Evening Star Newspaper, December 24, 1922, Page 17

RUSSIANS MAY NULL ANY LAUSANNE PACT Control Over Angora Assembly May Pre- vent Ralification—Steps Toward Pro- motion of World Commission. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. HE peasant takes his crooked bramble scythe, places it upon a limestone wheel, turns dili- gently, straightens, runs his finger along the razorlike edge and smiles, One by a short stretch of imagina-) Moscow looking to gre: tion can see Russian statesmen of the new school in.the Lausanne confer- ence, with its political undergrowth, unsheath the scythe of expediency,|Parent sharpen it upon the roughness of na- tionalistic discord and then sit back— satisfled. To all intents and purposes Foreign Minister Tchitcherin of Russia has sained nothing at Lausanne. Openly he has been flouted and has heen forced to listen to the quips of allied statesmen who have been prone to air their absolute intolerance of the Russlan viewpoint in so far as the! settlement of the near eastern situ- | ation is concerned. The Russians xpparently have gained nothing for Russia save the further entangle- ment of already well knotted prob- lems. Agreement In Likely. > Turkish delegates at Lausanne and '90Wn in ordered way allied statesmen probably will agree. Tchitcherin, as he has done before, probably will bitterly condemn the works accomplished, if, indeed, there s accomplishment, and then wul trek toward Moscow with a sardonic srin upon his face. For Tchitcherin realizes, as all those ncquainted with the modern tend- ency in European megotlataions realize, that conference agrecments are not always final Scarcely o freaty or agreement coming as the outgrowth of the world war stands today as written and agreed upon. Always there has heen later modifica- tion through resistence of one or an- other of the parties concerned. In practically every case reservations have been made to proposed pacts. Tehitcherin possibly realized when he went to Lausanne that he could accomplish nothing. not many, months having elapsed since the fiasco at Genoa where the Russians gained small meed of satisfaction. but Tchit- cherin did realize that with existing working arrangements between An- zora and Moscow the Russians’ pres- ence would have a wholesome eftect npon the degree of Turkish resistance to allied demands, and that Russia's presence there would permit casy access to the Turks and ma sible influencing of Turkish poli Would Keep Grip on Angora. Tt is not creditéd that Tchitcherin ever believed that the allies would, or through political expedience could. accede to the early Turkish demands of fortified Dardanelles and straits. Allied prestige would preclude their giving in on this point in view of war-time commitments and Britain's more recent stand against undue Turkish incursions in the so-called neutral zones. But Tchitcherin cer- tainly did know that it mattered little 1t Russia was gnored if the Russlan £Tip on Angora could be perpetuated. For no matter what the action at Lausanne, unless there be a complete break between the Russians and the Turks, which is exceedingly unlikely, in view of the grip the slavs have over the Angora assembly, the Kus- sians can prevent Turkish ratifica- tion and provoke unending delay in fulfillment, eventually wrecking any Tausanne agreement. just as Turkish procrastination. Russia advised, wrecked the treaty of Sevres. The Turks always have been known to preach the gospel of w given ends after enemy patiegco is weakened to a point of discourage- ment, and there is no mor» assurance that the azreements effcoted at Lau- <anne will be ratified by Angora tnan there was prospect of the Sevres pac being taken to heart hy the Turk In fact. it becomes plainly apparent ihat as the Russians have ads course of Turkish action ‘n the past, just 8o they will advise in the futuro, The Turks during the Lausanne ses- ions have made far-reachiniz con- cessions to the allies in respect to minorities in respeet to th~ control of the straits. which will be demili- iarized and left open to warships 0f the world and under certain re- astrictions. Even the Greek patriarch 18 to be left in Constantinople. Eut in view of Turkish nationalist de- Igrmination at all times to see isl purposes carried out entirely and Turkish sovereignty made supreme in | have been sadly disillusioned as to all cases. it would appear that the apparently condescending and meek attitude of Ismet Pasha may be pred.- icated upon the knowledge that no matter what he may do, assembly will have and that Russia’s infl everything he is forced to | ence wouia be | @ mere scheme to camouflage It pos- | they would have been the i | themselves and the conference broke iz to gain | stones of T { | growing worse nomie keep the Mo Which she has 1 en unable to gain in any of the opean parleys at MWhich she has been represented. The Turks, if they remain under Russian domYnati Wwill be but a stepning stone to the fulfillment Russian desires. The Russian on not come immediately however. plans have been navy, and an army that cruited up (6 a strength of 3,000,000 to_5.000.000 men upon s order. Russia, notwithstanding Lenin' surrender of commu: principles, has not yet ecrased the leopard spots. Russia still dreans of dominating the communism, and polit of the moment are | merely to further greate of old-world dowination of first preached by Lenin g ;l';hls dnmlrn;lllvm naturall he use of treme; s ita e o ndous military One of the world and chief plans | Turkey in a volatile fo i cally” speaking,' %o that ik | pour it into the communistic ! ble at the proper hour. Turkey. it is undersioo, made a’ hotbed of poli igious strife thereby ¢ unrest that prevails throu. rope. The sovie to the contrary, does not w for peace w 11 permit Deoples of the old world 1o settl nd once mor. self-satisi Bolshevism fatten ered by un ns, and it} ammedan w resume an attitud. complacency. discontent T condit on ettled cec ment through failure 1o abide by decisions with ! powers, then much will done to divert the atte ropean governments and social prg; Europe is to es of chaos. rv it state i Disarmament Delayed. ! During the past few weeks Russia's | specific intentions have been broad. casted to the world through Russia‘x| apparent attempt to gain a disarma- | ment agreement with i states of Finland, Lithuanfa and Esthonia. 