Evening Star Newspaper, March 12, 1898, Page 21

THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, MARCH 12, 1898-24 PAGES. ——— OUR WATER SUPPLY! Close Relation It Bears to the Public Health. THE WAR AGAINST ZYMOTIC DISEASES History of the Efforts to Better the Local Cogditions. STILL MUCH TO BE DONE A paper read at the recent meeting of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia by S. C. Busey, M. D., the president of the society. As early as 1890, in a “contribution to the etiology of typhoid fever,” Dr. George M. Kober cited the notable fact that following the epidemic at Cumberland, Md., the first case of which occurred December 10, 1889, the number of deaths from the disease in this city from December, 1889, to April 30, 1800, was seventy-four, nearly double the number during the corresponding months of the previous year. “This may,” adds Dr. Kover, “have been a coincidence, but it may also confirm the conclusions of the English river pellution commission, that nothing short of abandonment of the in- expressibly nasty habit of mixing human excrement with our drinking water cau confer upon us immunity from the propa- gation of epidemics through the medium ef potable water.” But to Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder must be awarded the merit of initiating an investi- gation which placed this society in the front in efforts to secure a better water supply for this city. In a lecture deliv- ered before the Sanitary League February 5, 1804, Surgeon Charles Smart, U. S. A., emphasized the great prevalence and high death rate of typhoid fever in this city, and attibuted it to pollution of the Po- tomac water supply. These statements Dr. Masruder, who was in the audience, promptly challenged. In a subsequent pub- lication in The Evening Star Dr. John 8. Billings and Prof. Clifford Richardson, the ist, disputed the accuracy of Smart's statement referring to the tion of the Potomac water supply. subsequent investigations have not t Dr. Smart's statement that the percentage of typhoid fever in this was due solely to the distribution of city the germs of the disease through Potomac Water, they point to the conclusion that it is one of the sources of infection, and that one which offers the greatest danger. Dr. Megruder did not drop the subject at this point, but at the meeting of this society. February 7 following, called at- to the statements that had been nd, upon his motion, a committee, 1 of himself, Drs. W. W. Johnstor. M. Hammett. was appointed to in- the causes of the prevalence ani high death rate of typhoid fever in the District of Columbia. This committee based 1{ upon the following inquiries: “1. The prevalence and mortality of ty- phoid fever in the District. “2. The relation of tke dissemination of the disease to the—(a) public water supply; (>) to the pollution of the soil with leak- age from privies. from defective sewers and from backing vp of sewage from tidal Movements; (c) to the drinking of well or pump water; (a) to contaminated milk, and to other causes. “3. The difference in mortality in differ- ent areas of the city. with a view to dis- cover the causes of the disease. “4. Conclusions based upon the foregoing data as to what measures should be taken to «limiish the spread of the disease.” The committee prosecuted their investiga- tions with remarkable energy and diligence. On June 6, i894, their report, accompanied with numerous maps, charts and diagrams illustrating its context, was submitted to investigation the seciety, with the following recom- mend: which, after consideration, were unanimously adopted: . The immediate abandonment of all wells within the city limits, exception only to be made in case of the absence of the Potomac supply and where the wells, after repeated chemical and bacteriological ex- eminations, have been found to be free from all possible sources of danger. But even these to be abandoned as rapidly as possible. “2. Purification of the sewerage system already existing by replacing as rapidly as possible all damaged or defective drains. The intr@juction of new sewers in advance of other improvements in parts of the city not now supplied with drainage and the extension of the system as far outside of the city limits as the rapidly growing population demands, so as to pre- vent soil contamination. | The adoption of some ystem by which the lower sections of the city can be more completely drained and the risks arising from the backing up of tide water and sewage prevented. c final and safe disposal of the ‘To make all existing privies, vaults other receptacles of human excreta er tight, and by rigid inspection and penalties to prevent the danger from leak- ege and overflow. “7. The early completion of the plans recommended by Col. Elliot, in charge of the Washington aqueduct, and now in c of execution, si which have in view the sedimentation of the Potomac waier and ultimately the completion of works for filtration, the only proper method of purification. “S.The suppression of all privies and the enforcing of the law to make sewer connections. “Y. Careful inspection of all the I dairies in sirict from which our milk supply is drawn and the enactment of a law by which no milk shall be sold ig the Dis- trict without a permit from the heaith office. The inspection should cover an ex- amination at the dairies of all possible sources of infection, including the water euppiy. “lo. The urging upon the members of the profession of a careful collation of all facts bearing upon the mode of infection in each case and the advantage of reporting such facts to the society and the propaga- tion of the doctrine that immediate disin- fec*lon of the stools is the first duty of the physician as guardian of the health of the communit, ‘G. L. MAGRUDER, “WwW. W. JOHNSTON, “C. M. HAMMETT, “Committee.”