub- lished in extenso and verbatim, a copy of the treaty which he had con- cluded ten days previously, by which the sultan transferred to England the control and occupancy of the Island of Cypres. Lord Salisbury and the suhlime porte were bound by mutual obliga- tions to keep thls treaty secret tor some time longer. It was a matter of the most vital importance to Tur- key that nothing should be known about it by any of the other foreign powers. Lord Salisbury could not ad- mit its existence without. betraying his pledges to Sultan Abdul Hamid, and, so prompted by the necessity of preserving intact a state secret and of keeping faith with the Ottoma gllovernment, which had put all its con- fidenae in England, he made, In the character that it created a sensation abroad, of which nowadays it is dif- ficult to gauge the extent. It was a thing that might have been expected from Lord Beaconsfield. but not from the late Marquis of Salisbury, and there {s no doubt that the fact that he had been obliged to act thus is known to have weighed heavily on his mind to the end of his days, Of course. the liberal opposition in Great Britain, especially the radical and, above all. the ultra-Protestants who have always taken exception to the high chui®n leanings of the house of Cecil, denounced it as a pieve of “Cecil Jesuitism,” and this is urged againet the members of the family whenever they seem to sacrifice prin- ciples to expediency, not in any &ense insulting to the great order of Jesults, but because of the fact that its mem- bers are famed throughout the world for their cleverness in every branch of casulstry. Perhaps the most brilliant of Lord Robert Cecil's brothers is Lord Hugh Cecll, the “enfant terrible” of the conservative party, known by his rel- atives as “Linky.” and whom some have described as a cross between a saint and a jester. There are those who declare that he is “blessed” and others that he is “cursed” with the most extraordinary sense of humor,; and he is continually giving expres- sion to his keen sense of the ridicu- lous and of the paradoxical. even in the most serfous matters. Neither his own party in the house of commons, where he represents the University of Oxford, nor yet the liberals and radi- cals or laborites, are ever safe from his quips, and his rhetorical gymnas- tics are as brilllant as unexpected and as diverting as his extravagances of gesture and the twistings of his body when addressing the house. Dis- cussions have often taken place as to whether the contortions to which he treats his fellow legislators in the commons are of Christian or of Buddhlst origin. One particular clasp of the hand and turn of the head would appear to be derived from some illuminated ancient Catholic missal or from the stained glass win- dow of an old Christian church, while others of his attitudes suggest the figures on the red lacquer panels of a Japanese temple. In fact, his legs, his spine, his pre- ternaturally long neck—nay, his en- tire body —seem to be executing thought waves, while the jerky mo- tions of his arms remind one of the slgnals of a semaphore. At times he rises to flights of such oratory as to win from the house that perfect si- lence and solemn stillness which never comes over it except when it is | under the spell of the most perfect and moving eloquence, whilo a few minutes later he will evoke angry cries of “shame,” “order.” etc. by some particularly gross plece of d{s- respect addressed to the prime minis- ter in & cackling voice that has noth- ing whatsoever in common with the musical and melodious tone of his previous utterances. The fact of the matter is that Lord Hugh has the most profound con- tempt for Asquith, Llovd George and for the liberals in general and the radicals in particular. . He cannot rec- oncile himself to the fact that men such as these should have slipped in Dbetween the throne and people like the Cecils, who were there first. “Why should these new boys play like this with our marblex? Let them wait for a few hundred years and learn before presuming to govern us.” These are his views, and he mrkes no concealment thereof, He personi- fies the highest form of the high jery peal to antiquity which characterizes all his views and prejudices, is so im- practical and so out of touch with things in this twentieth century that it is doubtful whether any prime min- ister, unlonist or even tory, would ever venture to intrust office to Lord Hugh * Lord Hugh's * parson brother, who, after having served as a missionary in China and a crusader aginst the evils of opium, is now Bishop of Exeter, rejoices in the singularly un- episcopal nickname of “Fish.” He is perhaps, the most unconventional member of the entire bench of spir- itual lords of parliament and is a di- vine of the most progressive nature, taking a very broad and human view of life. He lost two sons in the great war, the elder of whom, Randle Cectl, figured, aftor being expelled from Ox- ford, for painting some of the statu- red and adorning others with nightcaps and petticoats, besides making several of the most impre sive dons the butt of undergraduate and townsmen - ridicule, was for a time on_the stage, both