Evening Star Newspaper, June 18, 1922, Page 43

RUSSIA’S FUTURE RESTS IN RUSSIA, NOT HAGUE Relations With Rest Until Lenin’s | of World in Doubt Fate Has Been Determined. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. ESTINIES of the land of mys- tery., misery, famine, pesti- lence and political knavery— Russia—soon imay take defi=| nite cour: Within Russia herself a new epoch is about to be ushered tn and it hardly scheming of w tern Buropean poli- ticians. Grim circumstances—call it destiny if you will—chisel in hand to- day is hewing and carving Russi a tate. and whether or not Ru emerges to once more take her place in the galaxy of great nations, or 18 to be thrown into a period of chaos and despair. depends upon events of the next few months In the cha of Europe and even amon smen of the United States there has existed the view that Issia eventually would “hape her ow. cou and that the eign of bolshevism would last as g as its guiding spirit, Lenin. To- day Lenin, 4 mental wreck from the rduous dutics involved in attempt- 1% to bring some semblance of order om the heartrending chaos which ‘e and his discinles created in their 1d_endeavor to establish a Eutopia 1 this earth., iz declared to be in iving condition Lenin Broken Mt May Never Rule. The firt that once ied Lenin on with aticism and crues ruthlessness has The mind that fashioned com- doctrines and 'aid the ground- d S8 munis work for their introd-ction in Russia wanders in a haze in fruitless en- deavor to once more take up the skeins which b en so tangled. A strong phy broken under thles: of former appar- unlimited energies. 1. as alizes the terrible arson and rapine followed swiftly upon the heels the en or th of the Russ revolution, one won- | kis cohorts would be greatly feared. ders if @ conseience is not bringing | But that Trotsky may not be permit- retribution to the broken old man,!ted to dictate is indicated by his un- who. it is declared from reliable | popularity among the masses of the sources, has fled from Moscow with |people and that in the selection of physicians for quiet retreats, that he | men to govern Russia during the iy once more emerge and continue | period of Lenin's temporary ab- 1o impress a personality and a false | sence Trotsky has not been men- doctrine upon tens of millions of re-|tioned. This would indicate that the luctant peoples—the last mad effort]trend of conservatism is greater in 1o maintain and sustain principles| Russia than the spirit of insurgency which have disemboweled a once|and militarism, and the old world great empire powers undoubtedly can find comfort Lonin s passed definitel-, the|in the present trend. but alw chancellories of Europe havs, been jthere remains a question as to wheth- advised. Instead of the bold leader ! er Trotsky, one of the prime movers that overthrew Kerensky and eradi- | in the bolshevist revolution, “will be cated from aM Russia the last|content to remain quiescent to con- vestiges of Romanoffism, & trium- | servative thought and will not at- virate will rule during the perfod of|tempt to place himself in Lenin's convalescence. But that death will [Place should the present leader of close the chapter of Leninism in Rus- sian history is being admitted even by his closest friends and advisers. Whatever Lenin may have been. no matter how he may have betrayed world interests for the elevation of himself and principles, no matter how far he may have gone In break- ing Russia to pieces, the fact never- theless remains that under his guid- ance Russia, even a communist Rus- sia, has taken tangible form. Through respect for the will of Lenin Rus- sians long used to bombastic and ofttimes cruel domination have re- spected him in measure. Has Been the Force + Binding Commission. It is openly admitted among com- munists and Russian leaders of all political persuasion that Lenin has been the force that has held com- munist Russia together, for the eddys of jealousy and rival socialistic theory have been running strongly counter curr.at in Russia within the will be through the ) | Rusaia Holds Key i to Her Own Future. fearful of ever since the last conflict with Poland. Though a revolution within revolu- | tionary Russia ix not without the bounds of possibility, it is believed in European capitals that the transition will be painless, and that either one or the other of the communist branches peaceably will obtain control, but the transition will be close watched, for in it will depend the futu of Europe in large measure. The death of Lenin undoubtedly will bring to a halt the many im- mediate plans of allied Rovernments | to establish new relations with Russia as a nation. Russia is essential to the rest of Europe, no matter how hard it may be to bring about co- operation, but all agree that th co-operation will be entirely depend- ent upon what happens in Ru mediately afger it is definitely estab- lished who¥ shall control Russia’s destinfes. Conservatives Would Advance Runsi; hould the conservative group of Russian leaders gain control in Rus sia, relations with other nations may be expected to progress by leaps and bounds. ‘Tchitcherin and Krassin, though firmly arrayed against the surrender of Russian sovereignty in any agreements looking toward the rejuvenation of the old empire, never- | theless might consent to negotiate | more on the terms of other nations than upon strictly communistic lines. Tchitcherin has about him men of firm decision, but all of the belief that Russia must modify in measure prin- | ciples enunciated by both Lenine and Trosky, If Russia is to save herself. But there is a school of thought in Russia_ which believes that only through conquest and overthrow of present organized governments can the principles of bolshevism be im- planted ubon the world. and Trotsky 18 the avowed leader of this element. Inasmuch as he has control of the army and has made determined threats against other nations, he and Russia answer the final call. While a great drama undoubtedly | is being enacted in Russia, with the climax yet to be approached, repre- | sentatives of nearly thirty nations have assembled at The Hague to ar- range some means of approaching Russia and bringing about amicable understandings which eventually shall lead to complete readjustment of economic _relationships over the whole of Europe. The Hague con- ference begins without apparent sign of much life and of dormant in- terest and enthusiasm. Little opti-- BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 17: Ircland.