Evening Star Newspaper, January 2, 1921, Page 33

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PAST Fallure iof Haguev Conference and Vienna Congress—Resolutions Before Senate Committee. WY 6. GOULD LINCOLN. ELDING plowshares out of swords has been the dream of forward-looking wmen for many, many Years. Limitation of armament—disarma- ment, too—has been proposed for the aations as a real step toward per- manent international peace. Today, with the world suffering from eco- momic results of the most disastrous War in all history, the proposal is Peing put forward probably more weriously than ever before. The peo- $les of the:nations are bent under fiuge burdens of taxation due to the war; the revenues of the nations are meeded to pay their war debts and to bulld up their productive indus- tries. Yet, in the face of this suf- fering, the preparations for future ‘wars go merrily on. The Hague Cegferemce. ‘When the first peace conference at The Hague was assembled, in 18399, “,at the call of the late Czar Nicholas of Russia, the question given most prominence of all in the call was that of reduction of armaments. It is a matter of history that nothing came of it. At the second peace con- ference at The Hague, in 1907, reduc- tion of armaments was given little consideration, and at the time set for the third peace conference at The Hague, 1915, practically the whole of Burope and a large part of Asia was at war, with the western hemi- sphere soon to be drawn in. Comgreas of Vienna. The need of putting an end to wars as far as possible usually ' strongly impresses ‘itself upon the people of the nations following long periods of disastrous warfare. It happened after the Napoleonic wars, when the ess of iemna undertook to brif\p about permanent. peace through an establishment of a balance of power and various alliances. At that time Prince Meotternich, Austrian dip- lomat sn@ statesman, submitted - a memorandusi ‘on dfsarmament as & mesns for further advancing the scause of world peace. The question really was raised first by the Prince Regent of England, and it was given much attention by the Bovernments of Russis #8d Austria. “The idea of o military. knowledge. 9 act, 1o determine tne :nnn of peace for ot ‘the vasious powers. The Ruyssias Sovernment Welcomed “jdes Meoperor Alexander I of decided the pafety of Europe, and which alone-can today assure its hap- pintss.” Ajstria took the plan under serious tion, In this commection it be mentioned that it was led to particularly because of the de- plorable state of its finances, but the financial situation of the nations of Europe in those days was easy com- pared with what it is today. * Metternieh's Memeorandum. Prince Metternick, in his memoran- dum .on the subject of disarmament, poinfed out that a very large army presepta & considerable danger when it is maintained - for the puspose of preserving’ domestic order, because it jts resources which are indis- pensasble for a wise administration of the people “This danger,” he said, “is particularly great at the present time (1816), when armies themselves are imbued with revolutionary ideas and given to aspirations which cannot be realized without overturning the ex- isting order of public affairs.” The Austrian chancellor saw no fur- ther use for enormous armies at a DISARMAMENT AIMS RECALLED amply borne out In the world war Just concluded. Argument Ag: it Disarmamen The argument has been made time and again by opponents of disarma- ment that only through the mainte- nance of considerable armed forces would peace be possible. The course adopfed by Germany in 1914, and the years prior to and following that date, seems to give the lie to that state- ment. Proposal of a limitation of armaments today in the Senate of the United States are not blind to cold, hard facts. They do not believe that the world can disarm entirely either now or in the future, certainly not the uéar future. But they do feel that something may be done to stop the huge expenditures of money for arma- ments at a time when the money Ill |needed for many other things. They believe that it is the sdcred duty of a nation to protect itself against de- struction, if it becomes necessary, and that a natfon must not overlook this. They do not propose that the United States or any of the other powers shall lay themselves open to attack as China, for instance, has done. Resolution Before Senate Committee. Two resolutions looking to a reduc- tion of armament are before the Sen- ate foreign relations committee, and that committee is scheduled to meet tomorrow to consider at least one of them. That one is the Borah reso- lution, proposing a 50 per cent de- crease In the naval programs of the United States, Great Britain and Japan during the next five years. They are the only great naval powers today. Senator Borah belleves that this is a step which these nations can take if they are in good faith about protestations for peace. ‘Senator Walsh of Montana, demo- crat, is-the author of the other reso- lution, which calls upon the Presi- dent to appoint representatives of the United States to act with a com- mission