The New York Herald Newspaper, August 22, 1859, Page 4

4 NEW YORK HERALD. JAMES GORDUN BENNETT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR, OFFICE N. W. CORNER OF FULTON AND NASSAU STS. TERMS. cash in advance. Money sent by mail will be at the seta of the sender Pes de eee ae = THe DAILY HERALD. too conte Fi per annum TE WEEKLY HERALD oery Sehardaycat are “ ar porte ~ ae Sta er oy Ser anna mt a part of Great Brita toa: e Continent, rede ; Gaiyornin Battiom or the 80h ancl OA ay each meondh ak eke conde Sl 6O PORE FAMILY HERALD on Wednenlay, at four cents per MoLUMTARY CORRESPONDENCE. con ying émportant news quarter of the world, oS wed wi YOR #OREIGH CORRESPONDENTS ARS PARTICULARLY HRQUESTED TO WRAL ald LATTERS AND Pack: (AGES SENT US. NO NOTICE taken of anonymous correeponilence, We do no return ‘communteatione ‘ ‘ TSrenewed every day; advertisements 4n- ction tothe Wenaiy Unustd, Paar HekaLo, and in the fe and Bure Editvons. COR PRINTING executed with neatness, cheapness and de- epatch. +0. MO, 933 AMUSEMEN YS TRIB EVENING. BIBLO'S GABDER, “Twat Kors—ruscuag110—] Broea way.—Evouurion! ‘Buasco, v THEATER BOWEE’ Bowery.—Varsriuin Byccanrsx— MaGwo Tacurst—Pavor Cassy. WaLLavk’S THEATER, Broatway.—Gaeuvur—Box amp Cox . i HATIONAL THEATER, Chatham sirest.—Incousn— Covsix Jos—Vsapant Lours. BABNOUMS AMERIOAN MUSKUM, Broadway.—Aafter noon and Svening—fatazs amp Bom—Fouk Lovaas. WOOD'S MINSTREL BUILDING, 661 and 665 Broadway— Semorias Sones. Danoxs, £o.—Dauon axp Prruias. ANT’S MINSTRELS, Mechanics’ Hall, 4/2 Broadway— ginisecnns Tonas, Danozs, 40—1 aint Gor fuse tO “BRT. PALAOB GAEDEN AND GALL, Fourteenth sreot~ Ooncegt amp Soimse Dansaste New York, Monday, August 22, 1859. ——= MAILS FOR stRerE. @he New York Horald—Kdttion for Europe. ‘The Cuvard mail eteamship arabia, Captain Stone, wil) {eave Boston on Wednesday for Liverpool. ‘The Buropean maiis will close in this city to morrow af Sernoce, at two o'clock, to go by railroad, and a four o’ciock, to go by steamboat. ‘The Curopean eaition of the Henatp will be publisheo ‘s half past teu o'clock in the morning. Single copies, in wrappers, dx ceuts. Subscriptions ana advertisements for any edition of the Wxw Yous Axsatp will bo reco'ved at the following places Acmpon....ampuen Low, Son & Co. ‘Pann. Taotoe, ary & Oy 8 piace de ta Gourne. Kavasroo.. Lansing, Sarr & Co., No. 0 Chapel street. R Sunt, 10 street, East. Bavea.....Laosins, Baldwin & Co., 21 Rue Corneille. Glamsvnc..De Chapesuronge & Co. ‘The contents of the Kuroocan edition of the Herarp wil! sombine the news reve!ved by mail and tolograph at the pice during the previous week and up to the hour ef the publication. ‘Tne News. As was announced in yesterday's Herat, the teamer Hungarian arrived in the river St, Law- rence on Saturday, with European advices to the morning of the 10th inst., four days later than the accounts previously received, together with news from India, China and Africa. The intelligence is interesting, as wilt be seen by our telegraphic ¢ummary in another part of to-day’s paper. The first formal meeting of the Conference at Zurich commenced on the Sth inst., representatives of Sardinia assisting in the deliberations. Nothing had transpired respecting the proceedings. Quite ‘an interesting debate had occured in the British Parliament upon a motion adverse to England's taking part in any conference for settling the de- tails of the peace. The motion was finally with- drawn by the mover. It is reported that the relations between Austria and Prussia have assuined almost the dimensions of a rupture, and were regarded as dangerous to the smaller German States. The King of Sardinia entered Milan on the 7th instant in great state. He was received with every demonstration of delight. The elections in Tuscany passed off peacebly, All the Ministers chosen are in favor of independent Tuscany. The subscriptions to the new stock of the At- lantic Telegraph Company were coming in rapidly. Among the names are those of nearly all the great financial and mercantile houses of Great Britain. The mammoth steamship Great Eastern is at last completed. The event was celebrated on board the ship on the Sth instant by a banquet. The American produce markets exhibit no change of importance. Consols had improved three-eighths to one-half per cent. By the arrival of the overland mail at St. Louis, and the Tehuantepec Company's steamer at New Orleans from Minatitlan, we have received news from Mexico, California, Fraser river, Oregon, Car- son Valley and the Plains. We learn from Mexico that President Miramon had dissolved bis Cabinet; but the reasons for this step have not reached us, General Marquise had rebelled against Miramon’s authority, and was at Guadalajara, besieged by the liberals. General Woll had been defeated in Tamaulipas, with the loss of all bis artillery. The liberal party had been excommunicated by the Archbishop of Mexico. General Degollado had assumed command of the liberal forces, and promised, if he could raise $3,000,000 and 40,000 men, to capture the capital by the month of October. The bonds of the ma- tured debt had risen ten per cent. The decree against the church property was being executed. ‘The mails and