* ‘These recommencations comprehend the wide scope of the inquiries and show con- clusively the thoroughness and complete- ness of the committee's investigations. Subsequent investigations have reaflirmed their conclusions and so extended the field of res-arch aiong the line indicated by Surgeon Charles Smart as to emphasize the necessity of sedimentation and filtration of th drmking water supply. Immediately after the adoption of this report the society, through Commissioner ‘Truesdell, received an invitation from the committee of the House of Representatives on the District of Columbia, and on June 14. through its committee, composed of Dr. 3. C. Busey, W. W. Johnston, G. L. Magruder, C. H. A. Kleinschmidt, G. Wythe Cook, S. S. Adams and D. W. Prentiss, Presented the report to the committee of the House, which, after two hearings, re- ports of which were published in the local press, ordered {t to be printed as a public document. Four thousand copies were printed and widely distributed throughout the country. It is believed this is the first and only instance of a medical society ap- pearing by invitation before a committee of vess and of the publication by Congress of @ report of its investigation {nto the sanitary condition of a city. The Bill then pending, known as the bond bill, to provide means to complete the water supply and sewage disposal systems pass- ed the House of Representatives, but fall- ed in the Senate. On, October 24, 1894, Dr, John 8. Billings, who had recently returned from a visit abroad, read, by request, before the so- elety a paper entitled “Filtration Methods of Water Supply and Sewage in Some Large European Cities,” in which the distinct statement is made that “the securing of an abundant and pure water supply appears to be the most urgent need of Washington at the present time,” and adds, “Sedimentation alone will not give us satisfactory results and rapid filtration through steel cylinders, with or without the addition of alumn or other chemicals, While quite as costly as the simple sand Sitration, does not give an equal guarantee of the purity of the water.” This paper was published in full in The Evening Star of October 23 and attracted widespread at- tention, because it set forth actual observation and study the superiority of Sand filtration over other methods. In December, 1594 (10th), the president ot this society was appointed chairman of the committee on public health of the Washington board of trade and continued at the head of that committee until the appointment of Gen. George M. Sternberg. in December, 1897. At a public meeting of the board of trade held January 22, 1895, specially set apart for that purpose, the chairman of the committee on public health, in an address, set forth the re- sults of the investigation of the committee of the medical society and urged the im- portance of active and co-operative effort of the board of trade to secure such legis- lation as would protect the community from the prevalence and high death rate of typhoid fever. Several other public meetings, one in the banquet hall of the Shoreham, one in the parlor of the Wash- ington Club and another at the Builders’ Exchange, were held during the month of February, 1895, under the auspices of the board of trade, which were addressed by the chairman and Dr. W. W. Johnston in the hope that such impetus might be given to public sentiment as might sccure the necessary legislation. In the report of the committee on public health of the board of trade, bearing date November 11, 1896, attention is called to the investigations made by this scclety in 189. In this re- Port the committee emphasize the import- ance of the extension of the system of sewerage and completion and purification of the water supply, including the aboli- tion of pumps and wells and establishment of @ proper system of sedimentation and filtration. In the reports of 1896 and "07 the committee renews these recommenda- tions to the board of trade, which have been toree times unanimously approved by said board. By invitation, Prof. W. P. Mason of Troy, N. Y., delivered January 30, 1895, an ad- dress before this society on the subject of water supply of cities, in which he set forth the necessity of sedimentation and filtration, and demonstrated the superiority of sand filtration over all other known methods. Prof. Mason has made a special study of the water supply of cities and ts the author of a text book on the subject, which is generally accepted as the highest authority in this country on that subject. In 1885 the Commissioners of the District of Columbia appointed Dr. George M. Ko- ber special medical sanitary Inspector, who submitted, November 27, 1895, the result of his “investigation of 300 cases of ty- phoid fever, selected at random from those occurring in the District between July 1, 1895, and October 31, 1895, inclusive,” which concludes with the following recommenda- tions: “First. The immediate closing of every well in the District whenever a better er supply can be obtained. ‘Second. The early completion and ex- tension of all necessary sewers within the city limits and the enforcement of the law to make sewer connections. ‘Third. The abandonment of all box privies within the city limits and the en- actment of more stringent laws for the prevention of soll pollution, together with a rigid, frequent and systematic inspec- tion of all box privies-in the suburbs. “Fourth. The improvement of the Poto- mac water by means of filtering basins and the extension of the water supply to the suburbs at the earliest moment prac- ticable. “Fifth. Such measures as may be neces- sary to improve the sanitary condition in the lower part of the city, along the Potomac and the Eastern branch, looking to the reclamation of stagnant and pol- luted marshes and the prompt disposal of the_sewage. “Sixth. The enactment of a law requiring notification te the health officer of all cases of typhoid fever and other infectious dis- eases in the District of Columbia, together with a rigid