The New York Herald Newspaper, August 21, 1859, Page 1

THE NEW YORK HERALD. WHOLE NO. 8385. INTERESTING FROM EUROPE, ARRIVAL OF THE HUNGARIAN AT QUEBEC. ‘OUR DAYS LATER NEWS. BEETING OF THE ZORICH CONFERENCE SARDINIA REPRESENTED. SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH Completion of the Monster Steamship Great Eastern. What the English Think of the New Mexican Treaties, ko, a. Fartugn Pom, Angust 20, 1869. ‘Fho steamship Hungarian, from Liverpool, with ad- ‘viees of the 10th of August, passed this point this morn- fing, and was boarded from the news yacht and her news ‘brought ashore here. ‘he Hungarian will be due at Quebec in the courze of the night. Her mails and passengers will reach Montreal & morrow some time before noon, Her general news is intercsting, but possesses 10 feature of etriking importance. ‘The Congrees of Zurich met on the 8th, according to previous announcement, but nothing had transpired of the proceedings thus far. Sardinia was represented there, ‘This Conference mecta for the purpose of eatablishing and cementing the bases of peace laid down at Villa- franca. Tho three Powers engaged in thef late war are to de represented, but none other. ‘The Marquis of Bourqueney, atsieted by M. de Bonne- ‘ville, is to represent the interests of France. Count Colorede has charge of the interests of Austria. Bardinia is to be represented by the Chevalier Desam- brois. ‘The official authorities of Zurich had given to the am ‘Dassadors a warm welcome, and were to entertain them at a public dinner on the llth August. Zarich, is the chief town of the Canton of the same name, and is pleasantly situated at the northwest extre- mity of tbe Lake of Zurich. The city is divided by the river Limmat into two nearly equal parts, of which that on the right bank is called the Grosse Stadt, and the other the Kleine Stadt. It is one of the three cities—Berne and Lacerve being the other two—in which the Federal Diet of Switzerland assembles by turn. Zurich has been called the Athens of German Switzerland; many valuable books have proceeded from its presses, and it can bosst of having given birth to many distinguished men of loarn- ing. It is @ thriving, busy town, one of the most com- mercial and industrious of all Switzerland, and may be yanked in this reepect with Geneva, Basle and St, Gall. "oe population of the town amounts to about 15,000. Zarich is historically remarkable as the place where the Reformation commenced in Switzerland, unde- the guidance and preaching of Ulrich Zwingli, ia 1519; and the firet entire English version of the Bible, by siles Coverdale, was printed here in 1583. Many English Protestants, banished by the pernocutions of the reign of Queen Mary, found in this town a cordial re ception during their exile. One of the most pleasing features about Zurich is Ms promenades and points of view. One of the bes! of tbem is an clevated mound, once forming part ‘of the ramparts, and called Cat’s Bastion, now included in the New Botanical Garden, which is prettily jaid out in walks and shrubberies, and opened to the public without restriction—« privilege not abused. It commands a de Jightful view of the town and lake, and of the distant Alps. Nothing can be more delightful than the viow at unset from this point, extending over the smiling and popalous ehores of the beautiful lake to the distant peaks and glacier? of the Alps of Glarus, Uri and Schwytz, tinged with the most delicate pink by the sinking rays. The most prominent and interesting of the Alpine peake seen from this, beginning at the cast, are the Sentis in Appen: zell, Glarnish Dodi, Klariden in Glarus, Achsenburg, Ross. ‘berg ana Uri Rothstock. This is the place, ‘‘On the mar. gin of fair Zurich waters,” where the peace of Europe is to be secured for a few years. ‘The Emperor Napoleon was on a visit to the camp at Chalons, witnessing the mancouvres of the troops. ‘Mazzini publishes in the several London journals an ar- ticle under the caption of “‘The European Ooup d’Etat.”’ ‘The Grand Duke Constantine, of Russia, had arrived at Spithead in a Russian vessel of war, In England Parliament was still debating the Italian question, but in a subdued tone. ‘The London papers publish the provisions of Mr. Sidney Herbert’s new bil) for organizing a military reserve force. ‘The Atlantic Telegraph Company have issued an invita- tion to inventors and manufacturers in all paris of the world to bring forward specimens of their work for expe- imental testing. ‘The subscription to the new sock in this company is progressing very favorably. On the jong list of the takers of this stock we find the names of Messrs. Baring Bros, & Co., George Peabody, of Mossrs. George Pcabody & Oo.; Messrs. F, Huth & Oo.; Bamuel Gurney, of Messrs. Overend, Gurney & Oo.; Mesers, N. Rothschild & Oo., Messrs, Hankey & Oo., Messrs, Barciay, Bevan & Oo.; John Henry Schroder, of ‘Messrs. Join H. Schroder & Co,; C. M. Lampson, Thomas Brawoy, Wm, Brown. The completion of the mammoth steamship Great ‘astern was formally celebrated on the 6th of August, by ® banquet given on board, which was attended by a large ‘number of distinguished men. Phe ship is almost ready for eee. ‘The Londen Times has an article on the stipwlations ia athe treaty alleged to bave been arranged betwoon Mr ‘MeLane and Joarez at Vora Cruz. Although the Time; Khinks the troaty would be beneficial to Mexico itself, a ‘Well as to the world, it yet fonrs that it would result ia Sojury to the interests of foreiga bondholders, It was rumored that R. L. Cole, a Loudon merchant in the Fast India trado, had suspended, The uarkeis, both in Liverpool and London, were sSencraliy quiet, without any material change in prices At Liverpool cotton waa steady, but not very activo, the sales of the three days reaching to only a moderate gate. Rreadstuifs were dull, without material obange in any article, Provisions steady, Com tole for money, 9534. es, The Pope's rng! ope of the Revel oluntecrs. “The Giornwle di Roms bas the following: ‘Many of tho Popo’s subjects who voluntarily emigrated from the States of the Onurch to fight under the Sarainian yj r r y SUNDAY MORNING, flag, have to return to their country, having Laura allows Folly 22)4 sec. been disbanded by the government whieh they felt it their | Tho following veevels had entered up to two 2, M. yes. duty to serve. ing, for the most part, to the lowest | terday:— clags of the people, ‘are entirely without resources; | Cecile, Lotus, ‘Suitaua, Mariaa, not “from the governement to which they | Wiid Fire, @ipsey Queen, Arrow, ‘ostal, gave their dsatstanoe, ty me Tor; aid from their own | Alarm, Tous’ let, Branette, i! government, which they derpised. Beatrice. Lady Bird, Osprey, ‘honqaite, The Pontifical government, in ite a1 solicitude, | At5 2’. M. ber Majesty prizes of £10 aod £0 oach taking pity on the'lot of ‘those whom it regards solely a3 | to be rowed for by bouts belouging to the Royal Yacht baving been misied and seduced, has not refused to take juadron. the Freoch, steps to comply with their wishes, and to enable them to At noon Iele of Wight pilot boats, over tweaty oos and peace. ‘Another part of these self etyled volunteers, who are in the provinces of Ravenna