passengers were robbed while croas- ing the Tehuantepec isthmus. Advices from Vera Cruz to the 14th inst. have been received, but they contain no news of importance. Political affairs remained unchanged. The dates from San Francisco are to the 5th inst. “The steamers John L. Stephens and Orizaba sailed on that day for Panama, with over $2,000,000 in ‘treasure and a thousand passengers, bound for New York. The money market was easy, but business avas dull, with a downward tendency in prices. ‘Large transactions in sugar bad taken place, and nearly a million pounds of the article had been ex- ported to Valparaiso and other ports during a month. Grain was in demand for export. The mining news was favorable, but the receipts of gold «inst comparatively light. Subsequent to the 30th ‘imo the ships Amos Lawrence, Northern Eagle, \ oheus, Flying Eagle, Ocean Exprers, aud Chariot Fame, from New York, and the Dashing Wave, .. «1 Boston, arrived at San Francisco. e accounts from Fraser river are represented 2 ore favorable. New gold discoveries had been » north of Fort Alexander, and rich xuartz had yeceived from Queen Charlotte’s Island; but “thstanding these reports, miners were leaving ‘ “ritish dominions for the new diggings at North le, Oregon, where from eight to sixteen dol- rape: day were made. "1. ..vices from Oregon say that Stout, demo * 4s elected to Congress by forty-one majority . Mullon was progressing finely with the new 2°. ‘rom Walla-Walla to Salt Lake. Varson Valley the people were forming a pro- ' government, it being thcir inteation to v off all allegiance to Mormon authority. They < ucd electing a Governor, Judges, and aly « '-r necessary officers. party of Californians from St. Loufs, bound for €<liforvio, were attacked near the South Pass, on ¥.0 16th of Jane, by the Crow Indians. George Stephenson, of Pittsburg; David Moore, of Lancas- ter, Pa.. and C. M. Hall, of Cincinnati, were killed. Huuty cloreuce, of Carlisle, Pa., was mado prisoner. NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY AUGUST 22, 1859, Our correspondent at St. Johns, Porto Rico, Writing on the 2d inst., say¥;—W~ have continuous showers, and some increase of fever cases, but tiey are of a very wild form. The prospects for Our agricu'tural industry are more promisieg than te past year, and the peop'e have enongh to keep starvation and the wolf from their door. We are t» .ose the steamer Ocean Bird, and consequently the »egular transmission of the Heraup for two u.cntl 8, which constitutes much regret—but better tines are coming. . A letter from our correspondent at Havana, j wiitten on the 13th inst., which we publish else where, contains some intelligence respecting the movements or the revolutionary and government psrties in Veneguela which will be found tate- resting. We have accounts from St. Thomas to the 2d inst., but they contain nothing of importance. The City Hall, which, since the time it was par. tially destroyed by fire, has been an eye-sore to the pullic and a disgrace to our great city, is likely to be repaired befure long, provided the Common Council do their duty in the premises, and convene a special meeting for the confirmation of the award made by the Street Commissioner on Friday last, (previously poticed in the Hsratp,) and thus enable the contractor to get the building roofed over before the cold season sets in, and pre- vent the public records in the building from damage by the elements. The Common Council have long been noted for their blundering stupidity and want of attention to public duties, but it is hoped that in this case their conduct will be an exception to the general rule, and the principal Corporation building be put in proper repair. The Sunday laws were obeyed yesterday in the city with the usual strictness, the liquor stores complying with the law in the usual form, by closing their front and throwing open all other available entrances to the public. We heard of no particular instances of open opposition to the law, however, nor of abso- lute cessation of business in any establishment either. The Baltimore City Guard, Major Warner com. manding, will arrive to-day at four o’clock. by the New Jersey Railroad, at the foot of Cortlandt strect. They will be received and entertained by a battal- ion of the National Guard, Capt. Munroe, for a short time, and will leave for Manchester, N. H., at 5 P, M., in the steamer Connecticut, of the Norwich and Worcester live. In another column we give a his” tory of the Baltimore City Guard, which cannot fail to interest our military readers. The cotton market was firmer on Saturday, with sales of about 1.000 bales. closing at ssc. advance. We now quote middling uplands at about 117%. a 126. per Ib. flour was in more active demand, for State, Western anc Southern, and the market closed at an advance for many grades of 100 a 20c. per bbl ; among the sales of Southern were some lots for export to tropical ports. Wheat was quite steady, and the demand fair for good to orime new qualities, while old and common grades were peavy and sales ight. The receipts of corn were scarce, «wing to the detention of a tow in the North river at the oversiaugh: the sa‘es were moderate and at full