The New York Herald Newspaper, February 28, 1879, Page 8

8 NEW YORK HERALD, F STEEL SHIPS. Thoir Superiority Set Forth by an Ac- knowledged Authority. IMPORTANT COMPARATIVE TESTS. tron Shown To Be in Most Respects an Inferior Material, "The Henaxp’s articles on “Safety at Sea’ have re- vived the discussion of the merits of steel as a ship- building material and its advocates anuounce them- Belvee in great numbers. In this connection # paper, written by Mr. 1s, Martell, chief sarveyor of Lloyd’s Register, furnishes most reliable and instructive Gata, Atits nineteenth session it was read before the Institution of Naval Architects, April 11, 1878, Lord Hampton being in the chair. Mr. Martell con- tends for the superiority of steel over iron for ship- Duilding, on the ground both of security and of economy. He claims that the great utility which mild steel has of late years been proved to possess, has drawn to it the attention of shipowners as & body and alwost all of them look for- ward to its general -employment ins prefer- ence to iron, It is also held that its cost, with especial reference to the reduction of weight, will warrant its adoption as a stronger and more buoyant material. That this view is becoming more preva- Jent, he said, is shown by the number of steel ves- sels in course of construction. During the preceding twelve mouths there had been laid before the com- mittee of Lioyd’s Register the particulars of sailing vessels aggregating over 5,000 tons and of steamers @geregating 18,000 tons, which were to be built of Steel. A large number of small vessels, and some even of more than 1,000 tons, had been built for special purposes of trade and had been successfully used, one of them of 1,200 tons having already been In service for fourteen years. In previous shipbuild- Ing in which steel had been employed it had been found that among the burned out there would be & great many extremely brittle ones, and it had therefore been looked upon, for a long time with very general distrust. It has been shown, however, by experiment, that mild. steel, possessing uniform duetility, elasticity and tensile strength can bo manufactured at a comparatively low cost, and would be much superior {o ordinary iron. ‘It 18 at the same time,” says Mr. Martell, “capable of being welded with as much ease and as satisfactorily as - dron. This has been shown to the entire satisfaction of many of our surveyors * * * and it is also confirmed in a specimen which has been forwarded to me by Mr. Kirk, of Glasgow.” ‘ HOW IT WAS TESTED, "This specimen was shingled from ‘the cuttings of stee) plates in ordinary use, im the same way and at the same heat as would be used with common scrap iron. It was bent (cold) till the ends closed and finally broke. A piece of the same material was tested and found to stand a tensile strain of twenty- Bix tons to the square inch. Mr. Kirk observes:— *In all this it behaves just as ordinary iron. It ‘welds as freely as iron, does not lose its strength by the process, and in fact is cleaner or more perfect in the welds.” RIVETING MATERIAL. In reference to the means of connecting the parts of asteel ship Mr. Martell acknowledges that it has been found in experience that risk has been incurred by using steel rivets, unless specialcare is taken to insure their being of a very mild quality and uni- formly heated, and at not too high a temperature, If their efficiency can be insured, theirsreater strength, which is one-fourth more in resisting shearing, will constitute far better joints than any made of iron, even though the latter be larger. If they are specially prepared with competent, skilled labor, and not with the assistance of mere boys, there is no Yeason, says Mr. Martell, with no more evidence of danger than we at present possess, why their use should be restricted. There is still room for valu- able experiment in riveting. The best diameter and pitch of rivets ‘in relation to the thickness of the plates are yet to be determined, and it is not yet cer- tainly ascertained whether ironor steel offers the greater advantages. INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS, Statements of the results of tests effected by him are mace by Mr. Martell. Iron plates connected by iron butt straps of the same thickness, double chain riveted with iron and having the holes punched, showed a mean tensile strength of 17.9 tons per Square inch, and in every case the break took place through the rivet holes. Steel plates, not annealed after punching, connected by a steel butt strap of the Bame thickness, double chain riveted with iron, withstood a tensile strain of 16.7 tons per square finch of rivet area, the tension on the plate between the holes being only 15.3 tons per square inch when ‘the rivets sheared. In another experiment, similar to the last, except that the rivets were arranged zig- Bag, they were sheared ut a strain of 19.2 tons per Fquare inch. Steel plates not annealed after punch- ing, connected by steel butt straps of the same thick- ness, double chain riyeted with steel, showed a mean tensile strength of 22.5 tons per square inch, in some cases the rivets shearing and in others the plates breaking. It pears, therefore, that the full Btrength obtained from double riveting with iron does not exceed # mean of 16 tons per square inch, ‘while that shown by stecl rivets in steel plates un- B@nneslec was 22)¢ tons at the rivet holes, Mr. Mar- tell’s conclusion that in order to insure the whole strength of the plates being utilized “either the Tivets should be larger or more elosely spaced or the butts would have to be (eituer) treble riveted with fron or doubie riveted with steel.” PUNCHING AND DRILLING. The process of panching through metal plates is Productive of a certain change in the structure of those ‘jpurts bordering on the holes and a consequent dete- Horation of their strength. Engineers have paid | elgg attention to the problem of obviating this injury, and in referring to it Mr.,Martell announces the following results of experiments which have been made, show.ng the comparative advantages of punching and drilling :— 1. That very thin steel plates suffer lesa from punehing than iron plates 2. That tho difference in loss of strength in punch- ing in steel and in punching in iron does not appear Buificiently great to require special precautions in up to eight-sixteenths of an inch in hat in plates above eight-sixteenths of an inch in thickness the loss of strength in iron plates by punching ranged trom 20 to 23 per cent, while in Bteel plates of the same thickness it ranged from 22 ‘to 38 per cent. . That by annealing, after punching, the whole ef the lost strenyth was restored, and in some in- stances greater reivtive strength was obtained than existed in them betore. 