in England and In New York, and married here a Broadway_footlight favorite of the name of Dolly Jannaway, whom he wag compelied to divorce th 1916 * % ¥ ¥ Lord Robert Cecil's other survir- ing brother, and the least known of the three, is "“Jim,” the eldest, the present and fourth Marquis of Salis- bury, who forms part of the Bonar cabinet as lord president of the privy council and as deputy léader of the government in the upper chamber. He is perhaps the most opinionated { member of the entire house of Cecil, the least amenable to persuasion. Residing almost entire- ly at his magnificent Elizabethan country seat at Hatfield, where the Virgin Queen spent most of her youth, and where she received the momentous tidings of her succession to the throne—that is to say, living in such an environment of the long ago, surrounded by so much feudal splendor, vet utterly devold of any- thing in the nature of ostentation, it is inevitable that Lord Salisbury should be more influenced by the tra- ditions and the customs of the past than by the necessities of the present. That is why he is denounced by the radicals as reactionary; as opposed to all progress and reform, and as a pronounced case of atavism. Yet, with all that he is a singularly fine type of the English gentleman of today. and of the great English noble of the Tudor, of the Stuart, of the Georgian ages, and also the early Victorian era. Tord Salisbury has served in many publlc offices—not for the sake of power or profit, but solely from a sense of duty to crown and state. He has been lord privy seal and min- ister of commerce, and also under- secretary of State of public affalrs, where he made rather a mess of his job. For, when asked to reply in the house of lords to a question as to whether the Anglo-Japanese treaty of alllance, which came to an end by mutual consent during the di: armament conference at Washington, had been sought by England, he re- plied: “Great Britain does not ask for treaties; she grants them." 8o great was the sensation created by this utterance in the Land of the Ris- ing Sun, where it was resented as a gross affront to the national pride of Japan, that It was nccessary to and anyhow BOON TO SOUTH AMERICA SEEN IN RUBBER - CRISIS Revival of a Native Industry Which Withered Under Competition Is Possi- ble~Placed Before Committee. BY BEN McKELWAY. HE rubber crisis in the United States may turn out to be a cloud with a very silvery lin- ing for South America, for the southern republics of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela and Colombia—all of them potential producers of fine-grade rubber—are sitting up and taking a keen interest In the situation which / has made Uncle Sam look about for new wsources of this valuable com- modity. 1f prices of rubber continue to rise it may mean the revival on a large scale in South America of an industry which had its start there, but which has petered Into insignifi- cance compared with the quantity production from the far eastern plan- tations. Those , who have South America interests at heart here are taking pains that the committee charged with recommending steps for developing new rubber sources shall glve South America a generous amount fo considerat There are disadvantages, but many believe they are outweighed by the advantages of developing the South American pro- duction of rubber on a scale never be- fore attempted. Brazil and Bolivia Profited. Brazil and Bolivia had the rubber supply pretty well in hand when rub- ber was selling around $2.92 a pound, and the owner of a flock of rubber trees was a man of means and wen around wearing a broad smile of con- tentment which showed at every angle. That was back in 1908 and 1911, before the British and Dutch Sast Indlan plantations began pro- ducing rubber systematically and scientifically. But today, with rubber selling under 50 cents & pound, the man with this same flock of rubber trees on his hands sits on the banks of the Amazon and fishes, for he has nothing else to do. His rubber, though | finer in quality than product, cannot be produced enough to compete with it. Development of the plantations was the plantation cheaply the fatal blow to the South American | rubber, but there was a contributing factor. This had to do with the way rubber was collected. The native rubber hunter marks out a hundred or 8o trees, growing in a rough circle. Every morning he starts out with a knife and a little cup and visits each tree, attaching the cup so that the fuice, about the color and consistency of rich cream, will flow into it from gashes in the bark. After one round he starts out again and collects the contents of the cups, bringing the supply back to his hut. Then he builds a fire with material which produces thick smoke, and placing a conical-shaped covering over the fire, with the small hole at the top. pro- ceeds to smoke the rubber. This he does by pouring the rubber, a small amount at a time, on the stick and turning 1t round and round in the smoke, adding a little rubber as the stuff hardens What the Native Did. Here is where lack of system and the avaricious native rubber gatherer helped to put South American rubber on the