prices. Pork was held with more firmness. The sales embraced sew mess at $1412}, a $1425, and ‘prime at $10 a $10 1234. Sugars were steady, with sales of 800 900 bbds and 160 boxes. Coffee was firm and in good cemand, with tolerably free sales, including @ cargo of La guayra and some 1,800 bags Maracaibo, part for export. Freights were firm, with moderate engagements; cotton was taken for Liverpool at 732d. a 34d. The Presidentini teaue in the House of Re- presentatives.' The organization of the new House of Re presentatives in December next will involve a most extraordinary conflict of sections, parties and factions in reference to the Presidential succession. It will be the opening battle of the campaigp, and its results will go very far to de- termine the organization of parties and their relative strength in the general November elec- tion of 1860. The following table exhibits the strength of the republicans, democrats, anti-Le- compton democrats and Southern opposition faction respectively, in the elections which have been made to this new Congresa:— . Dem, ALD. 8. Opp. Maine ie 0 9 0 11 3 26 3 20 115 Michigan Wisconsin . ONAN SHORRAwWaBoRSS New Bampshir Rhode Island. o Roo Kentucky. Tennessee... North Carolina. . Texas .. SonamoHococoooooosoooscosc]e | cococ oor eco SSCONNORA | mromecmes 0! ecoscco coo o oOo eS OSS OMSHeRHSS 18 For the States to elect we adopt the following estimate, resting partly upon probabilities, but chiefly upon their representation in the last Con- - a gress:— Rep. Dem. ALD. 8. Opp. 2 0 0 0 2 Mississipp 5 0 0 Louisiana . 3 0 1 Maryland. 3 0 3 California. .. 1 1 0 Total...........- 18 1 ; 6 According to these figures the next House will foot up as follows— Dem, A.L.D. 8. Opp. 7 9 18 18 1 6 10 Rep. Members elected. .111 To be elected. 2 13 Total yote of a full House. 89 Majority wae no lack six of a majori- ty, allowing them the full benefit of some four or five North Americans elected by fusion arrange- ments, The republican managers, however, cal culate in the House organization upon the cor- dial co-operation of such anti-Lecomptonites as Clarke and Haskin, of New York; Adrain, of New Jersey, and Hickman, of Pennsylvania. With the office of House Clerk to Forney, and the printing to some such firm as Blair & Rives, it is probable that the republicans may secure their Speaker, From the independent attitude of the South- erm opposition party in the late elections, and from the balance of power on the direct Presi- dential vote which they have secured in the Houee, it 1s not likely that party will seek or ac- cept any bargain with the republicans touching the epoils and plunder involved in the House or- ganization. Oa the contrary, it will be the polt- cy of this new Southern opposition party to stand off, or only to cut in here und there, as it may beet subeerve their own game ag an independent party. And thus, we dare eay, that the only basis of a Hous majority coalition will be between the republicans and the anti-Lecomptonites, But here the Charleston aspirations of Mc Douglas will stand in the way of any such cos litfon; for he will hardly coneent to a fasion of his anti-Lecompton followers in the Hoase with the republicans while he entertaius @ hope of the Charleston nowination. Evt the republicaus may adopt another line of eerved there. In these reepecte, therefore, the two armies were unequally matched. The effete aristocratic system of Austria had no chaace of boldivg its ows against the vigorous democra- tic system of France. But, besides all this, there were other elements which made the prepovderance in favor of France still greater. The most recent improvements in artillery bad been introduced. The French rifled cappon mowed down the Austrian troops and dismantled the Austrian guns at distances far too great for the Austrians to respond. The railroads were for the first time at Montebello used to bring up the French troops and deposit them on the very field of battle, It was eaid tbat the troops even fired out of the win- majority of the House is of tittle value withou' | dows of the cars before the trains halted. a majority of the Stuter, When no Presidevtial | The mode of entering and leaving raltroad candidate has recelved a majority of the electo- | carsin marching order had beem taught them ral vote of the Union, the three highest caadi- | a8 oue of the elements of their drill. The Aus- dates are brought before the House, and the | trians took a leseon from this, and eubsequently Houre, in proceeding to an election from these | the corps of Count Clam Gallas were conveyed three, votes by States, each State casting only | by railroad, after they had reached the foot of one vote, which is determined by the mojority of | the Tyrol, through Lombardy to Magenta, aad the members from each State. According to this | were there deposited in time to take part in the arrapgement, should the election of 1860 be carried | bartle. The electsic telegraph, too, was a pow- up to the House for a decisien, we should ficd | erful auxiliary in the hands of Napoleon. the vote by States to be as follows, includiog | Wherever be established bis h for an our estimates for the elections yet to come off, | hour, from