of the league of natlons on the disarmament question. It will got nowhere, beciuse of the fact that it proposes that the United States deal with the league. Incidentally, it appears that' the league meeting in Geneva recently did not.get very far in the_consideration of disarmament. Yet“France today has a s ng ; army of about 800,000. Hungary has beén allowed to maintain 300,000. The armies- of other nations in- Europe afid in Asia_are larger than they were before the war, with the ex- ception of Germany and what is left of Austris. . The history of movements in-the interest of disarmament or limitation of armament in the past has not been such as to lead to -the belief that success will now be attained. But a serious effort will be made, it‘1s con- fidently expected. The league of na- tions, like the congress at Vienna, in The -men who are advancing Ihel ment as one of its objects. Two Suceessful Agreements. There are at least two instances where nations have entered iato agreements in the past for a limita- tion of armaments. One is the Rush- Bagot agreement of England and the United States not to maintain war vessels on the great lakes between this .country and Canada, and the other was contained in the tréaty of Paris, which closed the Crimean war, vroviding for the disarmament of Russia in the Black sea. PREPARE FARM REPORT. Credits Committee Will Meet Here Next Week to Draft Bill. The committee on short time rural credits, provided for in the last agri- cultural appropriation act, is to meet time when the great powers of Europe (next week to draft its report to Con- had definitely fixed their territorial 8ress, according to Senator Gromna, limits by common agreement, and “did | republican, North Dakota. The com- not desire to enlarge or restrict them.” 1n the face of such a disposition “on the part of governments,” he held, “armies of excessive size can only provoke the danger and fear of a breach of the peace of Europe.” The efforts at disarmament or re- duction of armament in 1816 came to naught. Whether this was responsi- ble for the disturbance of peace-in Europe that came not 50 many years later, it is impossible to say. It is certain, however, that armies con- tinged to grow and the peace vanished when the nations “got good and ready.” Efferts of Napoleon IIL’ Napoleon TII of France directed at- tention to the failure of the negotia- tions at Vienna in 1815, in his letter addressed to the sovereigns of Europe in 1863. This letter was a remark- ~fll¢ document designed to obtain some kind of an agreement from the pow- ers to limit and reduce armaments. "It the situation in the different Gountries is carefully considered,” said Napoleon in this letter, “it is im- passible not to recognize the fact that the treaties of Vienna have been de- stroyed, modified. ignored or gttacked at nearly every point. As g result, we have duties:without law, rights without title and claims {without bounds. A danger more to He feared is that the improvements brought which has the solidarity of material interests, would make war still more destructive.” He proposed “to settle the present and insure the future through the conve- cation of a congress.” But this move for disarmament also came to nothing, and Napoleon's suggestion that the increase of clvilization would make | teme wap aiilk moge fesiructiee hag beea about bound by civilization, people together by 1815, was undertaken, with mittee is charged with the duty of re- porting on the practicability of es- tablishing a System of short time rural credits. The committee is com- posed of the chairman and two mem- bers each from the agricultural and banking and currency committees of the Senate and House. ! In ext Secretary of Treasury, Says Report the D. 8, M. BY N. 0. MESSENGER. ERE 1t is 1921 and the Congress and \associated functions of what is termed the government fairly launched upon a year which all in authority vision as being fraught with more than ordinary prob- lems, perils and responsibilities. It is in ‘mo timorous spirit, however, do those who occupy the seats of the mighty view the perplexities ahead of them. They will proceed to tackle the questions with confidence that, great as they be, the country is greater, and that e\ery!hlng will be settled in due course. There are men In the present Congress who recall the magnitude of the reconstruction tasks which faced the natfon at the close of the civil war troubles which seemed insuperable at the time, and yet which yieMed to the genius and courage of the American people. There are others who remember the financial panics of 1873, the industrial depression of 1893, and the happy outcome of all the grave perils which then menaced. These men, and others who think with them, feel no discouragement now, and nobody is going to cash in and quit be- cause the cards are running adversely, but stay in the game and play the hand out. \ £ * % * 4 Taking up foreign affairs first, it is pretty well established to the satisfaction of leading statesmen in Washington that the league of natlons. as now functioning, will net be joined by the United States. What that