Evening Star Newspaper, March 27, 1921, Page 39

"t . THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 27, 1921—PART 2. S ) “EUROPEAN QUAGMIRE|Establishment of an Administrative Code, |DOMINICANS SPREAD - BREEDING NEW WARS to Aid in Budget, Will Be Urged on Congress | DISTRUST OF THE U.S. Continent, Lacking in Constructive Lead- Task of the Administration to Combat 3 'crsln'p, Fails to Meet Issues—All Po- tential Sources of Future Strife. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. NTO the whirlpool of European affairs has been drawn more in- termational political driftwood. Channels leading from troublad waters to placid currents are rap- {a1y being clogged. Each week sees new causes of friction—new problems which are potential causes for war. ‘Were not nations almost prostrate be- neath noxious burdens imposed by four years of tremendous strife there ‘would be wars over issues that today are arising through failure to settle upon peditious reconstruction proc- esses. But though there be no wide- spread conflagrations at the moment, the groundwork is being laid for a heritage of bloodshed for future gen- erations. tatesmen today ponder, then are «failing to act. The world is drifting as it never drifted before to what end neither Downing treet, Wilhelm- strasse or Quai d'Orsay dare say, but that the drift is dangerous is admit- ted. How to rectify »nditions is a problem that is turning _Lloyd George's hair whiter, making Briand’'s face wmore wrinkled and causing the porderous, slow-moving regime in Berlin to raise its hands and cry out, “Ach!” Leadership Needed. Europe today is drifting for the lack of constructive leadership— drifting because of the refusal of the many nations most interested in re- construction processes to abandon utter selfishness and approach ad- justments on a basis of fair-minded- ness. There must be the common round of what is good for one must red in Europe. But it 1 for the reason that tipathies, jealousies nnot be uprooted. The treaty sailles was the nearest thé majority of European na- tions ever approached to the subordi- nation of selfish interests. Now even this document seldom is referred to in_adjustments, unless 3 wishes to perpetuate its nationalistic jnterests to obtain stringent penalties against its enemies or another nation wishes to charge that through aban- &onmnt of its precepts it is given ight to evade its punishments. Europe, instead of forgetting about war, militarism and all things begot- ten ‘of and kindred to human strife, today is lunging forward. predicating every future action on the power to do this or that by political or mili- tary coalitions. Lessons of 1914-1918 have not borme fruit in the councils of various governments, even though the people themselves may realize that old policies cannot 1 tions are to live, advance and prosper. Nations Taking Siden. France today is arrogant in her broad- ened power. England feels sufficient in her schemings for the perpetuation of PBritish interests. Germany is contempt- wous of rightful demands in punishment for ushering in the bloodiest and most hideous epoch in human history. With these nations are alligned millions upon millions of peoples in smaller nations who have chosen to see their destinies closely linked with the larger European powers. _Possibly not officially and through the medium of offensive and defensive treaties, but nevertheless sure- 1y they are arrayed against one another in the political melee of the moment, ‘which threatens eventually to become a test of ‘l’mm man power and wars devilish devices. Each day sees new problems to be faced, with the old ones hanging in abeyance- Tpper Sflesian Issue. Possibly none_appear greater than that of Upper Silesia. The plebiscite which was to determine whether this shction of the old world was to be Ger- man or Xolish has done nothing more than throw at each other’s throats Poland and Germany. edness Is a cannot_be should be given control over the whole region. Poland, ably backed by France, insists that inasmuch as the vote to determine the results was to be cast by communes and inasmuch as Poland car- Ted nine of these, giving her the rich mining regions of Upper Silesia, Poland will retain these, leaving Germany bare- 1y more than the husk, in knowing she carried the large cities and industrial nters. uu it stands, Poland would get the natural resources, Germany the re- glons turning these resourves into world-needed products. Even the most simple can forsee eventual re- sults, as they are interdependent. With Germany strong in enters, the Poles carrying the ma- ty of the rural sections, the su- preme council faces a tremendous task in drawing a dividing line be- tween the two sections if it is decided that the Upper Silesian region shall be divided and the rich portions turned over to Poland, as Franoce in- sists. France, be it known, demands avery assurance of a strong and rich Poland. insisting that a strong Po- land assures Franee's future safety. Trouble for the Future. Any division of Silesia means an- tagonisms In_ future years on the part of the Poles and intensification of the anti-Polish, anti-French feel- in Germany. Inasmuch as Ger- y. =zccording to international economists of the first water, is sure to recover from her present trying situation, the result may be forecast oven at this early date. Silesia will become the Alsace-Lorraine question of eastern Europe, with about the same results as in the west. The Silesian question has a direct President Harding Wants U. S. Service Attractive ¢Continued from First Page. the signers of the petition to Con- grees and the President went out of their way to alienate democratic Sup- port by abusing the Wilson admin- istration for its course toward Rus- sia in the past. The fact was that the Russian policy of the Wilson admin- istration received the sanction and mpathy of probably the majority of the republicans in Congress. Tt was also noted that the com- munist outbreak in Germany. which was partially attributed to Russian propaganda, _came simultancously With the publication of the petitio of the all-Russian committ peti- tion. The pledge in that document not to attempt to interfere with the form of government in this country had a hollow ring to officials here when they read the accounts of the premaditated and concerted rioting of ¥ German communists, who, many feved, breathed the spirit of soviet Russia. =% x % How long is the which is to convene