and |, by order of those who have usurped power at Bologna, would like to cross the frontiers of the impelled by any motive rather than a wih to fight. with regard to them the Pon. tifloal government is not unwilling to display a kindly foel- ing. Nevertheless, it is to be observed that they are sending from Piedmont seprescntatives, who, under the came of royal commissioners, speak without auy restraint to theee people, although there was good reason to hope for the suppression of such disorder. For the rest, the fatal pisture nted to the eyes of the Holy Father cannot but afflict his paternal heart, es- pecially at the sight of the unheard of efforts made by the enemies of tbe Catholic faith against the Holy See, and of those crimmal persons in ftaly, who, through incredulity or ignorance, cry out against the Ohurch and ite venerable chief. But his confidence gn God, that han never been belied, is now strengthened by the letters of the Caibolic epiecopacy, which prays tbat the days of afliction to the supreme ehepberd may be shortened, and that safety and peace may be vouchrafed to him for the good of the Ca. tholic Church, placiog at his feet bot tudividuals aud all that belongs to them, ag children would do towards a father, ‘The whole of the espiscopal body reiterates its respect and devotion for the vicar of Jesus Christ. May the ce- sires of these avointed of the Lord, berne up by tho eagles of peace to the throne of the Most igh, bo heard, 80 that our common father avd sovereign may be seated more firmiy than ever on tbe Pontifical throne, sarround- ed by the love of the peoples, and that be may govern with lasting tranquillity the Church and the State. Regatta of the Royal Yacht Squadron. [Cowes (August 4) correepondence of London Chronicle. } The failure in procuring the requisite number of entries and starters yesterday for the Lea ne ‘by the squad. ron, was productive of considerable disappointment to the crowds of people who were attracted here in the bope of witnessing the contest, and expressions of regret wore general, A sleamer wee advertised to accompany the mateb, and to go round the flect at Spithead, but in con- sequence pf there being no race, the course of the stesmer was altered, and the few who were on board were taken round the fleet, and also round the three Russian frigates now at Spitnead, and were then landed at Portsmouth for ‘wo boars. Several of the excurmeoists avei'ed thom- selves of the opportunity to visit the brave old Victory, and to gee the spots where Nelson suffered his last morcal agoniea. The money offered, it should be remarked, vas uot from the fands of the squadron, but wassubscribed by the various members. The amount thus voluntarily raized, in order © promote the noble pasime of yachting, and witn the still more commen. dable object of encouraging \mproved yact build. ing, amounted to £176, whicl js thos dia. posed of—£100 for the sd of yesterday, £50 for & match to-morrow, and £26 for a pilot boat’ race on Satarday; and this is independent of considerabie surs for various otber objects in order to promote the feativi- ties of the week. It is earnestly to be hoped that ere the advent of another regatta week at Cowes all differences will be forgotten, and that euch @ coup manqué as that of yesterday will not occur again. e a dinner of the members of the equadron was held last night, and was attended by about sixty gentle. men. The chair wae taken by the Commodore, tho Harl of Wilton, and the vice chair was filled by the Marquis of Conyrgham. The ueual invitations were sent to the offi. cere of the royal yachts, and among the visiters wore:— Captain the flon, Joseph Denman, the Princ of Leiningep, Capyain Farquhar, Licatenant Tryon, Lieutenant aud: son, Lieutenant Robinson and Jieutenant Swinburne. There were also present:--Earl Vane, Viecount Ebury, Lord Colville, Count Zsmoyski, the Mon. E Rassell, Sir Yorke Scariest, Sir Beiliogbam Graham, Sir Heary Bold Hogbton, Bart., Sir H Edwards, Sir J. Thorold, Sir H. Calder, Sir Alexander Bannerman, Sir Percy Shoiley, Col. Teenard, Colone) Plunket Burton, Colonel Macdonald, Colo: nel Oust, Lieut. Colonel Cavendish, Captain Chamberiayne, Captain Hammond, Captain Smith Barry, the Rev Atkinson (chaplain to the equadron). Dr. Boimeister, Mr. Whichoote, Mr. Baring, Mr. Maxse, Mr. Ponsonby, Mr. Delmé Radcliffe, Mr. Harvey, Mr, H. Tuorold, Mr, Adeane, Mr. Colvile, Mr. Litcbford, Mr. C. Lee, Mr A. Lee, Mr, Delafield, Mr. axendale, Mr. ©, Baring, Mr. Moore, Mr. Roe, Mr. Grey, Mr. Roils, Mr. W. Rolls, dr, Camber. Jayne, Mr. Ackere, Mr. Demer, aud Oaptain W. 0. Browne (secretary). The usual loyal aod patriotic toaets were most raptu- rourly received aud honored, after which the customary toast at this banquet were duly disposed of, and a most Pleasapt evening was spent. Her Mejesty cruised in the Solent to the westward last night on board the Fairy, und og tbe litle vegsei passed down the colors were run up to tbe mastheads of me Vic toria and Aibert, then #od now lying in Cowes roads. The Fairy returued et dark, bat kept over to the north ehore, £0 that ebe was but barely perceptdie at Cowon. ‘The town in now fuller of fasniouadle and distinguishes vieiters than bes been known for some time, and it is expected that tha ball to morrow night will be of « very brilliant character, HER MAJESTY’S CUP. ‘The contest for this prize commenced this morning, and there were five entries. It if a time race, the allowance being haif Acker’s scale, aud it was open'to cutters and yawis of the Royal Yacat equedron under 80 tous. Tho following were ut their stations off tho castle when Preparations were made for the start. They were all fi venty tons, Col. Simmons Smith, owner. ‘The Marina, fifty-three tour, Sir A. Bannerman, Bart., owner The Ozprey, fifty.nive tons, Col. BR, W. Huey, owner, The Ladybird, thity-five tons, J. 8. Lethbridge, Feq., owner ‘The Opmba, Oifty-three tous, Capt. K. H. Smith Barry, owner, Toe Brunetie had nomber oxe station, in the full strength of the tide; the others were nomi- nally stationed as above given, but at first it was thought that the Ladybird was out of tne race, as the covid not be seen among the masta of ‘the numerous craft moored between her and the shore, but ne Soon 9g the second gan was fired, it was feen tist her crew began hoisting away, and ebs went off with alead of @ bundred yards or eo. it appears that she had arifted to leeward in consequence of her auchor not holdiog. A very pretty start wae effected between the other foar, the Osprey obiaining a lead, which she beld for some time, although there was an awkward hitch in ber topsail gear, apd it Was quite six minutes before it was set. The Bru- uette followed elose in her wake, and next her was tho Marina. Tne Ladybird did not avail herseif of her position at the start, as she was soon passed by some of the otner vetsela, but before they were lost sight of on their way to the Warner, sho reached across the Brunette ana became fecond. fhe start, it should be stated, took piace at eleven, and in a short time the yachis were out of sight +Nothing more wag seen of them until about half past twelve, when the leading veeeols were observed coming up agelnst wind ‘and tide, and as soon as they coula be made out with cer- tainty, it was discovered that the Osprey was leading, fol- lowed 'by the Brunette, Theso two passed the Oalabot light on the opposite shore as foliows:— H M.S Qapre; - 18 30 Brunet . 