Evening Star Newspaper, November 26, 1922, Page 45

_ MUSS Dangers BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. HIS man Mussolini of Italy in- trigues the imagination. Ife remains Napoleonic in his gestures, Bismarkian in bull- # dog tenaclty and dctermination to . achieve realization of the rights of Ttaly. He has gone before the Italian chamber and defied ft to do its politi- al worst. Today it is preparing com- placently to follow his dictates. for there is a steady rumble of milllons of people threatening drastic action f it impedes this new statesman, who more than any one other individual in Lurope today represents reconstructive desires of hosts of peoples. He puts his government to work, something Ttalian governments have not been rone to do for a good many decades. ifo demands civil and economic re- forms with carte blanche to execute them for a period of a year, that the tares may be separated from govern- mental wheat and Ttaly placed on a progressive basis. He goes to Lau- <anne, and instead of complacently howing to Franco-British dictation, fie demands that Poincare and Curzon sce him. They obey. uestness belying mere political ge! ture, he openly declares that Italy's rights arc hers and he intends to see that they are not trampled upon by any Franco-British agreement. Italy must be taken into the entente as a (bosom confidante. and permitted to share as the allies share in readjust- nents, European and otherwise, else i reign policy to suit herself. Allles Bend Knees. It must have been strange for the dignified Curzon and the haughty Poincare, who expect obeisance. to bend their knees to the doughty Ital- ian, but this they have done, for they recognize in Mussolini not an Italian dictator, but more than that—a man who Is the embodiment of a deter- mination on the part of the great masses of common people of Europe to have but little more-of such gove ~rnmental regimes as temporize with their fates to the consequent suffer- inz of all. > And in many of the disaffected re- zions of Europe come reports of i pending fascisti revolts. In_Prussia, in Bavaria. in the Austrian Tyrol, in Hungary and even in France herself tascisti bands have been organized. Each has a different set of purposes. but underlying all there is a firm in tention to see realized really strong and advancing governments. It may be cailed patriotic national- ism run mad. It may result in blood- shed in many quarters. But it never- theless remains a fact that after four years of drifting through uncharted and arduous seas the ordinarily com- placent Eurcpean common peoples ure about to assert themselves In many quarters. How well they will ~ucceed naturally depends upon the caliber of their leaders. In Mussolini nrmness with common sense in gov- ernmental adjustments. He 15 2 pa- triot who may be expected to -do nothing that is not really in Italy's best interests, though he appears mis- Zuided at various junctures in future adjustments. But in other countries leadership may not always be so for- tunate, and if there is unfortunate leadership, that kind founded upon nersonal desire for power and pomp with national interests held in the nackground, then disaster will result. Pushes Ahead Unafraid. Mussolini’s position may be likened into that of an Italian destroyer a rew weeks after the armistice, and on which I was traveling. We nosed out of the harbor of Venice and start- ed for Fiume and Pola, through the inine-ridden fields of the Adriatic. As ong as the determined little craft kept going all was well, and it swcampered through the water as though there was not a danger in he world. In its daring’ it epito- iized security and confidence.’ Noth- ng could possibly happen, for had it not stood supreme through long war- jure and escaped without a mark? But, on the other hand, if the speed- ng craft should have struck one of the deadly mines left as the Adriatic’s heritage of Austrian naval warfare, rhe result would have been, as the -ommander so cryptically expressed it: “aAIr's well. But if we do hit a mine, 001." Pina so it is with Mussolini, the new leader of Italy. He represents the de- stroyer of the old order, and in traveling. through the dangerous po- litical waters, well mined by enemies, e may reach his port. But, as the italian commander aboard the little Accerbi, he is not countenancing the worst, but the best, and strives for ‘he harbor of national safety. Wwhich /loes not necessarily mean strictly a sovernmental one, but a port for all Lis millions of people who shall once \ore take up the burdens of progress ‘nd sustalning Ttallan influence at home and abroad. Indifferent to Ememies. Indifference to his enemies <ap- ntly remains a characteristic. He \as commitied himself to seeing that lialy's objigations, internationally -peaking. are fulfilled. He refuses to <en the other larger powers of Eu- rope trample Ttaly’s interests in the aust. He intends that there shall be “As I See It” (Continued from Second Page.) «learly than they did before they were licked for some little, old, 'dinky of- tice. . Men who grumble at the ingrat- itude of republics and fringe the sofl- od petticoats of misfortune, peddling insurance or keeping neighborhood wrocery stores, after brilliant but thwarted carcers as political pap- <uckers, do more than any other ele- ‘nent in modern life to create the im- ression that politics is a dirty game. “Fhe truth Is that politics is as clean as any other department of life; as Jean as the church or as commerce as teaching, or as the law or as the home. Politics is played by men and women who take the same rioral Standards and the same habits of obity into public life that their fel- lows display in other avocations. People hire public servants because \he voters and the candidates for po- litical servitude agrée about certain public affairs. And_ then some fine Jay the people who hire these public <ervants change their minds. And be- cause the only way people can ex- press their changed views is by rhanging their public setvant <ervants who have foolish ideas t! hey have a life tenure on their jo «ften rise up and wail -at the base, fickle, ungracious attitude of thelr constituents. Women coming into officeholding should learn that these post-election pouts are execrable. And, for in- stance, some one should take Miss \lice Robertson, congresswoman from Oklahoma, aside and tell her to quit railing at her good friends and leighbors in Muskogee. They elected her two years ago, not beckuse she vas a paragon of political virtue, but ’ pecause they were feeling in-an anti- OLINI EMBODIMENT | OF HOPES OF MASSES| With an ear- | Iy will go it alone and bend her | Ttaly apparently has found a towee of strength, who intends to temper!