Evening Star Newspaper, June 25, 1922, Page 39

GERMANY IS CONFRONTED BY A CRITICAL SITUATION Monarchlsts. Prepare Demonstrations, But Strength Remains Problematical. Danger for All in Wirth’s Overthrow. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. ERMANY is nearing a crisis. Whether the present gov- ernment can weather the storms that are brewing largely depends upon the firmness with which Chancellor Wirth and his cohorts handle prevailing domes- tic and political issues. Elements of danger abound. Not only is there chance that the affairs of government will fall into the hands of the industrial interests of the nation to the consequent ex-| clusion of Germany's promises to the | allies, but monarchists are planning | 4 revolution against republican | forms and would vsher in the old! order, one which would attempt to| dout the wiil of the other nations £ Europe and shape the destinies of | rermany along discredited lines, but nore in accordance with the old; splirit of bombast, bluff and military | might. i Monday is the anniversary of thej igning of the treaty of Versailles. hroughout Germany advices indicate | udendorf, the avowed leader of the | ionarchist restoration forces, wil zive the signal to protestants of re cublican rule. Everywhere in Ger- wany demonstrations will be held in| tavor of the return of monarchiall rule, and just how far-reaching re- sults these demonstrations may ob- ‘ain is not known. But final results will depend upon just what support he monarchists organized and | just how far they are ready to o n establishing their will. ©01d Leaders Restive. { Tt is an estabiished fact, one well of Eu-| of the old order | in the chancelleries rope. that the leade bave not rested content with de-! velopments in Germany, and in the; vears that have elapsed since the col- | lapse of the Hohenzollern regime| have been o ni. These organi- | zations all have come within the let- fer of the treaty of Versailles ap- parently. but. with the secret or- zanizations abounding everywhere, | there is o hidden strength which | cannot be determined. Most certain- 1y the military police. which were ! allowed under the treaty. would form a nucleus for uny atiempt 1 monarghistic restoration. &nd it is helieved that enough secret organi- ations have been established to give i tremendous force to the monarchial cause in case there is concerted movement against the government. | torward | The Wirth government since its inception has been forced to deal with those factions in German politi- ! cal life known to harbor desires for | a monarchial regime. The great toneyed interests of Germany. notably represented b: Hugo Sti ind great mass of people directly sympa- thetic toward the ceatr in- dustrialists, have clung s monarchial forms and prepared for “der tas this instance, will be the day averthrow of the republic. There is widespread sentiment inj Germany that the republican regime. even thoush forced to sign the treaty of Versailles, has been entirely to lenient and too prone to heed every | dictate of allied governments. It is believed there that the Germans <hould. with a show of courage, re- | sist_the allies, regardless of im-| mediate consequences. There has! been great dissatisfaction in regard to falling exchange. Industries are| active, but people are working mere 1y to keep body and soul together. while the impost of governmental taxation has been a burden that has almost borne down German economic | life as a whole. Notwithstanding his. the people are confronted with allied dlctates that the governmental budget be balanced and that the gov- ernment _initiate measures looking foward the curtailment of the paper ! money. A forced loan on the people of Germany is decreed in the general process of financial rehabilitation prescribed by the allies as requisite 1o a continued moratorfum. Natural Iy the people will feel additional im nosts. Gonpel of Monarchists. The monarchists are preaching the gospel of resistance to France. par-+ of the | | France might | mtter | socialists of ticularly, and the allies In general. Everywhere ;there is high dudgeon over France’s every effort looking toward the collection of the repara- tions debt in full. Many of the charges that have been registered against the allfes are false, undoubt- edly, but they have served their pur- pose in fanning the smoldering re- Sentment against the allles. but the government has heeded allied dictates. There is no disputing the fact that if this undercurrent of deep resent- ment is organized it will be a danger- ous menace not only to the republican regime. but the allies as well. But how well it has been organized is not known and cannot be known until the monarchists at a psychological moment give notice to strike. Then and then only the full power of the anti-republican forces will be known. The monarchists on previous oc- casions have attempted to overthrow the republican. They constantly have attempted to frustrate realization of its purposes. but the republic has lived, and If outward show of strength in the past is taken as a guide monarch- ist sentiments will be met by an equally strong wave of government support. Chaos Would Result. If the monarchists are in position to force their will, overthrow the re- ublic and organize the government, then Germany will he ushered into a chaotic period. resistance to the allies, violation of the treaty of Ver- sailles and flat-footed refusal to meet the reparations payments as at pres- -ent stipulated, undoubtedly will re- sult even though such causes might lead to prolonged strife. It long has been the prevalent belief in mon- archist circles that it Germany should be torn by revolution and the allies defled. the French could do little in zaining needed reparations because of this very disorganization. For this eason the onus of further occupa- n_and consequent disorganization of Germany which lead to general disorganization of Europe as a whole would be with the Fench, they claim. The British have stanchly advo- cated a going Germany as req 1o a going continent, and vith iution and upheavals, the allles could gain but little in the long run, though atisfy her longing for scizure of the Ruhr and occupation of the leit bank of the Rhine. But it is believed in European capi- tals outside Berlin -that the recalce- I3 ‘trants even though they attempt to toust Wirth and seat a monarchical in the though government, wil