1 10 ® The Marina w: few minut astern. In this order they rounded the Brambles, andijin working up the north cbannel some very pretty and exciting macwuvres were shown, the two leading vessels going on tack for tack, and trying every dodge to bafile one another and get the other alee, They thus alternately baflled; but before standing across for the mak boat at the western end of the course, the Osprey went away ahead of her larger competitor, and took a decided lead. They rounded as follows:— H. M. &. ~ 2 7 30 © race. Both vessels The Ladybird w: ot now set their topsails, all having struck thom in coming back from the Warner; the Osproy was tae first to get her canvass up, setting jib headed sails,while the Branetc fet an immense square headed affair, and sho ran the Osprey by twenty seconds before patsing Cowes Castle, at which point the time was thus taken:— . 45 tide to round the course again. iagmniids inhatery In lieu of the failure of yesterday there is to be a “han- dicap’” race on Saturday. open to yachts of any club, £100 for the first vessel and £25 for the second. Five to start or no race, The particulars of the handicap will not be announced till nine o'clock on the morning of the race. There will bo no race to-morrow, as the two matches will be merged into on 4:30 P. M.—T jachts have just re-ay . The Marina is leading few minutes ahead of the Brunette, The Ceprey a little way astern, The boat is just leaving. Result by telegraph. {By Electric Telegraph.) Brunette arrived at 50 seconds past five, beating Osprey by two minutes, and won by time. Marina third, (From the London Times, August 6.) COWES ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON—PRIZE OF £50. Five vessela—the Laure, 12 tons; the Folly, 12 tons; the Quiver, 18%ous; the THought, 27'tons, and the Violet: 40 tonz—entered for this race, the terms being three to start or no race, Time allowed. The Violet and the Thought took up their berths off the Royal Yacht Club House, but no other vessels made their appearance, the smaller yachts refusing to sail after entering on find! the Thought was to be one of the competitors, al oe allowed appeared to give the smalior yachts every The programme for this day consiats of a handicap race, to start at 11 A. M.; five to start or no race; first Prize, £100; second prize, £26; Royal Yacht squadron igre Zo any club; the time being arranged as Ss. H M. 8& Pouy.......005. 0 9 40 20 8. HM 8 7% Tatra... 0 0 45 Ot exceeding forty tone, old measurement, will sail for prizes of: Mret versel, £20; second vessel, £5. To eail under sailg. The Royal Yacht Squadron Crime and Ite Consequences in Great Britain, {From the London News, Auguss 6 } The volume on Judicial Statistics, which has jaat beea Published, aud which shows the proceedings of our crim\- Baland civil courts in 1866, is for thore who remember the returns of former years, @ striking instance of tbe geveral improvement whicn has of jate heen manifest in the returps of the various departments of she govern ment . * * * * Before adverting to any of the special information now firat supplied, we may stale lor the punvis eatisfuction font the number of niumen's in 1868 was 17,896, 2, per cent belww the commitments ia 1857; re two yeare tbero was no chao the law which could make this comparigon uofeir Tao decrease Was soared by every Euglisu county exceot Oxford, Rui- lund, Salop, Sussex and Wilts, and in theee counties the increase was gigb'—a small resction on we decrease of the year bsfore. It je gatisinctory also to be able to ‘state that in offences against the person, in offences sgaings property with violence, and generally in ail the graver clasees of offences, toe diminution was, an io former years, cousideravie i» 1853. Offruces against the game jaws, petty riots, breachts of the peace, aud Keeping disordoriy houses. are the ciazces of crimes wich ‘mm the year increased considerably. YTnoe,uumber of capt tal convictions in +#08 was 63, or 5 below the average of the Inet 10 yearn; and 11 of ibe convicts were executed, They were al males, and 4 of them were coreigners. Turning from tbe’ grave offences to the police returns, we have the folowing comparison :— ka reiere ii te it ARB 1867 jumber of pertons proceeded agains OMAP sce ceece ee 404,034 389.233 Discharged on examination... 143,744 135,474 Convicted... .....+4+ see 260,290 235.759 Obarged with drunkenness... » 86,472 75,859 ‘The increase in the minor offences in point of number ‘muca more than compensates for the decrease ia the graver offences. This may, however, arise from a greater zeal on the part of the public to enforce the law. fhe class of persons proceeded against summarily inciude vagrat te of a Kinds, end within this day or two we have not.ced no leas than three cases in which the magistrats has refured to entertain charges against tumbling boys and rtreet musicians, The public growing fastidious take offence st actions that are ot criminal. At te eame time it most be noticed thet the per centage of the persous discharged by the justices in 1868 (355) was less than in 1867 (367). [nere are not satisfaciory facts, but it ja satiefactory to notice that the number of females apprehended, cepecially for drankea ness, was proportiouably much lesa in 1858 than the number of males, Addiog the number committed for trial to tbe number sammerity proceeded agiinet, 1¢ appears that 421,889 pergon:—or in a popula. tion of 19,523,000 1 in 46—teli into tne hands of the law; adding the aumber convicted before justices, 260,200, to the number convicted before the ass\2e courts, 13,246, we heve 273,680 persons out of the same population, or 1 in 71, punished to 1808, In 1857 the number summarily couvivted [and convicted at the assizes was, togetber, 249,900, which in a pooulation of 19,306,000 gives 1 in 78 48 tbe ‘proportion puniehed iu that year. At che same time, a8 the Increase in 1858 was exclusively in the sum. mary jurisdicton, it happens that tbe number of persons committed to prion for offences in 1858 was less—4 7 per cent—than ip 1857, The punishments on the whole, therefore, were more aumerous, but they were less revere in 1858 thap ip 3857. Of the special information given we can now only notice areturn made by the police of the criminal classes under the heads of known ihiever and depredators, receivers of stolen goods, prostitutes, suspected persons, vagrants and trompe, which amonnted to 134,922, of whom 18,807 were under 1s yours of sge, and the number of prostitutes was 28,760, ere Hgures are remarkable as correcting some common potions. The clees of “unfortunates,” for in stance—the Jast mentioned pat down by Colquhoun, in 1801, at 60 000 in the metropolis aloe, are now estimated, as kuown to the poli:e from avowing their trade, at 28,760 for Englend apo Wales. Onthe authority of the police, the crimipal cisas of the metropolis 1s put down at 1178.1 of the populawen, and ia ploseure towns, such as Brighton, vpeltenham, &c., at 1 in 949; ip towns