1t was { be expected that such maneuver would | fail. for at heart Ru that | her effort in fostering confer- taken for what it was, the borderi Poland. Laty w real intentions in eastern Europe and | Bain some political prestize. More likely, however, Russia attempted to piay the role of the wolf in sheeps clothing for if the smaller border | states had hecded Russia’s expressed ' wishes and disarmed, sconer or later | victims of ! Russia’s military forces. Tn fact, it ' was the suspicion of Russian intont | that prevented agreement, Poland, | probably inspired by the French re- | fusing to sanction any agreement un- | less it was first specifically determin- | ed to what extent disarmament could and would be carried. Demanding the | “thus and what” of Russia, the Rus- | sians naturally would not commit down. Each side blames the other for the split. As a matter of fact, the lit- tle entente’s defensive agreement. un- til It expires, at least, will be an ef- fective wedge against any disarma- ment agreement with the Russians, for the status of Bessarabia, which | was awarded to Rumania under the peace treaty, still is a causus belll in 80 far as the Russians #re concerned. Rumania being allied with the little entente, naturally there can be no disarmament agrcement. Concurrently with Russia's dis- armament parley flasco came further pronuncimamentoes of Trotsky. who | stll rattles the saber and declares | that the Russian army is ready to | fight for the principle ple foundation ssias soviet regimo: Conditlons Grow Worse. H BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended December 23: United States of America—The naval blll, carrying an appropriation of approximately $200.000,000, has passed the House. The bill is of particular interest because of its last clause. which reads as follows: “The President is requested to ‘enter into negotiations with the governments of Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan, with the view of reaching an understanding or agreement relative to limiting the construction of all types and sizes of subsurface and surface craft of 10,000 torns standard displacement or less, and of aircraft.” The addition of that clause to the bill was due to the recent recommendation by the genera]l board of the Navy of a $400,000.000 program for comstruction of auxiliary com- batant seacraft of not over 10,000, tons, and of aircraft; the board proposing that our Navy he rounded out, and that it be not weaker in any important class than the navy of any other power. 2 Secretary Hughes' program of reductions and limitations submitted -to the conference in Washington Jast winter included reduction of total tonnages of auxillary combatant sea- aft of the several navies, but for reasons 11 known that part of the program was re- ected. Jikaints additiona) reductions are much to he desired, but it seems very doubtful whether negotiations to that end would have much success at present. Senator King, however, would go still farther. He has offered a reso- lution which proposes that the President in- vite “the governments with which the United States has diplomatic relations to send repre- sentatives” to a conference in Washington, having for its objective “a general interna- tional agreement by which armament for war, either land or =ea, shall be effectually reduced.” As for aircraft. there is general agreement that, since the commercial types are so easily convertible to war uses, effective limitation as to number or size would mean an end to de- velopment of commercial aviation. And now Senator Borah goes a step farther than Senator King. He proposes the following amendment to the naval bill as received from the House: he would definitely involve us once more in European affairs: % That the President is authorized and re- cuested to invité such zovernments as he may deem necessary or expedient to send repre- rntatives to 'a conference twhich will he rRed with the duty of chnsidering the economic problems now obtaining throughout the wor'd. with a view of arriving at such understandings or arrangements is may xeem cesential to the restoration of trade and to the establishment of sound financial and busi- ness conditions, and also to consider the sub- ject of further limitation of armaments, with a view of reaching an understanding or agree- « ‘ment upon said matters, both by land and b sea. and particularly relative to limiting the construction of all types and sizes of sub- surface and surface craft of 10,000 tona stand- ard displacement or less and of aircraft.” Tt is severhl days now stnce Senator Norrfs offered the motion that his rural credits hill displace the ship subsidy bill as the unfinished business of the Senate, but the ship subsidy bill still remains the unfinished business. The bill introduced in Congres which pro- poses an appropriation of $70,000.000 for food for Germans and Austrians, alleged to be starving, does not seem to be making much progress. The question naturally asks itself: Since Germars have foreign credits to a total of many times $70,000,000. is it not reasonable to leave it to those opulent ®entlemen to finance the imports into Germany of the food- Stuffs necessary to save thelr countrymen from starvation? The nomination ‘of Plerce Butler to be asso- ciate justice of the Supreme Court has been .confirmed by the Senate. The annual report of the director of the United States reclamation service of the De. partment of the Interior reviews the work of that,service during the twenty years since the natibnal reclamation act became effective The service, says the report, has reclaimed an area for agriculture whose products equal in THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER 24, il9§2—P'ART 2. L he Story the value those of the state of West Virginia, or those of Vermont and Connecticut combined. Clemenceau has presented $20,000 to the American fleld service fund, this being the amount received by him from lectures and newspaper articles during his tour of Amer- ica, less his expenses. This fund provides fellowships for American students in France and French students in the ‘United States. The n*w “Insulin” treatment recently. re: cued from death a patient suffering from d betic coma—the first time in the world's his tory that diabetic coma has not resulted in death. The patient, a boy of sixteen, may live to a good old age. 8ix mighty nimrods, new style, are planning 2 hunting trip in the arctic reglons in the oming sp: They will use a fiying boat, or quapland,” going to their hunting grounds via the Hudson river, the American and Ca- nadian lakes and rivers to James bay, and thence to Hudson bay, where they will estab- lish a base for their operations farffer north. They expect to reach Hudson bay in three days by air. The Hudson Bay Company will place caches of gueoline and other supplies -along the route. 