there he had lines of telegraph laid adtion, They may firet fonlet upon a declslon ia the cases of certai2 contested seats, acd uyou this question the House may be exhausted iuto @ course of proceedings favorable to the repuv- ean perty. From any point of view, however, it is apparent that the organization of this ne* Congress will ovly be achieved after the most embarrassing, interesting, excited aod protracted fight of sections and factions in the his‘ory of our political parties. Tols is apparent because of the importance of the House organization for Presidential electioneeriog purposes, and be cause of the increasing probabilities of a traps- fer of tbe Presidential election itself from the electoral colleges to the House, In view of this latter contingency a numerical apd including Kansas, which, in the interval, will doubtless be admitted into the Unfon:— Rervniican Statwe.—Maine, Now Hatmpehire, Rhote mae Lyrae) Me pag: romnectieny: New ied lew York, Penosytvania, Odio, Indians, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsia, Minneros, Ksnsas—16, ‘ Demcckano Stares—alabama, Arkansas, Callforvia, Delaware, Fiorida, liinoig, Missouri, South Carolina, Vir ginie, Georgia, wiseiesipp, Louisiana, Texas, Oregon—~14 i ggia rrosirion Stares—Kentucky snd Tennes- ace—2 Trep—North Carolina and Maryland—2. ‘Weole number of jtates 34, Neceesary 10 elect 18. ‘Thus it will be seen that, allowing the fullest marg’n to the republicans, they will lack two States of a majority; but should Douglas be thrown out at Charleston, Illinois and Kentucky muy become very shaky in theknees, The Wasb- ington National Era @eclares that if there is an election of President by the people in 1860 it wil) be the election of the republican candidate This idea pretty extensively prevails; but the chances of an indecisive scrub race are increas- ing, and we apprehend that the result will be aistynctly foreehadowed in the organization of the new Congress, Teachings of the Italian Campaign—Its Eff.ct on War, Government and Civilization in Kurope. When the results of the late war come to be fully developed and appreciated it will be found that the political changes effected by it in Italy will be among its least important advantages. In eaying this we do not mean to underrate the immense gain which the Italian people have already realized, or are in the way of realizing, by baving the weight of Austrian domination broken, and by being made the free arbiters of their own political future. The posi- tion they bave gained enables them to decide for themselves whether the Peninsula shall be longer miegoverned by emperor, pope, prince or poten- tate; and the patriotic spirit they have exhibited in this latest and most excitlog period of their history is an encouraging evidence that their future will not belie their past. Bat, as we said, it is not to this political uspect or Italy’s regeneration that we look for the highest and greatest results of the war; but it isto the effect which the experience derived from it is caving, and is destined to have, on the govern. ments and peoples throughout the whole of Eu- rope. And first in regard to its effect on the military system of the Continent. Before this war broke out Austria had the reputation of being one of the greatest military Powers of Europe. Its army was regarded as the best organized, best equip- ped and best trained that could be found on the face of the earth. Atalleventsno pains were | epared to make it so, Every other interest in the | empire was made subservient to that of the army, and even the risk of national insolvency es incurred for the sake of maintain- iog in all its pride of supposed eu: | periority the great military arm of the goverpment. Well, the first lesson which the Austrians learned in this terrible campaign was, that their imagiaed tower of strength was, after all, but a broken reed. And why? Not because the rank and file of the army were less | brave than the soldiers of the Franco-Sardinian | army, bat because, with all their drilling, and | maxceuvring, and training, they had not kept | pace with the inventions of acience or the pro- | grees of the age, but had been content to prac | tise the same manoeuvres, use the same arms, follow out the same strategies, and be officered | by men of the same names, as were familiar to | their fathers before them. In the Austrian em- | pire, as in the Papal dominions, innovations of all kinds bad been regarded as dangerous. | Scientific inventions had been frowned upon as | being revoluticnary in their tendency. Ratlroads | and telegraphs have been, to be eure, accepted | as necersitics, but it has not been the | policy of the government to stimulate or en- courage the inveutive faculty either in physical or moral science. The only merit recognized in the empire was the merit of birth. The Schwar- zenbergs and Lichtensteins and Palffys, who led | the armies of the Kaisers in past ages, still, through their descendants, led them, and might— but for the experiences of the Italian campaiga— have continued to lead them so long as the em- pire existed. Ina word, merit had no recoga{- tion in tbe Austrian army. Rank and influence went for everything, and