5. That in punching the stecl was injured for only @smali distance around the holes, end that by rim- dug with a drill ia than the punch previous, used from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an incl around them the injured part was removed aud no do f strengih was then observed, . That in drilled plates no appreciable loss of tensile #treugth could be discovere “Here again,’ continued Mr. Martell, “we must fall back upou the comparison with iron. When we hear the complaint that stecl loses so much by unching, it often escapes attention that iron also joses considerabiy from the same cause, If, then, ‘we start with iron at a normal strengtu of twenty tous and steel at twenty-eight tons per square inch, and suppose the reduction for scantlings in steel is 20 per cent froin thoe of iron, it can easily be slown that if the steel loses 40 per cent by punch- fig aud thc iron 22. per cent the balance of #trength still remains slightly with the steel. The ioss due to punching is nevertheless a most imporiant matter. Punching with an open die has been strongly recommended as queans of reducing (he loss. * * * On the other hand, improvements in this method have been sug- ted. * * * A step in the direction of rendeg- ing annealing, or rimming after puvehing unnecer- sary has been takeu by the introduction of the spiral punch. It has been found that after its use the #trength of the material was about two and a half tons per square inch yreater than atter the ordinary method Of perforation, while greater duccility exisied about the holes, h requires only ubout two-thirnis the r ired by an ordinary punch, and it expends its t more to the injury of the’ piece which is excised than upon the neighboring material. «Phore are other points which tell in favor of the ally the Pract holes in the ontaide ly all the distressed ved by counter sinking, y to muke this still more effee- tive, so that under any circumstances there would remain in the skin of the vessel only the inner strukes of wt and the to be dealt with. When, however, onsidered that the probabie cost of annealing all the outside plating, stringers and butt straps would not excoed a few shillings per ton of material in tho whip, L cannot think it will form a serious impedi- ment to the introduction o steei shipbuilding, even if it be found indispensable, it wouid, I conceive, De better to make @ somewhat greater reduction in the scantlings than to dispense with restoring the @trongth at the butts in large ships. In the same ‘way it appears to me that all ships where the sheer- strakes, garboardstrakes and deck stringer plates are above eight-sixteenths of au inch in thickness they should, together with the butt straps, be annealed alter punching, inorder to utilize as Lar as possible plates which were | 130. the full strength of the material at these important parts, * * * : RIGIDITY OF STEEL AND IRON. “The ficiency of a ship must in ull cases depend ina yreat measure upon her general rigidity as well as upon her longitudinal strength, and it is important in making reductions in the sizes of the frames and reserve trames that this feature should be ima tained. Also in reducing the thickness of the plating, especially toward the eds of 4 ship, it ix necessary to think of its rigidity between the frames and of the means of imparting strength to resist panting and distortion. I have given the results of a few ex- periments intended to throw some light on this point, and they do not, so far as they go, § 80 favor- ably for the stcel as the tensile and other experi- ments do. They consisted in testing the compara- tive stiffness of strips of steel and iron plate, and of some plates and angles combined, by supporting the specimens near thaends aud weighting them in the middfe end measuring the amount of deflection at successive loads, The test pieces were supported, but not rigidly held, by the ends, and so differed in a measure from the condition of the skin platipg be- tween the frames of a ship, and the steel might probably have compared somewhat better if the ends had been fixed.” ‘The following table shows some of the results of the experiments ailuded to in the two tests reportéd, the bearings having been tw feet apart :— d ‘Perma- —_Elon- Descrip- Load, tum, nentset, gation, tion. Inches, Lbs. Inches, Inches, Inches, 1. Steel plate, 4x5-16, 957 gi Iron plate, 4x%4.. 1,001 — 2. Steel plate, 4x%,.. 1,60 3 113-16 Tron plate, 4xg.. 1,088 37-16 339 13-16 Experiments with pee riveted together with angle irons, supported at the ends and weighted in the middle (the bearings being three feet apart and the pitch of the rivets four.imehes), resulted as fol- lows:— Steel, Tron. Plate 64 in. x % in. Plate 6% in, x 7-16 in, Angles 2% in. x 234 Angles 2 5-16 in, x in, x 5-16 om, 215-16 in, x % in, —_——— —_——— Load. “Dejtection, Perm, Set “Deflection, Perm. Set, Cut. i dn. din. dn, 5. . 013 0015 025, 0057 088 057 075 Lit not carry. 80 Not taken, Not taken. Not taken, . Not taken. 3.32 Not taken. Plate broke across both nnched holes. ‘These tests were repeated nine times, with the same general results, although two of the iron plates broke sooner than any of the steel ones. A definite average of elongation under tensile strain having proved therefore very difficult to ob- tain, Mr. Martell shows in elaborate tables the per- centages of extension. As to the comparative cost of iron and steet ships he proves that the superior lightness of the latter in proportion to its bulk would aiford 4 much greater capacity for the carry- ing of dead weisht cargoes, while for those of the ordinary description there would be just as much space as in iron vessels, The quantity of material required in building a steel ship would bo less than that required im building one of iron, and the small excess of cost of the former over the latter would be compensated in afew years by the additional earn- ings. OXIDATION OF STEEL. “What information I have gained,” concludes Mr. Martell, ‘of the comparative deterioration of steel and iron from oxidation is not such as to warrant the opinion which appears to be entertained by some that steel deteriorates much more rapidly than iron when used for shipbuilding. A striking illustra- tion is that of le steamer = which was built on the Clyde im ‘1859 for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company and has been employed in act tual service up to the present time, and is, perhaps, the oldest steel vessel now afloat. She was ex- amined about four years ago and the bottom putes from the keel to the water line was, I understand, foupd to be in a state of excellent preservation. In the vicinity of the water line, where deterioration would naturally be expected, the plates were found to be wasted, but not more than might have been the case under the sume circumstances with iron plating. Another case is that of the steel sailing ship of 1,200 tons before alluded to. ‘This ship has been engaged in general trade to India and elsewhere for the last fourteen years, aud I am informed when last sur- to have dete- veyed she was not found riorated even to the extent which would have been experienced in an vessel under the same circumstances. Mr. Bessemer recently informed me that he had made experiments with a view to ascertain the comparative corrosion of sieel aud iron in nitric acid, and that the results would seem to bear out this experience. I have, it is true, heard of light draught river boats built of steel deteriorating rapidly, but have not yet been able to clear my mind of # suspicion. that either the specialty of the cargo, or the nature of the waters navigated, or some such surrounding circumstances, such as carelessness, might have aggravated the wasting alleged to have taken place in them, I may mention also that there are two steam- ers of over 1,600 tons, at present running between this country and the Continent. which are built of stecl. They were built in 1865, and have there- fore been afloat the last thirteen years. * * * ‘The attention of shipowners cannot be too strongly drawn to the false economy of running their vessels too continuously instead of placing them in dry dock at fitting intervals, so that the surfaces of plating can be properly examined, scraped and painted when found necessary. By a due regard to this, whether the vessels be of irou or steel, my ex- perience leads me to the conclusion that often much unnecessary outlay might be avoided and the cost oft detention and coating would be far more than compensated for by the durability of the vessels. * * * If steel is to replace iron in the immediate future I need not say the stride will be an enormous one, and great changes may have to follow, but I nevertheless look forward to such changes without misgivings, for I know they will be undertaken with the utmost care and with every endeavor to abide strictly by the teachings of experience and with a duo regard to the principies involved therein.” SIX YEARS OF STREET CLEANING. ‘The following report just issued gives the statistics of the Street Cleaning Bureau from 1873 to 1878, in- elusive, with amounts of money received and ex- pended during that period, the mumber of loads of ashes, garbage, snow and ice removed, with the average cost per year: — In 1813 there were received from the Board of Apportionment......... $1,000,000 In ¥i $970,000 In 1877.. 