—Elections to a third dail (to act as a provislonal pariiament of the Free State and as a constituent assembly) were held in South Ireland Friday. The results wil be known this week. On the eve of the elections the draft of the constitution of the Free State was made public. 1t is considered (after modification in the long recent series of con- ferences in London between members of the Pritish government and Irish leaders) to con- form to the London agreement. Certain Irish unionists, however, are complaining that it does not sufficiently safeguard minorities. The position and functions of the repre- sentative of the crown as defined’in the constitution correspond to those of the Cana- dian governor general. The official who shall correspond to the Canadian prime minister is called “president cof the executive council.” It will be recalled that the London cement prescribes that the Canadian constitution be followed as a mode aking in a large way this requirement is met. The oath prescribed the London agrcement for members of the ree State parliament is taken over without ept in case of actual invasion, the Irish Free S te shall not be committed to active participation in «ny war without the consent of the Free State parliamen The right i reserved for any person “to petition his jestw for speciul leave to appeal from the sh supreme court to his majesty in council.” The may, ferred by the constitution on the chamber o deputies. There are to be two selec! the chamber of deputies and the sena e. ¥ vate for the deputies: only those or over may vote for senators. office of senators is to be twelve ars. the Free State forms one electoral area members of the executive council sha pointed by the governor general, but nom- inated by the chamber. The instrument, to a hasty examination, seems satisfactory: but here, if ever, the proof of the pudding will be in_the eating. The members of the provisional parliament twhich meets on July 1) will not be required the London agreement for members of the parliament of ‘The members of the new pro- visional government (also the cabinet of the be It is understood that the new provisional governor. ledged to to take the oath prescribed in the Free State. third dail, however, will required to if you please), take the oath. allegiance to the crown, will be responsible to the new provisional parliament. not so pledged. Ancmalous, strange? Yes, Irish. Mr. Churchill announced the anomoly to the Brit- the house “The members of being Britons. st and on ish commons. were a little mystified.” Matters both in Belf: sull exists, though, apparently by tacit sent, the truce is still observed. * Kk % % The Bankers' Committee.—The committee of eminent bankers convened by the reparations commission to examine under what conditions an international loan to Germany might suc- cessfully be floated adjourned on the 10th, re- porting failure. The report has been praised as lucid. I find it quite the opposite; verbose and vague. The following conclusions, how- ever, are certainly there for the searching: That a small (small, that is, in relation to the foan to Germany. necessitics of the situatiop) unless definitely understood as preliminary a lurge loan. would do little good: cessful flotaticn of a large loan must suppose re-establishment of the general c of Germany: ond that re-establishment o genaral credit of Germany must presupp: great reduction of the reparations total It is at this point. just when provisional parliament now being elected vear after the constitution goes into’ operation, exercise all the powers con- izens (male or female) twenty-one or over thirty The term of Sen- ators are to be elected from a panel in which The 1 be ap- the horder eem to have eased off a good bit during the st week. The schism in the republican army that suc- we should especially wish them to speak out loud and bold, that the distinguished bankers, whether through timiditv or wise discretion, -become ambiguous. “The eclement of uncertainty which accentuates the burden of Germany's obligation Is also a serious factor in the case of the external public debts of the allied coun- tries. Such questions, however, as interallied indebtedness are outside the committee’s com- petence, and cannot, therefore, be discussed here. But the committee cannot ignore the fact that in the minds of those who consider any adjustment of reparation obligations they are bound to be discussed, and that they are among the factors in the problem of securing that desirable allied agreement which they consider one of the sssential conditions of a loan to Germany.” Now. had the bankers spoken out simply the all-important thought In their minas, would they or would they not have sald that France will not consent to such a reduction of the reparations tota would sufficiently re- establish German credit to make a loan attrac- tive to American investors, without a corre- sponding reduction of French external public debt n other words, unless the United States cancels ‘the war debts owing to her? The French answer “Yes” to that question, and I infer from sundry expressions in the majority repgrt that the committee (except the French member) blame France for refusal to give consent to reduction of the reparations total without stipulatory corresponding reduction of her own external debts. It is not at all cortuin thac the committee intended such blame, but the text certainly does not forbid that inference. The French member of the committee submitted a minority report dis- sociating himself from the conclusions (which failed to conclude) of the majority report. At any rate, the committee failed. Discus- sion