league's fu- ture will be is only conjectural, but the opin- fon is that, lacking the sustenance to be afforded by the membership of this ceuntry, it will die of inanitien. President-elect Harding, according to all authentic reports brought to Washington, will propose, as an alternative to membership in the existing league, the concurrence.of the United States in an association of nations to accom- plish the object of the league. in which the * American people are mest interested—preven- . tion' of future world wars. It has been demon- .strated beyond cavil that the Americans are concerned, to a negligible degree, in what might be called the by-products of the league, the settlement of Euronean boundaries and squab- bles arising over commercial jealousies of over- seas countries. Next to the prime importance of maintain- ing American independence of action, especially in questions deemed here to be domestic, the secondary consideration has been held to be re- fusal to lend the authority of this country to the settlement of suclf questions. Deep in the hearts of the people, however, is recognized as existing a fervent wish to come to an.interna- tional agreement to prevent world-devastating wars, based on their belief that common sense of the peoples of the earth recognizes the pos- sibility of such an agreement. * % k X An alternative to the proposal of a general treaty is now being pressed by that group of statesmen in Congress and thinkers outside of ‘Congréss ‘who - Navs .deep-seated - suspicion- of any kind of an L sgreement. to which . this country might bind itself. . They are Rfrafd ~ of possible “fokers” in whatever: tréaty might be drawn, which somebow or other might de- prive the United States of the special adwvan- tages it draws from its nompmal seclysiop. EDITORIAL SECTION The Sunday Star. WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, JANUARY 2, 1931 U. S. NOT APPALLED BY PROBLEMS PRESENTED IT BY THE NEW. YEAR This suggested alternative will be urged as a short cut to the desired goal, and the men who are pushing it think that if it can be ef- fected the demand for a more elaborate asso- ciation of nations will siacken with discussion of the ways and means of arriving af it, and finally will fiicker out and dle & natural death of old age. ‘What they propose is merely that the United Statés, Great Britain, France and Japan shall agree to suspend further naval building and reduce their national armament. A treaty to that effect, it is contended, need be but brief and involve no other responsibility: Lacking adequate naval and artillery armament and large standing armies, it is argued that a nation feeling aggrieved would yield to arbitrament of its complaints from sheer lack of matertal to wage war. * k * * It is assumed that a plan for disarmament would include also aircraft development, since the lessons of the world war taught that in the next great war fiying machines and chemi- cal and gaseous auxiliaries will be more for- midable than fleets and armies. Only a begin- nfng has been made in the development of these two military arms, but it is enough to cause nations to stop and think upon the possibilities of their development and the wholesale horrors capable of being inflicted upon warring nations by their unbridied use. The United States is said to possess the secret of a new poison gas which could annihi- late whole communities in a twinkling. Whether that is but & rumor of the war or an actuality, a shrewd Yankee would hazard a guess that if T it is not already possessed, somebody will be able to invent it. AR Thinkers and economists in Congress and government declare that the present age is the ' mest auspicious in history for the consumma- tion of the dream of world peace, whether by disarmament or by international agreement, and that the means of disarmament appeal pecu- liarly. Not alone does the moral sense of the world appeal to such an end, but, in the opinion of economists, the peoples of all lands are un- dergoing an ebject lesson of a more material nature. The economists and thinkers point out that never before in the history of this planet and its peoples has the entire world, all civilized and savage communities and their inhabitants, had brought home to pecketbook, appetite, body and shelter the burden of war. They find themselves loaded down with a burden of taxation, the resuit of war, and beset by economic distresses which are the inevitable result of war, to such a monstrous degree that they needs must pause and reflect upon methods of prevention. * X * *x Taxes. That is the one word declared to be index to the humanitarian thoughts of the na- tlons now trying to guard against a repetition of wars. No man.can escape from taxes. In olden days the 1ife toll of war was paid by a few, and-the shedding of blood wiped out the Breater expenses of war. In this greatest of wars - the 1ife toll was hedvy, but the burfien left upon the .survivors was more tremendous than the mind of man had ever contemplatéd and of ‘such magnitude that it can be hardly grasped even now. “ declare. Generation atter generation will feel the