two weeks from Monday, likely o remain in session? The best judgment of the elder statesmen now in town is that the mession will confinue throuzh th summer and possibly until the midd of October. The amount of constru tive work to be done is appal is legislation that necessarily will en- | tafl debate, partisan and factional| friction and that cannot be slighted | or completed In a hurry. is taken of the fact also that the new Congress will be “new” in fact, on sccount of the number of senators and representatives who will be hav- ing their first experience with con- gressional and national legislation. although many of them will have served in legislatures and be familar |slovak with _An rliamentary proceedings. ! France | from which Germany can expect lit- pirit_of open-mind- | one nation | | bolshevist Germany insists | that, having received a popular vote of | 706,408 against Poland’s 471,406, she| bearing on the reparations issue, which, with Germany's refusal to pa: the allied commission 1,000,000,000 marks, gold, during the past week as demanded, and her disputing the 20.000,000,000 marks, gold, which the allies'insist must be paid by May 1, is again to the fore, as much as at any period since the treaty of Ver- sailles was signed. Should the Germans be Cut off from the mining sections of Silesia, which seems possible because of the French belief that this would prevent Ger- many from obtaining supplies with which to prepare for future war, Ger- many cannot be expected to meet a! lied " stipulations, the Quai d'Or: to the contrary.. Particularly is th true if the allies enforce to the limit the penalties provided for non-fulfill- ment of the treaty. This means the occupation of the Rhine and places rmany’s main sources of natura supply dircctly in the hands of d Poland, the two nations tle, if anything. New Proposals Possible. Germany, it is reported, will make new reparations proposals to the al- lies, and undoubtedly gome trade for the Silesian mine flelds may be proposed, in order that Germany may facilitate reconstruction. But scant consideration will be given to any Pproposition depriving Poland of guar- anteed industrial freedom. TYet if Germany is really unable to meet al- lied stipulations without natural re- sources, the allies will inflict further penalties to collect whatever sum they can. That it will be an increasingly small sum becomes more apparent, particularly if the French policy is continued. If the reparations question were not enough, the allies have a tremen- dous problem to face in case the present communist endeavor in Ger- many should fan the flames of gen- eral communistic revolt and succeed in overthrowing the present govern- ment. Just what would the allies receive in such contingency? This is a question that undoubtedly has given gravest consideration in European foreign offices, in view of undoubted future union of German communists with Russia- Possible Red Dangers. The radicals of Germaay, eliciting the support of the laboring elements, who consider allied terms obnoxious and impossible of fulfillment, un- doubtedly would geaist payment of any sum and tear up the treaty of Versailles, turning to the allies and saying: “Do your worst” And it is believed in certain circles that the al- lied worst would be to begin immé- if na- | aiately preparations to resist the open attempts to bolshevize the remainder of Europe. Reparations in such con- [ tingency would be a minor issue. It is a recognized fact that with a Germany, allied agree- ments in Poland and other of the smaller eastern European countries could not stand; indeed, it is ques- | tioned that the present governments would be successful in perpetually holding out against the reds. The whole framework of allied political influence would collapse, and the fruits of after-the-war schemings and intrigues could not be realized by a single nation. German Course Narrow. Germany has held up such a buga- boo before the eyes of the allies at several different times, and though ft always has been regarded 2s a threat ready for injection into the inter- national political arguments at given critical times for its influence upon allied statesmen, so far it has failed. Because of general unrest, however, among the German people and bit- ter hatred aroused because of the firm allied stipulations and conse- quent penalties, even the German people might prefer for a time a sane bolshevized country if allled stipula- tions could be avoided. In the Ger- man mind there is little to choose between the two at the moment. ‘As long as the communists remain active and are able to effect such upheavals as transpired in Hamburg and Saxon towns during the week just closed, the communist danger is an ever-present one and must be given consideration in view of gen- eral German desire to evade —the Deace treaty. The one predominant question is, “How much fire will come from the sparks that have already been struck?” The Berlin govern- ment reports that the situation is under control. But can it be kept in control with the Third Interna- tionale working every moment to sot off a bolshevist flagration throughout western Europe? Internationale at Work. Thé upheaval may not come this week or next, perhaps never, but it is significant that the Third Interna- tionale has decreed that the month of May be devoted to anarchistic terrorism throughout all Western countries, with the hope of finally initiating the great revolution so long planned for by Lenin and Trotsky. It ia pecullarly significant that, while it is announced that Russian gold has been largely instrumental in stirring up the past week's terror, Germany and England continue thelr negotiations with Russia looking toward a revival of trade, which would be tantamount to recognizing the regime which it 1s admitted is striking at their very vitals. Is it a stupid attempt to woo favor of Lenin to avoid his futher under- handed plotting and to forestall al- ready planned revolution? Only time will reveal the real rea- sona. statesmen! Is it mot calomlated to be irresistable? There they will be, elected in most instances by heavy madorities, conscious of the fact that the “people back home” have their eves upon them and waiting for them to show the stuff they are made of. And think of the price of print paper and what the poor taxpayers will have to pay for getting out the Congressional Record! * X ¥ X There used to be a tradition in the Senate that in a senator's first