enforcement of the building regulations requiring the cementing of cel- lars and basements, to prevent contami- nation of the air from polluted subsoils, and the systcmetic inspection of dairies inaugurated by you. “In the meantime, as a preventive meas- ure, I earnestly recommend to the public the thorough disinfection of the excreta from ail typhoid fever patients and greater care on the part of those connected with the sick, together with boiling the water and milk supply. “A most conservative estimate demon- strates that the number of cases of typhoid fever for the four months ending October 31 was searcely less than 795. These cases represented 30,800 days lost in sickness, at an dverage cost of $1 per day. Assuming an annual average of 1,500 cases, the loss amounts to $0,000 per annum, thus indtcat- ing that it will be in the highest degree wisdom as well as economy to apply a prompt. speedy and effective remedy. “It affords me great pleasure to testify to the fact that my investigation tends to confirm the conclusions reached by the special committee appointed by the Medical Society of the District of Columbia and so ably presented in their report submitted June 6, 1894. In October, 1895, in compliance with the request of United States Attorney Birney, Drs. Busey, Kober and Woodward appear- ed before the grand jury of the District of Columbia to testify in regard to the causes and prevalence of typhoid fever in this District. In its report to Judge Cole, in Criminal Court No. 1, submitted December 18, 1895 (Evening Star, December 18, 1895,), the z1 jury makes the following recom- mendations: “That a system of sedimentation and filtration in connection with the water sup- ply is primarily necessary. “That the water supply is entirely inade- quate and should be increased. “That as opportunity offers all pumps and wells used for drinking purposes should be closed. “That the use of box privies be discon- tinued by law. “That ail improved premises abutting on public sewers and water mains should be connected with such sewers and water mains, and their occupancy, unless so con- nected, be prohibited by law. “That legislation relative to a more thor- ough inspection of milk is absolutely es- sential, and we earnestly hope and recom- mend there may be such immediate legis- lation as will improve the sanitary condl- tions along the Potomac and Eastern branch, looking to the reclamation of the marshes in that section and the disposal of the polluted matter forced upon them under the present sewerage system. “At the moment the river should be dredged from the mouth of every large sewer to the river channel. “We further recommend that a law be executed compelling all physicians to re- port to the health department every case S zymotic disease coming to their knowl- edge. “We make this report in the hope that it will stimulate the action on the part of the authorities charged with such vital question as the public health, as well as to remind the general government of its responsi- bility in the premises.” In the report of the committee on public health of this society. submitted January 28, 1896 (see Public Health Report, March 6, 1596,), the conclusigns and recommenda- tions of the committeg of 1504 are reaflirm- ed. The committee asserts that “the agi- tation of the subject-of, the purification of the Potomac water is forced’ upon us, as physicians, by every recent addition to our knowledge of the subject,” and adds that sand filtration is the “most convenient and effective method for the purification of drinking water,” and “must be adopted ultimately for the water supply of Wash- ington.”” At the same meeting the president sub- mitted the followmg propositions, which were unanimously adopted: “Whereas the city of Washington, being the capital of the United States, should be placed snd kept in the best sanitary condition; and “Whereas such condition can only be secured by having every habitation or hab- {table house connected with an ample sup- ply of pure drinking water, and with a system of foul water and sewage disposal which will promptly remove such fluids be- yond the city limits in such manner as to absolutely prevent soit pollution; therefore “Be is resolved, First, that the general system of water supply from the Potomac river should be extended so as to be avail- able for the supply of every habitable | building now in the city or which may be erected within the city limits, and that this provision should be extended as far as possible to the immediate adjacent sub- urban districts. “Second. That the general water supply should be purified by sedimentation and filtration (the first being necessary at cer- tain times and the second at all times) be- fore it is admitted to the mains. ‘ “Third. That the system of stwerage a hes mga me should i extend- pari passu wit! system of general water supply until every habitable house can_be readily connected with it.< “Fourth. With the completion and puri- fication of the conduit eyatem of water sup- ply all springs, pumps and wells should be closed by such means and methods as will prove so effective that no human being can obtain drinking ‘water from either of these sources. “Fifth. As rapidly as possible, pari passu | | The following ia « with the extension of the conduit system of water supply and system of sewerage, the owners of every habitable and inhab- ited house should be compelled to make satisfactory connections with such sys- tems of water supply and sewerage, and all privy boxes, cesspools and other meth- ods of disposal of human excreta be ef- fectively abolished. “Sixth. Without adequate supply of pure water for all domestic purposes and sewer connections of habitable and inhabited houses, pollution of soil, foods and = and the diseases due to such pollution cannot be prevented.” At a public meeting of the board of trade February 25, 1896, at which the report of its committee on public health