re- sults in taxes, and even though the material losses inflicted by the war are replenished and the devastation repaired and supplied, it will require taxes to do it, and for years to come the one cry will be, “Pay, pay!” the economists * ¥ %k * B Which brings the mind back by easy stages to consideration of what the new year, In its very beginning, presents for taking up domestic problems arising out of the war, industrial de- pression, financial stringency, unemployment, migration of peoples to these shores, not in groups, but In great masses, large proportions of population of entire territories, and—always, and it would seem forevermore, taxation. In the minds of some of the most eminent men in Congress the most serious problem which the country will be called upon to face will be, agricultural production next year and subsequently. The average American, accus- tomed to plenty and residing in the most fertile 1and on earth, Is likely to pooh-pooh the serious- ness of such a suggestion. Looking about and . beyond him, his mind cannot grasp the idea of a scarcity of the fruits of the earth. Famine s a word not possible of association in his mind with the United States, as he proudly points to the spectacle of the United States feeding England, France, Italy and other coun- tries during the war, as well as its own people. Few are the American familles which have not always had enough and to spare for a neighbor, 1f necessary. v * % % X But the economists in Congress sound a note of warning to the effect that the agriculturists will not till their land for surplus products, over what they need for their own sustenance, if they have to do it at a loss, and that the sheep raisers, if they slaughter their flocks if jt does not pay to feed them for their wool, can- not reproduce them in a day, and so’on through the list of agricultural products. It behooves the country, it is argued, to see to it that agri- culture survives, ‘since, no matter how fertile the land, it must be cultivated by human toil and with a living profit to the workers. There is, in the opinion of the thinkers in - Congress, only one definite, sure thing about taxation, and that is that there can be no pos- sible lessening of the burdens for four years, at least, to come. The questlon is haw to divide and apportion them g0 that théy may be made to bear as equally upon the people as the human mind can devise. In the appeals to Congress there is said to be found a medium of suggestion for the “pass- ing the buck” of tax burdens from one class to another, but only to a degree to be expected frm frail human nature. Most of the com- ts are as to obvious and admitted inequali- ties, result of hasty legislation for the necessi- ties of the war. Correction of these discriminations, not wil- fully imposed in the first place, will be willing- ly made. There is no dominant element in Con- Kress which can be charged with being Intent on taxing one e¢lass- and exempting another. The perplexities-are mainly how to levy taxes to raisé the necessary funds and in what form they are to be applied. 1t is'a big task, but the dresent Congress and the onme to succeed it early in March will take it on, and ‘complete it. ” (Copyzight, 1921, by The Washington Star.) Ka,nsa"s- Ihdustrial Court Likely to Meet Future Opposition, Chiefly From Capital Correspoudence of The Star. TOPEKA, Kansas, December 28.— The Kansas court of industrial re- latiohs is hardly a year old. It has already won considerable distinction throughout the country as am insur- ance against destructive strikes. ‘When the ‘cowrt was established the Kansas utilities commission was abolished and rate supervision placed under the jurisdiction of the new court. There is now a move on foot to divorce the two bodies. So far it has in s measure been sponsored by Gov. Henry Allen. 1i is known here that fofty cham- bers of commerce in Kansas have promised , through their state secre- tary, Kieth Clevenger, to line up be- hind Gov. Allen aRd his policies for taxation and farm tenantry if he will fght the proposal to 'divorce the utilities commission from the new court. It is argued that the fight to be made on the industrial court by political leaders in an effort to gain control of department heads will be izers whose jobs depend upon in- dustrial turmoil. There is a wide difference of /opinion as to whether the labor court would function, being cut loose from the utilities work. Red Tape Hampering. It is argued by onme faction that if the utilities law is amended to allow settlements to be mhde on the agree- ment of the parties interested it will wipe out two-thirds of the red tapi which has hampered the court with a heavy docket. Under the present statute the court must investigate even the cases where an agreement has been reached before allowing a new schedule of rates to be filed. It is also argued that to create one commission to fix rates and another to fix wages leaves too much loop- hole for political sculduggery. The question will furnish one of the pret- tiest fights ever staged by a Kansas legislature when the solons meet here next month. B Nobody