The New York Herald Newspaper, October 11, 1860, Page 3

i ! E Huy rie j Et a i i : | EEE regeed ny 3 is ae Pa i HT i ill grees cee EE Ue Bll i z i i i H ‘Monroe doctrine to a test, aan ie conte oing ment ent ‘ ‘and how to catch. the to the lanee of the Lianero, terior affairs, fescribed in my last. Neither the ions are strong enough to overthrow their antago- mists, and the war will be protracted, I do not know how bong. Our Lexington Correspondenee. Lexuncton, Ky., Sept. 26, 1860. Change in the Public Sentiment— Douglas Men for Breckin- ridye—A Breckinridger’s View of the Contest—The Issue Put Down as Between Breckinridge and Lincoln, dc. ‘The Presidential canvass in Kentucky is just now at- tracting considerable attention. For some time after the opening of the canvass a Breckinridge orator could not mount the stump, even in @ secluded cross roads locality, without being answered by both Bell and Douglas ora- tors. It was then difficult, however, to distinguish be- tween the Bell ringers an4 the squatters. The former lauded Douglas and attacked Breckinridge, while the lat- ter were very complimentary to Bell, and as bitter as wasps towards Breckinridge. A combination was formed Dy the leaders, having its origin in the weakness of the Bell party and the malice of the Douglas faction. This @ombination has defeated itself. The leaders of it were ‘too open in their inconsistent bargain; the fusion among them became too cordial to please the masses who had followed Douglas out of the true democratic organiza- tion—the organization whose priaciples had been re- peatedly endorsed by the people of the State; and, asa @onsequence, many, very many—perhaps a decisive number of such democrate—nave determined to return to a bearty co-operation with their old party associates; ‘and at the elbow of each one of these may be found an honest man, heretofore of the opposition, who has deter- mined to repudiate the attempted fusion with the squatter Jeaders, and to vote the democratic ticket. I yesterday heard a Douglas leader, who has signalized bis opposition to Breckinridge by an unusual degree of asperity, ac- knowledge that very many of “the best Douglas men in the State” have been driven into the Breckinridge ranks by the fusion referred to, He might also bave truthfully added, that many of the opposition, who last year opposed squatter sovereignty, have been driven to Breckinridge tions. No Bell or Douglas man of any is per- mitted to go unanswered, and it is manifest that the yy of the people heartily to the princi- The news from ibitity. So much for people. Their chances heartening. They do not expect anything better than a ition for Mr. Douglas, even if the fusion in New Wesr'eothaate of the voice of will carry one of more Southern States, and’ get Into the House, they calculate about as follows — Conceded to Lincoln, in the House Now, caunot expect to Breck inridge’ Bb aoe ens, or oven hs ve, if he should get the all the States now tied in their re- jom; and if, as their only alternative, a union of suggested to them. they i AD is ry He pe! Fis zg j i z # é be can be elected. opposition to Bresk. i i 38 i i H z 1 | 53 i 3z v t i a & i contest—free soiliam (whether by a a short cat) on the one side, and constitution. ity on the other—are e\ther taking their stand are restrained from 80 doing only by fear of ridicule, or perhaps by their the democratic —unworthy pre ‘be iaid ani duty calis. dent to all that the tone and temper of the pub- in Kentucky has in the last two very favorable to Mr. Breckinridge. itive opposition to bim haa to ® great extent sub. rapidly securing the approval and sym. of the people. Passion has been cooled of by the autumn breezes, and time has permitted the peaple to re- throw aside their personal prejudices and pred. Jections, and soberly and seriously take counse! of princi. view to the performance of their duty a a§ i a fe bell i Movenmets oF Gnraix iv Cmcaco.—The following tables show the receipts and shipments of grain and foor in aafor the cor- Deo. 15,677 Ine. 5,011,183 Inc.10,075 443 Inc, 404,721 Ine. es Tac. 935, Ine. 15,826 817 Dec, 88,386 Ine. 15,781 902 ces 05760, 531 Ine. 12,491,073 bush 1,821,520 Ine. 72,300 + Aveee 11,091,064 0¢.}9,1€3,373 24,204 406 ARRIVAL OF THE AFRICA OFF CAPE RACE. THREE DAYS LATER NEWS FROM EUROPE, fHS WAR IM ITALY. Capitulation of the Garrfson of Ancona. The Repulse of the Garibal- dians at Capua. MINISTERIAL CHANGES AT NAPLES. Threatened Flight of the Pope from Rome. FIRMNESS IN THE AMERICAN PRODUCE MARKETS, ao, &e. ke. ‘Sr. Jonna, N. F., Oct. 8, Via Sackvinie, N. B., Oct. 10, 1860. } ‘The steamship Africa, from Liverpool on Saturday, the ‘29th ult., via Queenstown on Sunday, the 30th, passed (Oape Race at ten o’clock A. M. on Monday, Oct. 8, and ‘was boarded by the news yacht of the press. ‘Tho Africa will be due at New York on Thursday. ‘The steamship City of Manchester, from New York, ar- rived at Queenstown on the 28th and Liverpool on the ‘29th ult. ‘The steamship Bavaria, from New York, arrived at Southampton on the 29th, en route to Hamburg. ‘The steamship America, from Boston via Halifax, ar- rived at Liverpool on the 80th. ‘The steamship Palestine had taken fire In the dock, but the flames were extinguished, with slight damage. « There bad been a Ministerial crisis at Naples, and the Cabinet bad resigned. ‘The Africa has 148 passengers. THE WAR IN ITALY. The Sardinians are reported to have carried on their siege operations at Ancona. Notwithstanding the despe- rate resistance of the garrison, they took Fort Dellegrage, ‘Victor Emanuel would leave for Florence and Bologna on the 29th. , It was asserted that the Pope’s ultimatum for France threatens that he will quit Rome at onee unless France interferes to stop the progress of the Sardinians, A majority of the Cardinals are reported to have recom- mended his departure. Additional French troops had been ordered, and the French outposts had been placed two miles beyond Rome. The repulse of the Garibaldians at Capua is fully con- firmed. One account says they lost four hundred killed ‘and wounded