not succeed, premise at least. even {they eventually may bring about the The | downfall of the present cabinet. Germany are the con- trolling factor in government ac- tivities. they oppose the old order. t is believed they might, however, ving the balance of power against Wirth, so long as it was determined that the old monarchical regime was | not to be returned. Masses Want Peace. The masses of people, though har- boring secret longings for the mon- archy, are not desirous of courting evolution such as would be inevitable n case of an outright and determined monarchical assault on the republican regime. Peace and auiet are most desired at the moment, but if they can be convinced that only through monerchical uprising can taxes be les- sened, the zilies defied and Germany permitted to escape the disheartening load of reparations, there is no tell- ing how far they might fall in line with Ludendorff's plans. There may be untoward events in Germany during the course of the next few weeks. If none come it may be definitely establisted that the re- publican regime will continue to go about its business of 'rying to find a way out of the present political and economic sloughs without in- terference within and with apparent show of concord without. It is a well established fact that the allies do not want a monarchical restoration. one which not only would undo agree- ments since the war but might lead to further conflict. They would go far in trying to foil Ludendorff's cherished ambitions. Judge Taft Fourth Ex-President To Be Paid Honors in Europe (Continued from First Page.) g the certificate of citizen- * kK ¥ Gen. Grant received pressing in- vitations from most of the cities of the United Kingdom. and after a continental tour he returned and made the desired visits. John Rus- sell Young, whose delightful work, “Around the World With Gen. Grant,” describes the details of this most remarkable . tour. tells that with Gen. Grant's departure from America a mask scemed to have fallen from him. His usual reticence disappeared and he be- came affable and without re- straint. He had dropped the bu den of sixteen years of respons bility, and, being without power to grant official favor, he had no longer to be on guard against ac- quaintances. The passengers on the steamship sailing to Liverpool found him companionable and re- sponsive, and his new charm of manner doubtless aided in making his tour the unprecedented success it_became. In England Gen. Grant was the dinner guest of the Duke of Wel- lington, Lord Carnavon, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Granville, Sir Charles Dilke and United States Minister Pierrepont. The Princess Louise, and the Marq of Lorne, and the Prince of Wales also were his hosts. Queen Victoria invited him to stay overnight at Windsor Castle. * % K ¥ While in Belgium King Leopold called on him and gave a banquet fn his honor. He was received cordially by the President of France. “But it would be a mere cata- logue of the notables of the old world to record the names of those who pald him honor. He spent three world t’rly Although in all coun- tries efforts were made to have him review troops, his hosts nat- urally supposing that such an exercise would be to his liking, he evaded whenever possible such a task. “I take no interest in ar- mies,” he remarked to Mr. Young. “When the Duke of Cambridge asked me to review his troops at Aldershot I told his royal high- ness that the one thing I never ‘wanted t«; e again was a mili- ary parade. 'Al will be remembered, the effect of the reception of Gen. Grant was such that his political friends in this country started a movement to elect him to a third term in the ‘White House in 1850. Y B The reception accorded Theodore TRoosevelt in Europe is well re- membered. He had hoped to go 88 a private citizen, but realized that he could not shun publicity. Royal Cortissor writes in his “Life of Whitelaw Reid,” who was ambas- sador to England at the time Roosevelt made his trip to Africa and Europe in 1910. “For two years Reid had been in corre- spondende with Roosevelt over the movement which the latter con- templated on leaving the White House, and had smoothed the way for his African venture, obtaining Lord Crewe's intercession with the authorities of Uganda.” Later Mr. Reid was occupied with matters involved in Roosevelt's journey through ¢he capitals and courts of Europe. By the time Roosevelt had made a good part of these cere- monial visits Mr. Reid had per- fected an impressive sequence of lcllgdazement! to be met in Eng- and. When Roosevelt first spoke to Reid is 1908 of his proposed tri he sald: "My present intention T8 not to go to Europe at all until the memory of my presidency has faded so as not to make the wretched sovereigns and states- men feel obliged to see me or en- tertain me. When I stop being President I stop being President.” Finally he decided that it would be boorish for him not to pay his respects to the sovereigns or heads of the government of the coun- trys through which he would pass. He was glad t@ receive Lord Cur- zon’s request that he deliver the Roman's lecture at Oxforrd. “This makes matters easy for me,” he said, “because it gives me a gen- uine reason for going to England.” * K Kk He was in Scandinavia on his ‘way to Berlin, when King Edward died. At Mr. Reld’s subgestion President Taft appointed Roosey velt special representative of the United States at the funeral. He arrived at Dorchester house, Am- bassador Reid's residence, May 16, and entered upon three weeks of prodigious activity. Jondon was thronged with soverelgns, and all were eager to talk with Roosevalt. It is said that the kaiser's temper must have been sorely tried. ‘Mr. Reld remarked about the at- titude of the sovereigns toward Roosevel “They are ordinarily so ridged about with etiquette that they don't have a chance for free talk with such a man, and this time they were all resolved to profit by the opportunity.” John Callan O'Laughlin in his “From the Jungls Through Europ Roosevelt,” says of Roose: experience in England K{ing George, in spite of his per- sonal loss in the death of his father, gave Col. Roosevelt atten- tions far beyond those which a special ambdssador _ ordinarily ‘would have received. He sent hi own officials, th It'l"l of. X BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 24: . . The British Empire.