will ever know how many lives were saved or how many thou- sands or millions of dollars were saved essential industries, undergone in times past. extra for each day as it goes by. dustrial questions taken advantage of by radical organ-| into the issue. under the court’s rule. But the Kansas people do know that millions of dollars in wages have been lost by strikes in and that severe hardship and inconvenience has been ‘The total number of cases filed with the industrial court since its {naugura- tion February 1, 1920, is 600, with a few of the 600 cases, 24 have been on in- nd 576 on utility rates, schedules and regulations. The total expenditures of the court to Divided on a basis of the number of cases, each complaint flled with the court has cost, the state $119 4An round numbers. ' Beverest Test Ahead. : All three members -of ‘the court admft frankly.that the real fight for life to be made by the new Kansas tribunal will be when it finally dawns upon capital that the law will really function to regulate employers as well as employes. The court gnd those active in creating and support- ing it have been optimistic of resuits regarding labor support. The pro- tection of industrial workmen from strikes and their damage to their own devotees was bound soon or late to make itself followers among rational classes. But the regulation of capital is quite another thing. When capital finds itself handicapped by the necessity of making onerous reports and substantial showing of business operations, then all of the influence and power of money that capital can command will be thrown Even the fair-minded capitalist has small relish for a finger of justice upon the pulse of his business, Cap- ital is in it for what can be made out of it. Any regulation of what is a proper maximum limit will be ob- jected to upon the ground that the law cannot regulate the minimum. ‘While the law. doés regulate in a measure the rates of public utilities, there is no recompense when returns below a paying basis. The cap- italist figures he takes this chance and is entitled to full-measure when the cards Illl’l'lll way. Miller’s Case a Precedent. The first case before the Kansas court which illustrates the power of the new sia: law from a business maneger's standpoint - Is the order made in the complaint against the Kansas millers. Upon complaint of the employes that the mills had shut down operations and were throwing men out of work, the court cited mil- lers from various parts of the state to testify in their own behalf. of stopping production in re: trade. The millers proved that lack ducing active operations from 24 to 12 hours & day. that there was no shortage of flour in Kansas. In fact, the evidence ex- onerated the to the mannér in. which they con- Qucted their business. But they were obliged to prove it. In the end the court took juris- In other words, capital was obliged to prove itself “not guilty” in the mMatter aint of of orders was the cause of their re- They showed that elevators were stored to capacity— llers from blame asg has required the companies to make monthly reports of their operations. An order was also issued which re- quires the mills to keep their skilled and experienced men on their pay- roll even under decreased production. It ‘is a revolution in the annals of industry.. It~ is the culmination of centurfes of class strife. Laws have been enacted to oppose the working class and laws to curtail the powers of kings and presidents. Now the Kansas court undertakes to cross this chasm and call a truce. Under Constant Fire. If the members of the court were paid a salary in keeping with the grief connected with the court’s functions, they would be the highest paid men in Kansas today. If they raise a rate they are occused of connivance with the corporation Interests. 1If they raise a wage they are charged with a political appeal to the public. It is probable that no fairer minded man nor more capable lawyer can be found in Kansas than W. L. Huggins, the presiding judge of the court, yet he has been made the butt of the most scathing newspaper articles over cet- tain decisions of the court in which he took a prominent part. Judge Clyde Reed was formerly the governor's private secretary and his appointment to_the court has been branded as a political move by his enemies despite the fact that he is one of the shrewd- est men in Kansas and a genjus with figures. Judge Wark, the junior mem- ber, led a machime gun company through the Argonne, woods and suffered fewer casualties than he has endured as the Jjunior meémber of the industrial tri- bunal. Although his appointment was the most popular one of the three, somebody has been knifing the junior Jjudge since the day he took his oath of office. Mr. Gompers’ Mistake. Samuel Gompers has criticised the action of the court in the millers’ case under’ the impression that the state was again “brow-beating” the ‘poor workingman. But Mr. Gompers : is mistaken. - No argument he can use against the labor tribunal has any- thing lke the undercut that capital itself will deliver to ward off such interference with its affairs as this