1 noted in a previous summary the plan of the Pasteur Institute of France to create an ape farm in French West Africa for its own experiments and to supply an expanding mar- ket for apes—the anthropoid ape being of unique value for purposes of experiment, since he reacts to disease much like his slightly more advanced cousin, man. I expressed the hope that the ape in his artificially induced sufferings would be sustained by his altruism. To elaborate a little: No doubt. being so close 1o man, the ape possesses altruism. if only in a very elementary degree, and, if o, by a judicious process of and breeding this trait may be mado predominant, so that he will after no long space actually enjoy having pneumonia and typhus. In California, 1 observe, they are breeding lions for the movie market. And in another state of the U, S. A. 'tis sald they are making interesting experiments with jackasses. Un- fortunately, the market (especially the for- cign market) is glutted with jackasses, and it is no longer by any means certain that the American jackass is superior to the Europearr, Our planet spins faster and faster down the ringing grooves of change. * ok ok ok The British Empire.—There has been little startling news from Great Britain or Ireland during the past week. The governor general of northern Treland under the new dispensation is the Duke of Abercorn, of a house chiefly noted for the extraordinary good looks of its members. In the Free State reprisals and counter reprisals continue. Seven more -republican assassins have been executed—for train- wrecking and illegal possession of arms, am- nunition and bombs. On December 17 the evacuation of British troops from Free State territory was com- pleted. An fmmense throng showed the most extraordinary cordiality to the departing bat- talions. * % k % Germany.—The air is full of rumors im- vorting aid from this country toward settle- ment of the vexcd problem of German repara- tions. One such rumor has received the coup de grace from a statement by Mr, Lamont of J. P. Morgan & Co., as follows: either the firm of which 1 am a member nor any other bankers are going to make a loan of a billion and a half dollars to Ger- many. © * ° Germany is not in a position at the present time to inspire our pegple with confidence to buy its bonds. The first thing on the programsas the bankers view it. in the fixing of a definite reparations sum. Follow. ing the fixatioy of this sum, Germany must et out on « pdriod of deflation. There may possibly come iwith that a scheme of the allies for the supervision of such deflation, in. cluding_the administration of Germany's cus- toms. When those things are done, then I can imagine American investors will be prepared to lend money to Germany—not on a gigantic scale, but enough to help her over the hill." * %k %k % Poland.—On December 9, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland under its new constitution. Ho was a radical and received the combined votes of the radicals und non-Poles in the national assembly (the president being elected by the diet and senate in joint session! He recelved fe: VO! of delegates of Polish race than did his nearest competitor, a nationalist The nationalists were very angry, especially against the non- Poles and most e y against the Jews. There was rioting by nationalists on the oc- caslon of the inauguration of the new presi- dent, in which four persons were killed and ten wounded. But the episode, though bloody, was brief, order was quickly and completely restored and there seemed little likelithood of further outrages. . On the 16th, while he was attending an exhibition of paintings, Narutowics was shot dead by an artist. It turns out, however, that the murderer has long been regarded as half crazy, so that the assassination has no vivid political significance. On the 19th Stanislaus ‘Wojclechowsky was elected president. He is a member of the so-called plast party, a party of moderate farmers. ® %k %k %k Turkey.—Little progress has been made at Lausanne this week. Indeed, it might seemn that there has been retrogression, rather. It w wlidely reported that Ismet Pasha had accepted the allled program for the straits only triflingly amended from its original forms, with certain reservations, to be sure, Lut unimportant and offering no bar to a definite gottiement. But the reservations are not unimportant. Ismet demands that the straits commission shall have no right of supervision over the demilitarized land zones and he demands guaranteecs for the safety of Constantinople of ‘a rigidity surpassing that of pre-Glotto Itallan painting or the uttitude of our Anti-Saloon League. Very likely 1smet's fresh intransigence is assumed in order to wrest concessions under other heads of nego- tlation; but it is none the less important on that account. I described last week the affecting scene when Ismet Pasha announced the intention of Turkey to join the league of rations upon consummation of a peace treaty, and declared Turkey’s willingness that the treaty should embody provisions relating to the minorities in Turkey of the same character as tle’ pro- visions relating to mimorities in the post- war treaties of Poland, Rumania, Jugoslavia, c. But as the work of drafting such pro- vislons proceeds, the Turks are constantly demurring on essential points. Hers again their fresh intransigence is probably assumed for the purpose of bargaining upon the sub- Jects of capitulations, Mosul, etc. It is understood that Ismet has received orders from Angora to be less complaisant. Not impossibly representations from Moscow partly inspired those orders. * % %k ¥ Miscellaneous,—The Roman Catholic Cathe- dral of Quebec (the “Basilicia of the Im- maculate Conception™) was destroyed by fire on December 22. Part of the building dated back