| European Peoples Eager to Follow Lead-| - ers Threatening Old Order, but - wholesome respect for Ttaly’'s’ opin- fons and Italy's declsions. Italy never will be forced to the expedlent of Or- Jando and the lamented Baron Son- nino. who. to receive any attention, were Yorced to quit the Paris peace conference in order to impress repre« sentatives of other. powers that Italy had been slighted. Mussolini will demand and, if early indicatlons ave. criterlon, he will get. Representutives of other powers probably will attempt to-make It ap- pear that Mussolini blocks engage- ments of one kind or another. but it generally may be taken for.granted that the real reason for their plaints wiIl be that Italy has demanded an not been consulted. Frankly, Mus-{ solini has made It plain that ‘when mandates are considered Italy m be heeded, when general Europ questions ‘are considered Italy must be taken info conferencc. I other | jwords, the entente must be an out- and-out entente or Ttaly pursues her way. Mussolini 1s confronted with dip- ‘lomutl: sulle grown up through the centuries. Europe. Yankee directness often- times has been the Instrument of dis- cocerting Buropean Intrigus, - and Mussolini evidently iniends to apply some of the Yankee brand of nego- tiating. With directness he may gain for Italy that .which Italy has been unable to achieve since the fall of the Roman empire—thorough-going re- spect in diplomatic councils, Right or wrong. Mussolinl's filght across the Europera political firma- ment 1s a welcome diversion from the drab, drear tenor uf events there. The iy principles which he espouses yet may be so far-reachi g as to permeate and !revolutiontze archaic governmental ! methods throughout Europe, methods { which have exasperated the patience of all peoples angd Ingrained a spirit of revolt agalnst oppressive condi- i tions. = ‘What Will Lausanne Do? Will the Lausanne near eastern con- ference actually lead to war or to peace? > This is a question that is engaging statesmen the world over, and there 1s little reason for denying the flcl‘ | that it has occasioned grave com:ern; in every quarter. And particularly | |slnce it becomes increasingly ap-! | the Turkish and the allled viewpolnts | egarding several of the.major ssues | “nvolved In final settlement. At the present moment the Turks stand against a umited front of all| other powers directly interested In| the final agreement. Their difficult position has not in the slightest re-l duced thetr firm demands that Turkish nationallst desires be realized to the | fullest and that Turkey be granted everything Mustapha Kemal thinks is due her by virtue of her over-! whelming victory over the Greeks.! But the Turks are sure to meet with trouble as Indicated by the refusal of their demand that the Turkish na- tional boundarles in Europe extend over western Thrace. which region would be left to the fate of .a Plebiscite which, through Turkish ! | machanitions, certainly would he | Turkish In result. The Turks are| standing firm for the abandonment | of capitulations, but the allies hardly ! will consent to throwing the inter- ests of all forelgners in Turkey over to the care of rotten Turkish courts and antiquated methods of doing business, | religious prejudices. The allies have | retused the Thracian demand and the Turks significantly have stated that they will rest their demands until the Russians acrive, it being plainly.ev j ent that the Turks will turn to the Russtans for support in all future Qeliberations. All a Game of Bluff. It all is a game of bluff, and no person at this time can state whether the Turks will gain more than they expect or the conference will end atter the allles have refused to meet Turkish demands. = There is no_question but the allies and the Balkin powers are fearful of Tygko-Ressian pressure. The al- lies ®ar this, alignment more than any other eventuality for, with pos- sible - future German co-operation | with Russla, there would be created a bloc of nations always standing potential menace to wesiern howers. The danger is realized by Mussolinl and, in fact., he has called it to the! allies’ attention. It is & question just how far fears of a Russo-Turkish- German coalition -will influence Lau- sanne deliberations and how far the allies will capitulate in order to stave off a conflict which® even the most sanguine declare is sure to come‘in, the next decade unless concrete ri sults satisfactory to all are realized at Lausanne. *; | 'The Balkans nations, including Bul- garia, have banded together to frus- trate overambitious Turkish desires as. to European territories, and this close cohesion of Balkan countries, who similarly united in the war of 1912 against Turkey, is sure to in- fluence the allied course. One thing stands out predominently. There must be. compromise, and - far-reaching compromise, between the allies and ,the Turks else the conference. wil | fall, 'and as yet there is no sign of radical departures from fixed policies | on. either hand. But the conference !is young and anything may be ac- i complished before European states- men lay down their tools. | Notwithstanding assurances of friendliness and eagerness to réach final adjustment, a dark cloud hangs over Lausanne, and the sun never may- break through. Wilson, wnti-war, anti-democratic frame of mind. Noblé qualities of mind which Miss Robertson displayed running her cafeteria had little to do with her-elec- | tion to Congress. e They were the same honest, ‘kindl; folk who have just defeated her that they werc two years ago. And-Mfs { Robertson proves herself unfitted.for public life by her gloomy forebodings about -the destiny of man, the de- pravity of her neighbors and the Tow state of the cowmos. Sweet Alice soured. And all because her Mus gee triends are dublous about the efficacy of warmed-over normalcy as u panaces: for a sick and disjoinged world. Miss Alice should sweeten up. She should do this partly_ for the honar of her sex and partly because, after all, Muskogee i not to blame for.vot- ing against her. Muskogee. giveth and Muskogee taketh away; blessed be the name of Muskogee. - The right to hire and fire fn politics belongs to the people; so Miss Allce—heaven bless her—should be’ thankful. for what she has had and not backcap the ‘shop just .because some one -else has her job. ? - If women are to-be happy in. poli- tics they must learn that only a cheerful loser makes a wise winner. The. Rise l"'lll. INCE the election fn which the slaughter of the innocents of con- servatism in both parties on, the only elemental fact that stands’ out from the confusion, Senator Borah of ldaho is emerging as the leader of the liberal majority. =That majority s fairly non-partisan, and Borah Is developing a rather nice disregard of partisanship, too. During the first twWo grossly partisan years of the re- publican administration the chilly di regard - for - partisan consideration’ which Borah' has displayed has made " to hold her”seat until the next da end to agreements in which she has . Today it Is the curse of |, parent that there is a gulf between ! BY HENRY W. BUNN. \HE folléwing Is°a ‘bifef sumimsry ot thé’ most.important news of the world “-for the seven days eilded November 25: ‘United Statés of America.