732,000 In Ess, 850,000 In 1878.) 700,000 In 1876. 726,600 In the corresponding years the following sums were expended :— In 1873 $1,045,846 30 In 1876... vee $726,272 51 + F21,828 41 , “expended in amount over the appropriation ex) in 1873 was taken from unexpended balances. ‘Tue number of miles swept each year as above is as follows:—In 1873, no report; in 1874, 12,212 miles; in 1875, 9,447 mi in 1876, 11,283 miles; in 1977, 7,082 miles; in 1874, 17,761 miles. The report shows that the number of loads of ashes, garbage, Wirt, snow and ice removed was as follows:—In 1873, no account had; in 1874, 810,075 loads; in 1875, 1877, 1,017,048; 1878, 1,131,806 loads. The average ; 7 in 1376, 70 cents and 6 mills; in 1877, 70 cents and 9 mills in 1878, 60 cents und 8 mills, A BREWER'S BLUNDER. Mr. Henry A. Besold, a Milwaukee brewer, arrived in this city on Wednesday morning, en route to the Faderland, In the evening, accompanied by a spaniel valued at $500, he started out to see the town, and Encountering girl named Anna Donohue, some- where in Morris street, addressed her, it was ome) in court yesterday, so freely, as to scare her into the house of a friend. Man and dog watched tho door for half an hour, and, when Miss Dono- hue reappeared, it is said, beset ber again. An attempt to implant a kiss on her brow or cheek, | she claims, met with such spirited resistance as to excite the dog, whose barking drew a crowd. Then Miss Donobuo's friend made uer appearance on the front a, cudgel in hand, and . Besold, secing that mi jief was brewing, drew a revolver. Officer Shay, of the Twenty-seventh precinct, just at that moment happened along, and the Milwaukean and his spaniel spent the rest of the night inacell, Ten dollars made evergthing right in the Tombs Police Court yesterday morning. ‘THE BLAIR DIVORCE CASE. Following close on the heels of the court martial in the case of Captain Thomas Blair is a suit brought by Mrs. Maria L. G. Blair for annulment of her marriage to him at Lancaster, Ky., on the 17th of jast September. As is well known, she wae the widow of General Gordon Granger. ‘On her behalf tion was made yesterday to Judge Donohue, ‘upreme Court, for an order directing her amination before trial and fixing the date of such examination oa Wednesday next. She gives as tha reasons for desiring soch a speedy examination that she wishes to visit ner father and sister at Lancaat Ky.; that she desires to take with her her son b; former marriage, and that (he return ‘trip would be both expensive aud unnecessary. The order was granted, 085,481 loads; 1876, 1,027,596 loads; | SAFETY AT SEA. HOW HYMAN LIFE CAN BE PROTECTED FROM THE WAVES—WHAT SHIPS OUGHT TO BE— INSTRUCTIVE LECTURE BY LIEUTENANT MASON BEFORE THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. At Chickering Hall last evening a special meeting of the American Geographical Society was held to liston to an addvess by Lieutenant T. B, M. Mason, of the United States Navy, on ‘The Preservation of Life at Sea,” The lecturer illustrated certain portions of his subject by stereoptican views and models. He began by quoting from an address by Charles B. Roberts, of Maryland, on the life-saving service:— “Measure human sympathy and you will have taken ‘the dimensions of this subject." We were all liable ‘at some time to be exposed to the dangers of tho sea. The lecturer’s object was to show how these dangers might be met, if by other means they had not been prevented. Few persons were able to invent ideas in time of danger, but having thought over the subject in hours of safety they might be able to save not only themselves but others, The first and most important necessities for preservation in cases of marine acci- dents were coolness and a knowledge of swimming. Coolness allowed a person to use his mind, and his mind, if it did not tell him what to do, would at least advise him to keep out of other people’s way and do what others better informed might suggest. There were times when, there being no artificial means at ,hand, only swimming would save one. The great majority of people could not swim, and, strange though it were, many who followed the sea as a profession could not swim a stroke, Referring to the Revised Statutes of the United States requiring every steam vessel to carry a plentiful supply of life preservers, the lecturer said:—‘‘How these laws are actually carried out can be seen by any person who travels so far as Brooklyn or Jersey City. The life preservers are on board, but where are they? Strapped up under the cabin ceiling, where no one buta giant could possibly reach them, or stuck under the seats where none but an expert would notice them. In river steamers they arc generally stowed in boxes where no one unacquainted with the fact could ever find them. In ocean steamers they are often kept in some out-of-the-way locker. In men-of-war the small number can usualiy be found in the furthest corner of the yeoman’s storeroom.”” UNPROVIDED SHIPS. ‘The dangers to which ships were usually subjected Lieutenant Mason enumerated as burning, colliding, upsetting and stranding. There was not to-day one single vessel sailing or steaming from this port or any other that was properly provided. We saw ref- erences made to watertight compartments and col- lision bulkheads. They did not exist in practice, ‘To be of use they must be beforehand, Compart- ments should be absolutely watertight. The bottoms should be double. ‘The whole underwater, and up to at least six feet above the water, part of a ship should be like a ee The very part of a ship oc- cupied now by an immense open space is the = part that should be most subdivided. Each compartment should have a separate pump. ‘The forward compartments should be very small, 80 as not to lift the screw and rudder out of the water when they filled. The coal should be stowed well up on both sides of the engines and boilers to protect them and also to be at hund so that no excuse could be made of difficulty of getting at it on account of the bulkheads. Every pump should be fitted for work, for air or water, and none of the engines for working these | eg should be placed down in the engine room where a fire might cut them off. Each fire alarm, and if possible with an au- tomatic extinguisher, argo should all be packed in waterproof cases, or, better still, in bar- Tels. The compartments being full of such pack- ages would admit but