to 1647. Much of precious historical ecclesiastical interest was destroyed. - The French senate, by 136 to 134, has re- Jjected the bill which proposes to give the vote to French women. The chamber had passed fit. Italy is consuming more wine than ever before, Venice being the most bibulous of Italian cities. The per capita consumption of wine in Venice last year was 140 liters. There is a new premier at Peking, said to lLave been nominated by President Li Yuan Hung, under pressure from the militarists, who are again asserting themselves, under the leadership of that old trimmer, Tsao Kun, whom rumor declares to be hand in glove with Chang Tsao-Lin, the super-Tuchun of Man- churia. The most evil-smelling feature of the situation is the fact that nomination of the new militarist premier (a hitherto obscure general) was almost unanimously approved by the reconstructed parliament. Tsao-Kun is reported to be backed by the military groups in_ sixteen provinces, and he is belleved to aspire to the presidency. 3r. Hanihara has been appointed Japanese ambassador to Washington to succeed Baron Shidehara: an appointment very agreeable to Americans who know Mr. Hanihara. PLAN TO HAVE COURTS HEAR ELECTION CASES {Taking Contests 'Out of House Would Expedite Decisions and End Much " Political Scandal. of this character should be Dpassed i to avoid delay in having the contested election cases disposed of. In case & man is unseated now a double salary is paid. There is a great deal of ad- Yerse criticism, but the theory is tha: f & man is entitled to his seat he ix entitled to the salary, and that the man who has the seat is entitled to draw the salary until it is proved that fomeone else is entitled to the seat. Otherwise the situation would be that the district would have no repre- Sentative seated in the- House. The present impetus comes out of the H:,:u un.g.:{u Re “During the eight years that I have 8 REDDOSSREALIYS |} onn camaned | i e T Bave Thomas W. Harrison the other day|ijon work there has been no inten. and seating in his stead John Paul as | tional delay. The committees have representative from the seventh Vir-|done the best that could be expected . to_expedite uction.” ginta district. There have been sev- | Opepedit uct eral very famous contested election T which v alinger introduced {a bill, which House, e cases in the House, but the most im- | bodying in the law the,rules which portant and remarkable one of Tecent the three clection committees dectded years was when, with the House in upon for expediting consideration under existing practice. Under exist- charge of the democratic party and|ing law, Mr. Dallinger explaing, {f Champ Clark as Speaker, John Britt, | both parties ‘to a contested election the republican claimant in the tenth North Carolina district, was seated case take all the time the law allows them in the pleadings and trials of instead of Zebuion Weaver by one vote, while a filibuster was on, under the case and the committee to which the case is referred gives real thor- the ‘generalship of the late Repre- entative James R. Mann, just a few ough consideration to the testimony. @ contested election case cannot well minutes before the Congress expired co‘mo"befure the House for a year and by the clock. That meant that Britt | & half after the election. drew $15,000 in salary and mileage for the entire two years, although Why Election Cases Drag. he had actually served only about| In some cases, he polnts out, where three minutes. a committee d. ' P B n There have been other cases In the o SOMtioe delays its final action in last two Congresses. two Wicker- e fair to one of the two oham chses, where hio won out over Partles, as was the the case in th Tigsby: the case of Farr being seat- recent Virgi, P . ¢4, in place of McLain of Fennsyl: |y ot VIElnia contest. Paul xx. vania, and the spectacular fight in B re additional time waw which Reprelarfixu\'e ;eur :""fi Eiven to the contestee, Judge Harri- won out after “Honey” Fitzgerald of son, to introduce certain tables of Boston had been seated. figures: or where finul action of the Representative Moore’s Bill. committee s postponed because of unavoidable absence of some of the Representative 1. Walton Moore, democrat, of Virginia on September | minority, as was also the case in the Virginia contest: and when a recess 20 Jast introduced a bill, which was Teferred to the elections committee, ;’{QC::;"G;:'“S'{'! (Place, a» was alse x ecks, in the - secking to remedy the situation ginia contest, it may be twe “IL through court action. Representative [ before a case is reached by the Fmar Frederick W. Dallinger of Massachu- | “In order. therefore. to avor thio Iay. which under the setts, chaitman of the elections com- to a la; e present system is mittee and formerly a lecturer in rge extent unavoidable, some mye- tem by whic ermi government at Harvard University, $ md"iodjcial determinatian of the law and the facts can be made introduced another bill yvesterday with and submitted v Ce t the same purpose in view, and says he i of 1on ‘mry COnETess at 1 the beginning of its L sess) is will work for its early passage. certainly to ba desired. "”I'hprel‘e.:'u'll\'« Representative Moore points out in- | Dallinger saye of coires there is the terestingly how “some of the ableat . - additional consideration that such. & men of the country have expressed |me; ” > i their disgust with the manner In | id ould undoubtedly do away with the cha Zhich puch canes are dealt with.” He | connideration of hume ant Py ehiers {nto calls attention that Speaker Reed, in n = an article in the North American Re- | po, "ott¢" hOW baseless the charge may view, dwelt upon the fact that no ‘The trouble with the bill introduced other business transacted by the |py ot . trodn House i€ 5o controlled by mere par. -&nmir'-uxfifilxlng?-: 'gfm:t' e tisan farl(n_&; Speaker Reed quoted!jagyes the existing statutory provisions Representative, afterward Gov., Rob- | in regarn 16 s Bing of the pleadings inson of Massachusetts saying, taking bf evidence and filing of briefs when asked what were the party unchanged. which provisions e oL rat Lime. =1 knowilof Laponsible for meet of tas Aot o none except election case: disposition of these cases. 