—Field Marshal . Sir Henry Wilson, chief of the imperial general staff from February, 1918, until the end of the great war, and since his retirement a member of parliament for North Down, Ire- land, was shot dead on Thursday by two Irish- men named Connolly and O'Brien. The assas- sins fled, but were captured after wounding two policemen and a chauffeur. The great soldier met his doom as he was about to énter his house on his return from unveiling 2 monument to the employes of the Great East- ern railway who lost their lives in the, war. He drew ;his sword at the first shot, which missed him, and' so died Attingly, sword in hand. Doubtless, ihe murderers were moved to commission of the crime by fanatical hatred of Sir Henry because of his undertaking to organize the Ulster defense, his advocacy of a ‘“strong” policy in dealing with Southern Jreland and his stern champlonship of what he conceived to be the rights of Ulster. Sir Henry was an Irishman. He served thirty-cight years in the British army. He was French's chief of staff during the glorious retreat of the “old contemptibles.” He pos- sessed the rare quality of military imagina- tion. His murder wiil not ease the Irish situation. * %k % % The elections for the provisional parliament of Southern Ireland (or third dail) resulted in an overwhelming victory for the candi- dates favorable to the London agreement (or treaty), including pro-treaty Sinn Fein candi- date and pro-treaty labor, independent, farm- ers’ party and university candidates—a “land- slide,” in fact. The absurd Collins-De Valera compact failed to work, thanks to the activity of the non-Sinn Fein interests, which are al- most entirely pro-treaty. Among the anti- treatyites overthrown are the Countess Markiewicz and Erskine Childers. The statement that the non-Sinn Fein in- terests are almost entirely pro-treaty Is made with certain_reservations. especlaily as to labor. The Free State constitution up with the London agreement. It that the labor members of the new par will oppose “to the death” the provision of the draft constitution which gives to the judiclary the right to pass on the constitutionality of legislation. “The charter Irish liberty. says one of these gentlemen, “should be above the treaty”—a position, one might say, not so far removed from De Valera's. The Irish laborites have behaved bolshevikically on sundry occasions, and the behavior of the labor members in the new parllament will be watched with some apprehension. However, the De Valera faction and labor combined would constitute only a weak minority. In a large way of speaking, labor is for the treaty. The election returns are a good deal vitiated through tampering with, election papers, in- timidation and violence. by army groups of “dissidents’ (. e., anti-treaty members of the Irish republican army), and through ‘per- sonation” on a large scale, but, apparently, they will be accepted. Assuming the meeting of the new parlia- ment on July 1, as scheduled, the outlook for that parllament is dubious, indeed. It will be recalled that the Collins-De Valera compact calls for a new election on a “universal” adult suffrage basis, should the Sinn Fein coalition not work harmoniously. The dle-hard repub- licans have only language of violence and contempt for the draft _constitution. The prospect of harmony is what it is. * %k * X Lord Balfour's first speech in the house of lords, though eloquent, was not successful It was in reply to a motion to the effect that the Palestine mandate violates the pledges given by the British government to the people N HINGTON, D. C. of Palestine (mostly Arabs); that it is opposed to the wishes of the majority of that piople, and tiat, therefore, it should not be approved and adopted by the council of the league of nations unless modified so as to comply with® the pledges given by the British government. Balfour's defense of the mandate in its pres- ént form was a fine piece of oratory, but the motion was carried, 60 to 29. George Meredith’s*Diana of the Crossways” has been filmed in London. Won't some one please film “The Shaving of Shagpa”? Both houses of the New South Wales legis- lature recently passed a bill reducing the salaries of members and ministers. Reader, dost rub thine eyes? 1 rube mine. * k X X Lloyd George, Poincare and The Hague— The conversation between Premiers Poincare and Lloyd George in London, on June 19, was most amiable. They touched on, rather than discussed, reparations, The Hague Tangier and the near east. They decided to let the repara- tions commission work without intereference for a while on the new little problem created by the failure of the bankers' committee. Tangier was just mentioned, the near east likewise. The Hague was approached deli* cately and mincingly, but Polncare announced that the French would Phrticipate in the nego- tiations (commencing June 26) with the Rus- ns. 1t was tentatively agreed that the premiers should meet again toward the end The amiability of the exchanges has reassured those who trembled for the entente. The representatives of the twenty-five pow. ers which contemplate resumption of negotia- tions_with the Russians, who assembled at The Hague on June 15 to “exchange views" and select & commission of experts to meet a Russian commission of experts at The Hague on June 26, have accomplished at least half their mission. They have selected the com- mission and, by their direction, Jonkheer Vankarnebeek, forcign minister of the Nether- lands, has selected three subcommittees of eleven members each to deal with the ques- tions of Russian debts, credits to Russia and property in Russia once owned by foreign nationais, but since nationalized by the soviet government, in conjunction with similar sub- committees the Russians will be asked to form. As to “exchange of views,’ a majority of the representatives at their first meeting voted to make no effort to achieve a common understanding as to the grand principles of a policy to be followed by the experts of the ociated powers in their dealings with the Russiars. They accepted the British argu- ment that the experts “are to deal with fac not principles.” To which the French answer (convincing to me, at least) is that in dealing with facts you should be guided by principles. Well, well’. We shall see what we shall see. * X X X Mount Everest.