and three hundred prisoners. Their posi- tions were, nevertheless, maintained, and the attack re- newed in force. The King’s troops are reported to number fifty thou- sand, and he is determined to show fight. « The Garibaldian Ministry at Naples bad resigned, on account of the preponderance of Bertani. Signor Con- forti wag about toform a new ministry, professing ex- treme opinions. It was reported that Lamoriciere, after his late defeat, returned to Ancona with a considerable number of troops. The text of Lord John Russell's warning to Sardinia not to attack Venetia is published. FRANCE. The Paris Bourse closed fiat: rentes 68f. 45c. The Paris Constiturionnel positively contradicts the statement that French officers had been lately permitted by their government to serve in the army of Lamoriciere. It ads that euch permission has not even been asked, and that not a single French ofiicer is serving in the Papal army. A terrible calamity recently happened at Grand Villard, near Briangon, in the Upper Alps, which has been nearly destroyed by fire, eighty-two out of the hundred houses of which the village was composed baying been reduced to ruins. INDIA AND CHINA. ‘The Chipa ma'! of August 22 and Hong Kong of August 10 bad been received, and the American portion is on board the Africa. The news was generally anticipated. Trade at Calcutta was languid, but private telegraphic Gespatches of September 1 report some improvement. Teas in Foo Chow Foojwere in brisk demand for Ame- rica. The Sharghae silk market was active. London, 68. 74. THE LATEST NEWS. CAPITULATION OF THE GARRISON OF ANCONA, Tora, Sept. 29, 1860. Ancona capitulated this morning. Lamoriciere is a prisoner, with the whole garrison. ‘There is no other news of importance. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE, LONDON MONEY MARKET. Consols cloned on the 28th at 93 a 93); for money, ‘and 93); 0 93); for account. ‘The weekly retarns of the Bank of England show a de crease of £123,C00. ‘The discount market is slightly more etringent. AMERICAN SECURITIES. The market for American securities is generally un- changed. LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET. ‘The regular weekly Liverpool cotton report bas failed to come to hand from Cape Race. An ‘nterruption of the line for two days doubtless caused its omission by our St. Johns agent, ander the belief that the Quebec steamer must have arrived with the same intelligence. STATE OF TRADE IN MANCHESTER, The advices from Manchetter are favorable, the mar- ket for cotton goods and yarns being Orm, with an up- ward tendency. LIVERPOOL BREADSTUFFS MARKET. Liveapoot, Oct. 29, 1960. The Liverpool breadstuils market is generally Orm. All qualities of wheat bave slightly advanced. The weather bas been uneettied!, ard not so favorable for the crops. Messrs. Wakefield, Nash & Co, Richardson, Spence & Co., Bigiand, Athya & Co., and others report: — Flour firm at 289, 64.0 Sie. @¢. Wheat active and ad- vanced Id. a 24: sales of red at 1le.012s. @1., and Exchange oa white at 125 © 13s. 64. Corn quiet and steady. sales of mixed and yellow at 259. = 360. LIVERPOOL PROVISION MARKRT. Livarroot, Oot. 29, 1960, “Provisions are steady, but active. Messrs. Bigland, Athya & Co. and others report beef dull; private sales bave been made of India mess at about 908. Pork steady good old ie quiet at 608, Cheese has declined 64., at which large sales have been made, at 62s. for good and 66s, for very fine. Tallow quiet, but steady: American is voted at 63s. 64. ° LIVERPOOL PRODUCE MARKET, Livenvoot, Oct. 29, 1860. The Brokers’ Circular reports ashes firm at 27+. 61.4 208, 6. for pots, and 288. a 20s. for pearls, Sugar quiet and quotations barely maintained. Rice dull, with » mal! demand, prices weak. Quereitron bark—Baltimore equoted at Te. 1. Linseed advanced 64.018. Linseed ol dull at 308. 64. Cod oi] S28. a S4e. 10d. Rosin doll: common dull at Se, Id. a68. 24. Spirite turpentine dull at 32s, LONDON MARKETS, Moners. Baring & Bros. report an upward tendency in wheat, with am advance of Is. a 2s. per quarter: sales of white at 688. 0 62s., and red at 560.0 600. Sugar steady. Iron—Ralls and ber steady. Coffee firm. Tallow firm at 58a, Toa—Quotations nominal, Spirits of Turpentine steady at Sis. Linseed of] 908, Sperm oil—There bave deen forced saler of American at £100, THR LATEST MAREETS. Livenroot, Sept. 90—), M. Cortos.—The sales yesterday amounted to 16,000 bales, including 8,000 to speculators and exporters. The market Closed firm and active at fol! prices. Bagapercrrs.—Flour firm. Wheat closed with an op- ward tendency, at an advance in some cases of fully 1d Per cental. Corn cloved quiet. Provisox®.—The provision market closed quiet. Lowpon, Sept. 22—Evening. Console clored at 99'; for money, aed 85 a 994 for account NEW YORK HERALD, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 11. 1860.—TREPLE SHEET. THE FALL OF ANCONA. Strategical Importance of the City—Its Siege im 1549—Its Former Steges—Its Interesting History in Connection with the Italiam Question—Urigin of the States of the Church, dc. Ancona bas capitulated—has fallen—the last strong- hold in the Papal dominions, Such ‘s-its strategical im- portance, that the Paris Oonstituionned of the 26th ultimo observed:—‘‘All eyes are pow turned towards the citadel of Ancona; in fact, it is there that the final and decisive struggle must take place, of which the battle at Castel- fidardo was the” prelude, between General Lamoriciere and the Piedmontese forces.” It is not the fret or second time that this important stronghold of Central Italy bas stood a siege, or played a prom!