4 " “Tne ancients thought of justice as a figure blindfolded and holding the | Would Simplify Practice, “I have introduced a bill,” said Mr. scales on even balance,” says Repre- sentative Moore. “But, in connection ith contests in the House, fnvolving | Dallinger, “which would repeal existing the very important matter of deciding | j, who is entitled to a seat, justice Is “:: sgard to the handling of contro- ordinarily blind and deaf, and with | veried election cases and provide tha: oply enough perception to understand | within ten days of the final termination that one of the parties Is & democrat | of the clection by the state authosities and the other is a republican. the contestant should serve notice of his Twice Reported Favorably. contest on the contestes and file a copy of the same with the clerk of the House of Representatives, as at present, and also with the clerk of the United States “In order to bring about a better ! condition, which all fatr-mindea peo- district court of the district in which the contestee has his residence. UT of several recent contested election cases comes a re- newed effort for federal legislation which will throw such cases Into the court for a ju- dicial determination, with a view to avolding now necessary delay in de- cisfon with consequent heavy expense to the government and generally with the odor of scandal. ple should desire,” continues Repre- sentative Moore, “I have introduced a bill providing that contested elec- BY MORTIMER E. COOLEY. [Dean of the Engineering Schools, University of Michigan; successor of Conditions throughout Europe are instead of better from ar: economic and industrial view- point and there is every reason to! believe | there is to be upheavals in i several sections of the continent be- Furk- | | ! I | the Angora |be thrown against not only the rati- the final voice, |fication of the Turkish-Allled accord uenco may wndo | but concede | conditions for political expediency’s sake at thn | terests of Europe. moment. Strengthens Army and Navy, | From well informed channels comes Intimation that Russia already is preparing to gain by force 1| Story of a Christmas Day And the Story of a Ball Game Christmas Day was fair and beau- | Ness City nine who, 1 hie titul when 15,000 American soldicrs were camped in and around Manila, | the Oregon rezim 1 1895, maintr ining a line of sentries about 14 miles long around the city, and with a similar number of Filipino | N¢SS the ch; soldlers maintaining a similar guard |, line about 100 yards beyond. As hostilities did not start until ruary 4, following the Americans and Cagerly and said: Filipinos were amigoes on that day of “Peace on Earth, Good Will To- ‘wards Men.” Vigilant for the opening of war- fare, In a foreign iand, acrose the Pacific, half a centinent from home, those Americas boys celebrated theilet @ man get to second in great day with the king of American xports—a basv ball game between the Oregorni an: Kansas regiments for the championsAip of the island: _Representagive Edward C. Little of Kansag whe had previously served during Harrieon's_administration as const) general to Egypt and to Whom Richard Harding Davis dedicated his bool, “The Rulers of the Mediter- ranean,” was lieutenant colonel to the redéubtable Fred Funston, command- ing the 20th Kansas Regiment, partici- pating in engagements at Caloocan, the Rjo Tulijuan, Malinta, Polo, Meycatay- an, Marilao, Bocaue, Bigaa, Guiguinto, alolos, San Fernando, the defense.of Kan I'nrlu:dol. l;llohn, Marilao, Caloocan and elsewhere. There, ten thousand miles from home in the tropic sea. Lieut. Col. Little met an old team-mate on the | | Feb- | of the seventh inning Jteen men as fast | | fore there will be peace and advance, Tt is these upheavals that the soviet regime awaits to further communis- tic outbreaks. With the heliaf that the hour repidly approaches when the Russlans are to gain réalization of the principles for which they have stood, it is but natural that naval and military forces are being made ready. Inasmuch as the Russians thelr abllity to gain desired ends by diplomacy, it is to be expected that the full weight of their influence will in stirring up and prolonging inimical to the best fn- The Lasuannne conference, if agreements are finally affected. may. Dbe the beginning of general world peace and ‘settled order throughont the Near East, but Russia's attitade glves no indication that this end will ntually be r ized. i i ad not seen tin Will Moon of nt, pl antly itu- ated In the Cartel de Expagne, within § the Walled City. Together these old has-beens went to the Luneta to wit. mpionship game. They ook reserved seats on top of | carromata, a little Filipino hack, | built for a small people. - At the end a-boy came u..I n ten years—Ca y d: “Cap, we have the championship cinched—the score 8 to 2" “Don't be too sure,” Capt. Moon replied. “T played In a ‘sare oon Where we struck out the first foure ak they came up. We didn't let a man get to first in the first seven innings. We didn't n the first eight. We had them beaten 10, to! 0 at .the end of the first half of the ninth. But they tied the score in the ninth inning, and though we struck them out in the tenth and the | pitcher himself made a run for us in the eleventh. they won the gaime the last half of the eleventh Inning. Since then I have never belleved in a ‘sure thing’—so don't be too certain of the championship, yet.” “Captain.” asked Lieut. Col. Little, “Who pitched that game for the Ness City nine?” Capt. Moon thought a moment. Then he threw his arms around - Little and unceremoniously tumbled him off the carromata, as h said: “Why you, you son of a gun But Oregon won the game, Having served the United States with distinction in the Army, the diplomatic _corps and in Congress this old “has been" pitcher is just completing the task of codifying all of the federal laws into one book. which will be the largest law book ever published. Herbert Hoover as president of the Federated American Engineering Socleties.] | HE American workingman has made another striking ad- vance—this time through the instrumentality of the en- gineer, aided by New England philanthropy. The - engineer—that new force in civilization which In peace is now playing a role even more important than the role It played in war—has found, after a survey of more than forty industries lasting two years, that the two-shift day of twelve hours is not essential to