whem the day of trial came the system exploded. I¢ is said that the | Pruseian army, when its mobilization was or- | dered, proved also to be ina weetchedly ineffl- ¢ient condition, and has to be reorganized. | Tow wos it with the French army? The very | latest improvements in firearms were in their | hands. Their gymnastic training was perfect. Ex- | ercise, well directed, made them masters of their weapons. Intelligence and activity, encouraged by a prospect of promotion, made the men not timple machines or automata, to move and wheel only in connection with other parts of the ma- chinery, but selfdependent ond selfreliant io every contingency that might arise in the field orin the camp, The eelfreliance developed by the democratic French system of promotion solely for meritorious service gave to the l'rench army that dash and daring which fairly appalled the Austrian and paralyzed his energies. Then, a8 tothe officers—trained in the best military ecbools of Fravce—they even rivalled their men in courage and activity. They knew that their Ewperor’s eye was upon them, and that their conduct would not pase unobserved or unre- worded. They had no apprehension of having their next grade of promotion blocked up by | and in to the various divieions of his army and put in operation. At Solferino his line of battle was Gfteen miles long, and it is easy to see what an immense advantage his telegraph must have given bim in communicating his orders, andin receiving reperts from his generale. The value of this was inestimable. If the Aus- trians bad had such a system they might have retrieved the day; but as it was, their powerfal reserve of cavalry and artillery, not being within five miles of where it was supposed to have been, could not be communicated with in time aud brought into action. Napoleon did not even dis- dain to avail himself of the much-ridiculed science of ballooning; and he is said to have de- rived much advantage from the hints of the ene- my’s position thus obtained. His uncle, the Great Napoleon, had, in his day, used both tele- graph and balloon, but the one was the clamsy semaphore, and the other had not reached any- thing like its present state of improvement. The Prussian army is the only other army to which a telegraphic department is regularly attached. Francis Joseph had too much judgment apd perception not to be convinced that with euch odds against him he could not hope to compete with France, and therefore he seized the first opportuaity to make peace. He saw that his whole military system had to be reor- ganized; that the old automatic drill aud manceuvres had to be modified; that his soldiers had to be better fed, better armed, and better trained to habits of self reliance; that the plan of officeripg the army from the families of the nobility had to be abandoned; that merit, and not descent, had to be made the test of fitaess for command; that the democratic spirit had to be infused into the army, and that it was unsafe to despize too much the progress of scientific inven- tions. In that idea he made peace, and in that idea he went to work and had several of his blundering generals court-martialed and dis- graced. To him the experiznce of the three months campaign has been of more worth than centuries of ordinary occurrences. It is not as to his army alone that he recog- nises the need ofreform. His whole empire is to be made to feel the benefit of the change. All the provincial councils of the empire are to be convoked for the purpose of responding to inter- rogatories in regard to the improvements which they deem necessary in their local government, and are to be at liberty to state their views frankly and fully. In the same way the present Emperor of Rus- sia, profiting by his experience in the Crimean war, where his troops, notwithstanding their high Teputation, were invariably beaten by the Allies in the field, seized the first opportunity of mak- ing peace, and eet to work in reformiog not only the army, but the whole government, decreeing the emancipation of the serfs and developing the internal resources of his empire by means of railroads, telegraphs and other public works. Pruesia and Germany, and even England, have aleo learned much by both the Crimean and the Italian campaigns; and it is not to be supposed that they will fail to profit by what they have learned. Each of the European governments is now looking, or will have to look, to the means of liberalizing ita institutions as the only safe- guard for its existence. It is in this general compreheneive view of the | results of the Italian war that we see its highest and most important besrings. It has taught ru- lers that they cannot rely with safety on the mere brute force of their army, be it never s0 nu- merous or well disciplined. It has taught them that they must keep pace with the progrees of spbysica) and moral science, or submit to be anni- hilated. It has taught them, too, that public opin- ion cannot be safely set at defiance, and that | the execration of enlightened hamanity does not go altogether for nought, Finally, it has taught them that claes privileges cannot be safely maintained, and that the only sure founda- tion for the prosperity ofa nation is in thedemo. | cratic principle, which prevails only in the Uni- ted States and France, of making all men equal, not nly before the law, but in the competition for office in every branch of the public service,. These are the lescons which governments have learned, and by which the people are to profit; this point of view, if in no other, the ex- perience of the war was not too costly. Tar Monster Sreausate Great Eastery— Her Covrtetioy anp Exrecren Visrr ro tam New Wortp.