—On Tuesday the Presldent addressed Copgress in joint session in the interest of the bjil commonly known as the ship subsidy . bill.” It was a very fine speech—clear and logical;'but how vote-com- pelling remains to be'seen. It is evident that a good many members are much more inter- ested in “rural: credits”.legislation than In the fortunes‘of our méfchant marine. Mrs. W. H. Felton,.appointed, Interim sena- tor from.Georgia on the. death of Senator Watson, was sworn in on Tuesday and allowed when the newly-elected senator from. Georgls, Mr. (George, was constralned'to claim it. She made a’ nice little speech approprifte to the some- .what remarkable accgsign. . . . I heard Clemenceau's.first American speech, at the Metropolitan-Opera house, New Yorl . It was in.chief a direct appeal to the Amerl can heart; an appeal based, as he so happily put it, on the unique “romance” of the rela- tlons Between -“France - and ' the new-born American silates, and, -of course, on the recent assoclation® bf the republica in the great war. it was an appeal for a reunion of hearts es- tranged—American, ~French, - British. ‘The American heart séems to be responding as warmly as Clemenceau could wish. But the- reaction of the American mind to' Clemen- ceau’s definite proposals, such as the Boston one—what will that be? ° Gen. Luke E..Wright, who was vernor general of the Philippines-and later Becretary of War under Roosevelt, dled at his home in Memphls November 17. A great cjtizen and a fine gentleman of the old school. Truman H. Newberry has resigned his seat senator from - Michigan. Presumably Newberrylsm” has passed into the limbo of dead {ssues; but some say it hasn't. President Harding has nominated Plerce Butler of St. Paul, Minn.; for associate ju. tice of the Supreme Court to fill the seat va- cated by Justice Day. -Mr. Butler is 2 demo- crat. a * % % % “The Britih Empire.—Parliament was con- vened in the course of thie past week. It is thought that,. the Irish_business completed, thé. chief -subject to engage its attention Will 'be unemployment. -The strong labor represen- tation In the new commons will not let that subject sleep. It s a terrible problem, with sinister possibilities. The registered unem- ployed number about 1,300,000, but that figure does not begin to tell the dismal story. A new chapter in the melancholy history of Ircland opened With tp execution in Dub- lin on the 18th of four “irregulars” men” we would call-them in this country). found guilty by one of the new military com- missions. of unauthorized possession of re- ° volvers, for which offense the death penalty had been proclalmed. Erskine Childers, run to earth while brandishing ® revolver, was executed on Friday. That strange man was the son of an English father and an Irish mother. He was brought up in England and received the conventional education of an Eng- lish .gentleman. He served. Britain with dis- tinction in the Boer war and in the great war. It is not clear just how or when he became interested in’ the Sinn Feln movement; when,! so to speak, his-Irish mother asserted herself in him.. We. find him. {n Ireland" after the great war, the most Inveterate enemy of Brit- . ish rule there. Since the establishment of the provisionai Free State government he had opposed it with a malignant fanaticism keener than that of De Valera. He s reputed to have been the brains of the republican movement and to have planned a large part of its hideous activities. _Whatever. else may be sald of him, he was a very brave man. The executlons noted were entirely just, but whether on the whole they have strengthened or Injured the Free State government with ‘non-partisan. Germany.—Herr Cuno has succeeded In forming his ‘“cabinet of work.” The social- ists refused to participate. The democrats, the centrists and the people’s party are rep- resented, and several members are reputed About half the names are scarcely known outside Germany; their wear- ers, doubtless, have been blushing unseen. Herr Cuno is a good mar, but his cabinet has not a very reassuring look of permanency. He has announced his intention loyally to stand by the proposals submitted to the rep- arations commission by Wirth just before the latter's fall. These proposals fall far short of what could be desired in respect of definite- ness and accuracy, yet they do seem (unlike former proposals) provisionally to admit the principle’ that “God helpg those who. help themselve: - One Hitler is the Bavarian Mussolinl. His followers wear gray shirts with brassards (black, .with- a red anti-Semitic swastika {n a white circular fleld—the imperial colors, mind you), and carry blackjacks and revolv- ers (at any rate, all of them have blackjacks). Their discipline 1s said to be good. There are 30,000 of them in Munich alone. They are anti- Semitic, nationalistic, presumably monarchis- tic. Their princlpal present occupation {s beating up socialists and communists. Hitler is said to be an orator and a master of mob psychology. The movement may well become important. It_is quite probable that there are enough rifies concealed in Bavaria to arm a consid- erable band of heroes. i A Prussian faselsta movement on the model of the Bavarian one is being started under the name of the “pan-German workers' party.” Their program is said to include, among other interesting things: Abolition of the treatles of Versallles and St. Germain; “colonies for feeding the German people”; the death pen- alty for profiteers; organization of a people’s army, and “a fight against the Jewish-mate- rialistic spirit.” Al and only “morally irre- proachable and racially pure Teutons” are eligible. Evidentaly the committee on admis- slons has u; work cut out for it. ermany has broken the mar! - 0rd—65,000,000,000 in a week. Aoutputines British and French members of the inter- allied military control commission, having sent notice of their intention to inspect a muni- tions depot at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, were met on arrival there by a band of civilians armed with_clubs, who attacked them and injured one British officer. A typical incident, merely the most recent one of a serfes, * ok