our economic system. Eight hours, the facts show, are enough. This is a cheerful prospect for 1923. These findings, embodied in the now famous report on “The Twelve- Hour Shift in American Industry,” prepared by the committee on work- periods in continuous industry of the Fledernled American Engineering So- j cieties, not only mark a big step for- ward in the emancipation of labor during the year 1922, but they directly affect more than 1,000,000 of our fellow Americans, men, women and children. Better relations between capital and labor, more contented homes and more intelligent and more willing workers may be reasonably expected when the full influence of the engineering committee's work, supported by the Cabot fund of Bos- ton, of which Philip Cabot is trustee, begins to be felt. Forty Industries Surveyed. In this study the engineer was at home, for industry is more and more coming to attract his talents. Indeed, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, of which I am a past president, has come to be known as the “society of the industries” In Study of the twelve-hour shift, or ‘long day,” in the operation of con- Unuous process industry. The spirit of the investigation refiected the firm faith of the engineers in facts and the method adopted was that of fact finding and fact using. Such a study is witkin the purview of engineering activities, for engineering includes “the art of organizing and directing human activities” in connection with “the forces and materials of nature. Much valuable economic data were revealed by the investigators. For example, Mr. Drury and Mr. Stough- ton. who also is chairman of the iron and steel committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgi- cal Engineers, ascertained that more than forty continuous industties were operating more or less completely upon a shift system. These indus- tries employ between 500.000 and 1,000,000 wage earners on ehift work. Their families constitute from 1,500,- 000 to 2,000,000 persons who are de- pendent upon earnings from shift work. There are 300,000 wage earn- ers working on twelve-hour shifts. ‘They and their familles number more than 1,000,000 persons. ‘The investigators noted carefully the results obtained by concerns which abandoned the twelve-hour day for the eight-hour day. These results, according to exhaustive evi- dence, are good. When given more leisure, the average American work- ingman does not abuse it. Neither does the leisure permitted by the eight-hour day make him a shirker or tend to develop lazine On the contrary, the effect of the eight-hour as compared with the twelve-hour shift operation on the quantity and quality of production, absenteeism and industrial accidents has been sat- isfactory where good management and co-operation of labor have been secured. In practically every major continuous industry there are plants which have increased the quantity of production per man as much as 25 per cent. In a few excopttional cases the increase has been much higher. Evidence shows also an improve- ment in quality of production fol- lowing the reduction in the length of shifts. Purpese of Investigati: the investigation of the two-shift day every branch of the engineering pro- fession was represented by the thirty or more national and local or- ganizations composing the Feder- ated American Engineering Socleties, which was organized about two years 2go under the headship of our dis- tinguished associate in engineering and in public service, Herbert Hoover. The two-shift day report, which will be issued in complete form, was presented to the executive board of the American Engineering Council, the_executive organ of the federation, in Boston recently in two sections. The first lactlor’l’ is d'ovrt:lad !: m‘:l f re thai 0! continuo! Industries " and was prepared: by, 5 What are the factors to be con- Horace B. Drury of Washington, & 500 5 dions? former member of the faculty of ®ig is the effect of eight-hour as O ortate University. amne 56c08d) compared with twelve-hour shift opera- sect concerns _the ity of pro- 374 Tron-industty ‘wad was prepared |don,on the quantiy snd gually of pro by Bradley Stoughton of New York, industrial accidents? formerly assotiate as adjunet pro- |InGUEETSl gocllens? o L fessor of metallurgy in_Columbla| T How do wage rates on elght-hour ity o Henny M Hews, on_twelve-hour shift_operation? of the world’s great figures in this |7 " Pvhos the general opinion of progressive sclence. “ managers of three-shift plants regard- Went. Affer the Fuets. :ing threedift a5 compared with two= 2 lon ? The facts are so complete and so o h‘:”: employes make good use of striking that when they were pre- reased hours sure ? nted to the American Engineering| '10. To what extent have plants. re- For the information of the American people let me say that the object of this investigation, which was a pure. public service rendered by the engineer with the ald of the Cabot fund, has been this: 1. What is the extent of continuous work in Americun industry? twelve-hour shift? changing from two-shift operation? 4. How does the change from two- three shift operation affect the number of_shift workers? ouncil they could not be serfously | Verted to two-shift operation? challenged. The inquiry dates from| ° 1920, when members of the engineer- Ing profession begaw an orgunised Answers to Questions. | 1 3. Are there technical difficulties in | | Engineers Find a Twelve-Hour Work Day Neither Essential Nor Good for Industry tion cases shall primarily be con- sidered by ‘the courts for the purpose of ascertaining the facts and report- ing them to the House for final ac- tion. The bill is exactly In line with a Dill that was twice favorably report- ed to the House from a committee of which he was chatrman in the Fifty: third and Fifty-fourth Congresses, by former Gov. McCall of Massachusetts. It enacted it would bring about the same practice that was instituted by the house of commons prior to 1870 to relieve itself of the scandal attaching 1 would then provide for giving the case a preference and having it speed- fly tried under rules to be adopted by the judges of the circuit court of ap- peals of the entire country, which rules should be uniform throughout the United States. I would also provide that the election cases might be tried before referee appointed