- nent part in the revolutions of the Peninsula. It is one of ite most ancient and celebrated cities, and the Power holding military possession of it 0o- cupies the same position to the district of which it is the key and the capital that the city of Venice does to the territory of Venetia. Like ‘the Bride of the Adri- atic,” it is situated on the gulf of that name, and is only second to Venice in importance. In the revolutions of 1848 and 1849 Austria recognized its value in a strategical sense by laying siege to it, and after its capture occupy- ing it with ber troops till she was compelled to evacuate it by the force of events during her late campaign with France and Sardinia. Ancona is the capital of the Marca, or March, of Ancona, ahd the chief city of a delegation in the States of the Pope, comprising 514 square miles, with & population of about 176,000. The of the city is upwards of 40,000. It is built on the beautiful slopes of a natural amphitheatre, spread- ing between two promontories, and from the angular form of the principal one, Monte Comero, the city has its Greek name, Ancona. It is of Grecian origin, and is sup- posed to have been founded by a Doric colony, or by the Syracusans who fled from the tyranny of Dionysius. It was « celebrated port in the time of the old Romans, and ‘was occupied by Caesar after the passage of the Rubicon. Its importance in the time of the Emperor Trajan is evi- denced by the famous works which he undertook, and which still remain almost without any change. The port, which he began after that of Civita Vecchia, on the opposite side of the Peninsula, is one of the best in Italy, and the best harbor on the Italian shores of the Adriatic. Its commercial status was once very high, but declined after the discovery of the passage to India by the Cape. It is now visited by some 1,100 vossels in the year. It is the most important naval station in the States of the Church, It bas two moles—one erected by Trajan, the other by Pope Clement XI. The triumphal arch of Trajan, erected by his wife, the finest marble arch in tne world, stands on the old mole in singular and striking Contras: to everything around it. This magnificent monument is constructed entirely of Grecian marble, of remarkable whiteness, and is a beautiful specimen of the Corinthian order. It is one of the most imposing moan- ments of Roman grandeur now remaining in Italy. The new mole 1s also adorned with a triumphal arch, erected by Clemeat XII.; but what business an ecclesiastic had with s triumphal arch it is hard to say. The harbor is defended by several forte—one built by Clement VII. in 1632, and improved by the French in later times, and another fort restored by the French when in oscupation of the city in 1832. Other streng fortifications occupy the heights of Monte Pelago and Monte Cardeto, Ancona was one of the cities of the famous Pentapolis, five maritime cities whose territories stretched along the Adriatic from Remini to Ancona, and extended into the midland country as far as the ridges of the Apennines. The Pentapolis was the ingeparable dependency of the exarchate of Ravenna (to called from the chief city where the exarch fixed his eeat of government), comprising the verritories of Raveuna, Bologna an@ Ferrara. This dis- trict of Italy, now called Romagna, was governed by & Hevtenant of the Greek Emperor, after the gat of the Roman empire was transferred from Rome to Constant! nople. It was ths remnant of bis dominion in Italy, but which he was urable any longer to defend. It was ap- propriate by Pepin and Charlemagne withcut taking the trouble of conquering or occupying it, and bestowed by them on the Pope in exebange for “ mansions in the skies,” just as if Louis Napoleon, while sitting in the Tuileries and without firing a shot, could now bestow the ‘Two Sicilies, Lombardy and Venetia on the Holy Father to secure bimeelf a good Investment in “ the world to come.’’ At that very time Ancona was in the hauds of the Lombards, and was not im the power of the Western emperors to bestow. Future emperors dis- puted the validity of the grant, and #0 did the people, or the counts and petty princes who held those possessions in flef from the German em- perors, Accordingly, though this alleged grant was made in the eighth century, we find the celebrated Prin- cess Matilda, the most powerful then in Italy, granted the March of Ancona over again, in the eleventh oentary, to Gregory VII. She was daughter and sole heiress of the rich Margrave Boniface, of Tuscany, and (ievoted her Ife to the cause of the Pope, in opposition to the German Emperor Henry. Gregory, or Hildebrand, the name by which he is better known in history, asserte! oniversal dominion, anc! claimed the Divine right of de- posing and setting up princes at will. His best and most {ofvential frien: was Matiiia, who ruled over Lombardy, Tuscany and other parts ef Italy, and secretly made a grant of all these possessicgg, including Ancona, to the Roman Pontiff, though she could only have held them lawfully as fiefs from the German Emperor. Such is the rea! foundation of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, and the successors of Hildebrand have vindicated at one time with the sword, and at another with the “power of the keye,’’ the dominions thus conveyed. Apoona frequently changed hands in the storms of re. yolution and conquest, It sustained more vicissitudes than almost any other town on the coast. Io the sixth century it was besieged by Totila, and afterwards plun- dered by the Lombards, who placed over it an officer whose title, marchese (modern marquis), gave rise to the general name of the March (or boundary), which the ter- ritory of Ancona still retains. After recovering from the wack of the Saracens it became a free city, and one of the medi val Italian republics from which Europe Gret learned liberty and public virtoe. In the twelfth century it was one of the most important cities of the League of Lom” bardy during the struggle between the Guelfe and Ghibe lines. When the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, ‘np 1173, rent the Archbishop of Mentz into Italy as his repreeentative, the warlike prelate induced the Ghibeline cities of Tuscany and Romagna to second the attaek upon Anoopa, which be commenced in the following spring. It was daring the famine occasioned by thie siege that the young motber known as ‘‘the beroine of Ancona’ gine! immortality. Observing ove day @ soldier summoued to battlegbut too much exhausted to proceed, this beau- tifel woman denied her