k% Ttaly—At Lausanne, Mussolini, in his con- versations with Lord Curzon and M. Polncare, acted (If the dispatches report him correctly) Hke & new sort of man of genlus or—well, something of the boob: you take your choice. He told Lord Curzon that “Italy is tired of being England's chambermaid”"—which, if in- tended for wit, is not exactly Voltaire, and, if an expressfon of saeva indignatio, lacks the mordancy of Swift. It is at least a new style for the head of a government in dealing with other heads of government; and imagine the first impression on those paragons of pro- priety—Lord Curzon and Poincare! Lord Cur. zon’s manner is, 50 to speak, the attar of a full-dress parade. Me is, ail by himself, a sort of full-dress parade. & _ Tt is expected that the Italian chamber will 02 few daye adjourn until January, when ni will introduce his bi of the electorate law. How eetorm aron Sonnino, twice prime minister of Italy and forelgn minister during the great war, died of appoplexy on the 22d. He was one of the first financiers of Furope. His father was an Italian Jew, his mother Scottish, He was born in Egypt and educated partly in England, partly in Italy. He was a m, accomplished scholar. * L Turkey, Ete.—Dispatches do mot tell of any outstanding incidents in the relations between the allies and the Kemalists at Constantinople during the past week. but the Kemalists seem to be acting aggressively again, impatient of any. restrictions on their control of the civil administration. Gen. Harington may be trust- ed to hold ‘em. . The Angora assembly elected us the new caliph Crown Prince Abdul Medjid, cousin of the deposed Mohammed, and on Friday at Constantinople he was invested, with pictur- esque ceremonties, receiving at the hands of a * delegation from Angora, the prophet's beard and his sword and green flag. It remains to see whether the world of lslam, outside of Turkey, will accept him. The new caliph is fifty-four years of age, a painter (one of his paintings was hung in the Parls Salon of 1914), a composer of music and a man of simple habits and a virtuous life. He has only one wife. Mohammed, at Malta, has sent & radio mes- sage to Constantinople inquiring about his harem. Stamboul newspapers allege that he carried off with him property as follow: Item, the equivalent of $500,000 in currency item, a solid gold dinner set, worth $250,000: item. a field marshal's uniform, and jewels of great price The Lausanne conference opened oy the 20th. Pribr to the opening Lord Curzon, foreign minister of Great Britain; Premlier ' Poincare of France and Premier Mussolini of Italy con- ferred, interpledged united action of ‘the allied delegates and agreed on a common program embracing fifteen points. It must .be said. however, that the text of that agreement is rather vague concerning the issues of first ulllmrllnce_ Ismet Pasha, head of the Angora delegation. made some difficulty at the beginning about American participation in the conferenece. ‘Was it right, he said, that the Americans should be allowed.to influence decisions, while incurring no responsibilities? Later, he with- drew his objection with handsome expressions of cordiality toward America. The old fox was maneuvering. His idea was to show the absurdity of allowing the Americans to par- ticipate in all the discussions, while permitting the Russians to participate only in the dis- ssions relating to the straits. The Mysco- vite delegation, headed by Chicherin, had not yet arrived. but is expected shortly. The question whether it shall be allowed to par- ticlpate in all the proceedings seems not to have been decided; it seems most probable, however, than it ‘Will, at the least, be al- lowed to share in the discussions, if not in the decisions. 7 On Wednesday, Ismet Pasha fired his yirst heavy piece. He demanded a plebiscite in western Thrace. Venizelos, for Greece, pro- tested. The Jugoslavs and Rumanlians backed Venizelos. The Bulgarians reminded the lied delegates of the clause in the treat Neuilly, promising them an_outlet to the Aegean. Then, in succession, Lord Curzon. for Britain; M. Barrere, for France, and the Marquis Garrino, for Italy, told Ismet that there would be po piebiscite, and thev told the Bulgarians that, of course, they would get their outlet: that it was merely a question of the best kind of outlet. 2 They should, by the way, have had their out- let long ago. The armistice issue may be considered as settled against the Turk. There follows the question of settlement of the boundary Iy tween eastern and western Thrace. It seems probable that a zone embracing the boundary line will be demilitarized (perhaps neutralized under the supervision of the league of nations or an international commission) and that Bul- garfa will have access through that zone to Dedeagatch. on the Aegean, where she will b glven untrammeled commercial facilitie; Tt seems that the delegates of Greece, Jugo- slavia, Rumania and Bulgaria (and Bulgaria, mind you) have been in conversation on the side with a view to common action, and it is plausibly asserted that Ismet does not like the log’k of this and that he is no better pleased with the show of allied solidarity. No doubt, however, he piously counts on Allah to inter- pose to prevent frankish unity (at any entire good faith) on the important pt—Adly Pasha of Egypt. wWho favors the Egyptian agreement with Britain, which sl awaits fulfillment, announced October 30 the formation of the constitutional liberty party of Egypt. But even Adly, leader as he is of the moderates, demands Egyptian control of the Sudan. Extremists assassinated two prominent Adlyites the other day. The Ameri- can tourist is a stabilizing factor in Egyptian politics. The ‘Zaghloulsts and naticnalists re- frain from the very worst, in order not to frighten away that auriforous goose. not to speak of placing! them under direct threat of-Islamic:. him a lone figyre and rather inconse- ‘quential, “a bound boy at the husk- ing.” But now the bound boy seems about to run-the place. In a world that s topsy turvy Borah might b President. Normally, a man who comes from a Bafely republicdn state with three electoral votes would have no chance for a gparty nomination. But geography may be banished two years from now in naming candidates and the sheer worth ‘and quality of men may -welgh in the balence. If manhood overwelghe the map Borah will win. He has brains, courage and a heart. Issues jnterest him more than patronage: fundamentals en- gage him mofg. than expediency: As Precident he would restore the office | to its power and adjourn the debating soclety of the best minds, E He has just .returned from his home state a victor. They tried to abolish the primary out