by the judge of the district cour: with an appeal to the Judge on questions of law involving ad- missability of evidence, etc. 1 would have the judge of the United States district court make a finding both as 1o the law and the facts, as to who was entitled to the in continuous work ; the logical alterna- tive to the two-twelve-hour shift sys- tem ia the three-eight-hour ehift system, and this is the usual procedure; no tech- nical difficulties have been encountered by an overwhelming majority of the plants which have changed from two to three shift operation: it is not possible to give inclusive data as to the effect upon the number of shift workers of the change from two to three shift op- eration because of variations in condi tions, for in many small plants the nu ber of shift workers has increased in p;:afpomma u; the 1ncflll.le in numhor';‘)l shifts and in many large plants the number of shift workers has remained substantially constant when changing from two to three shift operation; fac- tors to be considered in changing from two to three shift operation are readi- ness of the men to do more work per hour under the shorter shift, responsi- bility of management, fluctuations in in- dividual earnings and labor costs, gen- eral industrial and economic condi- tions, number of working days in a week and rotation of shifts; the gen- eral effect of the eight-hour day as to production, etc., has been satisfactory ; wages tend to increase under the eight- hour day; workimen use their extra time wisely, only a few plants have revert- ed to the twelve-hour day. Spare Time Well Used. One answer of the investigators is worth guoting: “The evidence is con- clusive that the extra lelsure time of the men under the shorter working day is used to gool advantage. It is spent in gardening, truck farming and in doing odd jobs ‘which other- wise would haye to be paid for or Wwould not be done at all.” The question of wage rates is, of course, important. It may be sald that a comparison of wage rates un- der the eight-hour shift operation with the rates under the ten-hour shift indicates a general tendency to increase the rate per hour under the elght-hour shift. so that the dally earnings will be the same as they were before the change. In soms instances a compromise was made whereby the rate per hour was increased sufi- clently to make the daily garnings equivalent to a ten-hour da n other cases a 25 per cent increase in the rate per hour met with the ap- proval of the men. There is a natural divergence of opinion as to the advantages and dis- advantages of the three-shift opera- tion, but the engineers found that the weight of the evidence and the most 2. What are the alternatives to the | positive statements are in favor of the three-shift operation. Benefits Even Watchmen. Watchmen are a good example of a class of workers who, as a rule, are on twelve-hour shifts. This is true of three-shift plants as well as of two-shift plants, Some companies have put their watchmen as well as all other employes on three shifts. Some of these have been noted. The New Yurk-_Bhl?bu“dln. Company saw no reason for its 180 watchmen work- ing twelve-hour shifts when every- one else In its plant was on eight hours. Ford's watthmen are on eight hours. The Washburn-Crosby Com- pany, when the watchmen were changed te eight-hour shifts, real- ized & more effective service. The shortening of shifts was regarded as the important factor that contributed to_the improvement. The superintendent of & Philadelphia These. questioris may be thus answer. | Bl | Whoes, waichine | it was s ed:-More than forty ndustriés engaged |mistake. - A° prominent Ire *insurance l l man of New York did not regard the twelve-hour watchman as a cause of in- creased fire risk. The statement of one person is not sufficient to determine the general attitude of insurance men to- ward the question of the twelve-hour shift for watchmen. But to date the insurance rules all contemplate twelve- hour shifts. Police officers, on the other hand, take quite a different view. They do not think that watchmen any more than policemen are going to be efficient on twelve-hour turns. Interesting facts were found by the investigators among the retail stores. There are types of retall stores, as drug Stores, soda fountains, and small shops which are open for twenty-four hours, or until late at night. There is less standardization of hours in this group than any of the industries investigated. 1t would require a very detalled Investi- gation to determine the proportion of employes on long and on short shifts. However, it is known that one or more of the then in thess stores work eleven, twelve or longer hours per day. Store Hours Shertemed. In 1915, 2,459 Ohio stores reported to the industrial commission as to the hours of work per week. One hundred and thirteen reported a working week of seventy-two hours or over, In 1919 seventy stores out of 4,368 reported a seventy-two-hour' week. Statistics indicate that there is some twelve-hour work among the employes of théaters, amusement parks, ‘bowling alleys, barber shops and undertaking es- tablishments. services are congeraperal interest are the revelations rning lunday 0] \ys n the mm;:lhlfl. system ':hlgl;o xlg'e: d:very man opportunity o wurch and his family on sund.ly.’wnhout in- Athe expense of the “floating gang,” or the waste due to shutting down .the open hearth ce at the week end, Chance for Sunday Holiday. Another important aspect of the engineering inquiry concerns the “floating gang” and the Sunday holi- day. On the two-shift system the men are given a six-day week by means of the . “floating gang,” an auxillary crew of laborers which takes the place of individual labor- ers in succession for one day each Wweek. This is a great and kindly re- lief from the old seven-day week sys- tem, when a man worked 84 hours per week for 52 weeks of the year, but it is open to a great obfection on the part of the men. They want the free day on Sunday; on other days of the week they cannot enjoy the freedom so much; only a frac- tion of the time does the “floating gang” system give each man a Su: day off. While this is primarily a soclological question, it has fts tech- nical aspect, because it expresses it- selt in men leaving the work for other industries, large labor- . turn- over, irregularity