—On May 21 three members (Mallory, Sorgervell and Norton) of the gal- lant party headed by Gen. C. G. Bruce, who are attemptihg to reach the top of Mount Everest, climbed without the aid of oxygen to the helght of 26,800 feet (breaking the Duke of the Abruzzi's altitude record of 24,600 feet, on Bride's peak in the Karakorum range). when they were compelled to return to i base camp at 25.000 feet. On a later date George Finch and Capt. Geoffrey Bruce, with the aid of oxygen, rcached the altitude of ,200 feet, when they, in turn. were forced to descend to the base camp. The height of Everest is calculated from trigonometric ob- servations to be 29,141 fee! Is it possible to conquer the remaining dis- tance to the summit? Perhaps ro, if the snow is hard and the wind is down, though several jagged rocky “towers” bar the way and the summit itself is like the thin end of a wedge. And would it be better to make the supreme cffort with or without oxygen? A nice ques- tion. The weight of the oxygen outfit (thirty- two pounds) is a point desperately to be weighed. The Tibetan name of the greatest of moun- tains is Chomo Lungmo. which means “God- dess mother of the country.” Should the party now adventuring the conquest of the goddess succeed, their success will be largely due to the work of the Col. Howardbury, which in 1921, after la- borious exploration, “found the way.” Having found if, and having ascended to 23,000 feet, they were driven back by inclement weather. A report, lacking details, received since the above was written, tells of another attempt to reach the top by Mallory, Wakefleld and Somervell. They got “within,a few hundred feet” of the summit after a tremendous, struggle, but terrible weather conditions final- ly drove them back. * ¥k Kk * China.—Apparently (never be too sure about celestial matters), at last Sun Yat-Sen has “got his” He got it from Gen. Chen Kwang-Ming, formerly his chiet supporter, but who renently resigned the governorship, of Kwangtung province and broke with the great patriot, drawing away with him a pagt (probably the more efficient part) of the army of the Canton republic. Chen had repeatedly advised Sun Yat-Sen in a friendly way to resign the presidency of the southern re- public, abolish that republic and join in the new unification movement headed by Wu Pei- Fu. At last Chen felt constrained to use force.” On June 16 he occupied Canton, Sun Yat-Sen's troops offering but a feeble re- sistance, and the great patriot himself taking refuge on one of his gunboats. Chen has proclaimed the demise of the Canton republic and the reunion of the southern provinces to their northern and central sisters under the reformed Peking government. Canton lost and the game (in that quarter and for the present, at least) being up, never- ty headed by Lieut. Ly . theless Sun Yat-Sen ordered the six gunboats of his navy to shell Canton—the act of a very weak man. for it could not conceivably bene- fit his cause. The bombardment finally ceased through the refusal of Sun's gunners to con- tinue it. But row for fresh complications. It is re- ported that the force (10,000 to 15,000 in num- Dber) sent by Wu Pei-Fu against Sun Yat-Sen's invading army in Kiangsi. province mutinied at Kian and is returning northward, burning and looting in the approved fashion of Chi- nese mutineers. It is reported also that Sun Yat-Sen is withdrawing his troops from Kiangsi, proposing to use them in an attempt to oust Gen. Chen Kwang-Ming from Canton and recover his lost capital. It is further reported that Wu Pei-Fu has sent a picked force to deal with the mutineers. The ques- tion of Wu Ting-Fang's attitude toward the movement for Chinese unification is no longer of importance. He is dead after a brief illness in Canton. A singularly attractive personal- i1y, perhaps the most notable in China since Yehonala. 1t seems that, notwithstanding Chang Tso- Lin’s recent treacherous conduct, Wu Pei-Fu has granted him another armistice. The Chi- nese regard treachery much as Samuel But- ler's erewhonians rcgard peculation. But, to be sure, considering Wu Pei-Fu's other en- gagcments, the vastness of Manchuria, the danger of complications with the Japanese garrizons, and sundry other things. perhaps Wu Fel-Pu does well not to attempt to wipe Chang Tso-Lin off the map. The latter is at best a shorn Samson, and it will take a long time for his hair to grow again. It is evident that. though the unification of China may be on the way, it has not arrived * 3k k ¥ United States of America—Having to choose between adequate treatment of domestic and of foreign themes (it was a crowded week), I chose the Iatter, as more likely to convey fresh information to the reader. The most important domestic happening of the week was the affair at the mine near Marion, IlL., in its latter phase (if press accounts are cor- rect) the most disgraceful and disgusting epi- sode in the history of this country. 1 should like to discuss, did space permit, the convention of the American Federation of Labor, which seems to be largely given over to denunciation of the “judicial obligarchy™: the railroad situation (“no recourse but to a strike.” sayvs Mr. Jewell); the ship subsidy bill, favorably reported to the House on June 16, and connected therewith the pleasant pro- posal to exclude from ports of the United States all ships that sell liquor on 5 Marconi's visit, and other things. " "2 American Artillery Is Found I The American Army came out of the war with a vast amount of artillery, but still lacks the ideal types of guns and howitzers which a careful post- war study by Army experts indicated to be the most desirable. On the basis of the report of the ‘“caliber which made this study in 1918, however, existing artllery equipment has been apportioned among the troops to approximate as arly as possible ideal conditions. neOne)serElng fact was developed by the “callber board” study. Despite the enormous increase in the amount ot artillery used by the contending armies, the board concluded that “the principles of the use of fleld artillery continued unchanged. Although the French coined the saying during the war that “the ar- tillery conquers; the infantry occu- {pies the ground,” post-war studies do inot confirm this in American military Iov(mon, which holds that the infantry board,” armed with rifies and bayonet is the main line of the army and all other arms designed merely to ald the ad- vance of the foot troops. Hurl 23,000 Tons Daily. As to the increased use of artillery during the