of the probable effect of their failure on the reparations problem must be postponed to another occasion. I must enter a caveat here: 1 had no intention in the above to express any oninfon as to whether or not the war debts sYould be canceled. * ¥ X * The Hngue—Representatives of the powers which propose to continue the negotiations with the Russians assembled at The Hague on the 15th 1o “exchange views" and to choose a commission of experts to meet a Russian commission of experts at The Hague on the 26th. The composition of the non-Russian commission must be notified to the Moscow government by the 20th. Things seem to be rather at sixes and sevens at the preliminary mecting. A common preliminary understanding be- tween the groups of powers headed by Britain and the group headed by France irightly as- serted by Poincare to be essential to success of the experts’ conferences), on the grand principles of a policy concerning Russian questions, seems to be despaired of. The prospect pleases not. = * X Xk X A Royal Marringe—On June 7 at Belgrade King Alexander of the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, took in marriage Princess Marie of Rumania, one of the most beautiful of royal personages. though not as beautiful as her British mother was in her prime. Some three hundred fhousand of Alexander's sub- jects flocked to Belgrade to see what they could of the festivities. For the pacifist spec- totor the occasion must have been fatally marred by the presence in the city of 50,000 troopd to guard against possible outrageous attempts by disaffected elements of the hetero- genous kingdom—Montenegrins, Croats, Al- hanians. Macedonians, communists of what- 3 ace. Bomb throwing is not vet obso- an_outdoor sport in Belgrade, as Alex- well knows: and he was taking no <. (me could wish to have been there, for the ceremonles were magnificent, with many touch of anclentry. _ Hitherio the Obrenovitches (the reigning Serbian house) have not heen quite—“well, not exactly, vou know what 1 mean, my dear"—but they are now surely arrived: else the Duke of York would not have been there as best man. EIE O Chinn—Waiving the conditions he had an- nounced, on June 10 Li Yuan-Hung assumed a lete as ander chanct , granted. ' gram of congratulations and promise of su the presidency of China. He at once offered the premiership to Wu Ting-fang, civil gov- ernor of Kwangtung province (in which Canton is situated), and, since the defection of Gen. Chen Kwang-Ming, the most important supporter of Sun Yat-Sen. Wu Ting-fang is happily remembered here as one-time Chinese minister to Washington. He is probably the wittiest man in_the world. He was foreign minister under Li Yuan-Hung in 1917, when the latter was forced by the militarists to re- slgn. Li Yuan-Hung is eager that Wu Ting- fang should accept, expecting that, should he do g0, he would draw after him to the sup- port of the Peking government a considerable part of the Canton government and parlia- ment. Reports had indicated that the members of the old parliament who recently assembled at Tientsin (and who by now should be in Peking) constituted a majority of the old par- liament, but it now appears that they are rot 2 majority, and so are not competent 0 pro- ceed as the parliament. However, a consider- able bloc of the Canton parliament (all of the members of which were members of the old parliament) have wired congratulations to Li Yuan-Hung, adding that, should developments in Peking correspond to the present promise, they will go thither and rejoin their old col- leagues. Probably, if Wu Ting-fang accepts the premiership, they will shortly follow him. Should it prove impossible to muster a major- ity of the old parliament at Peking, it may be thought necessary to summon a national con- vention and, so to speak, rebuild the republic from the ground up. The objection to that is the delay involved, which might prove fatal to_the present promise of unification. Li Yuan-Hung is only interim president, by invitation of the Peking cabinet and at the urgency of most elements in the country, his tenure of the office being irregular, and so he declares. Sun Yat-Sen, declaring that the proceedings at Peking are a sham—the old militaristic gang_camouflaged as patriots and liberals— and intimating that, if China is to be saved, only one man can do the job, namely Sun Yat-Sen, continues to advance northward through Kiangsi. Wu Pei-Fu will probably deal with him when he has finally settled with Chang Tso-Lin. 1t _will be recalled how Chang Tso-Lin sued to Wu Pei-Fu_ for an armistice, which was He also sent Li Yuan-Hung a tele- port. The old fox was trying to throw Wu Pei-Fu off the scent. The request for an armistice was a piece of foulest treachery. But Wu Pei-Fu knew his man, and when early in the week Chang Tso-Lin attacked between Chinwangtao and Shanhaikuan, not only was Wu Pei-Fu not taken by surprise, but he had made very special arrangements for Charg's reception. Therefore Chang Tso-Lin is again on the run. * % % * Jnpan—~The Takahashi cabinet having re- signed, Admiral Baron Kato, who headed the Japanese delegation at the Washington con- ference, has -acceptel the premiership of Japan. His cabinet is a non-party one. The main feature of his announced policy is to secure unqualified acceptance of the Washing- ton conference treaties, against which, some allege, the militarists have made dangerous headway. Viscount Uchida continues as foreign min- ister. which is all to the good, so far as the Washington treaties and (probably) the pros- pect of a liberal policy were concerned, but, on the other hand, the militarist Gen. Yama- nashi is minister of war, which is all to the bad, people say. As remarked above, the new cab- inet is non-party: certainly quite as much may be said against as for non-dependence of the cabinet on a party. * k ¥ X I regret the necessity of omitting or post- poning discussion of many important or delectable matters, as: Coal prices and Mr. Hoover; the latest decision of the Railroad Labor Board cutting the pay of 325,000 work- ers, and other themes domestic; the deadlock in the Chilean-Peruvian negotiations; Lenin's condition; the conquest of the Volga famine; the attempt to scale Mount Everest, and sundry other things. 