shelf. Now and then, as the ball of hardening rubber grew larger, the native would surreptitiously drop a stone, or stick or maybe add a lit- tle flavoring in the form of some other ecasler gathered sap, into his ball of rubber—all of which made a larger and heavier ball. Then he coated the exterior with beautifully smoked rubber and took his ball to market. The rubber buyer bought it for its weight and sent it to America. In Akron, Ohio, and other cities where rubber congregates, workmen would open the ball of rubber by sawing it or melting it or doing what- ver they do to open rubber balls, and there would follow deep-throated curses and bellows of rage at the discovery of sticks and stones and leaves from the banks of the Amazon This practice. which is reported to have been carried on extensively, de- veloped a prejudice and suspicion against South American rubber which afded in its downfall Sxample of Old Methods. This does not mean that all rub- ber from South America contains Impurities but is cited to show the lack of systam and the haphazard way in which the industry in South Americe has developed. Althourh the production of rubber in Brazil and Polivia has failed to increase, the finer quality of their rubber is superior to that of the plantations, wnd is consequently in greater de: mand for certaln purposes, and rub- Ter 1s still ranked as one of the lead- ing,_products of these two countries. Those in favor of stimulating the ake all sorts of excuses at Tokio, End fo offer apologles for his remark. * * % ok On another occasion, when asked to speak at a church congress in South- ampton on the subject “Of the King- dom of God and the Social Order,” he confined his remarks to }he subject of rural housing und pfoceeded to deprecate the additions of baths and parlors to the cottages of the un- skilled agricultural iaborers. “Why put up the agricultural classes to baths when they do not want ek for 'S0 unnecessarily increase the expense of housing, and why suggest that the unskilled laborer Should need a parlor in addition to a good roomy kitchen, when he could Sot pay for a parlor. Neither baths hor parlors mean the saving of souls, Hor o they even make any substan- tal @ifference in the public health One can imagine the amount of capital that was made of this utter- once Dby the lberal, the radical and the laborite newspapers, which for months afterward teemed with ar- ticles to the effect that the Marquls of Salisbury was so reactionary that gince the village hinds in Tudor times 2id not demand bathrooms or parlors {n their homes he belleved that there was no particular reason why they should be provided with these lux- uries in these modern times. Yet there is no landlord in Eng- land who treats his tenants, espe- cially those of the poorer class, with . greater degrec of patience and fiberality on his 40,000 acres of land, particularly in and around Hatfield, than Lord Sallsbury. It necd only be Dointed out by way of filustration that the families of most of the ten- ants at Hatfield have had possession 5¢ their holdings throughout gencra- fions and in some instances for 300 and 400 vears. They remained ut- tached to the owners and to the es- tate. For the children born on the property are an object of care and Sollcitude in their youth, also after they are grown up and in their old age, to the kindly master of the great Elizabethan mansion, who, with his wife, Is always on hand to help in any case of trouble, distress or suftoring. Lord and Lady Salisbury— intimate personal friends of King George and Queen Mary—entertain, like those who have “reigned” at Hat- field before them and like a number of other great English nobles of the old school, a deep Sense of responsi- bility for the moral and material welfare of every tenant of their es- tates; indeed, of everybody born or residing on their land. be he yeoman, farmer or unskilled laborer. rubber industry in South America and inviting American capital to do it belleve that the real answer to the question will be found in systemati~ planting and_cultivation o rubber plantations. This would be done by transforming the forest—where th tree grows best—from @ rank growth of underbrush and trees of no economic importance into 2 valu- able forest of rubber trees. To o tain this without the huge cost of burning the wood und uprooting the trees i one problem to be solved, but there are experts who have offered various solutions which might bo given a trial. Could Produce Cheaply. Owners of large rubber properties in Brazil and Bolivia have been cuoted to the effect that with rea- sonable finunclal assistance rubber can be produced in South America today for around six cents a pound. At the same time it is argued that rubber can never be produced in the FEast Indies for low as thirteen cents a pound, and that with the de- velopment of their own sourc of supply, American rubber consumers would 'be free from artificial rigging of the rubber mark: v those who row control it in the East Indle: It is further pointed out that the Brit- ish public subscribed over $500.000.