cepencent on syricultore ‘at 1 in 78.1, io commercial ports at 1 in 98.6, in the seats of cotton and linen manufactures at 1 tp 154, m the seate of woollen manufacture at 1 in 175.6, in the feats of small and mixed textile manufactures at tin 198 8, and in the seats of hardware manufactures at 1 in 47%. The proportion of the people which, from the ab- sence of ull honest meaos of living, is classed as criminal in greatest tn the Gietrict of the hardware macufactures; then foliow the towns in the rural cistricts, then the com: merelal ports, then the plearurs towne, then the seats of wali textile manufactores, then the seate of cotton manu- facturea, avd, lattiy, the metropolis. adding to 134,022 the number of the criminal clase ut large in 1858, the number of criminais in prison in September of that year, 26,424, we get 160,846 a8 tbe total of the habitually crimi- na cies ip England and Water in 1858 : So far ack #% 18¢0 Mr. Colquboun estimated the lossin the metropolis by depredations ut £2,000,000 a year; and in 1888 the Watch Committe of Liverpool stated the lors by depredation im their borough at £700 000 annually. Wr. Redgrave, the Registrar of Criminat Returns, more corvectiy, it eppears, estimates the annual cost of the crimipal Clarsee, including all the cost of the estublish- mente for punishing them. at well ag wbat tuey steal and not less than £10,000,000 a year. This, though estimate, compared to that of Mr. Colquhoun, is 8p enormous sum to be annually destroyed by euch a comparatively small number of persons as 160,346, or about the one bundred apd twentieth part of the community, in rpie of the exertions of the rest te restrain asd prevent them. Thougb this com is quite enough to create alarm, coneiering it a8 tbe annvs! cost and food of crime: yet thees returner, like ail tbe preceding returns of late ygurs, ahow that the pumber of grave offences is continualy decreas. ing, and that depredations without violence are the chief critoes of the people. To thore who, like ourselves, bave ubweariedly contended for commercial freedom it is highly gratitying to fee the prosperity which has \ollowed in ite ‘ain, continually accompanied by great mora! improve- ment. The Telegraph in Turkey. TO TEB EDITOR OF THE LONDON POST. Sm—To ehow how little the Torkieh system of tele- grapbs cap be relied upon as our medium of communtca- op with the East, I beg to subjoin the extract of a letter Ihave today received from Vienna. When it is under- stocd that, according to present arrangements, all mes- sages between this country .and india must be trans- witted through Constantinople for the next fifty years (the duration of Mr. Gisvorne’s concession), it will be seen that the value of a telegraph line to India is yery problematical Lonpon, August 6. [Extract gee August 2, 1859. The other day the telegraph department received a tele- grapbic despatch from the Turkish telegraph officer at Rustechuk (ene of the principal telegraph stations between Vienna and Constantinople) that he ig obliged to leave the place on gome business, and that in consequence he closes his office for a fortnight, and the Austrian Telegraph Department not to torward any despaiches for that period. ‘The Chief of the department telegraphed to the head office at Constantinople to know what this meant, when to his still greater astonishment, he received an answer to the effect ‘that be was surprised the Austrian Telegraph De- partment should make such ® complaint, az certainly could not expect more than a notice from the chief at Rustechuk that the office was shut up for a fortnight,” taking it thus for granted that it was a piece of politencas officer to give such notice at all, as he might have shut up without saying word about it, Miscellaneous Foreign Items, The Paris Pays of the 4th of august says:—To under- stanc the transition of the French army from a war tom peace footing, two things must be consitered—cadres and the elective force. ‘The number of officers and non-com- miseioned officers is fixed by ordinances and decrees; are fixed in pumber, and are, #o to speak, the soul ced ments, battalions, squadrons, batteries. and companies, whilst the effeutive piaced under them is variable. In the infantry, both in war and peace, the number of oflisers and pon commissioned officers is the same; in the cavalry and the auxihary and special corps, the necessities of a campaign slightly modify it, The present syetem of ro- crusting can furnish every year the maximum number of 140,000 men; but only 100,000 are ordinarily placed at the disposul of 'the government. As the volunteers who have not what is called satisfied the law on recruiting are deducted from the contingent of their class, and, as the young soldiers who pay exemption money must be replaced by those who hsve satiafled the law, we set aside the number of men serving voluntarily, aad wo sot down seventy thousand as the total number of sojdiera Labie w be serving at the same time, under the law on recruiting. As several hundred thousand men will be restorec Wo the plough or the workshop, the country will beenriched by their labor, The economy effected will be io pay, which is less a; home than in a campaign, in the Purchase of provisions, in the storing of arsenal, in clothing. In camping material, horses, baggage train, kc. The cums thus saved will be in the ate enormous, each item representing several millions of francs. A Paris correspondent of the Liverpool Jou on the 4th of august, remarks:—The trots bad Palais Royal is all embrowned. The “little Princess” (Prince Napoleon’s wife) still pouts and flouts vecause hor huebard has returned without a kingdom. The exjraordipary rumors are afloat with regard to this extra- oroipary ménage. So pointed ana painful isthe mani- i fertation of displeasure on the part of tho little towards poor Plon-Plon, who seems born to taouble, that be entertains serious thoughts ef abandoning his political carcer at once, and sterting for América. ment, however, being publicly made in the irnals during the last few days, shows that {t capnot be true; and therefore we were quite for tho atuertion which is put forth to-day, of the having decidedly refused to admit the sen of sa Grand Duke Leopold 06 tne succession of his father, and, having resol ‘upon the choice of another Prince, roceed to his election by uviversal suffrage. This is full of meaning. “ Another Prince” ja evidently Pion-Plon, #hi Diensedl the Tussaos Fhe hi £0 the government papers declared during his atoy. ‘The Paris Siecle gives the following skatch of " tion of the troopr new encamped Sh Bt. Mawr setee the energy of the French character, and sach the vigor of constitution of the peldiers, wat the amalgamation is 1859. Bane a se a already complete between those who arrived three days ogo apd thoae who camo yesterday, Whilst the latier, still Covered with dost and perspiration, hastened to pitch ibeir tents to seek ip them that repoee of which they Mand in need, toe former, quite recovered, wore furbish- AUGUST 21, ‘up their arms, beating their clother, an’ curling their wonstachors, while at the same time they atended to Lhe dookery going On in the open air ia frontof thelr twat Every one bes recovered that