breast to ber infant, and offered it to the warrior, who, by this means, she seal forth re. freshed to light for bis country, Bologns aad the pro- yinces of Romagna were conquered by the warlike Pope Julius {1., i2 1606. Bot Ancona enjoyed its privileges and {te (reedom till 1692, when it was surprised by Gonzaga, General of Clement VIL, who, under the pretence of de. fending \t against the incursions of the Turks, erected a fort and filled the city with Papal troops, The resuit of this measure was the overthrow of the constitution of Ancona, which it hea enjoyed for two centuries, ite deua- tore were banished, and the absolute dominion of the Holy See was established beyond the power of the people to resist it. Erom that time it bas continued « part of the States of the Church, excepting those periods when political convulsions filled Italy with the armies of the North, In 1798, when the French were extending their triumphs and the democratic principles of their revolu- tion in Europe, they seized Ancona, and in the following year, under General Meunier, it sustained the memora die siege by the Russians, Austrians and Tarks, which term) nated {n \ts surrender to the allies after a jong and gallant resistance. In this siege, the Russian colors first pianted on tbe wails were pulled down by the Austrian soldiers, ich gave occasion to the dissensions of the Russian Emperor Pau! with the other allies. Under the rule of Napoleon, Ancona was the capital of the Department of Metauro, but in 1514 it was given to the Church by the royal robbers of the Congress of Vienna. Tn 1890, when the second French gto > onto Charies X. and made Louis Philippe his and when Belgium successfully revolted from Holland and entabliphed te Independence {n the teeth of the treaty of Vienna, Italy caught the flame, and several cities rose for democratic institutions—among them Anoona. The Papal States were revolutionized, and the Pope implored the sesistance of Austria, Austria, nervous for ber Italian poreersions, war only too giad to accept the invitation, and with « large army marched spon Ancona, where the jnsurgents concentrated themselves. They surrendered on conditions of @ general amnesty, which the Papal government afterward refused to ratify. In 19882 An coma wae suddenly seized by the French im order to coentervbaiance the occupation of Bologna and other port, of Italy by the Arstriang. The indignation of the Papal government knew 20 bounds, but there was no help for it, and Ancona was not evacuated til! 1638. Austria has always been the great source of trouble in. Naly, But for her interference and encroachments Italy would have been long since free from the Alpe to the Adriatic. One of the greatest blunders made by the other Powers at the Congress of Vienna was in consent ing to let her bave, not only Lombardy and Venetia, but in permitting her to occupy fortresses on the right bank of the Po, and in territories that did not belong to ber— Piacenza, in the Duchy of Parma, and Ferrara and Co- macchio, In the Papal Statee—ostensibly for the protection of those States, but really to extend and consolidate the Austrian empire. Austria, it was distinctly understood, ‘was not to interfere with the civi! government of these cities, nor to occupy more than the fortresses. Yet, in 1849, when all the cities in the Papal dominions supported the republic established at Rome, and made munici palapeeches of sympathy and adberence, the Austrian General Wimpfen entered Ferrara with ® strong brigade of infantry, cavalry and artillery, while the citadel was still im possession of the Aus trians, and the General requested the Mayor to assemble the Town Counei! and the principal citizens to deliberate and decide whether the citizens would again accept the Papal dominion or remain devoted to the re- public. The meeting was held and yoted with great unanimity at the mouth of the Austrian cannon, ‘The Ferrarese intend to stand faitbful to the republic.” In the same way Ancona declared for the repub- lic, but the Avstrian Genera) did not find his way 80 easily into that city. He besieged and bombarded it for ten days, when at last it was compelled to capitu- late on the 18th ef Junc, and on the following day the forta and port were occupied by the imperial troops, who continued to oocupy it till last year, in defiance of the treaty of Vienns. During the war wit Sardinia and France, the Austrian commander attempted to exercise doth civil and military jurisdiction over the inhabitants, but the progress of the revolution and the vic. 3 of the allies compelled the garrison to evacuate. Since that time the Pope has held it by his own mercenary foreign troops, and there Lamo- riciere took refuge with the remnant of his shattered army. It is now in the possession of the Sardiaians, and places them in a position to attack the Austrians in Venc- tia with effect. With Ancona open to an Austrian fleet, ‘the Sardinians advancing upon Venetia might be assailed in flank or rear by troops landed at that port. But mas- ters of Ancona, the invaders are protected, flank and rear, from the Alpe to the Adriatic. Besides, the importance of the port for the landing of their troops and beavy artillery can hardly be overrated, enabling them to invade Venetia without coming in contact with the famous quadrilateral. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVESTED CITY OF ANCONA, (Translated from the Monitear de la Flotte for the New York Herarp } port of Ancona, one of the most interesting ‘on the Adriatic, belongs to the States of the Church. is the capital of the delegation or province of the same bame, which contains a population of 165,000 inhabitants, three cities, seventeen boroughs aad forty villages and ‘The city is built at the foot and weetward of s moun- tain remarkabie for its whiteness, and in the angle of the coast, It is borderea by two wharf in the shape of an arc of a circie, and having # mole at each end. They have the tame direction and replace those which had been butit by the Emperor Trajan. ‘The latter were of marble. To testify their gratitude for such @ favor the inhabitants of the city builta triumphal arch tn hooor of that Emperor. Ano’ monument of the same kind is erected to Pope Benedict XIV., who was Bishop of Angona, and powerfully aided to the prosperity of the city. ‘The port is closed northward by a it mole of six hen. dred meters lovg. This is rectangularly met by « emall internal mole, which has been, for a long time, tae only shelter against the sea. Near the foot or beginning of the mole there is a point of rocks outside. It was between that point and the old mole, the beginning of the present ‘one, that the old lazaretto was; the vevsels not properly sheltered by the rocks, which put out beyond the point, were not secure there. The beavtiful triamphal arch of n is in the centre of the ol { mole. head of the small mole is at nine hundred meters fouthward of the bead of the great mole or lighthouse it 1s that which forms the of port. It openit of {rection surrounds a big retto, which is ® magnificent building enclosed in @ pen- tagon, with a bastion on thenorthwest. There ts a bridge communicating from the lazaretto islet with the southern end of the port and the city. The new lazarctto is weat- ward of the fortrees, and the latter terminates towards = and the bulwarks which surround the city of ‘A small interior bank, of sixty metera long by thirty meters width, is ia a } ine with the small mole But the smallest veesels can only penetrate in that remote og ay a to eight feet lighthoure Hila gilt gre pret? pial E of if i E3 il B i F an Ht ef Hi L i i land, Russia, Austria, States of America and Piedmont have conmmis at Ancona. war packets ply between this port and the Levant. lesgiie, situated eight miles northwest of Ancona, is a city vanteges. goln. email extent but enjoy ' commercial ad- te port in at the teoeth Of the small river Ni- ously paylvg also a ransom for other provinces, and giving op certain worke of art and mancscripta. Terni, where the Florian Emperors. There are some antique remains still found here, Terni, however, i# chiefly celebrated on acoount of | \feent falle, distant about are 50 feet, the second about 600, and the third 250 feet in height. The road from Terni to the falls throvgh tbe of @ villa once by Caroline while she was still Princess of Wales. Monteflascone, where a portion of the troops have been beaten, is a town of about 6,000 inhabitants, situated eighteen miler nearly due south of Orvieto, and afew miles from the southeast corner of the 10 Of Bolsena, the “great Vol finion mere’’ of Macaulay's “Lays.” It occupies the site of an anctent Ktruscan city, and some remains of the old isolated b: piace etill exist on am almost surmounte! by n in the middie ager The country round about the city was formerly, on account of ite thi " vented by ban. ajith, but oe thee was iy greatly injured by a clearance of the forest. Our St. Petersburg Correspondence. Sr. Permancne, Sept. 18, 1860. the Relations Between Austria and Russia—The Imperial Conference at Wareaw— Alexander's Powerful Political Influence-Rustia, Past and Present—Movemenis of the Pmperor—lerritle Explosion om Board the Rusrian Steamer Plastoon—Russian Policy in the Kast, dc, dc. After what was mentioned in my former deepatcher. about the negotiations that were going on between our Court and that of Vienna, you will not have been surprised to learn that the Emperor bad at length consented to re- coive Francis Joseph at Warsaw. This meeting is unques- tlonabiy an event of considerable interest, but it doce not justify the conclusions drawn from it by the Englieh and (Gertan prear, and according to which !t rign @es nothing Jeet than & retorn to the system that existe’ here onder the reign of Nicholae Paulovite. The poor young Ans triag)monarch «begged «to «herd for nia sion to come that it would haye been abeolute ly mbuman W refuse it him, particuiarly afer the important concessions made by bis government, which amount in substance to & complete reversal of the policy pursued by them since the commencement of the Orienial difficulty. Austria promises to conform entirely to the wishes of Russia respecting the aflaire of the East, to re. pounce the convention concluded with France and Bag- Jand in April, 1853, and t@ vote for a revision of the ob” noxious stipulations of the treaty of Parie, and ai) she de- manda in return is that Russia will desiet from the hostile attitude assumed towards her, and, in cage of another war in Italy, will refrain from adding to her’ embarrase- mente, as was done last year, by demonstrations on her eastern frontier. It i¢ # long way from this to the offen- sive and defensive alliance that was contracted between the two empires in 1849, and which wil! scarcely be re- newed ip our time, There can be no doubt that the eeif love of the Emperor is tickled by the court paid to him by the Austrian and the other Buropean sovereigns, and which forms a strik- ing contrast to the isolation in which Russia was placed at the beginaing of bis reign. He must feel no little satis- faction in appearing at Warsaw, like his father, surround. ed by the neighboring princes, dispensing his fayore to them and agsuming the airs of a protector, and it is ex- tremely probable that that this feeling was an additional motive for bis acceding to the petition of Francis Joseph. ‘Those who best know him, however, believe tha! be has too much sense not to perceive that he is in a very di(fer- ent position to bis father, and that it would be dangerous for him to attempt some things which the latter would undertake with impunity. We may expect that Avstria, after baving succeeded vo far in conci- Mating ber powerful neighbor, will endeavor to follow up ber advantage, and to entangle us once more in the meshes of her policy; that she will, for instance, pro. pose s second Russian occupation of Hungary, 80 as to enable her to concentrate her whole force on the defence of her Italian provinces, without fear of being disturbed by an insurrection in that country; but the Emperor will certainly pause before he listens to such a request. People aro too apt