3 TAKING UNFAIRNESS OUT OF AMERICAN BUSINESS Federal Trade Commission, Sustained by the Courts, Likely to Have Hands Strengthened by Congress. BY WILL P. KENNEDY. MERICAN business is being purged of unfair practices pri- marily for the interest of the company when it would lessen com- petition. Tt will be recalled that the late J. Plerpont Morgun before a congressional committee in 1913 suid it was impossible to unscramble such {5 oonbimes 2 ness mergers. Here is a concret timate consumer and second- | gyeompe to unscramble. It has espec arily for the protection of the honest | {ul point At thin time. wher ihe competitor in business. A, serien of | Foderal Trade Commission hux ixsuca declslons In important cases by the|® COMplaint against the Bethlehem- 7 Lacka: e y I " United States courts, In¢luding the | Federal Teann cogambaiy, Siier the Supreme Court, have sustained the |steel people have filed 4 deniul and Poderal Trade Commission, acting as | i€ &0Ing ahead with their combini- on, Wl ederal trade com- a new agency in the business world | miesioners are girding their loine for for the protection of the public in- | another test in court terest. Congress is now considering [ 1 the Becch-Nut Packing Compan amendments to the trade commMIBSION | yeae defeated in ihe Tomer ammisslon act itself, in three particulars, which 3 would greatly strengthen the hands of the commission as umpire in the business arena. Congress established a set of rules for the Federal Trade Commission to enforce. It has no power to fine & man or corporation. t has no power to take away property. But if in competition botween varidus men in | Jallicc, s Industry one commits an offense | Gol GO, ine the Constitnt ompetiton, the Federal i ¢ the packers and stock it appealed to the Supreme Court and was a question Supreme a was sustained. Here lor price fixing, and the Court decision has had alutary effect regarding pric and false advertising gzene There has been intense int the business world in the decision written by Chief Justice Taft in the case of T. F. Stafford vs. Wallace. S ver fixi mism prevails, and with England and France continuing to squabble over the method of approaching the Rus- sians and over the question of what shall be exacted of the Russians in the way of guarantees there appar- ently is little hope of tangible re- sults. But experts will go about the business of analyzing Russia’s pos- past year ant only by Lenin's efforts has there been semblance of unity in governmental activity. With Lenin_gone, Russia will face two futures. Either the conservatives represented in_soviet officialdom will | take charge of the destinies of gov-i ernment, or the extremists, who still cling to the first enunciated prin- ciples of communism, those who would implant communistic will upon the entire world, will obtain control and once more wave the bloody sword ibilities as they pe..tin to the af- fairs of respective na. 1s_and Pre- miers Poincare and Lloy. “corge are to approach the general ¢ tiofh of Franco-British agreement in .. .ndon today or tomorrow. But the g cat answer as to Russia lies not at The | Hague, in London or in the foreign offices of any one or group of west- ern European nations. The key to| Russia’s future is held by Russia and the door to advancement will be opened, or it will be closed and Rus- sia once more plunge into long years’ which all eastern Europe has been Army Camps Afford a Splendid 4| Opportunity for Boys to Train| of turmoil. i As the world war gets farther away Sn vears, sreater interest is being manifested by the youth of the coun- try in the citizen training camps held annually under the direction of the War Department in various parts of the country, as is evidenced by the| large number of applications to go to the camps which are being received by the Army. Officers now in the Army reserves, many of whom won their commis- sions under the hardships and trying: conditions of the last war, Tealize | that the youth must be trained to take their places, for men now trained may be beyond the age limit Pefore the war clouds again hover over the country, if ever. It is the youth that efforts are being made to attract | this year more than ever, the young men in the highl schools and wgilitary ®chools. ° Camps on a Large Seale. Training camps this year are to be on a larger scale than at any time gince the armistice. Wider scope is %o be followed in the training, and citizens are to be allowed selection in more branches of the service. Last| year only the infantry, cavatry and | field ardillery camps were held, but ihis year there will be camps in avia- | tion, motor transport, Signal Corps and engineers. > Reserve officers are to be used to a| Jarge extent this year as instructors, ! seplacing and adding to the mnmber' of Army instructors. To prepare for %he camps, which will run for a| gnonth from July a large number of reserve lieutenanis are to be re- “area to active duty for a fifteen-day t-aining period. From this number sbout one-fifth will be selected to re- guain on active duty for an additional month to act as instructors for the Young men who elect to attend the training camps. In addition reserve oificers have aiready been called to tive duty in the various Army corps areas throughout the country to stir up {nterest in the camps. Value of the Training. These camps furnish an opportunity to the youth of the country which is worth many dollars to them in the physieal training, alone. While there is plenty of work, it is so well ar- ranged as not to become monotonous, end in many cases it furnishes oppor- tunity to the boys of school age to augment their training in the schools, sgnd to those who are past the school “age three consecutive years spent in ' ghese camps furnish an ecsllent, basis for a good soldier, make a man an asset to his country in time of | need and give him much in