The New York Herald Newspaper, May 7, 1859, Page 3

provinces shalt withdraw from Purpose pags through Le Valais x Dewaneary, Dut wo other troops belonging to any other Power sball traverse or remain in ihe belore mentioned provinocs and territories, with the exception of those biok Use Swiss Contederauion many think proper © piace them ; it being well understo. tbis state of things dove not im any way constrain the administration of these ferrnories, in which the civil agencies of ~his Majesty the King of Sardinia may algo employ the municipal guard for ‘Whe mauntenance of good order. ‘. JAM PROVINCES OF AUSTRIA. ‘Article 05. By consequence of tho Teminciations atipu- ‘by the treaty of Paris of the 40th of May, 1814, We Powers who sign the present treaty acknowles hie Majesty the Emperor of Austria, bis heirs and sucoe ‘sors, as legitimate sovereign Of the provinocs and terri. torice which have been either wholly or in part. by the treaties of Campo Formio in 1797, of Luneville iv 3801, of Presburg in 1805, by the additional convention ‘ef Fontainbieau in 1807, and by the treaty of Vienna in 1809, and in the porscesion of which provinces aud ter- vitories bis Imperial and Royal aposwiio Majesty has ve entered by the result of the late war, such as Istria, as well Austrian as the ci devant Venetian; Delma tie, the cédevant Venewan islands of the Adriatic, ‘the embouoneres of the Cattaro, the city of V« , the Logunes, as also the other terra Arma provinces and dis- ticts of the ci-devant Venetian States on the left bank of ‘he Adige, the Duchies of Milan and Mantua, the Princi- ities of Busan and Trent, the county of Tyrol, Voral- rg, the Austrian Frioutt, the ci devant Venetian Friouli, the territory of Montetaicone, the government and the city of Trieste, Carvioia, the Upper Carinthia, Croatia on the right of the Save, Flume, and the Hungarian Littoral, and the district of Castria. AUSTRIAN BOUNDARIES IN ITALY. Article 94. His Imperial, Royal and Apostolic Majesty =o to - rityeies abe possessed by him successors ip sovereigaty— Jat. Besides the terra firma parts of the Venetian States Mentioned in the preceding article, the other parts of the said States, as well as ai) the other territory situated be- tween the Tessin, the Po, and the Adriatic Sea. ‘Qd. The valleys of the Vaiteline, Bormlo and Chiavenna. ‘8d. The territories which compose the ci-devant repub wa ucle 0b. Ta consequence of the stipulations fixed az the preceding articles, the frontiers of the States of hi ‘and’ Royal Apostolic imltaly shall be— at. On the side of the States of his Majesty of Sardinia, igh at Dawes Oe 1 january, 1792. 2d. On the side of the States Parma, Placentia and , the course of the Po, the line of demarcation fol that river. the Slat of Modena, the same as they OP mio miter en 4 ee a On set fees the Valle fre em Lombardy, % is eer Bertie ona Chigtcnnn oom the Cantons of the Gris- Thalweg of the Po shall constitute the may experience mall noe in fuvure bave aay of the rive: expel not in future have acy effect upon the proprietary of the isiands situated in it. Article 96. The general principles adopted by the Con- of Vienna for the navigation of the rivers shall be vi to that of the Po. missioners shall be named by the river States three months at the farthest after the conclusion Congrees to regulate.all that relates to the present article. ment by which the present jogdom of Italy are charged of ee Lin gery bot dt in proportion to the population and revenue wi y have ‘acquired from the said kingdom. SOVEREIGNTY AND SUCCESSION OF THE DUCHIES. Article 98. His Royal Highness the Archduke Francis of Bate, his heirs and suovessors, shall posaces im fall pro. and sovercignty the duchies of Modena, Reggio and jlandoia in the game extent in which they existed at the period of the treaty of Campo Formio. Her Royal [os Archduchess pps poesees in full sovereignty the duchy of Massa y of Carrera, as the imperial flef in ‘These last may be disposed of by exchange rangements, with the conecnt of each party with his Imperial Highness the Grand Dake of Tascany, according to mutual coavenienve. of succession and reversion established in the Paims, Piacentia and Guastella, with the exception of those districts enclosed in the States of his Imperial and 3S