—We learn by the Hungarian, at Quebec, that the completion of the Great Last: ern was formally celebrated on the 8th inst. by @ grand banquet given on board, and that the ship is atmoet ready for sea, It has already been decided that she shall make her first voy- age to this country, and Portland has been selected as her immediate destination. She will have, we are informed, a large number of dis- tinguished scientific men as passengers, among whom will be her architect, Mr. Brunel, and the celebrated engineer Mr. Stephenson, Her ar rival among the Yankees will create a sensation hardly surpassed by that which attended the apnouncement of the successfal laying of the Atlantic cable. Away down East, where they bvild ships by the mile, and cut them off ia lengths to suit purchasers, she will be quite a wonder, greater than any of the Old World wonders, which are now thrown into the shade by modern acience. A ship an cighth of a mile long, and large enough to carry away a dozen New England villages, is something of some aristocratic nincompoop who never felt a | a veeeel, and deserves to be ranked with wound. Most of the regiments, too, had sem | the greatest achievements of the day, in- service and done their military apprenticeship | clading the Atlantic telegraph, the great Vic- in Algeria. Admost every oflicer of note had | wris Dridye, Wwe tunneling of tho Alps, the canal which is to unite the wa? of the Mediter- | management of their affairs in the bands of ranean with those of the Bay of 1 ##Y, and the few irresponsible men, who sell them a» 00 many otber great projects in contemplata. % {u | sheep for the sleughter. How long, we wsk, will couree of completion. Everybody that can .“!!! | the free citizens of the United States submit to go and eee the monster sbip, and throughout the , ‘D# truculent tyranny, worse than any monaroby whole country, from one end of ft to the other, | of Bav106? We ure in the habit of commiscratiag she w 1 be the chief subject of conversation. | the unfortunste people who live uoder despotic Let her departare from England be attended | institutions which corwpel them to obey thelr with as ) ttle delay as possible. The New World tyrants, and have no resource but rebellion, fe all anxious to get @ peep at her, and to extend | which is eo often unsuccessful, But here too to her great architect and his distinguished fel” } many of the people willingly offer their necks low voyagers a hearty weloome. to the yoke of their masters, and instead of kick- ing egainst the goade, they lick the hand that wounds them in their best and dearest interesta, The people by theory are the real sovereigns, and thelr officers, from the President to the night watchman of the Custom House, and from the Governor of the State to the policeman, are thele servants. But praotically this is all reversed, and the people are rendered the slaves of a set of political butchers, thimble-riggers, and Peter fonke, Without the shedding of one drop of blood or any epproach to violence, the people can at any moment resume their sovereignty. They can do it through the primary elections and at the ballot box, as the constitution points out; and if they only try this plan two or three times, they will see such benefits to flow from it to themeelves and to the country at lurge that they will never part with their control again, In accomplishing their deliverance let them not consult this tittle demagogue or that, for.they would only be sold and betrayed ; but let theos do the business themselves, like men who kaow their rights, and knowing, dare matotaia. “Who would be free themselves must strike the blow.” ‘What 1s to be the Poltcy of the Banks} The farmers, the dealers in flour, corn, wheat and other grain, the planters of the South, the cotton and sugar and tobacco merchants, Nortiz and Soutb, and all who have any etuple to eel, as well as those who waat to buy, the speoula- tors in real estate, all who invest their money ia good stocks, and those who dabble in the fancy article—all the bulls and bears of Wall street— have become exceedingly anxious to kaow what ia to be the policy of the banks during the next two or three months, The recent contraction of Joana and deposits bas set all on the tiptoe of expectation as to what isin the wind, and what the banks mean by suddenly taking io sail. Are they preparing for squalls, do they appre- bend a gale, or what is their motive for this extraordinary course in the midst of a halcyon calm, when everybody is dreaming of a pros- perity unbroken for years tocome? The couw- mercial and trading classes all over the countey want information on this important matter, that they may make their purchases or sales accord- ingly. On ‘»e rise or fall of the bank loans aud deposits depends the rise or fall of the prices of the great staples. When the loans and deposits are expanded the prices rice, because then moaey is abundant; wheo there isa contraction of loans and deposits prices fall, because money then ia ecarce. By the banks of New York, the commercial metropolis, the provincial banks are rega- lated, and by the provincial are governed the smaller banks in their several lo- calities, So that commercial men at the remotest extremities of the Union are affected by the policy of the banks of this city, the great heart which sends out the life blood of commerce through the large arteries, and thence through the smaller branches, and receives it back by the veins after being reno- vated and replenished, to be again distributed to every limb and fibre, giving nourishment and strength and vigor to all. If this commercial heart, the fountain of life, is affected, if its pul- sations are quickened or retarded, or made irre- gular, the circulation is affected in an equal de- gree all over the body. Hence it is of the highest importance to know what our city bavks are going todo. Everybody knows what they bave done in the past, for they issue returns of their operations; but they send out no pro- gramme of what they will do in a month, a fort- night, or even a week hence. If, therefore, on the faith of the movements of the banks continuing anchanged, a merchant should make large pur- chases, and if at the end of a month the banks should euddenly contract, he would be seriously tujured, if not ruined, for the prices would be tbus brought down toa low figure. If, on the other hand, a merchant sells on the faith that the ioans and deposits are about to keep steady, and if the banks should enddenly expand, the prices go up, and he is largely curtuiled in his prota by this arbitrary avd irregular action of the banks which be could not foresce. What the country, therefore, has a right to demand from the banke fz, that they will issue programme of their po- licy, that every man may make his arrange- ments accordingly. Owing to their recent flac- tuations it is impossible to fix prices, and com- mercial men are paralyzed; for if they embark their capital heavily they are only launching out on a dark ocean of uncertainty, without a com- pass, UD, moon or stars to guide them. As spe- cimens of their flactuation we quote from the re- turns which we published on Friday laat:— Loans, The Honor and Morals of Pelitics—Virginia and Sew York, By telegraphic news from Washington, which we published yesterday, we learn that a duel hae grown out of the letter of Governor Wise to Ber- pvard Donnelly which appeared in the New Yor« HeERatp. This “affair of honor” was between a eon of Mr. Wise and Mr. Old, of the Richmond Examiner, in consequence of some comments of tbat journal upon the famous epistle of the Gov- erpor. What the Kxominer has said we do not yet know; but one thing is certain, and tbat is, that Henry A. Wise bas clearly put himself in the wrong, end for any of his relatives or friends to be very sensitive on the subject is supremely idiculous. His letter will not stand the test of honeet criticiem, and the less they say or do about it the better, The Wise letter has revealed a chapter in the politics of this State which we long suepected, and in that point of view it has done a far greater amount of good than its author contemplated But it bas shown something equally rotten in the State of Virginiu—the Old Dominion, the mother of States and of Presidente—so cele- brated for its chivalry and its bigh sense of honor. Her foremost son, regarded as ber trues: representative, who fills the highest office in her gift to bestow—a very Bayard among her kvights—tbe chevalier sans peur e sans reproche— be, even he, has been caught in his own trag, ardis proved under his owa signature to be capable of stooping to the mean intrigues of the towest politicians of the coal hole of Tammany Hall. Considering Wise as the most favorable specimen of a Virginia politician among the high bred F. F. V.’s, what place are we to assign to the lowest of the canaie in that old State? It is thus six of one and half a dozer of the other be- tween the politicians of the democracy of Vir- ginia and the politicians of the democracy of New York. It is diamond cut diumond—sharper eel! sharper. The effect of party politics on every man who becomes meshed in their toils is gradually to degrade and deprave, and to rob him of that lofty tone of purity which cau never dwell in the breast of a politician. The Samson of the South indulged in dalliance with Delilah, a daughter of the Northern Philis tinee, and he laid his head in confidence upop ber lap. But the treacherous wanton’s heart was not with bim, and she not only wormed out ot him the secret of his strength, but sold him to the Philistines, who shaved the Nazarite’s head wheo be was asleep, and bound him hand and foot, and put out his eyes; for by the loss of his hair he became as weak as any other man. Thus have the political Philistines of Albany served the uero of Richmond, and he has become like any emall politician. He will some day, when his hair