- 000 to cultivate the rubber planti- tions In the east, and have already reaped a rich harvest The Ameri- can public, it is stated, can afford to invest half this sum in South Amerlcun goil ard reap a richer har- vest. It is generally admitted that the gathering of wild rubber in the for- ests, as it was done in the past, can never prove practicable. In Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombla and Venezuela—the Amazon region and its tributary areas—the fores are reached after long trips by river Steaamers from Para, at the mouth of the rlver, or tiresome journeys over- land. In the past, expeditions after rubber have suffered as high per cent of their forces from di | have been cut off from civilization for six months at a time, e i hostile tribes and in many c unable to_secure food or any sort. But in the days when South American rubber was bringing s ghest prices ov these disad vantages failed to deter the rubber gatherers, who reaped rich profits once they obtained what they wer after. Would Necessitate Modern Methods. What those in favor of developing rubber in South America argue that, with a suitable investment capital and the right sort of com- pany management, equipped to fight disease and th comforts of life, the rubber industry in South America c put { basis which will bring returns. Wit | ordinary hygienic precautions, men jcan live in the rubber areas fi com- | fort and safety. The Amazon and its I tributarles provide suitable transpor- jtation by river steamers for thou | sands of miles to the city of Pa where modern methods of sh ‘xml handling cargoes are av | From Para rubber can be delivered jin New York in ten days, and in lit- tle more in Liverpool, Havre, Ant- | werp or Hambure. Many of the rub ber forests in Brazil and in Bolivia contain numerous wild trees suitable for cabinet making, while sugar cane, rice, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, coff 1 bananas and other tropical fruits m. | be produced by the seme labor forces employed in the exploitation of the rubber forests. The laws in the varlous republics are inviting and allow large conce slons. Rubber lands can be ed outright in some districts for as low as 40 cents an acre provide nec r on a Where Rubbfr Comes From. { Para rubber, the tubber, {s obtained from tree, the rubber tree par exoel It grows along the Amazon and the tributary areas of Peru, Bolivi Ecuador, Colombia and Venezueli The trees do not grow in clumps, but are found scattered through the f« ts along the rivers, the rubber belts seldom extending inland more tha ten or twelve miles. Manlhot, or th manicoba tree, produces the rubber of commerce and is {high, stony and arid region: | tree” grows in Brazil, Boli a) Peru and reglons south of the Ama- |zon. “An inferior grade of rubber i« | extracted from the caucho tree, | which must be cut down to obtair | the sap. This tree is also fou | Brazil, Bolivia, Peru and elsewhers south of the equator, but its pris |eipal range is in Cen Amert and southern Me . Ishrubs and vines yiel | most interesting, fo: least, being the guayule, shrub containing in ite pure rubber that can every purpose to which the Iy hevea 18 applied. 3 tive of Mexico and grows on the ele vated plateaus of the northern states of the republic which bra Mail Service Cuts Due to Low Funds Curtailment of the al servic throughout the country was attrib ed to “the extraordinary and unan- ticipated extent to which the vola of mail in the country has steadil Irsen,” in a letter received by ator Harris of Georgia Post Office Department was In reply to a request from the Georgia senator that allotments to post ofices in his state be not crip- P Not anticipating the unpreceden increase in postal business ot the time of estimating for the depart ment's deficiency appropriations,” the aepartment’s letter stated, “the result is that the appropriation granted just prior to the adjournament of Congress to carry us through the fis cal vear until June 30 next is ton small. The department, therefor. must of necessity so administer the service that the appropriation w.li last until July 1 with as few servi-: reductions as possible.” The present situation is temporary, the department explained, and will be reliecved when the regular appro priation becomes available July 1 The letter assured the senator that “the tremendous increase in the vol ume of mail could not be easily ant cipated by the department, the et or Congress.” from the The lette Age of a Goose. From Outdoor Life. Wild geese are sometimes said be centenarians, but there has bec difficulty in proving the statement Some evidence has heen presented. however, by Henry Stark, who writes: “In 1885 an uncle of Henry Stark's captured two Canada geese in a net spread along the beach of the Chick- nooga dslands, In Chesapeake ba Since that time this palr of gees have been paddling around farm owned by members of the Stark family. “A few years ago the uncle died at the ripe old, age of eighty-one but the two Canada geese are still thriv- ing and alert and scemingly in the prime of their youth. No one knows how old these geese were when cap tured, but Mr. Stark says he has evidence that they are sixty-seven now and he hopes they will prove the statement that wild geese Jive to be 100" [