was gon- sidered, the foregoing propositions, sub- mitted by the chairman of its committee, were adopted, with the following addition- al recommendations: “Whereas the rumerous and constantly increasing area of marsh along the eastern border of the city is a constant menace to the health of the residents of the east- ern section of the city, and especially so to the inmates of the almshouse and hos- pital, St. Elizabeth’s Asylum and army and naval forces, officials and employes at pee marine barracks and navy yard; there- fore, “Be it resolved, That the reclamation of these marshes is tmperatively demanded and should be accomplished without unnec- essary delay.” During the same year, 1896, this society, through its committee on legislation, had a hearing before a subcommittee having charge of the appropriation bill for the District of Columbia, at which the neces- sity of speedy completion of the system of sewage disposal and extension and purifi- cation of the water supply were fully dis- cussed. . On January 15, 1807, the Civic Center of the City of Washington adopted the following preambles and resolutions: “Whereas the statistics of the health officer of the District of Columbia indicate an almost uniform increase and excessive prevalence of typhoid fever during the Past fifteen years; and “Whereas the experience of the civilized world points to a contaminated water sup- ply as the most important factor in the causation of this disease; therefore, be it “Resolved, That we the Civic Center of the City of Washington, a body composed of members who are working for the pub- lic good, most earnestly pray the Senate and House of Representatives in Con- gress assembled, that you will create a commission * * * for the purpose of de- termining the present sources of contami nation of the Potomac river and the meas- ures necessary to remedy, remove and prevent such pollution, if found to exist. At a recent discussion, November, 1897 (see Evening Star, November 20, 1897), of the pollution and sources of contamination of the Potoma: water supply, before the National Geographic Society, by Dr. EB. K. Sprague of the marine hospital service and Prof. A. P. Davis, hydrographer of the United States geological service, the conclusion was set forth that properly constructed filter beds was the only prac- tical means of purifying the public water supply. More recently, at public meetings of the board of trade held January 20 and Feb- ruary 4, 1898, to consider the reports of committees on public health and water supply, the agitation of the subject was renewed and the opinion expressed that completion of the systems of water supply and »urification and sewage disposal were imperatively demanded by every consider- ation of public sanitation. In the letter of the acting secretary of war, in response (Senate document No. 94, second session, Fifty-fifth Congress) to res- olutions of the Senate of January 10, 188, the reports from the surgeon general of the army and of Capt. D. D. Gaillard, Cerps of Engineers, “relative to the fil” tration .of the water supply of the District of Columbia,” Gen. Sternberg sums up the result of his investigation in the state- ment as follows: “So far as I am able to judge at present, the most r-Hable and practicable method of attaining the object in view would be the construction of filter beds similar to those in use for purifying the water supply of London, Hamburg and other European cit- fes, and at Lawrence, Mass., in this country.” And Capt. Gaillard in the third of his conclusions says: ‘The drainage area of the river above the Great Falls is so large and lies in so many different states that it is believed that it will be utterly impracticable either to pass or to enforce such laws as will entirely protect the Potomac from pollution, and when the citizens of the District demand a water supply free from suspicion it must be secured by filtration.” And, lastly, at the meeting of the medical society, Febraury 23, 1898, this subject was reviewed from the beginning of the agitation to the present time, with the ci- tation of such additional facts and informa- tion as seems to establish the imperative and immediate necessity of legislation to secure an adequate supply of unpolluted drinking water. The report of the com- mittee on public health and the papers by Drs. Kober, Kinyoun, Smart, Johnston and Woodward are conclusive in favor of puri- fication of the water supply by sedimenta- tion and filtration. The foregoing resume of the history of this agitation sets forth the active efforts of this society to complete the sanitation of this city. Every investigation has led to the same cenclusions. The board of Commissioners has added the force of offi- cial indorsement and approval to its rec- ommendations and in various ways sought to secure necessary legislation; the board of trade has added the weight of popular judgment and indorsement, and _ recently the local press, more especially The Even- ing Star, have contributed the influence of their editorial columns to the promotion of such legislation as would secure an adequate supply of unpolluted drinking Water. All these efforts have proven fu- tile, and the city remains today the prey of a single preventable disease, which has cost its citizens in loss of life and actual outlay, in the past ten years, more than would have been required to complete the systems of water extension and purifica- tion and sewage disposal. peat goers On the Education of Lions. From Popular Science Monthly. When lions were still numerovs and easily observed in southern Africa they were sometimes seen Instructing one another in voluntary gymnastics, and prac- ticing their leaps, making a bush play the part of the absent game. Moffat tells the stcry of a lion which had missed a zebra by miscalculating the distance, repeating the jump several times for his owi in- struction; two of his comrades coming upon him while