term he should be as children were wont to be, “seen and not heard.” This amiable fiction has gone flooey, long ago. It prevails no longer. There aren’t any “new” senators in this regard any more. Debate is regarded as a free-for-all proposition and limit- ed only by a senator's ability to get away with it—which serves to de- velop men quickly and therefore can be classed as a good thing. * x x ¥ One limitation will work in this session, however—the subjects of the most important legislation, tariff and taxation, require knowledge of what one is talking about and do not lend themselves to oratorical display. J out | happy for the country if the new body new Congress, It | Cognizance look at the temptation to talk It's going to be a business Con- gress, dealing largely with straight- Dusiness questions. It will be comprises some hard-headed business men as well as politicians. never more needed in Congress than they will be on and after April 11. (Copyright, 1921, by The Washington Star.) CZECHOSLOVAK COLONY IN OKLAHOMA PLANNED The Czechoslovak Colonization Com- pany, with offices in New York city, has taken over the Interests of the Slovak Land Development Company, a $100,000 enterprise {incorporated Delaware. The purpose of the new organization is to establish a Csecho- goleny i Latimer Okla., where oo Yand previously sold by the government to aghich will atand out before theso pew ' the former COmDany, BY WILL P. KENNEDY. STABLISHMENT of an ad- ministrative code, which will, for the first time, make clear just what the law is for every federal department, di- vision, bureau, commission, board or other agency, is being seriously considered as a very important aid in facilitating consideration of a federal budget, as a guide in re- organization of the administrative branch of the government, and to make the federal machinery run more smoothly. This long-needed code is going to be urged at the extra session of Congress to offset the objections of those who argue that the handling of al] appropriation bills by a sin- gle committee on appropriations has not operated, and probably will not operate successfully, under the new rule requiring each item of new legislation inserted by the Senate to be brought back to the House for a separate vote before being agreed to in conference. It should be made very clear that any objection to a single appro- priations committee comes from those who have lost some author- ity through the change. The Sen- ate, which has already combined its various committees on depart- mental expenditures, intends in the extra session to follow the ex- ample of the House and put all &p- propriations through a single com- mittee. * x * ¥ Leaders in both branches of Con- gress and in business life appre- ciate that a single committee on appropriations is desirable, if not absolutely essential, in order to carry into effect a budget system, since the budget system contem- plates that there will be laid be- fore the House by the President a document, known as the budget, which will set out the complete financial and work programs of the President. This program covers both sides of the account—revenues and ex- penditures. Its most important showing will be whether the esti- mates of needed expenditurs ex- ceeds or is less than prospestive revenues. If 'an excess of esti- mated expenditures over prospec- tive revenues is shown, it will be obligatory upon the President to show how the excess is to be met —elther by increases in taxes or increases in the public debt. If the budget shows an excess of pro- spective revenues over estimated expenditure needs, the President will recommend either a reduction in taxation or the application of the surplus on the payment of the public debt. The President will thus be un- der tremendous incentive to for- mulate his budget so as to show a surplus which will make pos- sible payment on the public debt instead of one which will require increased taxes or increased debt. This s the great advantage of bringing the two sides of the ac- count together at one and the same time. Now, if this advan- tage is not to be lost, it is desir- able that Congress, in considering the presidential budget, should constantly keep in mind the fac- tor of balancing the budget either by a surplus or by a deficit. This can be done only where a single committee has responsibility for the total of the proposed expendi- tures. *x % & The single appropriations com= mittee system, it must be admitted, did not work in all respects satis- factorily during the last session of Congress. This was due partially to the fact that it was a new de- vice, but primarily to the fact that it did not have a scientifically pre- pared budget to work upon. It thus was compelled to create a subcommittee system, correspond- ing to the old appropriations’ bills system—that is, a subcommittes on the different bills, such as sundry civil; legislative, executive and ju- dicial; rivers and harbors; agricul- ture; diplomatio and consular, eté This meant that only in excep- tional cases did a subcommittes handle all matter of appropriations relating to a department, so you had a number of subcommittees handling a number of phases of one department's activities. A properly prepared budget would consist of distinct chapters, each of which related exclusively to & government department In which the entire expenditures for the department, properly classified, would be presented. The commit- tee on appropriations could then create a system of subcommittees corresponding to these chapters. ‘The result would be that while re- sponsibility for the budget as a whole would be concentrated in the committee on appropriations as a whole, more detalled respon- sibility would be vested In the subcommittees for the several de- partments. * % kX% W. F. Willoughby, director of the Institute for Government Re- search, who worked with the spectal budget committee in fram- ing the budget legislation, has made the suggestion that it would be well to have the committes on appropriations made up large- 1y ex-officio of the chatrmen and ranking members of the opposi- tion on the important committees on general legislation, such as foreign affairs, military affairs, naval affairs, agriculture, labor, etc. If this was done the chair- man of the committee on forelgn affairs would naturally be made the chairman of the subcommittee having to do with the chapter of the budget dealing with the State Department. The same