little water. What did come in could be forced out by turning on the air-pump. ‘The steering gear vf all ships should be worked by steam and hand, and the helmsman placed forward close to the officer of ‘the deck, who should be there also, Asecoud apparatus should be placed ait in case of accident. ‘Ihe officer of the watch should be able to stop the engines himself without leaving the bridge. This could be done by electricity, and has been worked successtully aboard a French man-of- war. There should bean ample supply of fire ex- tinguishers, buckets id axes always at hand. ‘There should be permanent steam water pipes such as are fitted in hotels and large buildings, by which steam or water couid be sent to every part of the ship by syphon or other pumps. Each apartment should be provided with atap to this pipe and-a piece of hose long enough to reach any part of it. An electric light at the masthead would do much to prevent collisions or stranding. Such a light py good bed supplied with ses by wed engines and put in operation or extinguis! @ officer Of the deck iuselt. ws ‘THE LIFE SAVING SERVICE. Of the Life Saving Service Lieutenant Mason said:— «The'private enterprise of one of our journals has done much to save lite in giving notice of the ap- proaches of distant storms and advocating the adop- tion of greater precautions in the building of ships.”” The lighthouse service afforded great proiection. There were on the Atlantic coast 451 lights, 43 hot air or steam fog signals, 422 day beacons and 2,610 buoys. On the Pacitic coast there were in all 211 aids to navi- gation. There were 33 lightships on outlying shoais und dangers. Were all the lights of good quality our coast would be ree weil lighted. There was one improvement that should be made, and prob- ably wouid be it funds were appropriated. Every lighthouse, and especially outiying lightships, should be signal and telegraph statious. They would then be able to give warning of bad weathef, aud it a wreck occurred near them or was likely to occur they could signal for aid to the nearest port or lite saving station. Many valuable lives aud cargoes were lost when the timely arrival of a tug or ground tackle would have saved all. ‘The small surt bout was used at almost all the sta- tions. Our coast was so sandy and rugged that it was impossible to transport lifeboats weighing geu- | erally four or five thousand pounds, The surfmen were also familiar with this —. of bout, and seem to place more reliance in it in any other. The mallness of tue crews rendered even this very difli- Suit ot transportation to any distance. Where they could be hired horses were used, but where the; were most wanted they could not’ be obtained. It was recommended that four horses be kept at the stations on the most exposed and desolate parts of the coast. The patrols could ride two of these horses, the other two being always in reserve to bring out the apparatus. e ‘Lhe men were employed for only a part of the year. This necessitated the breaking in of new crews every season. The pay was small and the work most arduous, which prevented men trom reshipping. ‘It ‘was now proposed to regularly enlist the men, employ- ing them im the of woutus in drilling, making a coast roud, building stations, repairing apparatus, puting up telegraphs and patrolling the éoast, in ‘case of a possible accident or to prevent smuggling. Tue crew, as it now stood, was too small. Two men were always on patrol; in case of an alarm one or both of these would be absent. The beats at present, in some localities, were longer than couid possibly be watched by one man, often reaching @ length ot eiyht miles. ‘Then again no leeway was left for the sick list or un- avoidable absence. By a regular system of enlist- ment good crews could be obtained trom districts were plenty of men were to be found and trans- ferred to those where the material was poor! I IT A FRAUD ? In concluding, Licutenant Mason said:—"‘And now, entlemen and ladies, as 1 know you would like to ve # ook at the practical working of our system, let me invite you to put on your warmest clothing, your waterproofé aud your thick boots, and come With me this evening to the lonely coast of North Carolina, not quite xo lonely as it was on the night the Huron was lost. Tue patrolman of the nearest station, which is eight miles off, is now there, see, he i looking seaward. He thought just now that Le saw the gleam of alight. He was tight. Ai- most blinded by the salt spray from the sea mixed with sand from the beach, he is able to make out @ vessel’s lighta, and, to add to his certainty, there goes her gun. She is heading right | in for Uke breakers aud will ground in a tew seconds. ‘The patrol burns bis coston light to show them that they are seen. More he cannot do until he summons assistance. He starts for the station, and after weary hours of toiling, which can only be appreciated by those who have tried such # journey on our coast in & winter’s storm, he reaches his destination. The alarm is given, and in afew minutes the crew start with their apparatus, Six men, ail told, one being far away to the westward on patrol and cannot be reeulled, and ove of this small number is already exhausted by his previous en- | deavors, ‘dragying a handcart weighiug, with its load, over seventeen hundred pounda, almost two hundred aud eighty pounds per man, 190 pounds being the utmost allowed on level roads as the traction of one man, with the wheels, Whose tires are five «inches broad, sinking six itiches into the sand. After tug- ging through saud and floundering in’ mud, some- times entirely halted by the sturm, at all times straining every muscle, they reach the scene of a r. There they find that hours before the el has gone to pieces, and ail that they can do is ea few corpses from the surf. Could human have done more with the means at hand? when we know that these men get for such & sum of $1 33 a day for five months in the , oan We Bay that they have not fully earned it? A BETTER MRTHOD OF TREATMENT, Yet with all this to-morrow the opinion will go forth from the pens of a hundred weil elothed and comfortably lodged gentlemen that the United States life saving service is «l, the organization is bad, the officers ate ine! it, the crews are poor and the patrolmen negligent in'the pertormanee of their duties, Now, shouid these same gentlemen devote | their energies to assisting the service, instead of be- littling it in the popuiar opinion, how much good could be gained! ‘The lesson would be taken to heart; public sentiment would come to the atd of the organization, appropriations would creased and verything done to make sue another accident impossible. With such aid to carry out the planus already matured we should have another stor; The patrolman, two or at most three imiles from his station, would have dismounted from his horse; going to the nearest telegraph pole, he would have sent in the alarm, burned his light and | watched for the line to come ashore; he would thea have attached the line to his horse, and with his aid compartment should be fitted with an electric * have hauled in the whip. In the meantime the crew, with the apparatus drawn by two good horses, would have arrived by an excellent coast road made by the men in summer, The hawser would then be sent out, or one might be hauled ashore trom the ship if it could be got at on board. The car then attached and hauled out, the horses being used to assist, it would then come ashore; and when opened who knows but what young Solon, son of Cengress- nian Solon, aud Mr. , the great banker aud beloved friend of Senator Demosthenes, might not be found comfortably ensconced therein? What a com- forting thing it would be to Messrs. Demosthenes and Solon to think that they had both voted for the increased appropriation anda bill for the turther wrfecting of the United States Life Saving Service. Who knows but we ourselves or our friends may some day need the life car?’ THE LECTURE SEASON. PROFESSOR CHARLES F. CHANDLER ON PUBLIC HEALTH—IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK, The Anthon Memorial Church, in West Forty- eighth street, was crowded last night by a very select audience who had assembled to hear Professor Charles F, Chandler, president of the Board of Health, discuss the health of the city. ‘Sanitary science,” said the Professor, “isnot a new study, In the Greek and Roman empires it was practised, ‘There were the great Roman squeducts, which sup- plied the enormous amount of 350 gallons per head, while at the present time the amount supplied in New York reaches only ninety gallons per head, The ancients had also their Board of Health, with its agents in every district, whose duty it was to see that all the sanitary regulations were complied with, In an age when it was claimed that sickness and death were the penalties of the iniquities of the peo- ple the death rates were enormous, sanitary science being held to be antagonistic to religion, so that no precautions were ever taken to prevent the breeding of disease. Prior to the adoption of vaccination the deaths by smallpox amounted to over one hundred millions, but now the rate is exceedingly small owing to the universal use of the preventative. We are at the present time undergoing a revival of in- terest in sanitary science, which was commenced but afew years ago by the abandonment of wells, the in- troduction of Croton water, increased attention to sewerage and the system of sanitary super: vision. In 1865 the sanitary revival wave reached New York, and a council of hygiene was formed; then rapidly followed the Motropolitan Board of Health and the Sanitary Code. Under the old régime it was made a penalty of fine and imprisonment to refuse to comply with the regulations of the Sanitary Council, but now, owing to hasty legislation, the Board is in a measure powerless to uct, and can only ny violator of the sanitary regulations. in the process of the manutacture of beer and wine, and during that period when fermentation is in progress, there is deposited upon the substances trom the atmosphere minute germs ot fungi, which develop with extraordinary rapidity. These are bacterim, and are otherwise known as tie yeast plant. Under’ the microscope they are not only plainly visible, but their positive growth during the moments of observation is also markadly appreciable. Infectious discases are produced by baetorial poisoning, aud there is little doubt that many forms of malady which attack the human system owe their origin to the presence of these minute fungus centress’ The lecturer touched on the drainage system of New York, and gave as illustrations some inci- dents that came under his own observation in the upper portion of the city. He then gave an idea ot the proper way #cellar shoula be built in order that the a gases would be effectually prevented from entering the houses. His remarks on the stoves now in use were very practical and condemnatory. He said that instead of having the damper between the stove and the fite, as it is now, it would be far more preferable to have the stove so | arranged as to allow of the supply 0: air being cut off by closing the front part of the stove. In the present system, whore it is necessary to shut off the draught it cannot be done without causing the gas, which is generated by the slow combustion of the coal and which forms above it in the stove, to find its way into the room under a certain amount of press- ure, REY. DR. STORRS ON POPE GREGORY VII. Rey. Dr. Storrs delivered the second of his series of eight lectures in the Art Association rooms, Mon- tague street, Brooklyn, choosing as his subject Pope Gregory ‘VIL, known also by the name of Hilde- brand. He said that he was the Puritan par excel- lence of that Church, in the sense that he insisted that its decrees and commandments were paramount to anything else, and that high temporal potentates were -as strictly subject to {ts authority and commands as the lowliest in the land, He addressed himself, first of all, to the sanctification’and purification of the Church, and set his face rigidly against the appoint- ment of priests and bishops by the secular power. ‘The ideas of this Pope, if realized, would have made those of Napoleon I. appear most insignificant; for while the one aimed at a geographical domination the other aimed to control the mind of the world, His reat and fundamental principle of action was that she Church of Rome never did and never could err, and nothing stood in the way of its universal asser- tion but heretical and heathen obstinacy. The heart of the man beat with @ warm throb for suffer- ing humanity; he overflowed with a desire to elevate the condition of the poor, to make education and benevolence more widespread, to abolish the practice of simony and todo many other things to urify and ennoble the Church. He had no armed Toeoss to carry out his purposes, but his moral strength and courage were so great that the boldest monarch trembled at his mandates, The amazing spectacle was witnessed of a man of slight and feeble physical Atructure, without fleets or armies, contending steadily to establish a system against which the most powerful priuces of Europe fought but in despair, It was, after all, the fight of God against the world, the flesh aw the devil. Hildebrand threw himself into this contest with all his might and main, and he said, when he was dying in exile in Salerno, that danger never seemed to him a cause for submis- sion. ‘The floodgates of calumny were opened against him, He was stigmatized as an apostate mouk, who had ruined the episcopacy and been Guilty of many helnous offences. and he was de- clared deposed. He answered with a tremendous reply,,and the terrible democracy of his response made kings and princes tremble. In short, be coun, selled the faithful to disobey the orders of the kings, nud thin #o trightenad the eloquent Bossuet as to lead. him into a disseration on the unlimited power within the command of the Popes. He was sin- cere, smd the speaker, in his primary convictions that the powers of the world should be subordinate to the voice of the Church, and whatever were the faults of Hildebrand it can never be said that he sucriticed the good of his Church to personal or polit- ical motives. The system which he advanced and developed did not die with him. He might be said to have broken the curtain of darkness that hung over the times in which he lived, and to have given the Church of which he was so distinguished a champion # newer and brighter carear. MUSIC AS A NATURAL SCIENCE, Rev. N. E. Cornwall, D. D., delivered a lecture on the “Perfection of Music as s Natural Science” at the hall of Rutgers College. He considered music chiefly in its relation to other subjects which are familiar to an intelligent audience, The lecturer avoided technical terms except such as are well un- derstaod by all or can be easily explained. Music, he said, is at once a perfect and sublime science and a very effective, powerful art. In this