Apostolic Majeaty on the left bank of the Po. reversion of these territerics shall be determined common consent with the courts of Austria, Russia, ce, Spain, a4 and Prussia, having, however, ‘to the ‘reversionsry rights of Austria, and of his Mojesty the King of Sardivia on the seid territories. Article 100. His Imperial Highness the Archduke Fer- @ipand of Austria is re established, as well for himself as his heirs and successvrs, in all the Myce of sovereignty and property on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and its de- pendencies, such as bis Imperial Higoness possessea them previously to the treaty of Luneville. ‘The etipulations of 2nd article of the treaty of Vienna, of the 8d October, 1785, between the Emperor Charles the Vi. and the King of France, to which the other Powers acceded, are fully re-established in favor of his Feperial Highvees aud his descendants, as are algo the guarantees resvitiog from those stipulations. ‘Where shall further be reunited to the said Granda Duchy, to be in fall property and sovereignty by his Imperial Royal Hogbuees the Grand Duke Ferdinand and his bet nd descendants— First. The State of the Presides. Second. The part of the island of Elba and its appur- tenavces which was under the suzerainty of bis Majesty the King of the Two Sicilies before toe year 1801. Third. Ybe sozerainty and sovereignty of the Princi- pa'tty of Prombmo and its dependencies. J The Privce of Ladovisi Buopcompagni shail enjoy for himeeif and legitimate successors all the properties which bis family possessed in the principality of Prom- Dino, in the island of Eiba, avd their dependencies, pre- vious to the occupation of those territories by French troops in 1799, including in them the mines, wines gnd ealt pits. The Prince Ladovisi shall equaily preserve the right of fisbery, and shall enjoy a perfect exemption from duties, as well for the exportation of the produce of the mines, wines,rajt pits and domains, as for the importa- tion of wood and other objects necessary to the working of the mines. He shail further be indoronified by his Imperial Royal Highness the Grand Duko of Tuscany for all the revenues which his family received from regalian rights before the year 1#01. In the event of avy diflculties srisivg in the valuation of thig indemnity, the parties inte. restea shall refer them tothe decision of the Céurts of Vienna and Sardinia. rial fiefs of Vernio, Montanto Tuscan States. Fourth, The ci devant ir) and Monte Santa Maria enclosed in the Article 101. The principality of Lucca shall be possessed so full sovereignty by her Majesty tho Intanta Maria Louisa, and her descendants in the cirect and mascu- line line. This principality is erected totoa duchy, and shal) prererve # form of government founded on the prin- cipler of that which it received in 1805. ‘There shall be added to the revenues of the principality of Lucea @ rent of 600,000 francs, which his Majesty the Emperor of Austria aod his Imoerial Royal Highaess the Grand Dake of Tuscany engage to pay regulariy, eo ‘as circumstances do not permit another establishment ‘to be procured for her Majesty the Infant. ‘aria Louisa ano ber gon and ubeir descendants, Thie rent shail be especiatiy secured on the lordships io Bohtmia known under the name of Bavaro Palatine, ‘whieb, in the evont of tho reversion of the duchy of Lucca shall be retieved from thia charge, and re-enter into the private domain of his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Ma ty. J Ticte 102. The Duchy of Lucca shall be reversible to the Grand Dake of fvscany, either in the event of ite be- coming vacant by the death of her Majesty the Infanta Maria Louisa, or of her gov, Don Carlos, and their direct ‘and male descendants; or in that of the Infanta Maria Lou- ‘isa or ber direct heirs obtaining another establishment, or succeeding to another branch of their dyvasty. However, in the event of this reversion occurring the Grand Duke of fuscany engages to cede, as soon as he ‘shall enter into possession of the principality of Lucca, the following Territories to the Duke of Modena:— First. The Toscan district of Fivizano, Pietra Santa and Barga. ‘Secon a. The Luccese districts of Castiglione ani Gall'- caro, enclcsed m the States of Modena, as also those «£ Mivucceano