to judge of Rusia from the aspect it presented under Nicholas, whose tremendous energy, backed by,the prestige of a long and, until lately, prosperous reign, bad ‘80 completely overawed even the turbulent nobility that nO one dreamt of opposing his behbests; but it should never be forgotten that, though an absolute monarchy, there is bardly « country in Europe where there has been more revolutions, rebellions and conspiracies than in Russia, and that ber sovereigns have frequently been callea to a strict account for acting tn op- — to the feelings of the nation. Peter III aud Paul |. were both the victims of an unpopular foreign policy, and the discontent caused by that of Alexander I. embit- tered the last moments of reign and resulted in a blooay insurrection. Now, there is nothing on earth tbat would be so unpopular here ag a league with Austria for the subjugation of Italy or Hungary; and, in spite of the attachment of no poe for Alexander Il., it would not be safe for him to disregard pubiic opinion, which at this moment is incomparably more powerful in Russia than it ‘was under any of bis predecessors. ‘The Emperor returned last week from Moscow and Tula, where he bad reviewed the corps of grenadiers and some of the reserves, which he is stated to able progress, and that many of the old abuses that im- paired its efficiency have been done away with. A great Doon has just been conferred upon it by the abolition of corporeal punishment; in future, soldiers guilty of serious tranegressions will be drafted into con regimente, who are to be.employed in public works, constructing for- tresses apd military roads, and garrisoning the out; on the Siberian frontier. Many of the old offloers shake their beads at this innovation, but it will doubtless serve to improve the spirit of the troops. A new locum tenens of the Minister of War has just been appointed, in the per- son of General Milntin, chief of the etaff of the Caucasian army, one of the most talented military writers, and for. merly Professor of Strategy at the Military Academy of St. Petersburg. ¥ ‘A aad accident is reported from Revel, which has pro duced @ moet painful impression and placed many familics im mourning. The screw clipper Plastcon, forming part of the equadron of Commodore Popoit, which was return. tpg from the Amoor, after an of three years, blew up afew miles from that port,as is thought, from an explosion of the powder magazine. Her commander, in Matzkevitch, was not on board, having left at Honolulu on account of bad health; but the frst lieu. ing fragments of the wreck. of disaster wil probably never be ascertained, the oflicers in charge of the pow magazine, and, in fact, all who were not on deck at the time, having perished. Of the survivors, many bave been severely scorched or otherwise injured, among them Lieutenant Litke, a on of the Admiral of that name, whose voyages to Nova Zembia and the Pacific bave gained him a Euro: pean reputation. To make up for this loss, we have advices from Sebastopol that, after unheard of exertions, Colonel Gowan has succeeded at last in raising the farfamed Viadima, which, notwithstanding her long submer. tion, ie proved to be etill in a tolerably rerviceabie condi- tion, and now lies moored to the Admiralty landing piace at ‘Sel |. The inhabitants, many of whom bave served in the Black fleet, were be- side themselves with joy at seeing their oid nequaintance again, and the ent ing Ameri- can whore unflinching brought about perseverance this propitious result was the subject of a general ova tion. He well deserves a more substantial token of grat: tude, his expenses being #0 great, that the remuneration ted by the Russian government will scarcely cover m Besides the mirsion to Kael noticed in my last, a now been opened with Herat, where a Russian officer, Likhareff, will re- fide in future in the capacity of polit it. Ho takes with him credentials from Prince ; for it should be remarked that those Asiatic Sultans and Khans are seldom or never in direct communication with the imperial geverameat, but only with the foveraor gene. rals of the Caucasus and of Orenburg, or with the of Gurgistan and the Sadar of Or, whom whey look, upon se, sem! independ and treat accordingly. Even the of Persia, at hore court there is a resident Russian ambassador, al y# receives official notification by a special envoy of intment of every uew Viceroy of the Caucasus, dignitary of bis Court to compliment the latter on his accetsion to the throne of Tillis. The present connection with Herat cates from the expedition of Mr. Nicholas Khanikof in 1868, in which, thoogh | chielly devoted to science, politics were not altogether lected. . Khanikof, who i# an accomplished lin. Turkish and Persian with great fluency, flattering reception from the Khan of Herat and his ministers,and the cesire expressed by them to epter into more intimate relations with the mighty Padiebahe of the Moecofis and his Caucasian Sodar Avem bas led to the nomination of Major Likharef. Thus the influence of Russia is being gradually extended over the whole of Central Asia, and even the most remote and Darbaroun tribes are vielng with each deavore to obtaic her patronage Port FR expect to jistant regions, which have so long kept all contact with the civilized world. Lord Brougham om the Abolition of Slavery. Antoc: eae tp Le Cony the vit., Lord Brougham African slave trade and the abolition of slavery in the While the holding certain opinions, and acting upon cer. tain principles, more or less mixed with personal or par- ty feelin, | these op'nievs and principles a weight in the public emtimation greater than their intrinsic im portance would have possessed, they were all, without any exception, of euch a description that they lent them. Relves to the policy of coniliet! parties. But in the course of time and the improvement of men’s views toueb ing by Fe be ap bony ag ng a {0 opinions and principles among the most important alt, but on which tbe eadere of particular classes could bot fasten fo as to ‘late them, because they so plainly concerned the