technical, training that always will be valuable to him in civil life. For instance, there is the Engineer ! Corps, the backbone of the Army. Primarily these troops are soldiers, but they must plan and erect \he] breastworks, build bridges, devise means of destroying those of the enemy, lay out camps 2nd do other | construction necessary to the opera- tion of the army in the fleld. Of course, in time of peace the Engineer Corps has to look after much of the public works of the country. The op- portunities in this field alone are very great, particularly to the youth who is taking up an engineering course in high school and college. While the camps last only for one month, the intensive training pro- vided by the Army crowds into this short period more practical work and much of the theoretical work that is obtairied at school in a whole year. Chance for Electrical Students. The Signal Corps, with its radio, telegraph and telephone problems, as well as its signals, furnishes excel- lent training for the boy studying electrical engineering, for many of the problems which must be answered by this branch of the service have to be decided promptly in the field, for communication, next to engineering, is most essential to the promotion of an effective campaign in time of war. And radio alone should attract the youth this yvear, for there are very few high school boys that are not dabbling in radio now, and in the Signal Corps camps they will learn how to make, operate and maintal real sets. The Motor Transport Corps is another fertile field for youth. There they will learn all about various Kindd of autombolles, both how to keep them running and how to run them eco nomically. A student who applies himself to several years of _this training would be fitting himself for a transportation engineer, for the big fleets of trucks have to be operated economically, and they must be kept running. What big department store or other big business would not like to have a man so trained in_thesc camps that he could take a few truck:l and keep them running, and know them 30 well that his employes could not misinform him as to conditions. Aviation is expected to attract a great number of the youth of the country, and these camps are ex- pected to have more applications than they can handle. . And aside from the learning, a man fits himself for a commission in the American Army should it be neces- sary to call men to arms for a con- flict again. It is youth's chance. Extra Crews for Submarines One of Essentials of Navy Submarines have not yet reached that perfection where it is possible to determine that when one goes down for maneuvers and practice it will surely come to the surface. Some naval minds have said that the German operations during the war proved the u-wlcssness of battleships, but when one nines the history of submarines and their construction it is realized_that they have not vet reached that state of perfection where they can be relied upen as ef- fectively as the battleship or other large combatant ship. They cannot be operated in time of war even as steadily as the surface craft, and in order for a nation to promote a submarine war effectively it must have large numbers of them, and, in addition, large crews—or, rather, several crews for each boat. Engines Need’ Development. It has been definitely stated by na- val officials that the engines—inter- nal combustion oil burners—have just reached about the same stage in 1922 that the steam engine had reached in 1840. The engines fail, the shafts break, etc., and the craft either comes limping into port or goes to the bot- tom. Fortunately, there have been but few of them that have gone down and have not come up, but this is rather due to the effective training of the crews, and is a strong argument for Congress providing for a subma- rine personnel much in excess of the number necessary to mar the vessels. The engines to be used in the new craft to be built are to be fashioned something after the submarine en- gine that was developed by Germany during the war. Germany, it has just come to light here,‘realizing the necessity of keeping her submarines in operation, handled the engin= sit- fashion B o o handled the air: plane engine, when it developed the how famous Liberty motor for air- planes. America, it will be remem- bered. called into conference all of the internal combustion engineers, and they developed the efficient Lib- erty motor. Germany called in all of her Diesel engine experts and pro- duced the latest word in submarine engines, which the United States now is quplicating. It was a combination of patents. Good as German Engines. The American submarine engirc is said to be as good as the German en- gine developed during the war, and is manufactured in this country. It is the very best engine that has heen developed to date, but naval officers sdy that any engine used today will Dbe obsolete in twenty years. It is to be used in the three big fleet subma- rines now building, and will furnish America with an engine away in tic lead of other nations, for Germany cannot now bulld submarine: To operate these submarines, as well as those of the older type, re- quires crews with highly technical training.” It takes months to train them; for every man aboard has his specific duty when the vessel is nnder water, -and it is arduous. It is not possible to pick any sailor from a training station and put him pboard Just when the vessel is ready to leavs o port for maneuvers, for due to improper training or lack of training may mean the determination of whether the ship comes to the surface again or not. The life aboard is unhealthy, and the men have little space to move around in. Extra Crews Essential. During the was pursuing her relentless warfare and pushed her submarines until she broke the morale of her crews, she could keep them in service only about one-half of the time. During time of peace it is practicable for these little fighting craft to operate only about one-fifth of their time, and to operate them any more means tae necessity of providing additional