man would thus have chief responsibility re- garding matters both of general legislation and of appropriations. As chairman of the committes on general legislation he would at- tend to matters of general legis- lation relating to the State De- partment, and as chairman of the subcommittee on appropriations he would see that proper appro- priations were made to carry into effect the legislation decided upon. This would tend to lessen the conflict between the committes on appropriations and the commit- tees on general legisiation. It might be desirable still further to increase the membership of the committee on appropriations, Mr. ‘Willoughby thinks. * *x * 8 Tt is also highly destrabdle that reconsideration should be given to the question, ~What constitutes new legislation, and as such not falling within the jurisdiction of the enlarged committee on appro- priations?” Mr. Willoughby says: “It seems to me that the rules might be so framed as not to con- sider matters in detail regarding the number and compensation of employes as general legislation.” This sitoation could also be much improved by framing up general legislation in more general terms—for example, instead of specifying the number and com- pensation of employes and the specific actlvities to be under- taken by a service, the general regulation should simply say that the service should have such em- ployes at such compensation as may from time to time be pro- vided by law, and that it may en- gage in such specific actlvities, in order to perform its functions as laid down in the general legisla- tion, as may from time to time be appropriated for by law. Again, this situation could be very much helped if a thorough study could be made of the pure- ly administrative law now in ex- istence, its revision so as to meet modern provisions and conditions, and its re-enactment as a scien- tifically worked out administra- tive code. A number of the states—notably Illinois and Ne- braska—have recently enacted such codes. The Philippines also have an admirable administrative code. THE ARMY | The ideals of a citizen army, com- prising three co-operating com- ponents—the Regular Army, organ- ized reserves and National Guard— have taken a big step forward through the splendid service of the Regular Army, National Guard and Re- serve Corps officers serving on general staff committees. Several National Guard officers who held reserve com- missions and were called to Washington as additional members of the War De- partment general staff, under the pro- visions of the Army reorganization act, having served for six months, and feel- ing that they could no longer neglect their private business, were, upon request, relieved from duty. ~Offi- cers assigned such detail on an equal footing with those of the Regular Army. Officers who re- cently served in such capacity ex- pressed themselves as fortunate in having gained an intimate knowledge of the policy recently outlined by Con- gress for the new National Army. The opportunity afforded National Guard and reserve officers in the study of Army administation, particularly ap- plying to those co-operating serv- jees which they represented on gen- eral staff committees, gave, 80 these officers said, a most valuable ex- perience. ‘Well-Balanced National Defense. “One of the best articles written in the Army reorganization act” ac- cording to & recent statement by Sen- ator Wadsworth, chalrmaa of the Sen- ate military committee, was that “combining the Regular Army with the National Guard and Federal Re- serves. It will mean greater efficiency of our land forces.” This get-together spirit augurs well for mutual understanding and more complete representation by the va- rious states in our combined National Army. An illustration of the prac- tical working of this policy was given at the recent meeting in Washington of the adjutants gencral of the states, in which much evidence was shown of a desire to support the adminis- tration in its drafting of plans, and in its effort to obtain legislation of benefit to the military establishment. Speaking of this meeting, Gen. W. G. Haan, assistant chief of staff and di- Tector of the war plans division of the general staff, said “The spirit that porvadid those meetings was most fa vorable toward practical co-operation. Duly authorized officers, representing the components of the United States Army, a5 defined in the national de- fense act, were represented at a round table in the War Department, for the purpose of formulating the proper policy for the development of an ef- fideny and well balanced national defense organization.” Uniformity in Uniforms. “Jce cream breeches” are taboo, or destined for the dyer, according to a recent ruling of the uniform arbiter of the Army. No more Jacob's coats of many colors will be worn unless the color matches the breeches. Woolen uniforms also must match in color. There is some leeway in sum- mer washable material; the laundry- men’s blea lawed. The side or rear vegt in the blouse must be sewed up. Hooks for belts are passe. The divided waist line with imitation cloth belt is an- tiquated, as also its near relation— the bellows pocket. Soft, rolling coat collars and shorter than the knee over- coats must be relegated to the dis- card, as well as the soft crown caps. Fur coats will in future be worn in the arctics. . The trench coat will re- turn whence it sprang. Raincoats must signify in name only, A fair warning issued by the War Depart- ment two rs ago indicated that after a reasonable time, when war purchased apparel had fulfilled its mission, officers would dress in con- formity' with stan; Profiting by E Should another emerg -ncy suddenly arise, the Army does not propose to be caught upprepared, so far as its relations with the industry of the 18 duying up the land | Tts country are concerned. The Society of Quartermaster Officers. with na- tional headquarters in Washington, having for its primary object the na- tional defense, will work for indu trial preparedness by promoting affil- iation between the Army and the in- dustries of the pation. Maj. Gen. H. e A 18 prets i Ry 10 prosident o ‘membershi includes not only some of the best known Army officers. but such captains of industry ia civil n h has not yet been out- Ly life as Elbert H. Gary, Frank A. Van- derlip, Thomas A. Edison, Charles M. Schwab, Bernard M. Baruch, John Hays Hammond, August Bélmont, Daniel | Guggenheim, Charles Dawes, Julius Rosenwald, P. A. Franklin, Julius