war, Sir Douglas Halg, British commander, noted in after- the-war reports that while the pro- portion of British artillery personnel engaged in _the battle of the Somme was 2 bout 50 per cent of the infantry, it reached 80 per cent in_the battle of Ypres, in 1917. In the 1916 strug- gle British guns hurled 13,000 tons of shells in a single day, and jn 1917 they poured 28,000 tons in tHe Ger- man positions in the same time. ‘The “caliber board” found that for the purpose.of American fleld opera- tions there should be six types of weapons, a light-welght gun and howitzer to accompany infantry: di- visions, & medium-weight pair for corps use and a heavy team for each fleld army. The board found that for idivisional use a gun of about three. inch caliber, firing missiles of “man killing characteristics,” weighing not more than twenty pounds and with a maximum range of 15,000 yards, was “/deal”’ but that the American and French 75s, while not exactly filling requirements, formed a practical sub- stitute. The army artillery, as well as the National Guard fleld batteries, are now equipped with these weapons, supplemented by some American three-inch guns. As a mate for this field gun, the board recommended a 105-millimeter weapon, with range of 10,000 vards and projectiles of 30 to 35 pounds. That type does not exist in the army today,” although the 156-millimeter howitzer suggested as a substitute, is included and was for a time mated with the light fleld gun. It is re- garded as too heavy for divisional use, however, and has been eliminated; from divisional batteries. Light Howitser Lacking. The lack of a light howitzer is due to the fact that the American Army adopted French artillery equipment in the war and the French never were able to turn thelr attention tb this weapon's production in fhe stress of other work. The British army Is equipped with a 105-millimeter howit- zer to support infantry operation: For, medium batteries attached t army corps, the caliber board recom- mended 4.7 to 5 inch guns, with range of 18,000 yards to bring hostile bat- tery p ions under fire. The existing 4.7 guns of old model, with one regi- ment armed with British five-inch ‘weapons, makes up this element of the present American artillery strength, the guns being mated with the 10,000-yard range 155-millimeter howitzer. For the heavy fleld artillery handled by units of the fleld army, the board selected a 155-millimeter gun, with 25,000-yard range, and an eight-inch howitzer firing 18,000 yards. Equip- ment approximating this is made available by using British design howitzers which are on hand. 1t is pointed out that under.present national defense plans, most of the artillery for a major -mobilization must come from the National Guard, which now includes 162 gun batteries armed with 75's; thirty-six howitzer batteries equipped with 155-millimeter weapons and thirteen gun batteries armed with 155-millimeter rifles. - d, Commander Cunninghame= (‘}ln.hlme and Vice Admiral Sir George Keville, R. N., to welcome the former President when he touched English soll. He received him on the day of his arrival. He ‘honored him by inviting him to sit at his table at luncheon in Wind sor Castle following the funeral céremonies over the remains of his father, and he did so to the exclu- sion of & hundred men or women of imperial and royal blood. He made it a point to show Col. Roosevelt all the personal and offi- clal courtesies possible under the / circumstances and made the lattes feel that he was indeed an honored guest of the nation.” * % ¥ % 71 Col. Roosevelt as the special ambassador of the United State was careful to manifest his appre- ciation of the position he occupied and of the consideration shown him as an American citizen. Eight years later in speaking of Presi- dent Wilson's enthusiastic recep. tion in England; he said: = - . “As an American I am glad and roud of the reception given Mr. ilson. _I know, you know, it is to the President of the United States these honors, these accla- mations are given. - As an Ameri- - can 1 am naturally gr ., Dorchester house, - where Col. Roosevelt and his family stayed, ‘was the center toward which & stream of callers flowed. Not onl; royalty, says Mr. O’'Laughlin, but’ it S s e m lons in are and industry) am! of fore Y ein powers and personal friends came to gréet him. Col. Roose- velt's time was not, however, all taken up with callers. There were dinners and luncheons with the nobility, with members of the min- istry, with societies and clubs. He received the degree of LL. D. from Cambridge. The city of Lon- don conferred its freedom on him. At Oxford he delivered the Ro- manes lecture. He remained in England thirty-six days and. was unable to accept all the hospital- fty tendered him. Col. Roosevelt felt like Gen. Grant when the lat- ter wrote from England that he was glad to be honored 8o exten- sively, singe he felt it to be a rec- ognition of the might and power of his native land. Col. Roose- velt typified to Europe the great- ness of- the world power of the western hemisphere. * ¥ ¥ ¥ President Wilson's trip abroad and the enthusiastic welcome he received were so recent as to be readily recalled. He sailed for ‘France December 6, 1918, and ar- rived’ at Brest, France, Decem- ber 13. On reaching Paris he took up his residence in the mansion of Prince Murat as the nation's guest. _He was grested with wild acclaim and his reception lasted four d ‘The t.:.dl:l of Plrlll‘pul :’ud him Wit me . l:ht-lr Pres a'en.tOWImn and hE guests o wife visited. England, Italy ~'Belgium, and were th the reign! sovereigns of those countries. _was acclaimed as ¢he friend of humanity, and it was \Federal Government on Alert | Lacking in Ideal-Type Guns;, To Safegguard People’s Health | Millions of dollars are being spent |annually to guard the health of the nation. It is used to prevent the people from getting sick, rather than in curing them after they get sick. And by this expenditure’ many more millions are saved directly in the people’s pockets by keeping down | their personal doctors’ bills—in other words, driving out the conditions that cause sickness. The federal government throws its guard around the country's coast line to prevent disease from coming in, and watches over the people moving from state to state, leaving to the states the task of handling their in- ternal health problems, but giving advice freely when asked, because it