crews. Sickness and other casualties are bound to crop up, o additional men must be kept trained all the time. 1t requires about forty men In addi- tion to the crew of each submarine in order to keep it in efficient op- eration this one-fifth of the time. Any less number of men would cut down the training and practice time ma- terially, and in time would show in the efficiency of the fleets operating as_units. Few people, even when they have\ been aboard these little fighting craft, can realize the difficulties en- countered in their operation. They are many. Every mar must know his job thoroughly. For instance, the man who watches the gauges on the tanks which make it possible for the vessel to g0 up or down—I{T he makes a slip all is 1ost, and no American would want an American naval of- ficer to risk the lives of his men and the millions in property by send- ing him to sea with untrained men. w a false move when Germany | Stricter Immigration Rules On the ground that too many dis- cased, demented and defective alien immigrants are being admitted to the United States, greater restrictive measures are urged by Representa- tive Albert Johnson of Washington state, chairman of the House immi- gration committee, in reviewing t'he’ working of the new immigration re- striction act, which at the end of this month will have been effective for one year. “In my opinion, the act limiting immigration to 353000 for the fiscal vear ending June 30 came in the nich | of time,” said Representative John-; son. “It has saved the United States | in that vear from an influx of fully one and a half million immigrants at a time when we could neither as- similate nor employ them. Under the quota restrictions 230.- 537 were admitted to May 31, while about 2,787 were admitted temporari- 1y for reasons of humanity and be- cause of difficulties in getting the new law into operation, while 1,446 were turned back because of ex- hausted quotas. Debarred for all causes in eleven months were 11,066, which 1 believe is the record, and which is still not enough. Too many diseased, demented and defective ars being admitted. “The law has been extended..and during the coming year will be ris- idly enforced. I believe Congress will be justified in amending the law so as to give all countrics x base quota of about 600, and in addition thereto not to exceed 2 per cent of the number of aliens in' the United States as shown by the census of 1910. That wouldelessen the dificul- Urges That Lynclnhg in South Be Stopped by Southern Whites Ta the Editor of The Sta 3 The ravening mobs of Georgla and Texas, the closing the door of con- science in the breasts of those in authority, the damming of the stream of mercy that should flow always and ever in the life of every chvilized man in this Christian country make the black man again knock at the door of a white man's justice. There is nowhere else for the southern negro to go. How futile to look to any other part of the country to super- impose a government upon the ac- tions of the south, when it has its own self-imposed, laws. If men who make solemn oath to support thelaws which they in their sovereign power have written will not: enforce them, how can we expect any other in- fluence to exercise any control? And 80 it is to the conscience of the south we appeal once again. Every negro in America feels more deeply than he should be made to share the ‘humiliation ~which one crime and one criminal can brlyg to the race. But I submit that’witl no laws of our own with which to punish, no officers té run down crim- inals and no courts in which to try out outlaws d derelicts, it ask- ing much of us to make impossible such crimes as Texas and Georgia have so lately committeed, by remov- ing the cause. When a black man murders or outrages he serves no notice on the leaders of his race. They know nothing of it until 'the crime done and he has fallen into the hands of his ‘white governors. And once there, by eyery comdition of chival the negro s entitled to the ym:’ mu‘g p:n‘hcuo-'\ law & which invests the guiltiest with the presumption of innocence is the An- glo-Saxon's law. I appeal again passionately to the Anglo-Saxon consclence. It is gen- erally aroused easily and its posses- =or is generally fair. I appeal to the ministers and educators of my race to carry the negro's case to the white man’s conscience, and I beg the min- isters, the educators and the white leaders everywhere to assist us in arousing that conscience. Lynch- ing must be stopped in the south and by southern white people. If it could De stopped by anybody else on God's great earth, the south would lose the moral victory to which a gain_ so great would entitle our people. This is our sectional sin for which there is no vicarious atonement. The south must stop its mob crimes or the mob will ruin the south. Our clvilization stands impeached in the courts of all the civilized world. Crimes which long since have been too U_rged by House Chairman ties arising from very small quotas now given to certain countries and Would lessen the large quotas award- ed to other countries. “I believe that all quotas should consist only of persons eligible to citizenship under our present natur- | alization laws. An amendment to that effect would end the difficulties which arise from our ‘gentlemen’s agreement’ with Japan. There is no reason why we should admit tu be- come residents of the United States persons who never can become citi- zens of the United States. “Many persons wonder why the percentage restriction law h not been tightened up and made more binding. Some ask why Congress has not enacted a law completely suspending immigration for a period of yvears. Let me remind 2ll of these questioners that it took more than twenty-five years of ,continuous cf- fort to get a law as restrictive evan as the 3 per cent act. “The 3 per cent act ended the asy- lum idea just in time to prevent the United States from becoming the almshouse of the world (run hy its inmates), and 1 desire to give full credit to the members of the House immigration committee, of