Kruttschnitt, S. M. Vauclain, Roy D. Chapin, C. H. Mark- ham and Daniel Willard.” All of them were connected with the industrial activities of the government in the war. “It has been a well known fact” said Gen. Rogers, in making publlo this list of names, “that due to lack of proper teamwork between the Army and the business of the country the supply departments at the begin- ning of the war encountered all man- ner of obstacles and delays in their work. Modern war cannot be success- fully fought without the co-operation of the business and commerce of the country. To help the ngtion to profit from this lesson is the basic reason for tne Soclety of Quartermaster Of- cers.” New Afr Line Organized. The Hudson river, which has been the background of so many events significant in the growth and de- velopment of the United States, is again to be the scene of a newi epoch in transportation history. The Hud- son Valley Air Line, a corporation organized by prominent business and professional men of Albany, will inaugurate a hydroplane express service between New York and Al- bany, beginning early in the spring. Australia Creates Alr Service. An air council and a subordinate air board have béen created to con- trol aviation in Australia. The real expenditure voted was £600,000 for aviation, including £500,000 for mili- tary aviation. The department has asked the postal department to work in conjunction with the defense de- partment and to carry mails over certain routes. By keeping a cor- rect record of the expenditure in- curred, the postal department would thus have information on which to work, and would be in a position to give some indication of the cost, thus enabling outside firms to tender offers, if they so desired, for car- rying mails. Control Dangerous Gases. It is believed by officers of the chemical warfare service that the time is ripe for the government to formulate a definite policy in regard to the manufacture and control of poisonous chemicals and gases. Many of these prducts, it is claimed, are ab- solutely essential for commercial use, but might, if placed in improper hands, prove a serious mensce to the country. ‘The necesstty for the use in the arts and sclences of certain chemicals, these officers point out, may be illus- trated in the use of chlorine, which, for example, s very extensively used in water purification, bleaching proc- esses, gold mining and all sorts of laboratory work. Phosgene is very largely used in the manufacture of brilliant dyes—green, yellow, violet and red. Chloropicrin 15 used to some extent in the manufacture of violet dyes, and possibly in photographic processes. Hydrocyanic acid gas has a_very great use in the destruction of insects, particularly in the citrous groves of California. Investigations show that chloropicrin, cyanogen- chloride and cyanogen-bromide can be successfully used {n killing insects such as the weevil in wheat and like insects that infest grain; likewise they kill rats and other rodents, Phos- gene also has a large fleld of useful- ness in the extermination of rats. It is claimed that another and very great use is going to be made of cer- tain guses in the near future for breaking up mobs and for forcing desperadoes out of buildings or simi- lar places in which they may take refuge. This use will undoubtedly be extended to putting down outbreaks in jails and penitentiaries, and to a still greater use in the protection of bank vaults, safes and other places where money or very important pa- pers are stored. Already a consider- able number of applications have been received by the War Depart- ment for gases or processes for mak- ing gases, or information as to where gasés can be purchased, with a view to using them in safes and vaults. Incidentally, mustard gas is gener- ally referred to, presumably because of ‘a news item to the effect that a certain bank protected itself by the use of mustard gas in its safes. But mustard gas is very unsuitable for that purpose. It would appear, according to these officers, that the government should e ol Pl e e » gases and keep a complets and accurate record of every persen to whom gases are sold or issued. and then to require such persons to furnish a further com- plete and accurate record of the use A\ T G. Dunenn. 'ARMY AND NAVY NEWS By Capt. Arthu; made of all gases. The second, and perhaps the best method, they be- lieve, would be to allow manufac- turers to make certain of the gases and to require them to turn in com- plete reports of all individuals and firms to whom gases were sold and in what quantities, the same informa- tion to be carriéd out by each agent reselling or reissulng any of the ma- terials. Duty to Disabled Soldiers. Facing problems for the care and rehabilitation of disabled soldiers, the government is being put to the test of seeking the most practical methods for procedure. The last and most per- manent step appears to be in securing work consistent with the applicant's ability. There is much light work in government departments in Washing- l.(;‘l“l and elsewhere in the line of clerk- ship, which could be well these men. performed by For example, with the | present shortage of housemaids in Washington, department elevator work and other semi-light employ- ment could be handled by certain of our rehabilitated men whose partial compensation is not sufficient to fully provide more than their meager wants. The problem of the future of many of these men must be solve otherwise, we may face increased d mand for compensation based on the charge that insufficient encourage- ment for their independent employ- ment had not been forthcoming. [ THE Nawy ‘The widespread discussion of the bombing of the former German bat- tleship Ostfriesland and ether naval craft to determine the likelihood of destroying such ships from the air has apparently filled the public mind with the single thought that avia- tion's chief function is the bombing of ships, fortifications and cities. The newspaper stories of the bombard- ment of Paris and London during the world war by German aircraft also had its effect on the public mind and the thought was developed that aircraft used by the army was primarily engaged in bombing, and that the purpose of naval aircraft in the war was for the exclusive purpose of destroying submarines by bombing. Bombing from aircraft, though highly desirable (accuracy in such employment of aircraft being abso- lutely essential), is, however, only