grows sgain, and his strength, but not his sight, is recovered, pull down upon the heads of the Regency the idolatrous temple where they perform all their secret filthy rites, and offer human sacrifices to their God, Mammon. Thus he will bravely perish with his enemies. Mean- time he has made himself an object of derision by his intercourse with the harlots of New York politics. It is probable, from all that we can see, that the Albany Regency laid a snare for the feet of the chivalrous Wise, and caused a private letter to be written to him, to draw him out, in order that his reply might be used against a democrat in this State obnoxious to the Regency. He swallowed the bait; but his letter took a wider rapge than either he or they intended. In his case “the engincer was hoist with his own pe- tard;” in theirs the premature explosion of the big gun dealt death among the butchers of the Albany slaughter houee, who stood, befure it when loaded, chuckling with delight upou the effect it was going to produce, when euddenly our detective pulled the trigger, ang “bang” it went, to their utter confusion and dis may. Some have lost legs, some arms, and gome their heads, with the little brains which they con- tained. The lesson of instruction to be derived from this revelation of the rascality of party politics is, that there is no faith to be placed in politi clans, from the lowest to the highest; that thoy will deceive and cheat all round, and that it is not the public welfare they have at heart, bat how they may get hold of the posts of honor and emolument, to which they are continually sacri ficing the heat interests of the republic, They depend for their success on management and sharp practice at the primary elections, Now that is just the place to fight and defeat them Let the people put their heads together and take the elections into their own hands, and get rid at one bold stroke of all the wirepullers and man. agers. Thus alone will they be enabled to select | 1964—May 13. Pr % all the men of their own choice—men who will re Fab 76,878,487 b mber 834,199 flect honor and dignity on the institutions of our | 1867—May 2,, 68,078 676 free government, and take a lofty pride in pro- oes eee moting the common weal, instead of ministering SP KOT to the base cormorants, vultures and harpies ‘Aurast id. 108084908 which are preying on the vitals of the country. 150-Aay then 109, 317.445 As for the State of New York, the daty of the August 1 pees people is to organize by districts, and defeat ‘It will be observed that in the year 1854 the dis. Seward and his fellow conspirators at the fall eloc- tions, Having accomplished that object, then it will be time enough for them to make arrange- ments about the Charleston Convention. Do one thing at a time. Those who counsel the election of delegates to the National Convention now, want to divide the people previous to the fali elcctions, eo that Seward may have an easy vic- tory. It is 2 qnostion in which there is Itkely to be division, or, at all events, one in which {t is easy to produce that reenlt. The trae policy, therefore, is to postpone anything likely to di- vide till after the fall elections, and the people having advanced against Seward in one united phalanx, and thus defeated him, the enthusiasm of the victory will prevent disunion ag to the Charleston Convention. Let the people throw the demagogues overboard now and then, and elect the best and most honest men to represent them, and a glorious victory will crown their efforts. As political matters are now managed, and for along time have been managed, in New York and Virgivia, it isno longer @ democracy, but to all intents and purposes a despotism, that con- trols the destinies of the State, and to some ex- tent the destinies of the country. The people have no more real voice in the clections than if they lived fa Sivuta. They have the turbance which was commenced by the Schuyler frauds was not of the same extent as in 1857, the Jear of the great panic, while in 1858 there was, on the whole, a uniform upward tendency of both loans and deposits, and no symptoms of disturb- ance. In 1859 the tesdency is rapidly down- wards, and undoubtedly of a disturbing nature. In the foregoing table there is one item worthy of particular note. It is the deposits for August 8, 1857—they were only $67,372,940 actually lower than they were three months before, where as the loans bad run up in the same period of time eight millione—thus showing that the banks had expanded to the high figure of 122,000,000 with- out deposits to justify them. Hence, when they suddenly contracted, and refused the usual ac- commedation to the merchants, and the latter came to an understanding to withdraw their de posits in order to bring down the banks, and the public at large withdrew their money feom mo- tives of safety, the catastrophe was precipitated, the banks burst up in about six weeks, and {t re- quired the interposition of complacent and plia- ble judges, in the veny face of the law, to save them from the consequences of their bank- ruptey. The reader will obrerve that both the expan- sion and the contruction are, duting thy Jast Uice Worthy, nuily os gratis la ths telble