there—suc- ceeded—In fact, in order to eliminate Borah. He went back, made the flght and now has'a legislature pledged to- restore the primary. He has proved that he still has-control of the -situation in -his home. state. It is a ‘curlous fact.that the libérals in the Senate, despite their . .alleged idealism, are the most practical poli- ticlans there. La Follette and John- son polled the overwhelming majori- tles this year. Lodge, who -is sup- posed to be a realist, is facing a recount to hold hs seat. And nearly a dosen stand-pit rcpublican senators who are forever hooting at the unstable ideal- ism of the liberals, a dogen of your practical men who deal with-life in a practical .way, are now out of & job, floating with the lame ducks, looking for something equally good. And in the meanwhile top boots and whis- kers are coming nearer and nearer to the Capitol, and .the primary. which Borah re-established in his home state, i3 a wWeapon thess Crom- wellfan radicals are using to beat their way in. And in estimating the qualitfes of his leadership, don't for- get that Borah grew up in Kansas and had his educatfon there. That means something in his soul. It may mean something to the country and to the world. But it may also mean, among many good things, at the strain of - John Brown fanaticism, narrow and.mean and militant, which somehow {5 & taint in ‘the spiritual inheritance of- Kansans, may crop-out In Borah of Tdaho.as ohe of. the ‘.(fl! of -his Kansas intellectual anoestry: The Primary. HE primary has rusted in the woodshed: of; desuetude_since the ‘war began ‘eight years-ago. - No great purpose stifred the people, and they let any one win in the primary-who could, master”the votes.. In'the popu- lar lethargy any one could get through a primary. - But'now it is different. . The shellshock of yesfer- day which seemed to'be paralysing the electorate is gone. .This years primaries “show -‘definitely ' that . the people have mét forgétten how to fight with their old weapon. Anfl where they were denled the free use of the primary—as in ‘Minnesota: and Michigan, for lnmco—fl:e{ ‘broke through the barrfers in the election. The -primary is.a weapon of pro- gressive government. It makes for change, and that forward. The con- servative fares badly it - Doubt- less state legislatures in certain states where the ‘regulars” control will try to weaken the primary. ‘Where they weaken it they will get revolt at the election. And if the re- ‘publicans desire even a.semblance of party. control ‘at . the .next election they must make it-easy for repubii- cans to.blow off" stewm af o pri- mary. The mind of the people seems to be hectlc. The people ars seelng red in wrath at the perversity of the They are going {0 have some kind of & change. -If they can get &] change through the primary they will not blow off at the .election. It is & nice question. for republican leaders to decide whether they' want another crop of- liberals with pink-aures, or whether the republican .leaders would rather -abdleate" in:favor- of ‘the demo- the country ‘s not.clear. . 3 lWas‘hington as Legal Workshop -Possesses Unique Advantages i hoards of United States general BY JAMES A. TOB | ASHINGTON has more law | schools and more law stu- | dents than any other city i in the United States. There ure in Washington eight law school and. one graduate school of juris- prudence, which are now attended by about 3,300 students. The nearest competitor is Chicggo, which has eight law schools. New York city has five, while Boston and St. Louis have four each. + The largest law school in the coun- try is Georgetown, located in Wash- ington, and this school has main- tained its lead since 1911. The law students here have many legal facili- ties which they.can get in no other ‘city. The highest court of the land, the United States Supreme Court, sits at the Capitol and two inferlor fed- eral courts, the Court of Clalms and the Court of Customs Appeals, are also in"session here. Besides, there are many executive departments which have quasi judiclal functions, and the courts of the District of Columbia are interesting to prospective lawyers, as these tribunals resemble both federal and state courts. The nation’s most extensive law llbraries are likewise t0.be found in the capital. ~Consider- ing all these factors, Washington may, indeed, be sald to be the legal workshop of America.- Grewth of Law Schoels. -There are mnow nearly 150 law schools ‘in this country. There were only eight in existence in 1826, when the law school of Columbian College ‘was-organized in the. District of Co- lumbla. This school lasted only a year, but-was revived in 1865 and is now George Washington University Law School. It is the oldest in the District -of Columbla and- from. 1869 to 1880 was one of the six largest in the country. In 1920 it ranked fourth in number of students, Georgetown leading, with New York University and Harvard second and third, re spectively. The oldest law school in the country is at Willlam and Mary College, in Virginia, where it was founded in 1779. The University of Pennsylvania Law School, established in 1790, is second; Columbia, organ- ized in 1784, is third. and Transyl- vania Unlversity of Kentucky, now out of existence, was fourth, dating from 1799 to 1912. Then come Har- vard, 1817; University of Maryland, 1823; Yale, 1824; University of Vir- ginia, 1826, and George Washington (Columbian), 1826. ‘The second law school to be estab- 1lished here was at Howard University. This -school -was formed in 1868 and was the second law school for colored students, the first having been found- ed the previous year at the University of South Carolina. In 1870 two more Jaw schools were added to those al- ready in the District ‘of Columbia. These were Georgetown and National University, though the latter had first been incorporated in 1869. It was twenty-five years before the fifth law achool joined the others'in Washing- ton. This was the law school of Catho- Iic University, established in 18 Soon afterward, in 1896, the Woma: Law Class was organized in the Dis- trict of Columbia, in order that wom- en might have the same opportunities as men ‘for l:{ll edycation. This -school- became the Washington Col- ‘of Law im 1888. There was an- other lapse of nearly a-quarter of a century before any ucw law sclools <7 ] were added. Wendell In 1920 the Y. M. C. A. { established a law school, and in the |same year American Unlversity was | founded, though this school gives only | ! graduate work. , The newest of the jcity’s law schobls Is that of the Knights of Columbus, which came into {being in 1922. Two other local la schools, Potomac University and Ori- ental University, went out of exis: ence in 1917, the