is realized that the federal govern- ment at Washington has at its dis- posal the very best talent for han- dling preventive medicine there is. ‘Watches Disease Abroad. The United States public health service keeps close tab on the preva- lence of epidemics and infectious and contagious diseases in foreign coun- tries. It knows their symptoms on sight, and every ship that comes to American shores from a foreign port must submit to boarding by one of these watchful guardians of the na- tion's health to see that there is not one person aboard who might take some disease to an American. Even suspected disease is sufficiemt for quarantine and delay in landing the passengers, for for no reason will they allow the possibility of one germ coming in in that manner. Then the officers of this service watch over the railroad trains and the steamboats to make sure that no disease is taken from one state to the other. It is this service that has been responsible for driving the public drinking cup from the trains and steamboats and from public places generally. Through their laboratories and their work in the ports they have con- trolled the malarial mosquito, yellow fever, smallpox and other epidemic diseases. * They have acted as con- sultants for the states in helping them solve their sanitation problems. The two big military services, the Army and the Navy, have their large medical services to look after the health of the people in them, and in addition their services are used to prevent disease in many communities of the United States, particularly around the great Army posts and camps. The Department of Aricul- ture has its medicos at work to pre- vent disease from reaching the peo- _—_—Pm—m—mYY¥ asserted that no monarch of an- cient times was ever accorded greater laudation or listened to with greater admiration. After his . return to America he made in March a second trip to Europe, re- maining until after the peace treaty was signed, June 28, 1919. xR And now comes Chief Justice ‘Taft receiving the honers bestowed on three ex-Presidents before and enjoying added distinction. For owing to a recent ruling ex-Presl- dents of the United States will take precedence at the British court of all ve royalty. This precedent was set at the recent resentation at court of the Chief ustice and Mrs. Taft. It resulted from King George's feeling that as Mr. Taft had held the high offi of President he was entitled to special honor. It was held that it ‘was not fitting that they should pass the king and queen with the customary bow. They were re- . ceived privately in the picture l I i ! . | ple through the milk they use. the meat and the vegetables they eat. Made Canal Possibl, The most notable work of the| Army was that of making possible| the construction of the Panama canal. | Others had failed through the yellow fever mosquito, and Gen. Gorgas, sur- | geon general of the Army, showed | the world how such an unhealthful | community could be made safe to| Uve in. Now the health of the Canal s higher than many the United States. s In the United States there are now approximately 10,000 persons engaged | in public health work—federal, state. | county and municipal. The applica- | tion of this preventive medicine, in | which the federal government took | the lead. has materially improved the | health of the nation, but even with such a record attained, there are| many communities vet untouched. | The presence of smallpox now is con- sidered a disgrace to any civilized communify or country, cholera and plague have disappeared from the leading nations, typhoid fever has| been enormously ‘reduced, malaria | and hookworm disease are giving ground, vellow fever Is being nar- rowly restricted, typhus is practical- ly unknown among a cleanly people and the fear of diphtheria has been largely allayed. Hookwerm in Virginia. | Some idea of the effectiveness of | this public health control can be ob- tained from an instadce of a hook- worm survey made of school children in a county of the state of Virginia.| It showed that 82.6 per cent of the puplls were infected, and there was reason to believe that a high per- centage prevailed in the population as a whole. There was plenty of external evidence of the malady. Greedy parasites were robbing the people’s blood and a polluted soil was maintaining the circle of in- fection. ! Clinics were organized, the cause, ! cure and prevention .of hookworm ¢ were explained to the public, curative ! drugs- were administered and sani- tary conveniences introduced. Fif-| teen months later a second survey | showed the infection reduced to 35.2 ! per cent. The changes in the life of | the community were said to be un- mistakable. Health was restored, chronic jnvalids returned to active work, farms gave larger returns, the school enrollment increased, pupils were alert, new energy and _spirit manifested themselves in neighborly contacts and co-operation. However, the good work was kept up, vigilance was maintained and a third survey showed the almost negligible infec- tion of 2.2 per cent. gallery, before the public cere- mony, by the king and queen and the other members of the royal family. Thén they accompanied the royalties to the throneroom and were given places at the right of the king and opposite the am- bassadors and their wives. After the presentations the ex-President and Mrs. Taft accompanled the king and queen to the supper room Teserved for the royal circle. As the dally papers have indi- cated, the program of social activi- ties arranged for the entertainment of Chief Justice Taft is a long one. When the photographers wanted a picture of the ex-President the other- day they uttered the time- honored ‘Look pleasant,” where- upon he réplied, “That's the easiest thing I do.” It'is safe to say that the _ex-President's ingratiating manner will cause him to be feted as no other ex-President ever has been, for they were private citi- [ice at all and weekly clearings were Icopies of whose work, “History of SENDING GOLD BY WIRE THE LATEST IN BANKING. Project Inaugurated by the Federal Re: BY EDWARD NELSON DINGLEY. HERE s something interest- ing, if not fascinating, about { the wonderful development of modern business methods. “Big business” rightly characterizes the ‘| transactions carried on In the forty- ieight states, but few realize how in- vention and genlus enter into the {problem to save time and money and {human energy and