he was engaged in the exercise, he led them around the rock to show them how matters stood, and then, returning to the starting point, completed the lesson by making a final leap. The animals kept rearing during the whol: of the curious scene, “talking together: as the natives who watched them said. By the aid of In- dividval training of this kind, industrial animals become apter as they grow older; old birds, for instance, construeting more artistic nests than young ones, and littl mammals like mice becoming more adroit with age. Yet, however ancient In the life of the species these acquisitions may be, thsy have not the solidity of primordial instincts, and are lost rapidly if not used. . R Mrs Boone, Mattie Miss Brady, Daisy O Mrs Bratton, O M Miss Brooks, Annic Miss Brooks, Lucy Miss Brown, Bettie brs Brown, Ella Miss Brown, Margaret Miss Brown, Rebecker Miss Brown, 8 Mrs Brown, Browne, Cynthia Miss Burke, Blanch Mins Burke, Bettie Miss Burke, Nellie Mrs Burns, Mary Mrs Burrows, J Mrs Bryan, & E Miss Bryant, Mary Miss Carroll, Hannah Miss Carroll, Mary Mrs Carter, Alice Mrs Carter, Mellie Miss Cary, ‘Rosa Mrs Chancy, Julla Mrs Chace, ‘Caroline 8 Chatman, Lula Mise Christian, E D Mrs Clark, Fannie G Miss Miss Cleary, Margaret Miss Coat Susie Mrs Coles, Eliza Collier, Gertie Miss Cook, Ethel L Miss Corbéy, Georgia Miss Coole, Erena Biss Contee, Nina F Miss Cowan, J C Mrs Crabb,” Malinda: Mrs Cranford, Mamie Miss: Crawford, Mary Miss Craighton, Sarah E Mrs Cromwell, Martha 1. Miss Culbert, Louise Miss Curfiit, "Ida Miss Dake, Victoria Miss Dangerfield, Sarah Mrs Daniels, Pattie Miss Darnall, A Mrs Dannore, Rose Miss Davis, I R Mrs Davis. Mary Miss Dawson. Jennie Mrs Day, Elranor M Miss Dickerson, Cora Miss Dixson. Easter Miss Doll, Pearl Miss Doravin. Marie Miss Donison, Sarah A Mrs. Douglass, Martha Mrs Downing. Martha Miss Doyle, Mamie Miss Duteh, Laura Mrs Dwyer, Lucinda Mrs Dyar, Harrison @ Mrs Eabeart, Emma Miss vy. Tally ton, Celia M Ebavght, Caroline Mrs Ellis, Isabell Miss Elwell, Edna M Miss Enloe,’ Fantine Miss mma Jane Nora Mo Miss M Van KR Mrs Fisher, Josie Miss Flood, Ella Miss Floyd, IC Mrs Fulton, May Miss Agnes Mrs Garner, Mary Miss Gamer, M R Mrs Garvey, Maggie E. Garges, Mattie ) Adie Miss P Mrs Miss Mrs Graham, Dottle Miss Graham, ER Mrs Gray, Blanche Miss Gray, Kate Miss Green, Agnes Mrs een, JT Mrs Grifing, M H Mts tilin, Robt S Mrs Hall, Ada Miss Hall, Wm H Mra Harris, L Mrs (2) Harris, Rich’d Mra Hart, Clara Mi Hartip, Charlotte Miss Hanbb, Ema Miss Hawk, ES Mrs Heard, Cora Miss Heath, NR Mrs Hedding, Carrie Miss lvertised letters re- rs . C.) Post-office Sat- Mickley, Minnie F Miss Miller, Rebecca E Miss Mills, Constance Lydia Milt,’ Lizsie Mica” Milton, Leara Miss Mitchell, Essic Mrs Mitchell, Marla” Miss Mitchell, Virginia Miss Montague, Katie Mrs Morahan. ‘Annie Miss Morris, Florence Miss Morton, Lucy Murphy, Jenni Myers, Myles, Nelson, ‘ixon, Norris, Offort, Miss Mrs ‘Lear Miss Sa Mise Eloise Miss JL Miss J Mrs Fannie K-Miss Nover, Louise Mile Noyes, Armand Mra Ma: Fyghins. US Airs ‘Brien, Winifred Mrs ‘Miss Osborne, Edwin S Mrs Paine, HD Mrs Palmer, Cordie Mrs Palmer, a Mins * Farker, Eliza Miss Ker Marth; Denia Mary ‘ker, Frank Mra a Miss, Mixes E Mrs saie M Mrs Perkness, Bessfe Miss Clark, M Gertrude C Perkins, 'Z P Mrs Perry, Lucy Miss Peters, PB Mrs Berth: Mary a Mrs Mrs Frankie Mixs Mary Jane Miss Powell, Ada Mins Price, “Jane Mrs Pysell, Ada Miss Raigin, Kattie Mes Ramey, Amanda Mrs Rayman, € Miss Redman Rede Rey: Richar Kiel, Est Rimmels, Robinson, Rober Robet ‘d80 son, Fant . Jofine Miss Mattic Miss nie 3 rs Roots, Peggle Miss Russell, Sargent Sehade, Bertie Miss. ‘eitle Miss Schroeder, SV Mrs Scott, C W Mrs Seeny, Julia Miss Selvin, Elizabeth Mrs Seville, Marion W Miss Sewell, Mary Miss Shaff, Margret Miss Shaw, argaret E Mrs Shea,’ Kate Miss Shipmai »Shoek, ‘Shorter, “Sinckt » Lisy (Binciatr, Bl nnie B Miss ’ Skidmore, ) Slater, ; Smaqi, Sms Fileni wood, Laura B MR Mrs Mrs Mrs M Miss , Sarah Mrs ir, Arthur L Mrs he Miss lia Miss Skisher, M Miss Edna Mrs Smith, Angela D Miss ‘Smith, ny Miss Smith, Indie Miss o Smith, JO Mrs Smith, M H Miss , Smt . WC Mrs Smothers, Martha Miss ‘Sneé, Marshall Mrs Spaniding. E C Miss annie © Mrs Spindle, J M Mrs eSplitler, Laura Mrs Stepherson, Bettie Mrs Stephen, Elizabeth Miss Stevens, Lizzie Miss > Stevens. SE Mrs Steward, Melissa Mrs Stewart, Dals: Stroutber, Nettie Miss Suders, A Mrs Sutton, Beatrice Miss ‘Swann, LJ Mrs Swift. J F Mrs Talbert, J W Mrs ‘Taylor, Taylor, Annie Miss Miss Bell Miss Carrie , EE Mrs Miss. ; Harriet Miss Mary E Mrs Rosa Miss Thomas, Julia Mrs ‘Thon:pson, Clara Mrs ‘Thompson, © W Mra ‘thompson, Ella A Miss Hedgerman, Carry Miss Thorton, Mary Miss Tillman, Lizzie Poliver, Sarah Mrs Henderson,” Ann Mrs Henson, Elizabeth Miss Hicks, Ella Mrs Hi, Emmitt Mrs Hill, Julia B Miss Hitt, Priscella Miss Holderly, Josie Miss Holland,” Mary Mra Holly, Maggie Miss Hoopes, Emma Miss Hopkins, Hattle Mrs Townse, Martha Brs ‘Townsend, Edith Miss ‘Turner, Helen Miss Turner, Mary Mrs Tuttle, D M Mrs (2) ‘Tyler, Emily Mrs Van Schoock, Jno J Mrs Wade, Edna’ Miss Way er, Rertha Miss Hopson, Nancy M Miss Walden, Peas! H H ard, Mary Miss Hoyt, Edw K Mrs Hurley, Jno T Mrs y. lin, Maggie Mrs Walker, May Miss Wollace, Lucilla Mrs Hurndon, Florence Miss Walling, Wm J Mrs ‘Mrs Amanda Iglehart, Della Miss Wanzer. Essie Jackson, Estell Misa Ware, Jolie Miss Jackson, Georgia Miss Washington, Jackson, James H Mrs Miss. Mary E Miss Mrs Lucy E Miss Johnson, Johnson, Mary Mrs Johnson, § BE Mrs Johnston, Lucy Miss Jones, Annie Miss Jones, Lottie M Miss Jones, Nanie Mrs (2) Joyce, Mary Miss e, Lizzie Miss ‘ane, Sarah Miss Kearns, Marian Miss Kee, Lizzie Miss Kelebner, Hannah Keller, Maggie Mra Kelley, Margaret Mrs Kerby, Lida W Miss King, Lizzie Mrs Kini ET Mrs Koehler, Julia Mrs Knowles, Helen Miss Kraft, Annie Mra Lake, Helen W Mrs Lang. Marguerite Miss Langdon, Mary Mrs Laws, Mary Mrs Lee, b