whole community, or were of such unqvestionable soundness and truth that no depute could arise respecting them, any diversity of views being necessarily confined to points of detail, and, consequently, they were pinced byond the field ‘of party conic. The duty and the expediency | of philanthropic policy in one sense comprises all the suhjscts belong ing to this clase, but even in & more restricted jou it embraces some of the most remarkable, One cha- racteristic of these opinions bas just been noted, their not lending themselves to party controversy: another and equaily striking is their es beid by those who had no ial interest ip them. cir professors might be bereiited with the rest of the community, but in any other respect were entirely disinterested. deed. rome principles were unconnected with avy benefit even to the community at large, and might involve @ sacrifice of ite interest to the higher feelings of duty. Toe subject be Jopging to this claes, the earliest in date, is also the one thet moat truly fails withio this description of having origioated in just and pure principles, in tavre of justice and humanity —the extinction of slavery and the abol\- ‘Vion of the traffic in slaves. For the Grst time statesmen et their exertions to a te could turn to ite of the government Parliament firmly attacued of President (now ap; ) turns entirely upon tha, principles professed by the canlduten reepecting la And this question {nvolves ali other disputes, inagmuct aa, to the unspeakable misfortune of that great oom munity, the appointment of all public fanctionaries, from t highest to the humblest, depends upon the election of the chicf magistrate, and all may be removed on their party being defeated at that election. Af regards the sub; iteelf, the femur of the contort is most oportant. the question in whether sinvery should be perpetuated and exten:le by adopting the prin. ciple that the inetitution i¢ tations! aad untverss!, oF 3 ‘im'ted by regarding !t ag local only, and authorized by We law of the particular duetricts:’ The recieal @f the African siave trade i by no means an i rom @ victory of the Southern States, where it has been nek very faintly announced, and the struggle which they $0 vehement- dy maintain with the North may even bring about the dis- ruption of the Union, one of the greatest calamities that could happen le America and to the world—to America, as ending, ¥ i did not legin, in civil war; to the world, as shaking the eredit of all government. Another calamity ie far from uulikely to be caused by tbe eon- fict—the liberation of the slaves by insurrection—a consi mation to be ecrnesily ed as much for themselvd as for their \was'ers, When Dr. Johnaon” astonished the friends of church and king at Oxford, by posing as & toast, * A speedy revolt of tho slaves in Jamaica, and ‘success to'them,’’ he had not lived to witness the dread- ful consequences to the unhappy victims of our sordid jon, in the misery, far worse even that oppres- sion, brought upon them by the lagurrection which shook it off in the French islands. We might feel little com- for the masters, the supporters of wha they term ‘the institution,’ and might ask them w show bow the Kiog of Dahomey should not plead the immemo- rial custom of his country, requiring the slaughter of hundreds, that he might float bis canoe on human bivod , ag the appointed tribute of filial affcetion at his father’s funeral. But those masters are not the only parties to negroes from the worst of tls, wil war in ils worst Jor, civil war in the slave States; and must regard as ber-f: all claim to be ranked among men whoever could, from par. ty zeal or perverse views of 1 advantage, lend himsely’ to measure by bare possibility leading leading to Such hide ous scenes— An outlaw without kin or home, is he— Unfit for public rule or private care— The wretch who can delight ia civil war, Whose lust is murder, and whose horrid joy To tear his Lect demesne oe , ix , 63. But let us davewiia bees that no such fate impends over our kinsmen in iew World—that their scheme of social polity will remain a blessing to all classes, master and slave, wi freedom of the one will be peaceably obtained by the ual Improvement in babits and feelings of the other; and that meanwhile retrograde: movement may no longer be threatesed by @ portentous combination fatal to the morals of the community, as ‘wellas to the happiness of its members—a combinatior of corruption in its grosser form, with the moet unecr Pulous and most profligate patronage of slavery and slave trade. moon the Maime Liquor Law the United Staves. Extract from an addrees vefore the Society for the Pro- motion of Social Science, de!ivered at Glasgow, September This isa phat oie ere y bay | +. bed a, in any respect, been brought within the domin: party, bither civil or religiousr Such, however, bas been "us log in the New World; and it affords the most remarkable illustration of the evils which efilict the United States from the practice of thetr constitution, maintaining in every part of the country an inceseant canvars, by the distribution of patrouage and change of ollices. Every subject of a nature to interest the community, and thus to create a difference of opinion, becomes the ad of controversy to contending parties, and so the Maine Liquor law becomes @ question upon which Governors were chogen and removed. The eviis which the euspen- sion of that law occasioned 1f the great increase of pau- periam and crimes which bad, urder ite beneficent Operation, been reduced within an incredibly narrow compass, but which now rapidly revived, so eeriously impressed men’s minds with the misonief of having made ita party question that a resolution was passed at the State Convention against ever 60 treating the subject hereafter; the repeal of the suspension law was effecied, ‘and all attempts against the Maine Inw were after war: defeated by reterence to the resolutions of the Conven- tion. Nowhing cao redound more to the honor of the American peop'e than their thus firmly persevering in their just ond righteous (etermination