mill order means if its constitution- ality is upheld by the courts of the country. If Mr. Gompers will take the time to look over the situation he will soon discover how much bitterer the fight will be. on the court he has fought than any attack that could be framed by the man in the working class. ‘Thers 18 nothing in the industrial court law to prevent a man satopping work L $when he pleases. Its anly prividien is. that he must not incite others to quit work for the purpose of hindering production. On the other hand, if capital wants to let go and comes under the head of essential industry a showing must be made to the court When Holdi BY WiLL r.’usnm. “JHEN the.ways and means . commlittee,starts-hearings this week \on revision. of the tawifr, ‘it will for the first time in history have before it all {'the éssential facts regarding each in- dustry included ‘in. each schedule,.Un- biased by personal.or political advan- t3ge or policy.. This susharitative-ar- Fay of facts will be found .in fpore | than 1,000 . reports prepared. by the United States Tariff Commissjon, each covering from ome to a dozen com- moditjes. Take schedule A—chemicals. oils and paints—where mofe than 200 in- dustries are represented. There are iabout ‘175 ‘of these survey reports ready for the committee; cerning a particlaf commodity. The hearings on this schedule wilh be held January .6, 7 ‘and: % ~three’ days in which ‘the committee .is to; hear the Tepresentatives of all industyles cov- ered by it, each with a biased -or selfish viewpoint. The members of the committee cannot have persomal knowledge with regard to ail these industries and commodities, and they willi never gét ‘accurate- informa- tion from interested parties crowded into three days. Story of Eack Industry. Here is where the tariff commission survey is of valup, fof each repre- sents a study of a pnruwlar indu: try as related to and affected by the tariff—the reports give the facts, in- colored by political pollcy or. selfish interest. They can be ysed: by’ meris bers of the’committee in holding the witnesses down to facts when they midy be disposed to make Wildéstate- ments -or’ submit - rash -claima, «The committee has already found similar surveys furnished by the tariff com- mission of great value when dofg rush work on the emergency tarift bill, those surveys including beans, raw_cotton, onions and garlic, pea- nuts, peanit:oil, sgya bean of), cotton- seed oil and cocoanut prodycts. ' "~ These surveys are-being"sent to-thie ways and ‘medns committee | vr‘qe tarift coninrission in" mnnufln'“rn andl are then printed in ‘quantity by the committee. The:manuscripts. make a stack yards High..and the surveys ‘when assembled give 'z moving vlc- thenfirv!eyr i%fi%fiflm sn. mittes within two weéeks, W\I repreSent Ardtio! ek fouf yéars, or' the éntire wwm-: n.l’ tarift commission*his existed.: < tn:-w-eu 496 they give the wiys and ‘means. ‘compiittee;. forsthe -Srat time, ‘s “judicial sifting 0t tects, . particular iddustey by Aa ifpartial body. « They -ake :to., be:bropght ,up. to date,'from time to time, and it'is the intention of the qng mwhu that they ‘sball autematically -as' pusiness conditions change,, show. wa:; any particular._industry_’ or &nly neéds tariff attentiod, 80 tbd “the ineeded amendments may be made in that particular branch' of ' business without' having to undertake a gén- eral overhauling of all business and a wholesale tariff revision - Other Hearings and Schedules. - 'L‘be onur lehnduhl. vm: dnu- ot of a losing, enterprise or some’ other | hearings, on Which ‘surveys m-u&n‘ honest reason.and that cessation of | furnished, ar Achedule' B, earthe business is mot for the purpose of|ware and glasswire, Jenvaty' 10:ana | boosting prices or working a hard- ship upon the public. ONCETRACKHAND, GOVERNOR IS NOW B. & O. DIRECTOR BALTIMORE, January 1.—Thirty- six years ago the Baltimore and Ohio railroad had in its employ on the Romney branch, in West Virginia, a seventeen - year - old boy, who worked with a_pick as a track hand for 90 cents a day. The management in those days liked him, for even as a track hand he did his work well and gave promise of doing big Pfings. As a matter of fact' the company thought so much of him that after an interval of many years it again sought his services, not as a track hand, but ag a member of its board of dirgctors. His name 1¥ John J. Cornwell, who will become actively iden- tified with-the railroad which em- ployed him as a track hand in 1884 as-a member of the board upon the expiration of his term as Governor of West Virginia. Gov. Cornwell's election as a direc- tor was announced after the an- nual meeting here last month, but few employes of the road knew that West Virginia’s governor was once a Baltimore and Ohio man, and that he worked in the humble capacity of & track hand. In his boyhood days Gov. Corn-- well spent some time on a farm and did odd jobs for his neighbors when there was nothing to do at his home place. When the Balti- more and Ohio completed its Rom- ney branch,. In 1884, young Corn- well declded to try railroad work, 80 he applied for a position, and