one of the many functions of naval aviation. Naval aviation is really a tactical adjunct of the fleet. It might be termed “the missing link,” fur-|these nishing that agency with means for co-ordinating all types of surface and sub-gurface craft into compiets werk- ing whole, subject to unified and rapid tactical control by the commander- in-chief. Due to the fact that the German high seas fleet was bottled up by the grand fleet during the war, allied naval activities were chiefly con- cerned in subduing the German sub- marine campaign, and naval aviation, while often able to bomb, sometimes sink and nearly always damage sub- marines thus attacked, was primarily used for the convoy of shipping and in locating submarines and notify- ing surface naval craft of their po- sition, enabling the discharge of depth bombs on or around the underwater boat, and this co-operation between aircraft and surface craft finally solv- ed the somewhat difficult question of how Dbest to combat submarine war- fare. AL the present time, due to develop- ments since the war and as a result of the lessons learned during the ‘war, naval aviation with the fleet is used for shot spotting for both short- range and long-range firing, even be- yond the surface's ship’s visible hori- zon and to the limit of her gun range. Again, it is used for search and de- fensive scouting, for long-range reconnaissance patrol, for protection against submarine and torpedo at- tack, for coast defense patrol against mine laying and submarine cam- paigns, for launching torpedoes against enemy surface craft, for lay- ing smoke barrages, and, of course, for bombing enemy surface ships. It will be readily understood that in order to carry out these functions in the presence of an enemy With an air force. one's own air force must be strong enough numerically to attack and defeat the enemy aircraft, thi gaining control of the alr for om own flest. Various types of atrcraft now used are fiying boats planes, non- rigld airships, rigld ships and kite balloons. Each of these various types of aircraft hes its function in con- “ meseenger or manual service, | tively small stocks :\;:vy’n‘ needs are on hand. ounts realized were gratifying an In some instances actual profits we-r(el - nection with the activities above de- tailed. It will thus be seen that, in order to have the “well balanced fleet,” which seems to be an accepted term with relation to our Navy, it is vitally important that we have suf- ficient aircraft of the proper types, otherwise we will fall short of such a “well balanced fleet.” This is so vitally important that every| effort is being made in the Navy to experiment with aircraft to find the types best suited to carry out the dutiea assigned to them. It seems highly desirable that Congress should lrnl:lprl.le "{:r naval aviation suffi- cient sums carry on this experi- mentation, which includes aircraft carriers and aircraft mother ships, as well as the aldcraft themselves, to determine as quickly as passible those work in types best suited for the hand. t would also appear that this can best be done by a well defined yearly appropriation for a period of years, in order that the naval officers in charge of aviation may not be obliged to work on a “feast-and-famine” basis in laying out the work each year cov- ering the experimentation required. It is practically impossible to formu- late a comprehensive program when funds are not regularly available, inasmuch as it sometimes takes from two to three years to develop motors and aircraft of particular design. WYl Map the Defta Lands. Because of the peciliar character of the territory known as the delta of the Mississippi river, problems arose in connection with its photographic mapping by the War Department which brought into co-operation the use of seaplanes. Consequently the Secretary of War requested the Department to take strips of map- ping photographs on each bank of the south and southwest passes of the Mississippi to cover the marahy areas on each bank to the limit of their ex- tent up to the two miles from the river. This work is necessary in co nection with the engineering project of the Army district engineer, and is of tremendous importance in the river and harbor improvement schemes at the mouth of the Mississippi. The mapping could not be performed by the Army air service, principally due to the lack of landing flelds in the vi- cinity. The Army has no aviation fa- cilities in the delta; however, the Army 18 to supply the gasoline and oil for the mapping planes and sub- sistence for the crews. Work on this project will start immediately. Sea- planes from the United States naval air station at Pensacola will conduct the mapping work, and, after finish- ing the photographic flights reque, od by the Army, will obtain addition: pictures for the coast and geodetic survey, In order Lo complets the maps urea: s the gulf coast. e vey. ‘This work also sh - operation existing bem:u':n?x::y and naval aviation, and also the close co-operation between naval sviation and the coast and geodetic survey, bein, of many projects of zho‘-:;layk?:: which the Navy has Both departments. - "ndertaken for the fErPles Navy Stecks. e Navy was very fort disposing of the bulk of ‘l'(.u“.:(:pl:xl’.\ war stock during the year and a half immediately following the armistice, when prices were high, and compara. in excess of the The the slow- moving stocks, and rices whi B, i epieed | Sommery 3,000,000 of the d . plus etocks are ‘stifl on sale nfi! reduced conaiderably. is jexpected that about fifteen twenty millions more will be de- clared as surplus stores. The stocks still in surplus consist of a great varlety of material, especially obso- lete vessels, clothing, textiles, struc- tural steel, etc. All jumber and sur- plus provisions have been sold. — ! COAST GUARD | Undoubtedly there are a number of men still in the service who joined during the war from New York state. All those men who enlisted from that state during the war are entitled to Mmedals and a state bonus of $10 for each menth of service, up ¢o twenty- four menths, or, in other words, a maximum bonus of $240. The bonus 'will not be fssned until the bonds are Beatad ready for, distridution until late in and , probadly . will, not- be he fall, As & Unfriendly Propaganda in Latin America. BY BEN McKELWAY. NE of the problems in our re- lations with Latin America which faces the new admin- tration is how to combat the spread of insidious