gayesy which characteriser ‘*4)) thig is the effect of » night parsed on & {009 hed,” waid @ grenadier of ine Guard to a visiver, paws. atthe sametime to tbat on which bo nad slept ‘Wea porely and simopiy composed of some bandles of y which had been dried by ta» sum on the glacis of cennes. The Parin correspondent of toe London Times, wriling on the Jat of August, tays:—I have recently given an extract from his (Nspoleon’e) speech in the Casmbar of Peers in 1840, iD which bostated that ove of the tien objects for the promotion of whica be c'aimed thoir yet rag fo avenge Waterloo”? Mr Cobden mw! to the Bor- deanx cectaration about the Empire being peace, and to the frendiy relations which the emperor bas #o often desired to mainiaw with Fogland. Ireply, ubat the pacids basie op which bis Majesty declared the future emyire was to sisnd did not prevent, the war with Austria from being Pavwed long before Tt broke out, and tuas the language Weed ip the meantime towures the Emperor of Austria ue bot only friendly, but flattering in the extreme. benever I am éirpoeed to optimicin im this re- fees Tam checaed by the recoilection of an opinion de- Hberateiy pronounced by bis Mejesty, and to the truth of which Tassent. Tbe Emperor bas declared his conviction that there never bas beeo a povernment strong enoush fo Keep co ~ liberty at boms without giving it glory sbroad., Th ote hasty passage in 2 speech, or io an @B8RY COM Por: very early yonib, or yetin the beat of contrevent Mr. Cobden will flad ‘t embodied in the ‘Bragr enis Mistoriques,” written wi Ham in 1841, aod carefully republished, under the Emperor’s own oye, in the last Parie edition of bie works, in 1856. Ho adus:— Ido not believe that it has entered ihe imperial mind to * conquer” Eogland, or perbaps to invade it with a view to occupstion But one or two victories at see, & Success fol landing, or tome such advantage, with 2 meznanimous ‘offer of peace, would satiety the ndtinga! amour propre, apd, above ali, would turn the stteution of the nation teow ite internal affairs, enould it show an inconvenient disposition to éiscurs them A Marseilles jetter of the ist of July has tho follow So far, therefore, us the means of offence of France sre concerned, it is a matver of no moment to whut ex Wot ebe cisarms, for her reserves are always muictained iwtact, ad are constantly fed with fread hands who have passed through the imperial navy for struction, Let ue now ee bow the two systems work, aud, without imput tog bad faith or hostile intentions t any cao, we will suppose England to possees fifty liner? ufloat and France ry forty. Both countries ugree 0 place out of commirsion twenty liners each, and to diemies their craws, when the peace party would ray the relauve poaitiols of the two fleets are maipiaived. “Under this arraogement tue Zog lish sbips are laid up and their crews discharged, to jon the merchant service, or to swell the ranks of the United tes bavy. Once dismissed, they are lost to the Engilah tervice. The same writer remarks:—In England, to enter & 1aan recourse must be bad to the costly, dilatory and cumber some system of bounties Without being liable to the charge of being an al one may look forward, if tae present state of things is atlowed to continue under a dis- armament, to witness at the outbreak of a war ve! <een England and France, should so dire a calamity ever occur, we Foglish fleet being ontnus:bered by that of France, and ip what we have hitherto been accuswmed to con. sider as Eoglish waters, The Paris correspondent of the London Times writes tbus on the 2d of August:—I don’t know whether it may be considered as incicative of the promised millenium ‘bat the Emperor’s conversation has within the last few days become remarkable for ite extremely pacific and even pastoral character. Hie conyersstion is about agri culture, horticulture, the system of irrigation practised in Lomberdy, abd in the praises of which be is very eathn sisstic, his pians for improving the condition of the agri cu'tural laborer, &c. Toe sword would seem to he rapidly undergoing transformation; and, after the ovation of tle 15tb, when 80,000 mer will paes in review before his Ma- Jesty,, it will be changed into a sickle, little curiosity was excited at Monila,on May 27, arrival of a Chinese commerciai jnuk, the fret visited that place for the !ustfour or five years. She wastrom Chipchew. A large waterepout was ob- eerved at sundown on May 19, which through a glass bad ‘be appearance of being a large crystal tube, the spiral vpward movement of the water being clearly vieble, whilst a meguificent was impertnd to it by the reflection of the sun’s rays. lt was supposed to be about twenty or twenty-five miles distant trom Mania, aad broke about twenty minutes after it was firat noticea. Letters from Padang, dated May 2, meotion thet while Lieut. Utenboven was ecguged in surveying a’ the Porgt Ietonds be was get upon ana killed py the natives. foe Dutch steamer Montrado, with fifty acldiere on board, wan jmmediately sent to these islands, This expedition 1 fiicted an exemplary puvieoment, burning dowa every- thing, Fivg men belonging to it were wounded. We are chabied to give some additions! particulars o the frightful masencre at Binjermaseing, Boruco. Among the victims of this cold blooded ontrsge were Mr. Wijn malen and family (cxoept the three youngest chtidren), Mr. and Mre, Moiley and child (Rogligh), Hr. Hinzenger, Mesers. Van ercken, Evsenger, Brood,’ and ather Earo- pean residents. Tbe revolt is attributed toano! man having given bimecif out to be a prophet from heaven, having, 88 be raid, an express command to overthrow the prevent Sultan and place a new one on the throne, The paper war between Austria and Prussia still con- Hinues. This appeal to public opiv'oa is of iteeif an im portant concersion to the present temper of Germany. The Prusan Gazette hae just published four more de- eputebes exchanged between Berlin snd Vienna. The Jert, dated the 234 of July, is the most important. it is from Count Von Schleinitz, and ig written mn refutation of | the Austrian Emperor’s proclamation, ia which ue com. plains that bis ullies would have forced upon Bim worse terms than hie enemies, Ibe snswer seems to admit of no rejoinder, se that we must now suppose that peace was brought about by a manauvre, A Munich correepondent of the London Zimes, writing on tbe 29th of July, sayé:—Bajore loaving Munich it is necetnary for understanding the position of Bavaria thatl should ray @ few words of » clique—for they are here too few to be called @ party—of wom we not anfraqueatiy hear in Kogiand—I mean the Uitreraontenes. Tnoy are not many ; they wre far from the mos distingnished among the ciergy. Inthe ranke of the laity their nufmbers mignt be counted. Yet they ure at this moment, after various viowsiiudes in the few years of their existence, unques- iousbiy the most influential party bere. Are they the mort talentec’—che most enlightened? far from ib, bui— they are admirably organized, They receive the word of command, they do not scrutinize its meaniog, bus are content to obey. They are members of thet galvavized corpse which it was the aim of St. Ignatius to eubatitute tor liviog