former after thirteen iyears and the latter after a career of nine years. Advantages of Washington. tages of Washington for the study of law. Indeed, mo, other city contains as many important and varied types of judicial bodies. ‘The chief of these is, of course, the United States Supreme Court, which sits annually from Octo- ber to Jifie at the Capitol, in & room near the center of the bullding, which was at one time used by the Senate. The young law student who visits this chamber recelves an-impression mnot soon to bé forgotten. He stands in the | presence of the most notable seat of justice .of the world, a tribunal which has honorably and wisely upheld the rights df federal government and states {altke, and one which has exerted the greatest influence on the history of the United States. Court is opened by the crier and the. justices file in In their black robes. Arguments are presented orally by, counsel, the solicitor general Tepresenting the United States when the government Is involved. Opinions of the court are also delivered orally, ®0 that for the law student there is much of value to be gained by his visit. The justices of the United States Su- preme Court are appointed for life. The court was organized in 1789 and in the 133 years of its existence there have been only ten Chief Justices and sixty- three assoclate justices. The Chief Jus- tices, with their terms of office, have been as follows: John Jay (1789-1795), John Rutledge (1795), Oliver Ellsworth (1796-1800), John Marshall (1801-1835), Roger B. Taney (1836-1864), Salmon P. Chase (1364-1873), Morrison R. Waite (1874-1888), Melviile W. Fuller (1883- 1910), Edward D. White (1910-1921), and Willlam H. Taft (1921-). John Rutledge was named Chief Justice dur- ing a recess of the Senate and was never gonfirmed. Mr. is the only man Who has been both’President and Chief Justice of the United States. The pres- ent assoclate justices, with the dates of their appointments 'are: Joseph Mc- Kenna of California (1898), Oliver Holmes of Massachusetts (1902), Willis Van Devanter of Wyoming (1910), Mahlon Pitney of New Jersey (1912), James C. McReynolds of Ten- nessee (1914), Louis D. Brandeis of Massachusetts (1916), and George Suth- erland of Utah (1932). Justice William R. Day of Ohlo has’ recently resigned, having been appointed referee in the adjustment of German war claims, and his successor, Plerce Butler, has just been named by President Harding. Other Federal Courts. The United States Court of Claims 1s located in the old Corcoran Art Gallery, on the corner of Pennsyl- vania avenue and 17th street. This court has jurisdiction over all claims against the government, amounting annually to millions of dollars. The chief justice is Edward K. Campbell | : Charles H. the Y. M. C. Law School. The United States urt _ of Customs Appeals holds court at 719 15th street. The presiding judge is Marion De Vries and the ociate judges James F. Smith, Orion M. Barber George E. Martin. The court jurisdiction over appeals from A praisers. fact. The District of Columbia has five courts. While all of these are federal in scope. two of them are similar to state courts, and three correspond to city courts. The highest of these is the Court of Appeals. which gecupies its own building in Judiciary Square. The chief justice is Constantine J. Smyth, and the associate justices are Robb and Josiah It reviews both law : Orsdel. Recently judges of the United | States Court of Customs Appeals hav been a | this court in order to expedite The catalogues of each of these schools | | speak in glowing ‘tefms of the advan- | | l and ‘there are four associate judges,] Fenton W. Booth, George E. Downey, |. James Jnazs oth- ‘of this ‘court is dean vl Howard's Law School and also otluecisions apea. . ::l t of th office fq ers-in-chief of the patent office form Hay and Samuel J. Graham.|a board to which appeals are taken signed to si temporarily with its business. This court, like any i court of last resort, from the lower courts. The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia occupies the United States courthouse. It has jurisdiction over civil cases involving more than $1,000, over crimes, probate and admiralty. It also has equity juriediction. The chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is Walter I McCoy and the assocfate justices are Wendell P. Stafford. Frederick L. Siddons, William Hitz, Jennings Bailey and Adolph A. Hoehling. The Municipal Court of the District of Columbia, located at 321 John Mar-~ shall place, near the District of hears appeal Columbia Supreme Court. hears all j38reed alue of |number of sizes for the American! clvil' cases in which the property, debt or damages claimed does not exceed $5:000. The judges are George C. Aukam, Edward B. i i : Paving brick manufacturers, their i | (note { i P i 1 H | beds i | :]of making food contalners along one Vian | OF 1Wo paiterns fustead of half a hun- i state | Lurvevs in |determine how and where they can| { were found twenty-odd sizes. HOOVERIZING OF INDUSTRY GAINS IN GIANT STRIDES But It Doesn’t Mean Everybody Will ‘Dress Alike, Look Alike and Eat the Same Things. BY BEN McKELWAY. HE man who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before should be willing to share the plaudits of the mul- titude with the gentleman who dis- covers a way to use one nafl where two always have been necessary, for both of them are benefactors in a large and 'generous degree to human kind. Working on this theory. Mr. Hoover's justly famed division of simplified practices is rapidly sget-1 ting down to brass tacks and #ts ac- complishments.so far indicate a fu- ture full of glowing possibilities. Tacked on a wall so that all who enter the little office which houses the divisioh may see, read and pon- | der, is a simple chart. Charts around the Department of Commerce as a rule are about as plentiful and unin- teresting as locusts after a seventeen- Year absence. But this one is short and sweet and condenses a long story. It reads something like this: SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE INCREABES. Turnover Stabllity of Empoly- DECREASES. Stocks Production Cost Selling Expenses Misunderstandings All costs to user (in- cluding initial ac- cewsory and mainte- nance’ costs) ment Promptoess of Deliv- ery Forelgn Commerce Quality of Product Profit to Producer, Distribator and User The Story of the Brick. Quite a large order—but you ]zrob-' ably have heard the story before of thie lowly paving brick. Paving brick used to be manufactured in sixty-six varieties and types. That probably doesn’'t convey much to one whose ac-| quaintance with paving brick has been limited to riding or walking over them. But the division of