B Mrs Adams, H Aldrich, Chas H Allen, Charlie Anderson, Isaac Anderson, W N Gent Anthony,’ JP Baggett, S J jr Bailey, Geo Baker, T L Prof Ballman, J W. im, Harry E Barham, WW Burton, 'H T Bates,’ ‘Texas Col and Mrs’ = Batten, Joseph Poe Beaumont, Bean, Edward E Bedford. Wm B Rell, Di v Bell, Ino. James Bh cw Blackwell, Geo Biss, SH B OP Washington, Emma Miss Washington, Lizaie Miss Webb, Venie Miss Webster, Sophrina Miss Wellington, Miss West, Whitney, Minnie A Miss @) Edm nia Mamie Miss = Wells, Ellen Mra Edith Miss Weston, Katie E Miss Wheatley, 8 A Mrs Whitney, ‘Jennie Mrs Wight. Jean S Misa Williams, Annie Miss Williams. Mamie Mise Williamson, Miss Lilie Willson, Annie Miss Wilson, Annie Miss Wilson, Eliza Miss (2) Wilson, Maria Mrs Wilson, Mary Miss Wiltening, Mra Winston, Margaret Ella Miss Wm Henry Wood, Molle Mrs Wright, HR Miss (3) Wyatt, Lottle Mrs Wyckott, Jessie Miss Zane, Hie N Miss Zerkeley, Mary Miss GENTLEMEN'S LIST. Cornish, Jodie Crowther, Geo Hon Quien, tis, Curtis, Josiah Dr Curtis, Matthew Dade, «Davis, ‘Davis, “Davis, Wm D H LA Denfiett, CM Dr (2) oDe Witt, Thos Dickerson, Guy u "i mE i : K ii i : al fe ; i | i Q Sy ‘| & if é Ct -e B Hamilton, Frank Planter, Henry H Harrison, Frank Posey, = Hauchfass, Geo MD —_Rathinore, Jack Hands, Réese, Bert Prof Handy, Reamits, BOF Reynolds, N A (3) Reynold wat Resch, F EO ‘Robinson, David Robinson, J Robinson, Joba Robinson, 5 8 Rev Sandford, Alex ‘Scanland, Nathan = FG mer Scott, JL Sculley, Jno an” Sharp, Shifford, A O Sie, PK Smith, G A Balth: Rdward Hugh, Jno Smith: FS Hunter, MT Smith, Frank B Hi James Ho Pmith, Frank P James,” Horace ere a hea} O Smith, Robert & Jobson, Prank ae CM Jobnson, Jno F — Johnson, L M Tohnsom, Robt Jenes, James W Jones, Will Katchings, J B Kavanagh, Chas F Rev Kelly, Michael Key, A © King, Columbus Strong, W C Rev Stukrman, A W Hon Kingsman, WR Dr : Kirkpatrick, Andrew Tiighman, Chas ion Klein, Chas A Koccenean, Jno A J Lahbay, Joe Larkin, Chas H (3) Le Bourgeois, G@ C Tee, Geo W ‘Tiiton, LS Tipton, Jacob S Tracey, Charles ‘Treaver, James HL Turner, 'F Prof (6) TT MV Van Dyck, J NO Vasser, WH Maj Vessels, Chas Vreeland, Jno B Valden, GB Wa Lucas, Charlie McCall, WoW. Fanless Wi McClendon, MB +e Ne McKean, Edwin Tol = Warts, “A @ McKnight, H D Webster, Wm ee Welkins, GH Mr and McLary, Francis ‘Mrs MeNeale, Kess Vel 7 a Macbowel, AO Hon Woe ne™ Wells, Fied H Maginn, James Welsh, Jno A Massey, Ni Wesbrook, John Mason, B White, Grant, (2) Micieli, Antonis Whitehead, Tos Miller,” Wm Whiting, WB Dr Montgomery, Jones L — Wilkenson, W Moore, Willard. Joseph H Capt Moore, Edward L Williams, W Robt Morell, Albert Wilts, Mullin, Patrick Wilson, AE Hon " Wilson, G 1 Wilson, HB Hon Wilson, William orthip, TG Winstow, Sam B Gentee, CB Chester :_ Jno Wright, Jno H Perrone, John Yates. Daniel Phillips, John Ye, Tam E Plent, James C MISCELLANEOUS LIST. American Rook Co National Assoctotion Bayard ‘House, proprie- Nation's Bureau (2) tor National News, Pub of Boyd's Farm, The Paper Chiet Advisory Associa- National Publishing Co, tion The Commercial Library Pantorium Pastor of the 2d Presby- terian Church, To the Senior Students’ Library Cori ‘spon Eclectic Drum Corps iment Burean,The Turkish Perfumery Co > for Woman's U. S$. Barb Co Work United States Medicinal Faithful Messenger, The Co Lennox Library Vernon Pub Co Mini: from’ Servia Washington Publish in g C 1 Agency Green, George C STATION GENTLEMEN. Wilson, R. Woods, John LADIES. Kelley, Agnes A Mra “RO Collins, CC Henary, William THE EGYPTIAN IRRIGATION SCHEME Cgntroversy Between the Engineers md the Archaeologists. From the London Times. The khedive in council ha$ approved a contract just concluded for the construc- tion of two great dams for the storage and control of the water of the Nile. For many years past there has been exhaustive ex- amination and discussion of different plans proposed for the attainment of this object. From this eomplete and scientific investi- gation of the whole question the plan now adopted has emerged as the best and most satisfactory solution of a great problem. Englishmen, at all events, will think none the worse of it when we say that it is a compromise. Mr. Willcocks, to whose ability and diligence in investigating the whole subject it is scarcely possible to pay too high a tribute, arrived three or four years ago at the conclusion that the best site for impounding the water of the Nile is just above Assuan at the first cataract. But there was one grave objection to the scheme as it originally stood. Ptolemy IL had built a temple to Isis, whose tears, by the way, are the legendary cause of the rise of the Nile, upon the Island of Philae, and that island would have been almost submerged had the Nile been held up to the extent proposed. Our readers doubt- less remember the storm of controversy that raged round this point. What is a tem- ple, said the engineers, in comparison with a work involving the prosperity of millions of human beings? Are base commercial motives, cried the archaeologists, to over- ride everything in this world, and is a priceless monument of antiquity to be lost to mankind in order that a few more fella- heen may grow cotton and millet? Vari- ous solutions were proposed. Philae was to be surrounded by masonry as solid as the dam itseif, and was to be thus secured against all <nticipated dangers. One dis- tinguished engineer was prepared to hoist the temple bodily and underpin it, so as to stand permanently above the highest water level. Mr. Willcocks himself, if we remember aright, discussed its removal stone by stone and its re-erection on a neighboring island which will never be sub- mefged. The actual solution is more pro- saic. The dam is to be built on the un- rivaled site at Assuan, but it is not to be carried to the height first proposed. A head of forty-six feet of water now satis- fles the engineers and does not alarm the archaeologists. Of course the water