humanity; or we may call them a well trained pack, capitally hunted. They are strong because they work all together, and because, if they are not many here, toey are members of a numerour body the affiliations of which extend into every part of the world. Bavaria is, of ali the States of Germany, that in which pepular feeling reacts most strovgly on tne governmeut. This is due in part to the character of the King, who ehuns everything like a couflict with public opinion; in part to ths character of the population of Old Bavaria, in which the capital is situated. This exhibita tendencies which be- jong rather to the middle ages nd feudal times than to the 19th century. Nowhere have modern kiens made 80 Uttle way. In certain circuwstances Alt-Baiern might become another Vendée. Loyaty to the reigning family 1s their strongest feeling; if they have any regard for the State, it is because the King is at its neaa. But on tho other hand, the LM opine underetand that he bas duties to perform towards them, and when he has gone further than they think he has a right to do, at that moment they are no 1onger sdbjects but rebels, ana be must yield on pein of their forcing him to retura te his duty. Thisspirit rvaces even the ranks of the army, and tho poople and the soldiery will always be on the same side. Army Intelligence. GENERAL CRDERS NO. 4. AeADQUARTERS OF THE an} New Yor, Aagust 19, 1859. I. The following instructions, received from the War Department, are published tor the iaformation and govern. ment of the army :— War Derartwent, July 27, 1859. 1, Four companies of the First infantry from Texas will im- mediately occupy @ alte for « in reserve selected for longing w Fort Arbuckle, will jain this force not later thah ‘he at of Getober. 9, Fire cavalry, i, 0 the commanc. will at once select the site, 6 prepara: other peves- ‘means tor tbe pi » will bo furnished without delay, Hep will be suppiled' trom Wort webs Cones Woe Cabell, Aaniatant Quartermaster, Is apaigned to duly’ at ihe new pi 2, ‘The garrison of Fort Smith, which will be abandoned as a station for troops, will take post at Fort Arbuckle by the ist of ‘Uctober. 5. The limits of the Department of Texasarc oxtended north: ward between New Mextoo and the State of Achaea, inclod: ing Fert Smith, Cae arkabaaa river and the southern pound. rr) enhe: ary of Ark 1g ether. 4 ‘The senior officer commanding witnin the Department of ‘Texas north cf the sed river, will be authorized to order the co operation of all the oops stationed there, for aay service may suddeniy require in that io have no other control over any other than hi« own Poth ether for dcipline, OF 9a inietration, oF habitna: ser: nor opera tions, without the eure tae Department Commander. JO! YD, Secretary of War. II, the Commanding General of the Laer of Texas will designate the four companies of First infuutry for the new post, and give #uch iurther instructions as may be necessary t0 carry out the provisions of this order. Iil, Major Emory, First cavairy, who has becn designat- ed to select the site for the now post, will be governed by the speotal instructions to him from the War Department, dated the 28th ultimo, By command of Brevet Lievtonant General Scott. L. THOMAS, Aae’t. Adj. General, Caution to City Railroad Conductogs, TO THS EDITOR OF THE IZRALD. The custom of the conductors of the city railroads is very reprehensible tn etariing’ the cars bofore la.ime get off (or about gettag of) of ihe platform, My wifo, lum evening, camo nigii being killed in getting off a Third av var, near Nineteenth street. Not knowing the number of paid car, ! cannot got the redress from the company that the Severo fojury to my lady requires. I ope your journal—the omn: Reearm—will notice the dangerous practice anv some InbIe go’ A UIRIZEN, ne PRICE TWO CENTS. “IMPORTANT FROM CALIFORNIA AND MEXICO. Nearly $2,000,000 in Gold en Route for New York. Arrivals at San Francisco from Atlantic Ports. Dissolution of President Mira- mon’s Cabinet. Exeommunication of the Liberal Party by the Archbishop of Mexico. DISASTROUS DEFEAT OF GEN. WOLL, &., &., &. New OR:EANs,” August 20, 1859, THE SABBATH. Astronomical Origin of Septenary Instita- tlons—The Puritanical Sabbath Disproved frum the Bible. [Abridged from the Westminister Review.) One of the pretences of theological writers in favor of the claim of a divine origin of the Sabbath, and ono on which they bave laid great stress, is that s septenary division of time is not only of high antiquity but of universal accept- ance—a trace of an original divim revelation dating trom the “begmmpiog.”” Even the ‘Eacyclopedis Britannica,” which should know better, says that “‘the septenary divi- sion of time has from the earliest ages been uniformiy ob- served all over the Eastern world,” and that tho unl- formity of the practice cannot be accounted for, except by Supposing that it was ‘instituted from the beginning and handed down by tradition.” These pretences aad state- ments have been accepted by vast numbers without in- vestigation, a8 admitted truths; but they are equally un- founded and untrue, and ure evidences only of universal imposture on one hand and illimitable credulity on the other. Again: From a passage in Genesis, in which the first refer- ence to a Sabbath occurs, the inference has been drawn, ‘The steamship Havana is below, with San Francisco dates of the 5th inst, The steamers{Jobn L. Stephens and Orizaba had over two millions of dollars in specie, and a thoussnd passen- gers for New York. Business at San Francisco was dull, and prices tending cownward, Candles were firmer. Choice New Orleans sugar was selling at 1040. Flour was $9a barrel. The money market was easy, Horace Greeley was made a lion of everywhere, He eetimated that thirty thousand emigrants were on their way to California by the overland route, Arrived at San Fraxcieco since the 80th ult., ships Northern Eagie, Amos Lawrence, Fiying Eagle, Orpheus, Ocean Exprees and Chariot of Fame, from New York; Dashing Wave, from Boston; Achilles, from Sidney; Princesa Royal, from Melbourne. Sailed, ship Gauntlet, for New York. ‘The dates from Minatitlan are to the 17th inst. ‘The mails and passengers were robbed by the Patricios. ‘The latter were cut open six miles from the town of Te- huantepec. Miramon had dissolved his Cabinet. Marquee bad revolted againet Miramon, but the libe- rals were besieging bim In Guadalajara. The Archbishop of Mexico had excommunicated the libe- ral party. General Woll had been defeated in Tamaulipas, losing all his artillery. General Degollado bad assumed command of the libera! army. He promises to take the capital by October, but wants $3,000,000 and 40,000 men to do it. ‘The decree against the church property was being exo- cuted. ‘The bonds of the matured debt had risen ten per cent. ‘The schooner Bter.ig below, with Vora Cruz dates of the 14th inst. The news is unimportant. Political affairs were unchanged. The Star has $100,000 in epecie. Arrival of the California Overinnd Math. Sr. Loum, August 20, 1859. ‘The overland mail bas arrived here with San Francisco dates of the 20th ultimo. Late arrivals at San Francisco had caused some stir in business, but the market closed very dull. Pork had