simplified practice got busy and found that 80 per cent of the paving brick used was manu- factured in eleven sizes. The remain- ing 20 per cent was made in an as- sortment of fifty-five different style: got busy in their turn and found it would be cheaper all around chart above) to enter into an reement to cenfine paving brick hereaftgr to these eleven sizes. They tried it, and after a time found four of these sizes were stlll unnecessary, so they cut their sizes and patterns down to seven. Seven, instead of six- ty-six sizes and varfeties are being manufactured today. Take again. the case of the bed, the mattress and the bed spring. Did you ever stop to think how many varieties, apes and assortments of iron beds ‘ou have experienced? ~Unless you happen to be a traveling salesman| making one-night stands in rural ter- | ritory, you may be surprised to find: what ‘was revealed to the division of | <implified practice, whigh discovered that no less than forty”sizes of iron with thelr usuai equipment of ! mattress- and Springs, are manufac- tured and thrust on the market. In the four-foot-wide bed alone thers To make a long story short, the iron bed has been standardized, and is now to be made in only one length and four widths—six feet long: four feet six inches, four feet, three feet three inches and three feet wide. The man who 1s six-feet-six can take his choice | hereafter of curling up, sleeping on | 1 the floor or getting a bed made to order. Eigthy, Styles of Laths. Just now the division of simplified practice is preparing to entertaln a| conference here next month of metal | lath manufacturers. A metal® lath, | used for construction, is simply the! old-fashioned wooden lath made out of metal. They come in eighty differ- ent welghts and sizes now. The man- ufacturers hope to make them here- after in eight or ten sizes. Closely following the lath conference there | will be one on hardware, to consider the standardization of axeR, hatchets, saws, files, pocketknives and scissors. another will take up the task dred. While the.manufacturers are gath ering here i3 Wushington to stand- ardize their commodities, committees of other manufacturers are taking | their various products to| cut useless production. One is work- ing on paints and varnish. endeavor- ing to dispense . with useless and nauseating colors. Another hopes to standardize the fittings and trim- mings that go into the manufacture of boats. Still another would reduce the thousand and one models of tires, spark plugs, batteries, ball bearings and other such accessories which are the bane of unfortunate automobile owners. May Standardize July Fourth. While the Army and Navy have that twelve is a suffictent] flag. manufacturers of bunting are turning out between 258 and 300 dif- Kimball, Robert E. Mattingly, Habert | ferent sizes. A glance at a Fourth of H. Terrell and Mary O'Toole. Police Court has jurisdiction over misdemeanors. Its bullding is at 6th and D streets, and the two judges are Robert Hardison and John P. Mec- Mahon. The Juvenile Court is pre- sided over by Miss Kathryn Sellers fit‘lioa I s";eel.h As its name indicates copr as juris 2 juvenile matters. saxisdietiont over Quasi Judicial Bodies. According to our system of govern- ment, the three divisions of it are of equal importance. The legislative branch, represented by Congress, makes the laws, the executive branch enforces them and the judiclal branch interprets the laws and dispenses jus- tice under them. Many of the execu- tive departments have quasi Judlicial functlons, however. For instance, the Interstate Commerce Commission holds hearings before which attor- neys and witnesses appear, and its eleven commissioners hand down de- cisions just as a court does. Suits concerning orders of the commission formerly went before the United States Commerce Court, situated in Washington, but this court was abol- ished several years ago. The Federal Trade Commission is an exccutive body of five commissioners, which can summon before it those who have used unfair methods of competition, hold hearings and issue orders. Ap- peals from the decisions of these two commissions are now taken to the United States circuit courts of ap- peals. The office of the Federal Trade Commission is at 2000 D street, while the Interstate Commerce Commission occupies its own_ building at 18th street and Pennsylvania avenue, Among other executive departments having legal functions may be men- tioned the patent office, general land office, pension bureau, bureau of In- ternal revenue, and, of course, entire Department of Justice. the Patent law is a distinct specialty, and now- adays graduate courses leading to the degree of master of patent law (M. P. L) are given-iri most of the schools. The five examin- in cases invelving patents. From thdir - B The {July crowd on Pennsylvania avenue is a convincing argument in this re- spect. A committec of flag manufac- turers is now busy rounding up all the manufacturers in an agreement Appeals of the District of Columbln.l Many claims regarding public lands ! come before the general land office. In | the Treasury Department many legal matters arise in which the eantro"er‘ is concerned, and the bureau of In- ternal ravenue, charged with the en- ‘ forcement of prohibition, narcotic Jaws and internal revenue laws, must settle numerous legal controversies. | In all cases, of course, the courts xre‘ final arbitrators if the contestants; elect to appeal. i Extensive Law Libraries. Not only does the law student have the opportunity to visit and observe the work of these various depart- ments, but he has access iIn this city to some of the country’s most exten- sive libraries. The Library of Con- gress contains more than a million volumes and has a law library of more than 100,000 books. . There fs also a large law library at the Capltol and numerous other law librarles in the government departments. That of the Department of Justice is, un- fortunately, not open to the public. The law schools themselves have ex- cellent libraries, Georgetown's col- lection numbering more than 10,000 volumes_and George Washington's more thin 8,500. ‘About five thousand -students grad- uate annually in this country as law- yers. Approximately 700 of these matriculate each year from local in- stitutions. There are in the Uhited States some 150,000 lawyers, the Dis- trict of Columbla having about 1,200 practicing_ attorneys. Teachers of Jaw in Washington number nearly 200. Last June more than 400 stu- dents took the bar examination of the District of Columbia, about 70 per cent passing. Although it may seem that the legal profession is tending to become overcrowded, lawyers are needed today as never before. Be- sides, as