propaganda aimed at the United States government by a little group of dissatisfied politicians in Santo Dominge whose efforts are confined not merely to the island re- public itself, but who are planting seeds of distrust throughout South and Central America. Those who are fa- miliar with the situation today in the Rominican Republic and Haiti see a significant meaning attached to the visit of Secretary of the Navy Denby. It is understood that the report of his findings An those two oountries will influence to some extent the admin- istration’s policy toward them in the future. When the State Department early this year appointed a commission of representative Dominican citizens as a first step toward restoring self- government to the republic a certain political faction saw its hopes for power . The members of this party bad the United States would withdraw its military forces and Mesve them free to gain control ‘Their purpose was defeated by this country’s declaration that military control would remain until a truly representative form of government was firmly established. Since that time there has been a spread of propaganda against the United States, an example of which is; seen in the following article, pub- lished in a leading newspaper of Santo Domingo under the heading: “Vie- tims of American Occupation in Santo Domingo—A Woman Devoured by a Dog of War (police dog) Belonging to an American Officer." The article reads: “In the Courier of Port au Prince, among other things, are read: ‘A woman, having graciously received in her home an American officer who was on the mis- sion of pursuing Haitian patriots, upon the request of the officer, pre- pared a dinner for him, supplying the most beautiful chicken of her flock. Meanwhile, as the officer ate, he threw 2 bone of the chicken at a lady, which was the signal for the dog to seize and devour the unfortunate woman. “‘The husbend was absent under suspicion of connivance with the enemy. The dog strangled the wom- an and then tore her to pieces. The officer then called her children to come and see their mother, her corpse still writhing.’ ‘While no one in the United States would believe such a ridiculous story, this article will be read on the street corners of the towns for weeks to come, and believed absolutely true because it appeared in the paper. It also will prove good material for agitators for reading to the ignorant. A group of Dominican politicians are mow visiting the principal cities of South America, spreading reports of violence, oruelty and injustice by the American occupational forces in Santo Domingo. Although their tales are scouted by the better educated classes, their seed falls on fruitful ground among the ignorant, who gain a strange impression of Amer- jca. Among those who have been re- ported at various times from cities in South America are Federico Henriques, brother of the ex-presi- dent of Santo Domingo, and Tulio Cestero, a Dominican propagandist. Ex-President Henriquez and Cestero were in Washington last summer. While those spreading propaganda against this country may work a real evil, they constitute a small minority of the citizens of the Dominican Re- public, who, for the most part, realize the advantages of the American oc- cupation, which have been many. The madority of Dominicans welcome the peace which has followed mili- tary rule and want this peace as- sured by America until their own government is strong enough to stand alone. EE O President Harding, In accepting an invitation to be present at the un- veiling ceremon! of the statue of Bolivar in New York April 19, has chosen = metropolitan andience to whom he will address his first public utterance as President on his attitude toward South America. His message will be an important one For many yvears the President has been a student of Latin American affairs, and after his nomination ha felt the great responsibilities resting on his adminlstration to bring about’ a_better understanding between the United States and the countries of the south. The message which the President will deliver in New York, the first speaking engagement which he has made since his inauguration, will outline the policy of the United States in dealing with {ts American neighbors, and by its expression of sympathy and interest is expected to do much toward increasing friendly feeling on the part of Latin America toward the United States. . * ok ox % A tendenc¥ to adopt American cur- rency as a basis for the monetary system of Honduras is indicated by the recent passage in that country f customs laws, according to the De- partment of Commerce. Importation of silver coinage has been prohib! | by the Honduras government except that of the United States, while the free exportation of these coins is per- mitted. Payment of one-haif of the customs duties in American coinagm at the rate of one dollar for two sile ver pieces is now required. The gove ernment soon will draw from circula . tion ali coins except those of the United States. and the new laws are expected to lead to the establ ment of sound economical condi within a short time * % ok % A party of three Americans—William J. La Varre, James McDonald and Dud- « ley Lewis—recently sailed from New York to search for the undiscovered | source of diamonds in British Guiana | Thelr expedition is under the patronags of Harvard University and the Smith- sonian Institution. TI will explore the watershed of the Pacaralma moun- tains, on the border of Venezuel. With the expense of mining fn South Africa becoming heavier. and the yieid decreasing in a way that lcads to tne belief that those rich fields are ap- proaching exhaustion, now is the psy- chological time, in the opinion of some experts, for the discovery of new flelds. The diamond ficlds of Brazil, discov- ered tn 1725, far to tne south of Guiana.,, yield only a small output at present. It ts thought they are far from beingn exhausted and that the introduction of scientific machinery will make them more richly productive than ever. * % ¥ % An example of how the labor unions work in Argentina is scen in a @ispatch y which has reached Washington, telling of how a firm in La Paz was loading’ grain aboard a ship bound for Buenoss; Aires. A note was received by the firm from the secretary of a labor union posing a fine of $100 because the firm question had employed non-union I borers in its warehouses. The comm nication ended with the threat that un-< til the fine was paid no