make business transactions easier. Every one knows that since 1879 the business of the United States has been conducted on what is known as gold dollar or unit. The modern sys- drafts, 8o familiar to all as to be commonplace. has been made practi- cal and relfable because of the legal requirements of gold deposits in the Treasury and the banks. Gold Movements Awkwa | In domestic trade and business gold {in the form of coin or bullion was |shipped from one bank to another, {as the necessities of trade required. Domestic exchange—that is, the transfer of credit from one city to janother or one bank to another— |{registered the ebb and flow of bus Iness currents. This was a slow wav of doing busi- ness and often retarded the current of trade. Furthermore, it was an ex- pensive operation, this shipment of gold and currency {the country to another, to settle bal- ances, and some one had to pay for it, also the insurance. tem was established, it was deter- mined to inaugurate some em to relieve the situation. better item of credits through checks and ! from one part of | Soon after the federal reserve '“-1 serve System Has Proved an Unqualified Success. serve Board the amounts credited fn other fcderal reserve banks on the previous day. These necessary credity and debits were entered on the books and the gold thus transferred “o . the wings of lightning.” Slate Clean Each Day. But even this was not entirely sat- isfactory, for there was a delay of A few hours and banks began business in the merning without knowing " their exact gold balance. So on March 1, 1920, the time of telegraph ing the debits and credits was changed to the close of business and before banking hours on the follow- the gold standard—that is, all t%s!ing morning each bank was notified different kinds of money and all|of iis gold balance. This is the sys- credit transactions are referred to|tem today. and measured by a certain number of "’{he hn’:lan Is startlingly simple and ath vet effective. It illustrates how grains of gold called the standard |J°t MTCEIvE AL Hluseitates hov | supplanted the old, and to what an extent the credit system has been |evolved. The gold standard is pre- i served, gold transferred by wire and | modern business made possible with almost inconceivable swiftness. All | this would have made business men iof a century—nay, half a century— jago gaze with awe and admiration, { perhaps with doubt and fear. But |it has all come about so naturally and o easily that it is taken as a matter of course today. Available to Commerce. ! Thig: “gold settlement fund” and | private-wire system is available not jonly for the transfer of the gold of | the banks, but is an available and {valuable service to the commercial iinterests of the country. The cost |is borne by the federal reserve banks, {and permits the transfer of funds by | telegraph at par. It is available to | individuals or firms as well as to mem- {ber banks. Funds, or what amounts to gold, are transférred from bani to bank, the epecified amount in the gold settlement fund passing from Each | the owne:ship of one bank to another, cral reserve bank was directed t0{and tie transaction Is complete. ‘forward to the Treasury or (he!cusmmers are charged nolh:ns:.p earest subtreasury $1,000.000 in| Qbviously the government. the gold, and in addition thereto an!panks and the public profit by this amount at least equal to its net in- debtedness to all federal reserve banke' At once this fund aggre- | gated approximately $18,000.000 as an what was termed the “gold settle- cates, wtich are nothing but receipts for gold paid into the Treasury. were issued to cover all the gold thus de- porited. Tt was planned to make all |gola settlements between the differ- |ont federal reserve banks by credit ard debit entries in a specfal depart- {ment then' organized. It was nothing but bookkeeping. and was first put into operation May 1915. Transfers by Wire. Thus the slower method of ship- ping the gold.was supplanted by what was termed the ‘®old settle- ment fund.” This fund is transferred by wire through a system of debits and credts. The plan seemed worlk satisfactorily, since it simpli- fied the old method of transmitting jchecks and bills of exchange and ob- {viated the old, slow-moving and ex- pensive plan of shipping gold and currency all over the country. In December. 1921, the gold fund| was increased to $551,547,000—an _ap- | parently large sum to remain idle, but it was not idle, since it was a credit on the side of the bank's legal | reserve. The increase in the fund | was found necessary to keep pace | with the growth of business. H When this plan of transferring gold by wire was put into operation n 1915 the banks had no wire serv- | made only. Then came a very long step forward, from weekly to daily learings, and a private wire system connecting all banks and branches. This was an up-to-date. in fact, an up-to-the-minute evolution in the modern method of conducting busi- ness. This came about July 1, 1818. As originally put into action. each federal reserve bank at 10 o'clock in | the morning wired the Federal Re- to; system, the latter more than is under- | stood. Credits are transferred quickly |and safely, the gold settlement fund i Temaining as the great reservoirs, al- - ! ways remaining at an approximately . steady level by reason of the ebb and flow of the credit and debit stream Wire transfers at par are a new ! feature of our banking system, and ! make the credit system of wider soope and utility. It makes possible the handling of great volumes of businese -, | with unprecedented rapidity. It mul- tiplies the potency of the whole cur- rency and credit system of the coun- try. Nor does it alter or jeopardize what Is called the gold standard. It | widens its own fleld of operation and demanstrates the power of confidence in the business world. Hard on Train Robbers. The success of the experiment and plan has made the old “gold shipment by express” obsolete, and perhaps made less desirable what was once known as ‘“express train robberies.” {1t has brought the different parts of {the country into closer business re- lations, and put an end to sudden monetary crises coming out of a clear sky. The golden electric fluid can be sent into any market or any city or state, and immediately turn =" threatened panic into confidence. It . ever suggested that the same principle be applied to international