de clined ; extra was sciling at a fraction over $11. Neerly a million pounds of the immense surplus of sugar had been exported to Valparaiso and elsewhere Curing the month. Grain was in fair demand for export. The mining news was favorable, but the receipts of duet were light. The Walker River and Washoe Valley mines were at- tracting much attention. Large numbers had departed | for these diggings. ‘The official returns elect Judge Crane to Dongrees. The Nevada Convention was \u seesion at Genoa. At Carson Vailey they were forming a provisional government, it being the intention of the people to tarow offall aliegiancr to the Mormon rule. They designed electing a Governor, Judges, and all other necessary officers. A party of Californians en routs to St. Louis wero at tacked near the South Pass, on the 16th of June, by the Crow Indians. George Stephenson, of Pittsburg; David Moore, of Lancaster, Pa, and © M. Hall, of Cincinnati, were killed, prironer. elected to Congress by 41 majority. ‘Lieut. Mullon was progressing finely with the new road from Walla: Walla to Salt Lake. A large party of Hraser river miners had errived at the new diggings in North Calville, Oregon, Tbey report- ed that they were making from eight to sixteen dollars a day, The accounts from the Fraser river mines are more of Fort Alexander, Rich quartz bad been received at Victoria from Queen Charlotte’s Island. Jersey City News. DESTRUCTION OF A DISTILLERY BY FIRE—REPORTED LO88 OF LIFR. Last evening, shortly after seven o’clock, a fire broke out in the whiskey distillery situated at the corner of South Firat and Provost streets, owned by Mr. Sum- ner W. Bennett. The alarm was soon given, and tho Fire Department of Jersey City, as well as companies from Hoboken and Hudson cities, hastened to the scene. Owing to the inflammable material which was contained in the building, the edifice was soon enveloped in flames, ‘and all efforts to save it were fruitless, The building was about 100 feet square, two and three stories in height, a ion of it built of wood, and the remainder of brick. owner, Mr. Bennett, was absent, and ithe loss could not be ascertained. lt was ed, however, by par ties competent to judge, that the loss on the ding is about $8,000, and on the stock about $12,000. It is said to be insured for $10,000 in the Hamilton, ton, St. Nicholas and one other company. A report was in circu- lation that three men employed in the diatiliery perished in the flames. From diligent inquiry it could not be ascer- tained that any one was missing, and it was geaerally bo- lieved that the rumor was without foundation. Sabbatarian Practice vs. Profession, TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD. About two weeks ago a gentleman who bad recently taken up his residence in Newark, N. J., made spplica- tion to the pastor of one of the Methodist Episcopal churches in tha} city for admission as a probationer in the church. He frankly avowed his past life to have been that of a man of the world, but now, “had a desiro te fleo from the wrath to come, and be saved from his sins.’’ The application was submitted to the official mem bers of the church at a business meeting, when !t was suggested by ono of the members that the applicant was a contributor to certain New York Sunday newsprpers, and as they were published on Sunday, for Sunday read- ing, the continuance of such a course would be incon. sistent with the Christian profession, and tho minister was requested to have a further interview with him on the subject. As Sabbatarians, the action of these offirials was in perfect accordance with their But let a ee view their consistency from snother stand ‘Tho Sabbath school connected with that sume church has dotermined to make an excursion some day nex: week to @ distant point, for which they issue tickets at fixed prices. A week ago last Sunday it was announced !a th school that the tickets would be for sale the following Sunday, and a Geal was said by the superinteoden, ip preaence of minister, to impress the childrea with the desire of the officers that the sale of tickets shonld bs compieted tp one Sunday. The sale hae since taken place wg announced. The erring man who writes for Sunday Dewspapers was present at the announcemeit of the sale, wud bag since then been questioning hie gwu mind a¢ to ‘the diffrence of principle in selling tickews on Sunday for an excursion or going on a Sunday excursion. If making preparations, by attending to the fancial operations ia eolling tickets on Sun ie right, takiog the pleasure of the excursion on that, day cannot be wrong. If writing for a Sunday newspaper, to be read apa soidon Sunday, ig.wrong, it cannot be right to sell tickets on Sunday for an excursion that i$ would be sinful to indulge in on the same day. Consiatency thou art a jewel. &. For the Poor Widow, | A widow's mite..., Steen neee acer enenenenerer sc sense BL Henry Florence, of Carlisle, Pa., was made | The advices from Oregon eay that Stout, democrat, is | favorable. New discoveries of gold had been made north | ‘not at all warranted by the text, that the first parcnts of the buman race were taught by God himeelf to divide time into weeks, and to set apart a seventh portion as a day of rest, and for religious purposes. If so, it would of courze follow that this institution, or some traces of it, would be found among ail nations; and the impression, therefore, on the mind of » large class of persons is avery natural one, that however much @ Sabbath may have falien into disuse, or be now disregarded, the woek of seven days has been kopt by all generations of mankind from the days of the creation, and continues to be observed in every part of the world. Tho fact, however, is otherwise. The Greeks divided their monthe into decades, or periods of ten day#; bat tuey had no Sundays or Sabbaths in our tense of the word, neither on the tenth days nor on any others, although they had festivals in honor of various g0ds op days dedicated to them. So the claim of “ uni- versality” for the practice of seitiog apart the seventh day derives no support from the practice of the Greeks. As forthe Romans, they bad netiber decades nor weeks of seven deye; but divided their months into three irregu- lar intervals, named after three fixed epochs in each month, called the calends, the nones and the ides—a com- Plex system not necessary to be explained here, but hav- ing no trace of being a ‘‘septenary institution.” It was not until in the third and fourth centuries that weeks ‘were introduced in the Roman computations of time as a ‘more convenient division than the calends, &c, They call- ed the cays of the week then introduced by the planetary names of dies Solis (day of the sun), dics Luna (day of the Mereuiy), diet Jute (aay of Suphtr), da Vari aay of Venus), abd diss Satucws (day oC Gadton ) Anas The satronomical character of these terms shows that the adoption of the seven days week bythe Romans was uite indepeadent of the Jewish or Chri Teligion, wince je Hebrew names were words signifying one, di two, &c. In word, the Homan tames "were borrowed from the Indian or diodoo caicnder, in the same way ‘that they bave come down to us from the same source through our Indo