which I have the honor to be chairman, for sticking to the idea of restriction and for forcing forward a bill which re- fused to die until it was superseded by the Dillingham act, which both houses passed and “‘h(ih President Harding signed. “In conclusion, let me express the firm belief that the Unlted States will never go back to any scheme that will welcome the uncounted millions from the four corners of the world 1o our young. new country, in which, with its billions of acres of land and resources yet untouched, fathers and mothers are even now Javing awake nights wondering what is t of their children.” SibEcame Farmers of U. S. Are Up to Date The extent to which the farmers of the United States are now ytilizing the latest aids which inventive genius has offzred to the producing and busi- ness world is illustrated by some facts presented in the 1920 census. For the first time, says the Trade Record of the National City Bank of New York, the the 1920 census now presents figures on the number of automobiles, motor trucks, telephones and farm tractors in use on the farms of the country, and the number of farm homes lighted with gas or electricity, and the number hay- ing “water piped into the house.” These figures, says the Trade Record, indicate that the automobile and tele- phone are now a big factor in farm life, not merely as a comfort or con- venlence, but as an actual aid in busi- ness. The number of telephones, by which the farmer may communicate horrible even for the heart of Central,Wwith his local tradé center or with the Africa are with impunity committed by thousands who claim the blessings of the most orthodox Christianity and the laws of the purest blooded patriotism. Communities which loudly , asseverate :helr e!:lmun’ literal wcmmn m image of , on mere icion a black boy are transformed into beasts I great citles in which the prices apd markets for his products are determinéd, is officially stated at 2,498,493 in 1920, while another authority puts tae total number of phones in all the United States “without to ownership"” at the end of 1920 at 13,411,379, which that nearly one-fifth of the capable of conducting the most hideous | phones in the United States are now in orgies of torture and mutilation! poseible that our white friénds cannot see that not only their integrity as a race is involved, but their faith in a pitying Christ s likewise_imperiled? In the name of that Christ “'who sees and knows all and punishes all sin alike, I appeal for justice and mercy. JAMES E. SHEP. Is it |the farm home and farm business ser- vices; while 38 per cent of the reporting farms were equipped with telephone service in 1920. ‘The automobile statistics are aleo ex- tremely ive. They show the number of automobiles on farms in 1920 at 2,146,362, 'lh". com- oo In n ’.'h‘ g':: if the people are di 0 in s in 1920 at 7,904 {the wrongful practice” and that Trade Commission has power to set him back. It issues an order to cease and desist. Acts O the Public Interest. The commission takes no action un- less the public is involved. It repre- sents the public—the ultimate con- | sumer. Incidentally, it protects the | competitors, but only where it is for the benefit of the public. The act 18 faulty, perhaps, in that it does not define what fair competition is, but prohibits unfair practices. So that the commission acts on the prin- ciple of “What effect is this having on the public?” Then it has set down | for its own guidance this definition: “Fair competition is that competition which gives the consumer the ad-. vantages resulting from the compet- ing for his purchases by two or more competitors, In which he will get the advantage of price, quality of goods and service performed.” Anything that restricts that, artificially or otherwise, is unfair competition. As a matter of fact, the Federal Trade Commission can issue com- plaints upon its own initiative, but this it rarelv does. Actions are usu- ally started by one competitor or business interest complaining against another. The Federal Trade Com- mission since 1915 has investigated about 3,000 of these complaints, which are now coming in at the rate of about 100 a month. To date it has issued 890 complaints and 452 orders to cease and desist. There are 263 cases still grinding in the commission mill on which a decision has not vet been reached. Serve | Sustained in Thirteen Decisions by Courts. So the Federal Trade Commission | e e e s s tion by rocks of unfair competition. It has been sustained in thirteen decisions in the United States-courts, including the Supreme Court of the United States. In its first case carried to the. highest tribunal, the commission was ruled against on a tdchnicality of pleading, but not of fact. That was in the Gratz case—the only one on which the commission has been defeated in the Supreme Court. The briefest mention of four im- portant 1ecent cases will serve to rhow _how the courts have sustained the Federal Trade Commission and given it the strongest sort of stand- ing in_the business world—the Win- sted Horiery Company case, the suit of the Aluminum_ Company of America, the Beech-Nut Packing Company contest and in the Stafford ve. Wallace case, involving the con- stitutionality of the packers and stockyards act. The Winsted case has been com- mented on more in the business worki than any for a long time. Here was a _question of misbranding, or false advertising. It was argued that misrepresentation or misdiscription had become so common in the knit underwear trade that most dealers no longer accepted labels at their face velue. The Supre Court ruled that “a method inherently unfair does not | com- | cease to be so because thoee peted against have become aware of piry gubstantial part of the pubkic was still misled by the use of the labels.” Termed an Attempt to Unscramble Business. \ In the Aluminum case against the Federal Trade Commission brought before the circuit court of appeals, this recognized monopoly had swal- lowed a company in Cleveland and the Federal Trade Commission had ordered them to separate, because