affairs, and an {nternational gold fund be established, thus avoiding the.. shipment of gold from one country to another. Obviously this cannot he done until all countries, particularl: Curopean countries, get back on a gold standard basis. So far as the United States is con- cerned, this “gold settlement fund” has proved a marked success and . demonstrates the genius of American financiers and the progress of Amer- ican business. Nothing is too Swift. for an American business man. Story of Pocahontas Well Supported by Many Historians. To the Editor of The §¢ 1 see a reprint from the Boston Herald in your issue of the Sth, en- titled, “Is Pocahontas a Legend? commenting on the unveiling of the statue to the Indian maid at James- town, and calling attention to thé fact that “certain hisorical critics” have thrown doubt on the story cf Capt. John Smith's rescue, and even suggested that he himself “was con- siderable of a fakir!"” May I say in your valuable columns that the historical critics aforasaid have their habitat only in New Eng land, and their conclusions are di- rectly contrary to all historical evi- dence, not only from Smith himself, who was a man of the highest integ- rity and Christian character, but also from. his countrymen and cotem- poraries, to wit, George Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, in the first expedition to Virginia, twice governor of the infant colony. and present at Jamestown when Smith re- turned from his expedition up the Chickahominy river that nearly cost him his life; William Strachey, sec- retary to Lord de la War, two MS, Travaille in Virgini' are, respec- tively, in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library at Oxford (1611-12); Ralph Hamor (1609-19), “A Relation, and many others. These men, patriotic gentlemen, men of affairs, nobles, and worthy yeomen, would hardly have tolerated an open falsehood, centering around two of the chief actors of the drama at Jamestown, especially as they were fully cognizant of all the circumstances in the case, every detail of which was well known in Virginia and England, and was soon to become the theme of song and story on two continents. Smith relates the adventure quite simply and naturally, and when Po- cahontas visited England, after her marriage to Rolfe, he wrote a special letter to the queen, recommending her to the royal favor and again nar- rating the occurrence which had so endeared the Indian mald to the col- onists, It is hardly probable that he would have deliberately lled about the af- fair when Pocahontas was theras in the flesh to be questioned concerning it (and how she was questioned, and iland writers, as the Pilgrims would trations. b recently been issued from the Ldinburgh Press, coupled with a blography of Smith himself. and makes most delectable reading. In it the editor alludes. with mild amazement, to the doubt cast Smith's rescue by some New England writers, but dismissed it as unworthy of serious consideration. Smith wus 2 man who stood high in the opinioh of all his countrymen worthy of the name, and who were not jealous of his personal remown. He had been honored by his king before coming to Virginia_for personal prowess against the Turks, and fully justifi the esteem in which he was held by his sagacity, foresight, practical com- mon sense and amazing courage. He Pwas a man with a vision, too, a vision of America in the future, a land of happy homesteads and wonderful de- velopment, free, Christian, progres- sive. His labors and sufferings and journeyings and writings were not for personal gain, but for the glory of his country and his God, and to awaken the vouth of England to the great opportunities that awaited ; them in the new world, where dan- gers and difficulties should only serve s a spur to men of true worth and mettle, and help to inspire others in the same noble undertaking. He spent nearly all his private means to that end and in publishing and distributing copies of his works. especially after his return from his New England voyage., where he ex plored the country (prior to the com- ing of the Pllgrims), named it the . name being confirmed by the Englisi king: mapped and charted it foresaw the great possibilities th. would le in its fisheries. Slighting criticisms of Smith conie with very bad grace from New Eng- have fared very badly without his : guidance. Hearing that a company of English people, lately come from Hollund, named “Brownists.” because they fol lowed a dissenter named “Browr.m - were desirous of going out to the country that he had striven to make ‘ familiar to the English public, Smith offered to lead the expedition. and give them the benefit of his ripe ex- perience. They economized on his services, but used his maps and charts . and general information, which caused some amusing comments on hin'? part; and, incidentally, one gets & . true perspective in the book on the . Mayflower expedition, and the Pif--" grim settiement, around which mors fiction has sprung up than can pos- sibly be accredited to Pocahontas. what a furore her coming occasion- ed!) and when living Englishmen who were at Jamestown at the time, could easily have refuted the story. The jdea is preposterous. See Stith's “His- tory of Virginia,” and also a very valu- Yes, modern research instead of' discrediting Smith has proved him tg: be a true and accurate narrator the stirring events in which he tooK such a notable part. In fact, it di: not too much to say that the colobn.:. able modern contribution to the whole|ization and development of Americg history of that period, “The Conquest of Virginia, the Forest Primeval,” by Conway Whittle Sams. (G. P. But- nam’s Sons A new and fascinating editi Capt. John Smith’s own histor. zens, but he goes not only as an | True Relation, General History of éx-President, but as the head of | Virginia, New England and the what Americans firmly believe’is |Summer Isles,” with elaborate notes the Judicial in the |and addenda, extracts from cotempo worl \ rary writings, maps, charts and illus. of Virginia first, and, later, of Ne: Engiand, would have been immeasur-4 ably retarded but for the exampla.s and sacrifices and heroic achievements of Capt. John Smith. And the more historical light that is thrown on thatr far-off page of our national story e more clearly will the name of this " lofty and daring spirit shine out fir the tuture admiration of the world.; FRANCES A. WALKER.