twofold character it is pre-eminent above every otticr form of knowledge and culture, Ip music science aod art are most imtimately combined—almost in- separably united. There 18 no other form of knowl- edge and cultare in which art so clearly expresses or so constantly implies the grend principles of its own correlative science; tl ence with which it is directly connected, and on which it chiefly depends. The wonderful effects of music are frequently by enthusiastic lovers of its sweet sounds as almost @ chauce result of some magical motion of skilfal hands upon the strings or keys of one instrament or another, or of some magical power in the vocal organs of singers, fogres torth melodious strains, | ng, retres! i thing. Thus too frequently is “the 7 ere descended inaid” regarded as only the ‘friend of pleasure,” and not in the other graphic phrase of a be palsy the fervid poet, Collins, as also *wisde vf Dr. Cornwall then began a dissertation upon har- monic toues, Every good organist, he said, always remembers, even if other musicians fail to learn this great leading fact in the natural science of music, that the fundamental tone ia essential to any proper combination of the secondary har- monies produced from, two or more of the harmonic tones pluyed’in concord. Now, such combinations are always made in the music of an organ when auy of the mixture stops are drawn. Real harmony in music and in everything is simply fitness, strict conformity to truth and fundamental principles. This is ever essential to good music. And for want of due regard to thin very. bare and barren sounds are usurp the place of good music” THE UNHAPPY NEGRO, “The Modern House of Bondage, or the New En- slavement of the American Negro,”’ was the title of lecture delivered by Mr, J, D, Hayes, at the Shiloh Presbyterian Church, No. 140. Sixth av- ene. The principal part of the lecturer's discourse was an arraignment of the American people for what he claimed was their infamous treatment of the negro race in not allowing them to Teach ® higher place in the body politic of the nation, He said that all the expectations that were raised in the imiuds of the negro race after the war had been most wofully shattered since. Thirteen years ago the negro was a chattel; now he was neither man nor ftom allowed v0, RIDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1879.—TRIPLE SHEET. chattel. He was anondescript. The American people owed more to the colored race than ever they could repay, and as the Americans pride themselves on never paying any just debt it was hardly possible they would ever pay any ot the debt oa owe to the negro, As for the republican party that the negro has had so long dinned into his ears as his ark of salvation at present it was a fraud, a delu- sion and ao snare, ‘The republican party died with John Brown, Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sun:ner. The negro race ought not to trouble itself further about the welfare of American institutions, but about wn welfare, as do the Trish and the German races. ‘Let us, if necessary,” he said, “desert the ballot box. and the primary meeting, and stick to the school room and the lecture room, Let us, like the Jews, learn thrift and com- mon sense and, like them, we will get out fof the house of bonda; THE REBELLIOUS COLLEGIANS, A SENIOR'S ACCOUNT OF THE LATE TROUBLE AT TRINITY—OBNOXIOUS RULES—SEVERE STRIC- TURES ON THE COURSE PURSUED BY THE FACULTY. Learning that some of the recently suspended” students of the senior class of Trinity College, at Hartford, Conn., were staying at the St. James Hotel, areporter of the HenaLp yesterday called upon one of them to get an account of the late trouble with the faculty from the students’ standpoint. After re- hearsing the causes of the recent trouble, which haye already been detaile’ iti the Henan, the student visited broached the subject of the “short com- || mons.” He said:— “The difficulty about the dining hall played a conspicuous part in our troubles. The presi- dent of the college at the beginning of this year wisely suggested that as the students were the ones chiefly interested in the commons a committce of five be elected from them to see to its manage- ment, But it was soon seen that this com- mittee had no real power. Their complaints were neglected, and the: had no control over the steward’s expenditures. The students were, of course, disgusted with this sham. ‘The com- muitee appointed an auditor, by permission, 1 be- lieve, of the trustees, to investigate the dining hall accounts, aud a deficit of over $1,000 was found. In his report the auditor showed how this deficit might be reduced by the removal of certain unfair charges which had been made, and how it might be remedied in the future by a more economical management. The committee then drew ae. & communication to the Executive Committee of the trustees, based upon the auditor's report, asking that the deficit be in part removed by the reductions they suggested, and pre- yented in future by a better system of management. But they especially asked that the same powers be granted to the committee of five that are possessed by a similar board of management at Harvard. The president of the college approved of this commufication and wished it success. He was especially in tavor of tull power being granted the comunittee, and as he was himself a member of the Executive Committee of the trustees every one nat- urally entertained hope of success. But the Execu- tive Committee granted scarcely any of the requests, and entirely refused the important one about grant- ing power, to the students, As the president was on the Executive Committee. anu approved the commu- nication, and yet seemed unable to carry it through, the students did not know what to think. As the comunittee of five were useless without power they resigned.” CENSORSHIP OF THE soNGs. “But it was neither the opposition to the rules nor the trouble about the diving hall which precipitated the recent diftieulty,” the reporter suggested, “No, as I said before, it was « ving to the difference in regard to submitting the songs to be sung at the enterwinment on the 22d. Indeed, the trouble could have been avoided if instead of demanding the sub- mission of the words of the songs the taculty had said, ‘If anything improper is sung on Washington’s Birthday you will be punished.’ ‘Nobody could have objected to this, and, besides, the students had no in- tention to sing improper songs. Many ladies were expected to be present, and their own sense of pro- priety would have prevented anything of the kind; but the fact is that the faculty cared disrespect rather than impropriety. When it came to the crisis the students were much exasperated by remarks of members of the taculty, One professor suid, ‘There is no use im trusting the studenta—if you give them inch they will take an ell.’ When it was sug- gested to trust the students’ honor in the matter the secretary answered, ‘Honor! We know how much honor students have!’ All such remarks were, of course, reported and the general sentiment ex- pressed in the college mectings was that such ingults ‘were absurd, even from superiors,” “What wore the songs?” * “I cannot remember them, but one was entitled ‘When Hartford was a Howling Wild,’ and the other, ‘Noah He Did Build an Ark.’ “Is on satisfactory to the suspended “Oh, certainly; Hees settlement, we are bound to be satisfied with it. Idon’t think the barring out was intended to make the faculty do away wita the obnoxious rules, but merely to make them take back the six Suspended men. When the students decided to sing the sougs without submitiing them to the faculty sixty or seventy bound themselves by a writ- ten agreement to stand by any men who were pun- ished. Several gentlemen, alumni and others, whom I have taiked with said that they thought the faculty had taken a false position and would not be able to hold it. In regard to the ob- noxious rules, Imight add to what I have already said that it was a well known tact in the college that there were certain members of the faculty who were opposed to the restrictions and openly sympathized with the students, and that the objec- tionable measures were nearly all carried at mectings when they were not present. One rule which has caused as much discontent as any, but about which there seems to have been a little doubt in the minds of some people I talked with, is that the students are not allowed to congregate in groups and laugh and talk in front of the college buildings. ANOTHER REMARKABLE INVENTION. A MACHINE FOR MOVING GRAIN AS IF IT WERE WATER. {From the Toledo Blade.) One of the most remarkable inventions of the times is now being perfected and experimented upon by Alfred Wilkin, of this city. For several months Mr. Wilkin has been trying to study out some more speedy and economical method of elevating grain in bulk than any now in use. The results, as already shown by his yet imperfect model, are astonishing, and promise to work almost a revolution in the grain carrying trade. The principle made use of in this curious little machine is simply that of xtmospheric pressure, or the exhaust process wiiich has lately been applied with such wonderful success in the great Westinghouse atmospheric brakes. The model which Mr, Wilkin has used so far isaswall air pump, rather rudely constructed, yet answering for all prac. tical purposes at present. Connected with the pump is a one-inch tin pipe, syphon 5: and at the elbow, or Lop (some three feet above the pump) is a cylinder somewhat larger than the pipe and con- necting both parts of it. Inside of this is a smalier perforated cylinder, while at the lower end of it is a valve through which the grain drops out. ‘The other arm of the syphon is extended down into the grain pile. When the machine was first ready to: be started some wheat was put. into a common envelope box to represent the cur or ves#el, and the grain was sucked up at a rate that was perfectly astonishing. As some @ne remarked, at this rate the compiete machine would “draw the insides out of a vessel in leas than no time.” ‘This was making an clevation of about five feet, and some who viewed the remarkable effects of the crude air pump reasoned that it would be possible to raise grain ovly about thirty-two feet, or as high as the air will sustain a column of water. But, without arguing the case, Mr. Wilkin quietly had’an adcitional lot of pipe made, and planting his machine in the third story of the Custom House, forty feet from the ground, had the satisfaction of fecing it take up the wheat and corn dut of the box placed on the ground ay easily as a whirlwind would tuke up the dust from the ‘The next step was to place the air pump in the fourth story, over titty feet from the ind, where the result was similar, The only drawbacks were the mechanical defects in his appliances. This settles the question about raising grain to great heights by atmospheric pressure. The Hg revvrs a H rm will be capplanted in prac. tice by powerful biowers, which, with their con- tinuous action, will exhaust the air so rapidly, the manutactur rs think, that an eight-inch pipe will give all the pressure asked for b3 inventor, ‘The economy of power and the rapidity of ‘transit of the yrain are, of course, problematical. But many of the great advantages of the arrangement are ap- parent, Amond these is the capacity for discharging ip ary - or Fg the same time, by making e supply pipe fork into several pi; lend to the different lots of grain. Then the expanse of shovel: dug the grain up vo the leg of the elevator, as under the nt system, is saved. This amounted to $3 50 per 1,000 bushels in Buifulo last season—$ 150 to $200, kay, for a large schooner, When held at the surtace of the grain the pipe, while in one position, would draw up nearly, if not quite, all tie wheat or corn in the envelope box, sb that bya little moving, as a fireman would move the nozzio of his hose, it would quickly take up all the yruin in a veasel, There would be a saving of about one-half in in- surance rates on Son in store, as there would be no machinery in the building—hence no friction and-no danger from fire in the building. Not the least among the desirable features of this method would be the couling of the grain by a it from one bin to Snother, and cleaning it of dust and dirt at the same time, The immense benefits ‘such asystem would confer upon & port like Toledo can be readily seen. by erin A large luction in the cost of transfer. ring and «' etain, not only hy but at terminal lake points, upremacy would be given our great water route which could not be successfully chal- Jenged by any railroad combination on earth, “ALWAYS WITH YOU." The Henauy has received from “M. L. 8.” for Abraham Levy, trom “OG, J, M. for tailor in Rivington street and from “O, & 8.’ $6 for the gen- oral fund, Total, $12 60, FIFTH AVENUE ALARMED. MATURIN LIVINGSTON’S STABLES, AT THE COB NER OF FIFTY-THIRD STREET, BURNED 1G TH GROUND-—-MANY VALUABLE HORSES Dg- STROYED—ESTIMATED Loss OF $120,000. While the snow was falling and a strong gale Swept the deserted streets, at half-past two o'clock yesterday morning, the glare of a conflagration lit the skies, Fifth avenue from one end to the other was illuminated, and graye speculations were in- dulged in by those who were astir as to the location and extent of the fire, Its origin and the manner of its discovery were somewhat peculiar, the former indeed being inyolved in no little mystery. It was» on the second floor of the four story stable at Nos. 2 and 4 East Fifty-third street, occupied by 8. A. Frey, that the fire first showed itself. ‘The, watch- man, John Sherman, awakened by the smoke, at- tempted to force an entrance into the burning rooms, but was driven back by aclond of smioke. In the excitement of the moment he waa at loss how to act, but after a moment's hesitation barred the outer door and made for the nearest district tele- graph office, in Sixth avenue, THE ALARM SOUNDED, Thence the alarm was sounded, and almost simal- taneously Roundsman Minck and Officer Heize, of the Nineteenth precinct, who saw the smoke rising from the windows, sounded g similar call. The loca- ‘tion being such as to suggest the possibility of con- siderable damage no tite was lost in turning out an adequate force, and steamers Nos. 8, 23, 21, 26 and29 were soon on hand. A detachment of hook and lad- der men also hurried to the scene, and Captain Mount, .with the reserves of the Nineteenth, Twen- tieth, Twenty-second and Twenty-eighth precincts was not slow in getting to his post, ‘The fire by this time had gained full headway, and the dense volumes of smoke rushing from the stable openings clouded the street and blinded the laboring firemen. Owing to the watchman having securely fastened the doors another’ obst:cle was presented, which the hook and ladder men had some difficulty in overcoming. At last the portals yielded with a crash, and a scene of disorder ensued, A cloud of fire and smoke, dark, threatening and