supply is greatly reduced, for the originally pro- posed head of water was some five meters greater, but if something is lost much re- mains. Cost is reduced and the provision of water is perhaps as great as Egypt can profitably utilize for some years to come. This great dam will serve the double pur- pose of storing water in relief of the dry season or of abnormally low Niles and of mitigating the violence of exceptional floods. The contractors, who promise completion in five years, present a mod- erate bill. They are to receive £160,000 a year for thirty years from the carrying out of their contract. That is a payment of nearly five millions, but the credit is very long, and the present actuarial value is Probably about half the sum. It may be confidently stated that without the, credit of the British government Egypt could never have come within speaking distance of so good a bargain. The annual pay- ment will be saved three times over in security from floods alone. The great work, which will be carried out under Sir Willian. Garstin’s able supervision, with its subsidiary system of canals both for irri- gation and for transport, and with the ac- companying drainage system, the import- ance of which is now fully recognized, will constitute such an addition to the sum of rational happiness and prosperity as it does not every day fall to the lot of the most well-meaning rulers to make. ~ Another Case of Appendicitis. (Copyright, Life Publishing Compeny.) HOTELS. ‘This List Appears Every Saturday. HOTEL INFORMATION FREE. For booklets of American, European Hotels, Fall amd Winter Resorts, also rates of apartments in Hotels oclow, call or address (send stamp) HOTEL TARIFF BUREAU, HOTEL POCKET GUIDE FREE. --Hotel Kentmore, A.P., $4 ASHEVILLE, N.C. .Battery Park Hotel, A-P..$4 up as CITY, N.J. Hotel St. Charles, 4.P.,$4 up ‘The Carrollton, A.P., $3 up 40. -Hotel Altamont, R.P., $1 up; A-P., $2.50 up do. -Mount Vernon Hotel, E.P., $1 up -Hotel Vendome, A.P., % do. Copley Sq. Htl., E.P..$1.50up: A.! BOURNEMOUTH, Eng. Royal BathHotel, A.P.,$4to$3 BROOKLYN,N.Y. Hotel St.George, E.P.,$1; A.P..$3 CAMBRIDGE SPRGS.,Pa.Hotel Rider, A.P.,$2.50up CINCINNATI, 0...Grand Hotel, E.P., $1; A.P., $3 FLA.,JACKSONVILLE. .St. James Hotel, A-P.. $4 FLA., SUWANEE SPR'GS Hotel and famous water $255 ( TAMPA, TAMPA BAY HOTEL..ap = Opens Dec.8; D.P. Hathaway, Mgr. WINTER PARK, SEMID ‘OL Opens Jan. 17; A. E. Dick, Mgr. KISSIMMEE, THE KISSIMMEE.ap Opens Jan. 3; L. E. Bullook, Mgr. OCALA, OCALA HOUSE. ap . Brown, Mer. BELLEAIR, BELLEVIEW.. ap ap FLORIDA RESORTS, F. H. Abbott. Mgr. RS, Ft.Meyers Htl..ap Opens Jan. 17; F. H. Abbott, Mgr. Mo.TheMidiand,E.P..$1up;A.P..83up N.J...Lakewood Hotel, #4 op LONDON, Eng. Hotel Cecil, E.P., $2 up LONDON( Westminster)s in'sliotel. High class Unexcelled for luxury,comfort,cuisine. E.P.,$1 up MEMPHIS, Tenn. .Gayose Hotel, oa MOBILE, Ala. Battle H’se,roome&bath, yup NAPLES, It. lendid view south) Parker's Hotel 'S,La.NewSt.CharlesHotel, \.P.,84 up +The Cosmopolitan Hotel, E.P., $1.50 op : -Hotel Grunewald, NEW YORK .(N.B.Barry) The do.The W $3.59 up; E. do. (Sth av.&15th st.)Hotel Kensington, a KANSAS CIT’ LAKEWOOD, P..$1.5eup; AP. Je&tdh, The Lafayet -GEORGE,Staten Island. ‘TheC: ST.LOUIS, Mo. Pianter’sHotel, F, -Lindell Hotel, THOMASVILLI $2.50 up Ga..Piney Woods Hotel, A.P_.$4up rincess Anne Hotel,A.P.,84 up .-Arlington Hotel, A.P., $5 ij The Baleigh, E.P., $1.50 up HOWARD HOUSE. Washington, D. C.; $2 and $2.50 S day; Ameri- can plan; steam beat; central location: meals without rooms, $5 per week or $20 per month. a-bl-3m ISHED ROOMS AT THE HO- 14th and Yale n.w.; single and en in all appointments. The cuisine isa special feature of the house. jn6-tf R. J. MARSHALL, Manag: FRENCH LINE. Compagnie Generale Translantique DIRECT NE TO HAVRE — PARIS (FRANCE) Sailing every Saturday at 10 a.m. From Pier 42 North river, foot Morton street. La ‘Mar. ‘3 Bowling Green, | G. W. MOSS, £21 Pennsylvania ave. BELL & CO. 1406 G st. fel2-1y-15 North German Lloyd. FAST EXPRESS SERVICE. SOUTHAMP10N, LONDON. BREMEN. Kaiser Wm. Der Grosse.... Tuesday, Mar. 15, 9 am Labn..Tu..Mar. 22. 9 am)Kaiser.Tu.,Apr. 12,9 am Trave.Tu. | Labo. .Tu.,Apr. 19.9 am Bremen....... Friedrich der Grosse.- ril 7, noon ES, GENOA. K. Wm. ULMch.19, 101m Aller. Fulda ©.Mch. 26, 10 am Werra.. Ems ....Apl 2, 10 am K.Wm. pr. 30, OELRICHS & CO., 2 BOWLING GREEN. Apply to E. F. DROOP. 925 Pa. ave.. jab-Ty:22 Agent for Washington. A TRIP TO JAMAICA, The Queen of West Indian Islands, BY THE ATLAS LINE, offers exceptional advantages to persons seeking vacation of limited duration for health and rest. The trip from New York to Jamaica snd retarn can be made in 17 days. Send for Illustrated Booklet “W.” PiM, FORWOOD & KELLOGK, General Agents, 24 State St., New York. no16-tu,th&s-4m, Holland-America Line FOR ROTTERDAM N AMSTERDAM, VIA BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. Mcderste prices, great cemfort, superior accom- moedations. Apply for handbook and terms to ge! peas. agency, 30 Broadway, New York, or to E. F. DROOP & SONS, 925’ Penna. ave.; G.W. MOSS, #21 Penna. ave.: CRANE, PARRIS & CO., Etbitt House block, Washington, D. C. Jal t,th,6m,10 INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION COMPANY. American Line. New York - Southampton (London - Pa Tein screw U.S. Mail Steamsbips, Sailing evi Vednesday at 10 a.m. oe Star. 16, Paris, Red “Star Line. EW YORK TO ANTWERP. Salling every W-dnesday at 12 noon, Kensington. 16) Noordiand Wenteraland 23 Friesland. Southwark oD. NEW YORK OFFICE, 6 BOWLING GREE} WASHINGTON OFFICE, 1306 F ST. N.W.. or Geo. W. Moss, Agent, 921 Penna. ave. se226m DENTISTRY. Painless Extracting 50c., Best tecth, $8. Fillings, Crowns, Bridges, etc.. at correspond = jing prices. iach ‘department ia ae ciel apt ot ata pp ly U. $: Dental Ass'n, 22 2 fe2-tt MEDICAL, CHESAPEAKE AND ONO RAILWAY. THROUGH THE GRANDEST SCENERY AMERICA. ALL TRAINS VESTIBUL) ELECTRIC LIGHTED, STEAM HEATED. ALL MEALS SEKVED IN DINING CARS STATION, SIXTH AD Schedole in eff 2:20 P.M. DAIL cial.