the Clayton act says that no company can Lin this connection j precendented attack upon the Federnl { Trade Commission is charting the sea of fair competi- | pointing out the reefs and | act. The Supreme Court held that it wap constitutional. The sulient point is that after un- for its re the packers. which attractel wide attention. although the of the commission was not m at all during the pleading, Justice Taft inserted a quotati from that report in the recital facts in his decision These four decisions have pro- voked a great deal of comment be- cause they are each and every one of far-reaching importance in the in- dustrial world. rt world report ntion: Commiaxion Maintains an Honor Roll. 1t is also appropriate to mention here that the Federal Trade Commission in its drive to purge business of unfair practices in competition has tried out an “honor roll” as well as orders to case and desist. It put a tobacco manu- facturer—tie Reynolds Tobacco Com- pany of North Carolina—on this honor roll, speciaily mentioning this concern in a report to Congress because this manufacturer was found to be fighting agents endeavoring to inveigle it into combinations in restraint of trade Still further worthy of note is tie fact that from all over the world missions have come to Washington for the pur- pose of studying the work of the Fed- eral Trade Commission—because it is a new agency in business making the in- terests of the consumer of dominant importance. Australia and New Zea- land have already established trade commissions and & number of other na- tions have legislation pending embody- ing the same kind of organization. So much by way of background— showing how the Federal Trade Com- mission_ without punative authority has represented the interests of the public and won for itself through the courts a standing comparable tq that of the pure food and drug act. Now comes a statement of how Con- | gress considers strengthening the trade i commission act First—To give the Federal Trade Commission jurisdiction not only over unfair methods of competition, but also over unfair acts. This is on the taeory that unfair practice, as now considered by the commission, ‘constitutes a series of acts or repeated acts which might be said to have become habitual. Where- as, one single unfair act may be such as to jolt seriously any particular in- dusti Hands of Commission May Be Strengthened. Second—To Obviate this Now, when the commission i order to cease and desist, the ¢ ' complained against may take its case at once to the circuit court of appeals, and until a decision in handed down the order is not operative, and in the mean- time a competitor can be driven out of business. It is proposed to so amend the law tnat the order should go into effect immediately and stay in effect until it is set aside by the court. | Third—That the commossion shouid not_be confined to the strict rules of pleading, but being an admistrative body, should be allowed greater free- dom, whereas it now is controlled by the strictest rules of pleading. Great pressure is being brought to bear to have the commission “rule in advanc In fact, many business in- terests and attorners now crowd upon the commiesion asking “Can we do thus, or so.” It is impossible in great eco- nomic cases to give such a ruling in advance because one can oftentimes tell only by the effect and by the in- tent of the group behind it as such in- tent develops. To rule in advance would be to inject more government in busi- ness than was ever dreamed of, but the commission can. as it does, chart purchase the stock of a competing the sea for fair competition. Leaders of the G. O. P. Uneasy Over Congress’ Lack of Action (Continued fro m First Page.) republican leader, “when we cannot talk over our problems around the dinner table, and what chance is there for party action in con- certz™ * % The merchant marine bill is of the most important features of * % regarded by the President as one legislation before Congress. in the sense of its beneficial effect, if enacted, for the whole country. It is distinctly a non-partisan measure, t is urged. having received the unanimous support of the democratic and repblican members of the Shipping Board, which prepared business and civic bodies. Tt is fluential democrats in the House ’republicans from states that hithe: it. The bill has been indorsed by favored by many of the most in- and Senate, and it is supported by rto have been opposed to subsidies. There was one development, however, last week which attracted attention and suggested the question whether the democrats are getting ready to line up against it as a party. The democratic na- “tional committee sent out, in its regular party propaganda, the speech made by Representative Davis of Tennessee against the bill, giving the impression that the democratic national organization is opposing it. PP g i * X ‘Secretary Weeks’ speech at Cleveland last week attracted wide- spread attention of the lawmake; It came immediately on the hee rs and pdliticians in Washington. Is of the attack on the Supreme Court made before ‘the labor meeting in Cincinnati, and the Secre- tary’s remarks were classed as be ing emphasized thereby. Already some of the more thoughtful men in Congress had been taking serious note of radical tendencies increasing in the country at large. It is probably not generally known that the National Capital is the source of a great deal of propaganda of a radical nature, which is permeating the country. There are a number of public: ations whose plants are located at the capital which are preaching doctrines that send cold chills down the spine of the conservative publications -is said to be , But, as Secretary WeeE: said, nded, and the circulation of these owing by leaps and bounds. , these are the days of free speech. The moral which is drawn by conservative observers at the Capitol is'that the conservatives would do well to take heed of conditions and start upon a campaign of education and counteracting thought lhe'yroblem of the osed to ‘ive:areful thought and analysis to