of work, etc. There is an unbelieveable lack of knowledge pertaining to the twelve- hour shift. There are no statistics covering the matter of sbift work, nor has the government or any other agency collected flgures which show the number of twelve-hour workers. The federal government, through the census of manufacturers,. and some of the states. as Ohlo, Massachusetts and New York, indeed, collect masses of “figures on 'hours. ' But the stats figures are usually uniop regulations which gene: do not apply to con- tinuous-ope on employes: while the voluminous -statistics on hours col- seat, which finding must be forwarded to the clerk of the Iiouse before the commencement of the term of the new Congress. In this way there Wwould be a finding by a judicial tribuaat in all contested cases in the hands cf Cnn::ireas when each new Congress con- vened. to the partisan treatment of election contests, by referring them to the courts for decision. a plan that has worked admirably and now has un- qualified approvai. “This bill {5 pending before the com- mittee of which Representative Dal- | i)lnnr 15 chairman. and it may be that | it will receive some consideration in | 5 i the next Congress if not in this. With | Final Decision With House. |2ome medifications it would work out | “Of course, each house of Congress the ok in procedurs that Would save | hyy absolute constitutional powse 10 de. the House from performances which ’it Goes not relish and twhich the | lermine the elections returns and quali- country views with contempt.” fications of its own members. Thesn jthe same as the bill introduced by his ™5 oPinion in most cases be followed predeeessor, Samuel W. ‘McCall, on |br tke committees on elections and by the House itself. This hds been the ex- perience in Great Britain where for Which the committee twice made a favorable report, but which was never many years contested election cases in the house of commons have been de- passed by the House. termined in the first instance by elec- “As far as I am concerned,” says Representative Dallinger, “I do not tion judges, and the decision of those Judges has invariably been followed Ly consider that as far as fair hearings and disposition enter into the con- the house, although, of course, th. house of commons, the same as our sideration, that there is need for this House of Representatives, has absolute legislation. I know' that my com- mittee, and I belleve that other com- | constitutional power to determine for mittees, tried all their cases on law ! itself.” and merit. ““The reason that I think legislation lected for the federal census, and by | before that the main business and the state authorities in Ohlo, are no |obligation of Industry s to produce more than a report on the prevailing | goods, and to produce them at as low hours in the several establishments, a cost and In as great abundance as Where Work Never Stops, possible. But, important as the pro- duction of goods obviously is, the When persons speak of hours of ] labor they are thinking in almost a1l | 8Tect of industry upon those who cases of the ordinary day turn, which | 1200r {8 hardly less vital. For many begins at about 7 in the morning and | PeT°NS. labor In production is the endn at frofa 3:30 to 530 1n the Lreer | moBt vital thing In their lives, either o0, 76 ths jeass of Hey ooy i | in whab it Tntroluces Hinto Shelr e, is obviously no difficulty in adjusting Prience or in what it shuts out. , That is, the conditions under which the times ‘of starting and stopping | = - to give the desired number of ™MeR live during that part of the day % What the country, in its in. 9€Voted to work, the character which the stamps upon mind and body. terest in hours, has not realized {s | 'N¢ task 3 that underlying the major portion of | the xort of life outside of the shop {the nation’s industry, which operates| Which a man's occupation permits only by day, there are some forty or ' him and his family to enjoy, these b things have almost as important a foiy, tndustries whese profuction i SANef Mare mimomt g3 dipercanili four hours. In these industries, the number of hours worked per day is determined not by what would in itself constitate the best length of work day, but by what is possible and practicable considering the re- quirements that the total of all the work periods must be an even twenty-four hours. The division of twenty-four hours into ten or mnine-hour periods is a difficult matter. This fact, connected part of managers of continuous operation plants, and indeed of labor in many instances, partly accounts for the slowness with which the elimination of tw. our work has taken place. It is also true that many men on continuous work are employed in watching eguipment rll:lr than in doing great quantities of manual labor. s0 that the physical strain and the lessened efficiency of a twelve-hour day are not as great 2s on most types of day work. This no doubt accounts for the almost universal practice of making the duty of shift workers two hours longer rather than two hours shorter than the common ten-hour day. Importance of Production. The people of the United States realize today more clearly than ever carried on throughout the twenty- 7 o' 1% well-being as does with the lack of enthusiasm on f.he' the yquantity of goods produced. . | " The twelve-hour day for snife | workers is still to be found widely jdistributed throughout the continu- ous operation industries. But today it no longer holds the distinction or being the only practice. and, encept - ing special circumstances, it must e | “scrapped. = | —_— - CUBB RAIL DIVIDENDS. Cars First Demand of Bill Intro. duced by SBénator Jonnson. Rallroads that do not provide & sufficient number of cars to handle the requirements of trafic would be debarred from declaring dividends under a bill introduced yesterday by Senator Hiram Johnson of California. A railroad would have to obtain from the Interstate Commerce Commission & certificate to the effect that an in- spection had been made and its equip- ment found adequate before it could declare a dividend. Senator Johnson in a statement de- at his bill was intended to meet n _intolerable condition.” Farmers and producers of the west. he said, have been ruined by car shortage during the last vear, the losses running into hundreds of mfl- ligns of dollars, =