dangerous, swept through the opening and drove every one before it. There were confused and conflicting shouts, cries and orders, and for awhile even the cool headed fire laddies were parti: stupefied. At this moment, it is said by some, tive high blooded horses, which had broken loose from their fastenings, burst into the crowd and made off in the tumult. HARD AT WORK. It required but an instant for order to be restored and then the men went to work with a will, Axes were applied, ladders reared and halt a dozen streams of wi were turned upon the flaming timbers. It was of little avail, though. The flre had swept through the whole extent of the building snd burst- ing out overhead, threatened the houses on either side, Toadd to the excitement of the scene, the house next door seemed to be filled with frightene half-crazed young women, who in the deliriums o: the moment sought every available and in many cases extremely dangerous means of escape, The building is’ Miss C. Reed’s Female Seminary and the two score pupils awakened from, their slumbers by the noise of the contiagration could with dificulty be restored to discipline aud conducted to places of safety in the neighborhood. FALL OF THE WALLS, Meantime a second alarm had been sounded shd more engines flocked to the scene, but as the flames swept on and the whole block seemed likely to yield to them a third call had to be given, and was soon - atter tollowed by a general alarm. The neighbor- hood of Fifth avenue and Fifty-third street was now swarming with engines. Fully thirty streums of water were turned mpen the burning building and the adjoining houses, but it was only when the walls fell with a crazh that a feeling of security began to be enterfained. The fall did considerable damage to Miss Reed’s seminary, but far less than was at first apprehended, WHAT CAUSED THE FIRE? The cause of the fire could not be uscertained. An overheated stove was spoken of, but its existence was not deSnitely settled. The fact that the rope of the elevator by which horses and rolling stock could ‘be lowered had been cut by some unknown hand cast a shadow of suspicion qn the origin of the contlagra- tion, which is being thoroughly investigated by the Fire Marshal. ‘THE Loss. ‘The stables were owned by Maturin Lfvingston, and the loss is estimated at $60,000, which is it one- half the total damage, the other $60,000 being on horses, carriages, sleighs and harness, a list of the animals and vehicles destroyed, together with their estimated value:—rs. Tobias, a sister of the late Mrs, Nathan, two horses and a carriage; Mr. D. P. Morgan, of Fitth avenue, three horses, named Dollie, Major and General, also a fancy pony and two carriages; J. R. Pratt, three horses and @ car- riage; Mrs. G. B, Scranton, two horses valued at $1,000 each; Casper Singer, of No. 16 East Sixty-sixth street, two horses, together valued at $1,500; ex- Alderman Dooley, two horses—oue named Ruby, wortn $3,500, the other named Dick, valued at $1,000-— @ carriage and light wagon worth $1,800, sleigh, $100, three sets of harness, blanketa and robes, val at $300; Jacob ‘es, two horses valued af $1,200, also a carriage and a sleigh; J. PB. Payne, of No. 5 West Fitty-third street, two horses valued at $2,500; R. P. Charles, of No, 440 Madison avenue, two horses valued at $500 each; Thomas 8. Buck- ingham, three horses valued at $1,000 cach; J, C, Winchester, of Staten Island, two horses valued at $1,500; H. D, Dunham, two horses and a trutter with a record of 2:26, i pK $1,109, also a carriage worth $1,500; Mr. Burkani, of No. 665 Fifth avenue, two horses valued at $400 each and a carriage; Mr. Bishop, two lorses valued at $1,00u each, two car- riages worth §2,000 each and four light wagons valued at 21,000; reine Taylor, of Fiftieth street, one horse; A. H. Havemeyer, of No, 558 Madison avenue, two horses valued at $100 each, EFFICIENCY OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. To Tux Eprtor ov THE HERALD:— I desire to express, through your columns, my gratitude to the members of the Fire Department and Insurance Patrol, together with my admiration for the energy and efficiency displayed at the extensive conflagration this morning on the premises adjoining wy residence, Nothing that I couid say would do justice to the courage and determination with which the firemen coutrolied the flames and prevented the destruction of the neighboring houses, JOHN H. WATSON, No, 671 Fifth avenue, New You, Feb, 27, 1379. THE GLOBE LIFE, RESIGNATIONS OF two OF THE FREEMANS FOR+ MALLY TENDERED AND PROMPTLY ACCEPTED, ‘There was a tide yesterday in the affairs of the Globe Life Insurance Company, but whether it will lead on to fortune depends largeiy on the election of the Insurance Department or the Attorney General, At the regular monthly meeting of the Board of Di- rectors matters assumed a phase sot forth as likely to occur in the H&maLD two days ago. Mr. Frederick A. Freeman, who still receives the courteous atten- tion of Deputy Sheriff McGonigal, was conducted to the meeting, and after the transaction of routine Business, proceeded to announce, first, that he was authorized te tender the resignation of his father, Pliny Freeman, as president; second, that he was similarly authorized to tender the resignation of his brother, James Freeman, as @ director, There was no discussion to delay the acceptance of both these propositions by the Board. As one of the directors at ard said, ‘Lt was what we had been waiting for.” Mr. Frederick A. Freeman omitted to his own resignation, nor was he tender subject. At another meeting day this question will come up. His particular resignation has becn the bone of contention in the A PRIVATE COMPANY. Of the $100,000 capital stock of the Globe Company the Freemans own about $85,000. Most of this is in the name of Pliny Freeman. In offering the two resignations yesterday Frederick A. Freeman stated tuat he aid so by virtue of a as, of @ttorney giveu tioxe of parsiysis tm Georyia. and unsble to write, stroke wi There is # doubt in the minds of some of the directors a6 to whether the proceeding me ular, One of- them said yedorday, in the of the preponderance of stock held by the Freemans, the other directors are powerless. Theannual election, some three months hence, may develop an unexpected turn, There are 4,000 sharca of stock to be voted, and, although » policy holder who attends the meeting will be entitled to one vote, there is but @ slim chance of defeating the Freeman interest. They hold the power to clect a board of directors, Who may choose such new officers as the Freemans please, Who will be selected to fill the office of president in the interim will perhaps develop at to-morrow's meetiny.”’ ¥. A. PAREMAN'S ARREST, * Judge Donohue yesterday gave his decision on tho motion to vacate the order of | arrest against Frederick A. Freeman. jéd the motion indorsed the appliogtion as follows:—‘As the stands detendant obtained from the funds of ine surance somes Eee ie. if this is true, ond no re ine good reason the money from the company existed, until ing ie explained I think tuo order should WINDING UP A BANK. ‘The Emigrant Savings Bank, of Brooklyn, located at the corner of Court and Livingston streets, cloned its doors yesterday, having wound up business in an honorable manner. The determination to discon- tinue the bank was reachod at # meeting of the trus- twes of the institution held ia Jaue last, when it was decided that the earnings did not warrant their longer continuing the business,