Lincoln said, there is always room at the top. The study of law is an engrossing pursuit and the facili- ties for such study are at their best is 3o to the Court of ¢in Washington. {has a most unfortunate to restrict the manufacture of flags to twelve sizes, N Other commoditier on which ex- perts are working to reach some de. gree of standardization are boiles woolen blankets, milk hottles— the bottle caps that go with them cigar bexes, building brick and lum- ber, sashes, blinds, doors and agricul- tural implements. “Why.” the man who has been stung may ask, “while they are standardizing _things, don’t they standardize styley?” At first glance this would s reasonable, since there is no grea expenditure of private funds than that which marks the efforts of the average citizen and his wife to keep up with the times in styles. The man who buys & shining new Roaring Six may feel comfortably prosperous, Lut just as he gets used to the feel of the accelerator beneath his foot hr turns a corner and cees the later model of the Roaring & which makes his car look like an antiquater night liner in comparison. The he lacks common sensxe, a8 man. he turns in his brand-new Roariny Six and gets a brander, newer Roar ing Six, thereby spending valuable coin of the realm to keep up with the latest stream lines or wicker wheels. Styles Outalde But styles are without the provines of the division of simplified practice. Styles, in clothes or in automobiles. are selling features. changes which enable the producer to put somethinz new over on the consumer and mahs him like it at the same time. Ther to be no monkeying with styles by th government. The government hi already been acci®ed of monke with business in its simple effor reduce the most of ganufacture eliminate the waste® In industr - though i is rapidly showing how thi- “monkey business” is worth while. Province. According to officials of this 4, vislon of simplified practice. th: Amerfcan business n is _coming around rapidly and nicely to the poin: of seeing things as Mr. Hoover and other engineers have scen them for long time. Of course, the ancien: axiom that you can't teach new tricks still holds i are many “old dogs” in facturing business to whom gover ment advice savors of governmol meddlesomeness, and they refuse i be convinced. But the majority shown by the—different commodit now in the process of standardizatio: are giving their whole-hearted ¢ operation in helping Mr. Hoove Hooverize industry. Must First Sell Idea, “Selling the idea.” according to Wil liam A. Durgin. an engineer and th: head of the division of simplif practice, is probably the most difl cult part of Mr. Hoovers prog Here is how Mr. Durgin goes abous his salesmanship, “To make plain the intent of "1k activity,” says he, “let me tel something of how it came into beir Secretary Hoover'S attention Wi first drawn to the question tional _significance, perhaps. three years ago. when he was pre dent of the Federated American I gineering Socfeties. Through his in spiration, thiv organization underto a survey of the six leading industr to determine the amount of preveni- able waste in their current methou and processes. The six industric were: Metal trades, boots and sho textiles, building, printing and me clothing. The individual percentaz of waste run from 29 per cent to ! per cent, or an average of 40 per cent “The men who made these survey were outstanding engineers l{ N~ tional - reputation, but possibl¥ feel that the findings of technic. men should be prejudiced. Say th. they were only half right. and y still get the amazing figure of §10 its na ! 000,000,000 annual waste! Fear a “Standardized” World. people ‘standardiza sound. N sooner do they hear it than they thinl of a world where the Rolls Royce au the Ford shall differ only dimer ns, where we shall walk and dres with identity, where the dear lac nuat sacrifice devotion to transitors —where the standardized dog~ shall be of a color to match the sin- gle and-universal clothing materia! “To many ! and where, With carefully controlied temperatures and air currents. th smoke shall rise from every chimne: at a fixed time In identical querlicues %o condense in clouds moving at in variable speed. 5 “Y present the picture as a perfect anthithesis "of every characteristi: of our simplified practice effort. the first place, simplified pract leaves all questions of art, design. in- vention, true expression of individ- uality, absolutely alone. We are 1ook- ing for broader, larger American liv ing through waste elimination, not for any Prussian impositions of mass uni- formity. ) “We have no aspirations to gerve i policemen. Our function is to sup- port the manufacturer in measurcs for the mutual benefit of all juteres in industry. 1t there is any policing to be done in industry. the Industriu! Jeaders must do it themselves. And finally, the field of simplification deal only with those every-day, common gense measures which will gain tull advantage of mass production, Tt duced stocks, q k turnover el high quality product.” New Cult Comforting to Reluctant Bathers The American people have mads another big mistake, though this time it is not a visiting lecturer bu a home-born adviser who tells then about it. The oracle is Dr. Ralph Bernstein, professor of skin disease at Hahnemann Medical College, Ph delphia, who was speaking on “The Care and Hygiene of the Skin." The American people bathe entirely too much. European dermatologists have pointed out that people should bathe only once a year, whether they needed it or not. Everybody knows that doctors dif- fer, but few of those addicted to the regular daily external use of hot o cold water will be prepared for such a revolution in thought. The man who was no geniws could take com- fort to himself that, even if he was not clever. thank God he was cleau. He could pride himself on the pos- session of at least one virtue. Now all this, if the new gospel must be accepted, is swept into the dis- card. The confirmed ablutionists are out of countenance. The small boy, who went to the bath by extern. stimutation rather than by Instinc is the making of the really wise ma The gentleman who took even weekly tub only by pressure of public opinion will have the laugh on b flevers in total immersion as a daily article of faith, and “the great un- washed” will become greater than ever. But, perhaps, the Europ dermatologists whe” are alleged nhave pointed out that no one zhould bathe more than once a year, even It he needs it, are a war-time product. For a while all the continent needed ‘that philosophy by way of cncourage- ment to stand up under the war-time lack of luxuries. But we didn’t think 31t would develop an caduring cult Saliimore Awerican.