was assigned to a track-hand gang. He recelved 90 cents for every day he worked, and he brought “his lunch in a tin box to and,from his home. A year or so affer that he drifted out of the railroad busiress, ‘studied law, ’ entered politics and began to pave the way for that career which hias made him a national figure, 11;-schediile C.' inetals”afd -manufac- tures- thereol, January, 18,13 andi14; schedule <D, Wodd.and -manufactures thereof, January ‘15 and:17; schedule E, sugar, molasses-and.manufactdres thereof, January .18 and 19; schedule F, tobacco and manufacturés thereof, Januagy 20;.schedule G, agricultursl products and provisions, Janwary 21, 22 and 24; schedule H, spirits, Wines and other beverages, Jan : schedule 1, cotton manafactures, Janu. | SURVEYS ILL AID IN REVISING TARIFF Ways and Means Committee to Have Detailed, Reports on Industries ng Heanngs. : silk and manufactures thereof, Feb- ruary 3.and 4; schedule M, paper and books, February 5 and sundries, February 8, 9 and 19; free list, February 11, 12 and 14; adminis- tration and miscellaneous, February 15 and 16. What does, the tariff commisifon’ try to tell about each of these industries? First, it describes what the commodity is and what its uses are. It them de- scribes the production in this' coun- try, the materials used, whether of | toreign or domestic origin, the equip- ! rment necessary for successtul produc- tion. It compares the sources ‘of mia- terials and equipment of domestic producers. with those of their foreign competitors. Next is given a sufficient description of the processes of production to in- dicaté whether it is an indostry |that can feasibly be carriea on in this country. The tariff comsmission then Bhows whether the domestic out- put i sufficient to meet the domestié needs) and whether it needs to be sup- plemented by imports from abroad. 1t the latter, then it explains what. va. tieties and qualities or grades Bave to be procured in foreign countries. . “After describing the domestic pro- duction, the tanff commission takes up imports, if there are any.. It ‘shows the amount of imports .for .a series of years. It describes. the nature, of the imports, so as 10 shew whether they are truly competitive with domestic production or whether they simply supplement domestic pro- duction in fieldsdn which the demestic products are either insufficient or of some quality that does mot quite fill the needs to which the imports are adapted. Cemparison With Fereign Conditionn. Then the tariff commission 4w the | ra | vanteges ! competitive conditions for this eoun- try and foreign countries. It com- puel labor conditions, giving spe- ‘cifically, where possible to ascertain them, wages paid in this country and In foreign countries. It compares or- ganization and management here and abroad, so as to. show whether or not the domestic producer is at.a disadvantage in these regards.. . The commission next points-ent. when it is significant, differenees.in traiigportetion costs and describe. in such detall as the uncertain comndi- Biling in different parts any special ad- producers or dis- uo-i of each u’ua and the effect that & enaln in duty on any wfllcnhr ar- ticle woul ve on production of ar- ticles into which it enters or with which it is connected. Detailed statistics are presented of production, imports. exports’ and pricés, “The tpriff commission ends ! jts survey by giving ail the significant court or Treasury decisions. ‘These Wurveys, unprecedenled in tariff history, make it possible for the {ways and means committ@® to say “these are the facts,” and them to determine from these facts whether @s a matter of policy the tariff should be M M or downward. AERML LEAGUE DRIVE. W for "1,000 ’-‘fl Is A drive Tor 1,000 members - i,oe- launched by the Aerial League Club, which is being organized here, ac- cording to announcement last night by William' 8. Hance, jr, recently ap- pointed chairman of the Washington unit of the Aerfal League of America. The clubhouse is to be a complete affair, it is pointed out. It will have ary 26 and 27; schedule J, flax, hémp reading rooms, reception rooms, din- and jute and maenufactures thereof, January 28°and 29; schedule X, wool and manufactures thereof, Janusry. 31 ing room, library, recreation room and al section for women on “iadies’ day.” A complete library on aero- and February 1 and.2; schedule L,ingypics is to be maintained and kepc Obregon's Agent May Be " Mexican Ambassador “}ron. up to date. - If 18'also planned to hold ol o aeronautics for the bemefit of the members and later in the year to-ar- range for flights for the members, for the club's use. club ‘who are emflanu‘ aviators will be an istance in this instruc- tion feature of the organization, it iz pointed out. ||COAL PROBE CONTINUES. Anm Prices to Come Before 4 ' Calder Committee. " The nfleu charged for uwu are to be lmbedlflllluflhu"th Calder committee during the. m‘ week. The meetings of the. Semaie committee, headed by the New York senator, are to be held in Washing- ‘The committee has delved du;.l-lo the Subject of profiteering in. bita- minous coal snd will continue aleRi