Germanic ancestors. en day! » Moon daeg, Juis daeg, Wodnes or Woden’s-daeg, (10 tae old German, Oasnatag,) Thurres-dacg, oF Thor's-day, Friga’s-daeg and Seterne’s daeg, which tames we preserve, very little changed, to sbe present time. : Tis in India thea that we mast look for the original seven day week, aud there we fiad in the anclant Sanacrit, the language of the hoiy wrisiugs of India, the seven days, under the foliowing names:— Aditaya-ver, Som: i Mangala Buadha-var ‘Vrihaspate- Subre var, Sani var.. The cam may igh all the di of India; and ihrougbout Hincostan we may notice that the word “seven” is a mystical number, to which super- atition continues to attach @ hidden meening. In proof of this we might cise pumberiess examples. The un has seven steeds; the nills of heaven are seven in number; (Le soul of the dead iraveracs seven difficult pasees; the days of invitation are seven; geven pure rivers flow from paradise; the caste of the Brahmins nas seven gestions, etc. In the same cense seven was a perfect, as well 28 & mystic number smong the Hebrews. W- not oply that creavion was the work of seven da) areventb day Saboath, but of a seventh month Sabbath, a th year Sabbeth, and of a seven times seven years Sabbath, or years of jubilee. We read of antmais entering the ark by sevens; of seven years of famine; of seven years of plenty; of seven pricets,with reven trampets, surround- ing the walls of Jericho geven days. of Bulaam command. tg eeven altars (0 be prepared for tue sacritice of seven oxen und Preven rams; of sliver purified seven times; of se- Yen women taking bold of one man; of a man possessed by seven devils; and in the Revelations, of seven churches, seven candlesticks, seven spirits, stars, even lamps, seven #eais, seven angels, seven viair, seven plagues, Be. ven thundere, and of a dragoa with seven heads, and seven crowns upon his heads, These analogies ehow sn identity of origin upon one Point common to the faith of india and Syris, but do not enable us to prosounce an opinion upon the relative aati- quity of the religions in whieh this correspondence is | found. The etymology of the word seven will, however, | explain the reason of the popular superstition attaching to it, and throw some ight upon the origin of the inatitution of Sabbaths. The Kebrow seven, 8 BO, written Saba or Shaba, and b; modern Jews shebang, signiies also age. Sab is gray heed. ed. The Hebrew word which we trangiate by the word | “yest,” also means oid age, and is doabtless derived from the seme root. 8 BO, in the Egyptian Coptic, ‘ified erudition. Sabe, in Coptic, is agage; (Spanish satho, Freneh savant) The Drvidical prieste were called Sabs ' Sabea- nism was the revigion they taught. The Celtic Sab-aith ‘wae the day on waich the Sabs atsembiei, whence the term sabdat, an sssembly; in movern bistory « name con- fined to the nocturna! assemblies of witches and sorcerers, The Saba day was, therefore, the day on which the “gray headed men,’ or “aged’ fathers” of a tribe were in the habit of assembiing for council or sacritice, The intervals of their meetings, if bebdomadal—and they would necesgarily be so for the observance of the lunar festiva's of India—would be Sabaday periods. Sada, therefore, became a term of computation, standing for the pumeral seven, just in the eame way as the moon be- came identided with the period of lunation, which we ‘sti!l call & moon, or moonth—montb. The public business trapeacted, and the reiigious solemuities observed on the Saba day, caused that day to be regarded asa more im- portent day than any other, and necessarily gave to the number Saba, or seven, a marked significance, which made it an appropriate name for anything that was com- plete or perfect. Afterwards, with the assistance of as- trological priests, it grew into a “fortunate” and sacred number. From this exposition of tho origin of the word be seem that no valid argument seven, it will can be based upon the mystical meaning attached to the word seven in ancient times, as traditionary | evidence of ® divine institution. We may observe, | forther, that every figure in ite turn has layed its part among different nations as the Objeonol seme superstition. }ythagoras, woo is said to have travelled in Egypt, Chaldea, Assyria and India, imported from the East into Greece the symbolical mode of: illustrating the Properties of numbers, and from bis time (500 B.C.) we read in Greek authors of seven as the “venerable” or sacred number. But the number which the foliowers of Pythagoras revered the most, was the ¢etract or four, a8 | forming a square, and the root of an universal scale of | numeration, the influence of which was +hown in the | four seasons, the four elements, the four intervals of the | tetracbord, the four cardinal points, & ; and in conse- | quence of which it was proper to divide mathematics lato | four branches, and arrange every subject into four divi. | sionr, We may trace the game idea in the aymbolical imagery of the prophets. Ezekiel describes four | bving creatures, with four sides, four win; | four horns and altars of four cubits, four , &0.; and | the term forty or four tene presents itself thr the Jewish records asa perfect number, rather ae term used in a strictly arithmetical sense. The flood ‘Was upon the earth forty days; Moses was in the mount. forty days; forty days and Nineveh was overthrown; Christ was in the wilderness forty days; the Israchtes were forty years in the wilderness; “the land bad rest forty years,” &c. in modern times forty deys composed. the philoeopbical month of the alchymists, and forty 8 was beid to be the proper period for quarantine, pecan ser hey : more — number than seven, ap ir weeks, if they may be so called, were periods of fire daga; but they wore marked oy no special observances beyond that the market day fell on the fifth of the series. In their astronomy the lunar jconstella- tions were twenty-eight—a number divisible by four and seven, and consequently often divided into seven periods < = days, Cle — 4 Cn days; but these di. visions were only regu! y the powers of numbers, EE wen eb omens 0 days, the months or earn | cle. fact all the Mongolian raves, com Ibe vent Populations of Eastern Asia, from Thibet Dave a eimilar division of time, and similar names for the divisions; and all are Our seven day weeks, or Budkonsban made ananovaton oa aden Teo judbiem an x “ my ook to the wisi we New World, we sball find the same evidences against the claim of universality for “Sabbath fetitutions.” The Mexi hed a year of ¢ ican ighteen mocthe of twenty days, the months being divided into ‘oa riods or weeks of five Peruvians Junations into four quatre, bertaat of the new moon—the first period Ingting until the fou Crescent, the second until the conjunction, &, Bat Hor haat eye kor uate sone a, Su that the American vations ‘were. derived. trom ihe oid World, we have here the evidence that the Sabbath was not a val institution, or they must have carried some.trace of ite observance with them. Supposing, on the other band, that American civilization was aboriginal, then also it fol- lows that the institution of the Sabbath was not primeval and hag not been universal; for, we repeat, there are uo