vessel would b- loaded with grain shipped by the firm in question. The “fine” was paid. : * * % % , Dr. Louis Aguirre, minister of for- eign relations of Guatemala, left ‘Washington last week for Chicago. where he will remain for a short time before sailing from New Orleans for Guatemala. Gen. Felipe Pereyra and other members of the delegation from Guatemala which came here for, President Harding’s inauguration will sail from New York this week. * x x % The United States Department of - Agriculture, l?lned by breed as- sociations an many individuals, brought about trade in pure-bred live: stock with South American countries last year which amounted to nearly $700.000. During the past three vears several investigators have been sent to South America by the Department of Agri- culture to ascertain and develop a foreign market for American pure- bred animals. A representative to act as an agri-* cultural trade commissioner is per- manently located now in Buenos Aires, Argentina. . ‘The bureau of markets has compiled data regarding the various steps nec- | essary for exporting live stock from the United States to various South * American countries, together with the approximate costs. ons -—_— Armament Reduction Plan Hits at Chemical Plants (Continued from First Page.) limited. It may be mentioned in Peis connection that the United States has not kept pace With foreign na- tions in the matter of air develop- ment, and that Great Britain has re- cently lost first place and dropped to third as a power “in the air.” ~Today France stands first, with Germany second and Great Britain third. A_decision to curtail the German chemical works in this manner would make it possible for the American and British dye industries to develop for Internal needs and for export pur- poses without the tremendous handi- cap now presented by the German dye works, with their low costs and advantages gained from the present rates of exchange. * % % % One of the reasons given for the development of the dye industry in bripg extraneous matters in the ef. { fort for a reduction in naval arma- ments. In the last session of Con- gress he bitterly opposed any at- tempt to have the disarmament con- ference include any other nations than the three mentioned. or to have” it include land armaments, on the ground that agreements for disarma-_ ment on land would be !mpossible at this time, however much they might - be desired, and desirable. France, he is confident, would not agree t: a_curtailment of her army at this time, with Germany still a menace~ and with Russia still in a turmoil. FRENDLY ALIEN VIETM INTANELE OF RED TAPE s Chicago Jugoslav Suffers Through’ this country and in Great Britain is mmuuotm,mmmnmu would be in a position to produce ex- plosives and gases required for de- fense. The Gemand for cheap dye- stuffs from Germany by manufac- turers in this country and in Great Britain has made it practically im- possible to bring about the passage, up to this time, of & tariff bill placing duties sufficiently high to keep out the German dyes. Great Britain is a free trade nation, and its present law for the protection of the British dye industry provides that dyes may be brought into the country only when special licenses ars obtained therefor. The proposed manner of handling the situation, it is said, would be much more pleasing to reat Britain. Gln addition to bringing about the dismantling of Germany’s huge chem- jcal works, such a course would dis- rupt the personnel of the plants, would cause the trained men in these lines to enter other lines of work, or to seek employment in the dye works of other nations. This, it is satd, is little less important, from the standpoint of tying Germany's hands, than the actual dismantling of the ts. PA * ® X % While this proposed plan may have supporters in this country. as well as in Great Britain, its reception with favor is by no means certain. In the first place, there is a strong element in this country which desires to go the matter of reduction of about armaments in as practical a way as possible, without attempting to disturd industrial conditions in Ger- many or elsewhere. This group be- lieves that naval disarmament among the great powers is the only feasi- ble first step toward reducing arma- ments_and lessening the great bur- den of taxation due to the race for supremacy on the sea now going on. Senator Borah of Idaho, who has been a foremost advocate of bringing about sn agreement between the United d..“h‘ Great sr&h and Japan, thres great na rors of the world todsy, for the nmfi-'un of their naval programs, is strongly inclined to oppose any attempt to Delay in Agreement Over Return of Property. i Real victims of diplomatic red tape, are some subjects of friendly portions of the former Austro-Hungarian em- pire by reason of their involved rela- tions with the American alien prop- erty custodian. Such is the case with., Michael S. Yelich, a Jugoslav, who, though actually a man of means, now , finds himself stranded here in a pen- niless condition. Before the war he was a saloon keeper in Chicago, and had taken out. his first citizenship papers there, but,, he sold out his business and returned to Jugoslavia in order to settle up his estate and to bring his family back with him fo America When the war broke out in 1914 he found it impossible to leave Austria, and the American authorities could do noth-+ ing for him, as he was still techni- cally an Austrian subject. FOn America’s entry into the war the money which he had left in the First National Bank of Chicago, about $40.000, was taken over by thei alien property custodian. As soon as possible after the armistice, he came ' back to America as a Jugoslav sub-- ject, to get it, but has become in- volved in a tangle of red tape that, is not yet solved. Though Congress has passed a law which authorizes the alien property# custodian to return seized money to citizens of what are now friendly countries, it also provides that such nations must enter into a reciprocity® agreement with the United States for * this purpose. Unfortunately, Jugo- . slavia has not yet concluded such an agreement—though it is a mere for-* mality, as Jugoslavia has no seized. American money to return—and Mr. Yelich has found it impossible to get a cent of his money. He has pawned all his possessions to maintain his? family, but he is now in very much straitened ciroumstances, practically, ‘well-to- P e penniless, though actually-a do maa.,