But it is impos- sible to avoid feeling bow groat is our happiness in this country to be free from the iufluence of such disturbing forces upon our most important measures, We discuss them freely on their own merits, and apply to the con- sideration of them those principice which, on mere mat- ters of ecience—vut science reduced to prastice—shoul ide the Inquiry and dictate the conelus! We moved absve the storms raised by ver stunned by the noise which the # to that of the raging fea; and our vision ts n cured by the clouds which faction drives together. The Lady Elgin Catastrop! (From the London Times, Sept. 26 | The American ers have Drought us detailed accounts of that terrible di ron Lake Michigan, by which three hundred souls were swept at once into eternity. Buch a catastrophe as the narrative discloses bas no parallel! in our own annals. All the conditions, indeed, of the occurreace are peculiar to the United States. It is only in a country possessing lakes as as seat, and rivers thou: of miles io length, steamboat travelling could have taken such a form ag it assumes in America. It is only where the had acquired such enormous proportions that a calamity like thie could have occurred. In the States of the Union the tragedy is certainly not unprecedented, and we fear we may add that, if the same reckleesness of life which this 'y dis- pays, is allowed to prevail, it will as certainly not be (he it of its kind. b4 bed e > If the story were not 80 little conducive to mirth it might almost raise a smile to observe the remark with which the transatlantic reporters introduce the narra of the calamity, The like, they assure ua, has not hap- pened in America for the «pace of three whole years! A similar disaster occurred, indeed, in 1867, bot never The truth is, however, that this tiew of the case is perfectly natural. An averag &@ year, each costing its 300 | number of casualties actually at ing the proctice o Steamboat travelling in the States. It is not often that sin- gle nore occur on this Ley | scale, but M wae eamputed several years ago & thousand people at seaet lost their lives annually on board the steamers plying on the lakes and rivers of America. Sometimes these veesels blow up, sometimes they are burnt, rome- times they get holes Knocked in their bottoms, somet mes come in collision with others; but, as they are all slightly built, heavily freighted, and driven through tbe water at the utmost attainable rate of speed, the conse- quences of an accident are usually appalling. At tho foundation of the evi! lies, no doubt, the recklessness of Anglo Saxon character, in which tho Americans surpass even ourselves. What we are to continental natioos the Americans are to us. The feeling is constitutional, no doubt, but it is sad to see that a sentiment #0 valuable in ‘some Of its aspects may bring human life 10 be reckoned as cheaply among an enlightened people as {p the vem)- barbarous empire of China. [From the London Telegraph, Sept. 25 | ‘The New World is almost barbaric in the developementa of ite social drama, Whether in tragedy or comedy, in iNustration or in caricature, \t rurpasses the (ld. [us m: der® are nf®re fearful, ite accidenta more portentous, politics more confused. It lives too fast, travels too pidly, is reckless of opinion, bolds human life cheap, aad is altogether exaggerated, whether in act, idea or ecoen tricity, An American steamer never explodes a cylinder or breaks a piston ; it must either blow up, sink bodily, or part in two like ihe Moyal Charter, Au American rail. way train never suffers from & mitigated calamity. 1 \t does not thunder over the edge of « Precipice it leaps into @ lake Travellers of ait classes have described the random and derperato fashion in which transatiagtic locomotion is con- ducted. In remarking upon this fact we by no means impute @ national error to the citizens of the great repud- he. Our own colonists are scarcely lees heediess and? Fatttlaore. & vast country rei common sense, and to the ordinary responsibilities letence. And yet from time to time these monstrous catastrophes occur, which teach us all how vain aod ‘po efficient is that yhtiems intropidity leading to euch disasters as the loss of the lady Figin. © * © © ee ¢ ¢ «+ The captains and excursioniate of the North American republic, who identify rashnese wth courage hy with hovor, jing. They have the nay: of the lakes, for the moat part, in their own bende, aoa admirably as they have organized it, we feannot forget that a series of the most extraordinary accidente have ocurred in thome restricted basins. Not many yeare ago the steamebip Central America went down in deep water, and scarcely a timber waa recovered. Why do these calemities bappen upon thi The Lady Figin, it # only just to Canadian built, was probably of of ti fact, and notwithetand there was characteristic New Fogian deficiency of boats and lifebuoys, it is tobe feared that Ca nada imitates, in po slight degroe, the recklessness and desperation which prevail in the United States. Mr.Wel: narrative concerning the fy driver who raced against ratiway train apd parsed go close in front of the ‘that It #team scorched bis neck i# scarcely in any an exng, ion. There if too much high presmur water, in the new world. The man who of “a One fall of snow for a young country,” and of “the best thunder in the universe,” represented the wild and reckleas spirit fof both Americans andj Canadians, and the tranatiantic press, in ite treatment of the occ rence, simply proves how facile is the task of reflesting upon an ent without extracting from it the least moral or the Flightest practical interpretation by the natura! course of the cataatrophe—all there Rae enough of an American casualty ob the Superior Court—Part Second. Oct. 10 —Judge Pierrepont announced that the trial term of thir court would be adjourned anti! the fret Mon- day in November. He did not intend to eft any longer o there roome, and the cases which be had heard at Special aod General Term would occupy bit wntil the end of the month, wheo bis reeiguation would take eflet