—Solid’ train to Cincinnati, D B STKERTS. < March 20, 1898, —Cincinnatt and cinnati, Pullman S Lexington, Loutsvitie, Indi and St. Louia without chunge. Conhec * Ington, Va., for Virginia Hot Springs daily. Parlor 2 11:10 P.M. DAILY—F. F. V. Limited. ia train for Cincinnati. Pullman Sleepers te Cincinnati, Lexington and Loulsville without change. open for see tage 9 pm. Pullman Com Hot Springs, w b: ‘Sunday Connection datly. Reservation and tickets at Chesape offices, 513 and 1421 ‘Ivania the station. a. Ww be mh10-30d General Passen 4 Old Point Comfort t. Louis Spe- WITHOUT CHANGE OF CARS. 5¥4 hoursfrom Washington VIA PE SSYLVANIA, R., FL & P., AND Chesapeake and Ohio Railways. Schedule in ffect Fetruary 22, 1808. WASHINGTON 4:15 p.m. Tuesday Bolt train, . Thursdays and Satu electric-lighted, ation coach, vestibuled, steam -beated Richmend, a.m.—Daily except ington to Kichmond. and Arrive tices tion, Pennsytvania Pull i H.W. PULLER, General mhb10-314 fassenger Agent. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. TION ©: oF SIXTH AND B STREETS, PITTSBURG E rs Harristu: » Pitts AMITED. Sleeping, Harrisburg Louis, Harris PAsTt LINE. Harrisburg. ittsbur M. & vat Indian- Baftet moking and Obs Cinetn ati, eae. pra Pullman Beffet Parlor Buffet Parlor Car Harrisburg ping aD is, Nash M. WES N EXPRESS to Pittsburg, Chicage and. s St. Lout Dining Car to Chic SOUTH man Siceping Cars V Harrisburg (> St. Louis an Dining PACIFIC » Pittsburg. PRESS —Vallman Sleep- nandaigna. Rochester and pt Sunday Rene daily . except PM sport, Buf- Saitrday, N Car Washing mm to Tt FOR PHILADELPHIA. E 400 PM. “Ci all Parlor Cars, with Dit more. Regular at 7:00 ( 10:00 (ining Cary and 11 Wilmington) A.M., 12:45, and 11:59 PM 8:00, AM, eM. AM AL LAMITY ing Car fro ining Car, 8: ™) (Dining Car from 15, 4:20, 6:0, 10:00 . 7:00 (Dining Cary, from Wilmington) and 11:50 TM on 11:00 (Dini 5, 3:15, ‘or Philadelph week da: 8:00. . aB=18 Limited), ”, 40. Lim- ited), $20. 10:40 and 11:50 PM. For Pope's Creek Tdne, 7:50 A.M. and 4:26 PS. dally. except Sunday. For Annapolis, 7-00, 9:00 A.M. P.M deily. except Sunday. and 4:20 P.M Atlantic Coast “Line— sonville, St. August pn. Week days; Express for Florida and Atlantic Ccast Line. 4:30 A.M. Richmond only. Spectal, ie 4:20 and 5:40 Sundays, 9:00 A.M. for Jack- 6:20 PM. points on 1. daily; Atlanta, and Seaboard Alr Line, modation for Quantico, P.M. week days. INNECTIONS ja Delaware 3:46 107 AM. week days. chm via Bridge, Market Ri all-rail route) MM. st Street Wharf. and 1 AM. 12:45 P.M.. week days, and 11:50 P.M. daily. For Cape May, 11:00 A.M. week days, 11:50 P.M. ay. Ticket offices, corner Fifteenth and G streets, and at the station, Sixth and B streets, where or- ders can be left for the checking of baggage to destiniticn fiom hotels and residences. J. B. HUTCHINSO: General Mgnager. jalT ; J. R. Woon, Gencral Passenger Agent. SOUTHERN RAILWAY. Schedule in effect J AIL trai ry 17, 1898. arrive and leave at Penusylvania pas- tion. Local for Danville, Charlotte and way stations, it Manassas for Str: burg, Harrisonburg and Staunton. dail Sunday, and at Lynchburg with the Nor Western daily. 1:15 AM—Daily.—THE UD FAST MAIL. Carries Pullman Buffet Sleepers, New York and Washington to Jacksonville, wnit= ing at Salisbu-y with Pullman Sleeper for’ Ashe- ville and Hot Springs N TED STATES Kn and at rlotte Sleeper’ for Augusta. Puliman New York to New Orleans, connecting at Atlunta for Birmingham and Memphis. Connects at L . barg with C. and O. Railway for Lexington Natural Bridge daily. Solid train W New Orleans without change. Conducted this train e ville and Chat. with Buffet tanooga, Tenn., co Pulluan Sleeper Sunset Personally purist, Excursion Through Sleeper on ry Wednesday and Saturday to San o with at chang -M.—Local for Front Royal, Strasburg and imirg. daily, except Sunday ‘M.—Daily.—Local for Charlottesville. Sundas).—NEW YORK Composed apartment, -—Daily (exec FLORIDA LIMITED. latest. Drawing Room, ion, Library and Dini nd St. Augustine, for Augusta. with conn of Puil- Ob- eg Cars, for Jackson- and Drawing Ti m Car 10:43 PLM. sf SOUTHWESTERN VESTIBULED LIMITED, com. posed of Pullman Vestibuled Sleepers, Dining Cars snd Day Coaches. Pullman Sleepers x Tena., via Asheville, Knoxvili attanooga; New York to Tampa, via Cha Columbia, Savannah and Jacksonville. Danville ‘with P Augu: and York to Net Vestibated Scuthern Railway Dining € gomery TR. SION daily ? for Round Hill 2p. except Sanlay, for Leesburg, and 6:10 p.m. daily for Herndon’ — Daily rON AND uniting ai Uman Skeper from Richmond t ambia, with connection for Alken, Z| N AND OHIO DIVI- . daily, 4:45 p.m. ndays only Returning, arrive at Washington am. and 3:00 p.m. dafly from Round Hill, 7:06 a.m. dally, except Sunday, from Herndon, 8:34 a.m. daily, ex: cept Sunday, from Leesburg. 4 hrough trains from the south arrive at Wash- and 8:35 ington, 6: dally, ‘and 9:45 isonburg, Gay, and'8:30 am. daily from Charlottesville Tickets, Sleeping Car reservation and informa. tion farnished at offices, 705 15th st. n.w., 911 Pennsylvania avenue, and at Pennsylvania raiirod ssenger station. ree ee. GANNON. 34 Vice Prest. & Gen. Mgr. IM. CULP, Traffic Manager. w. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. Schedule in effect November 14, 1897. Leave Washington from station corner of New Jersey ave, and © st. For Chicago and Northwest, Vestibuled Limited trains, 11:05, 11:25 a.m., 8:05 p.m. For Cincinuati, St. press, 11:25 a.m. Vs m. and 2:20 p.m. TURK, Gen. Pass. Agent. BROWN, Gen. Agt. Pass. Dept. Touls and Indianapolis, Rx- Limited, p.m ress, 11:55 p.m. me uttebore — Cleveland, Express daily, L am. and >. bus, ‘Ts and Detroft, 11:55 p.m. Fer ‘Winsvester and way stations, 18:00 42:40 and 15: p.m. Ni is, Birmingham, Chat- Bg A hy 4 Ee erat 1:35, "58:00, 8:30, 39:30. tancoga, Knoxville, 9:00