and Monte Iguoce, contiguous to the Turritay of Massa, TERRITORIES OF THR HOLY SEE. Article 103, The Marches with Camerino, acd their de. pendencies, as weil as the Duchy of Beneveuto and tuo principality of Ponto Gervo ure restored to th» Holy Sve, The Holy Seo shajl re-enter in the possessions of the le. gations of Ravenna,*Bologna and Litlen with the ex. le of the part of Ferrara situated on the left bank of © Po, His Imperial and Royat Apostolic Maje and his suc- cessors shall have the right of garrison wh Sortresscs of Ferrara and Comacchio. The inhabitants who return to the dominion of the Ho- y Bee by consequence of the stipulations of the Congress shall enjoy the effects of the sixteenth article of the treaty of Paris of the 80th May, 1814. All acquisitions made by Indivicuals, in virtue of a title acknowledged legal by Sue laws actually existing, aro maintained; and the dispo- rerpee "peje to euarantes om pers sad the newt of pensions shall be fix: ya alar con- vention between the Court of Rome and that of Vienna. KINGDOM OF NAPLES. Ph ral ge 104, His Majesty King Ferdinand IV. is re-estab- eg) ra be ae rucnolt as. for his heirs and successors, as King of the kingdom of the two Blelfce 2 oe Tore SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Article 105, The Powers ackno: ho claims formed by his Royal Bigeye fuser of of Portugal and the Brazile on the town of Olivenaa, tho other territories ceded to Spain by the treaty of Badajos in 1801, and viewing the restitution of these ob- Jects aa one of the measures Ii iy to insure between the two kingdoms of the Peninsula that complete and settled 'y, the preservation of which, in all partaof Kut Abas been the constent object of their arrangements, for’ engage Ives to employ, by conciliatory means, their most effectual efforts, in order that the retro. ceasion of the #aid territories be accomplistied in favor of Portagal; and the Powers admit, 80 far as do 20nds upon each of them, that this arrangement shall take place as 000 BF possible, Arucle 106. In order to removo the difficalties which aro oppated Oa tbe part of bis Royal Highness the Prince Regeut of che kingdom of Portogal and of thatof tho Brazile to the ;St'@satton of the troa’y #igzed on the 30iH May, 1814, betwex*8 Portugal aud Frauen, 1) is detormined that tho stipulation *ontanet in fhe 16th artioly of matt éreaty, and all those w.Ch may relate to it, ebuil remain without effect; and that tre shall be yz hstitate’ fort, by ogreemen! of all the Power. the dispositions exprosse EE NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, tn the folicwing urticlé, which shall aloae by considered as valit:— ‘of this substitution all the other causes of the Ph Parw sdali be malataiued and regardet as ‘mutually 1g on the two courts, rticlo 107, His Royal Highocse 12e Prinee Rogeatof th 101. Y 668 a eatof the kingdom of Portugal and the Brazils, in order to manifest ip ap weontestib'e manner bis particular consideration for hie most Christian Majesty, engeges to restore to hie said bn A lm Guiana as far as the river Oyapock, # bose enl ure is situated between tho 4th and 5th degrecs of north latitude, a limit woich Portugal has alw: ered a8 that fixed by the treaty of Utrecht. Article 108, Tae Powers whoge States are separated or tra versed by the same pavigabie river engage to regulate by common coprent ull that relates to the navigation of that river. For that purpose they shall name Commissioners, who stall aseemple wogetber, within six months at woe fur thest affer the termipation of the Jougrers, aod whe ehali take for the bavis of their objecs the principles ertabliehod in the following articles. Articie 109 The vavigation througboat the whole course of the rivers indicated by the preceding article, from tho point m which each of them becomes navigadie to its dis charge, shali be entirely free, and shall not, with respect to commerce, be interdicted to any, it beg well under #tood that ai] persons sball comply with the regulations relating to the potioe of this navigation, whieh shall be conceived in # uniform manner for ali abd as favorable ay is possible for the commerce of all nations. Article 110. The system which shail be established, as well for the receiving of the ducs #8 for tne support of the polio®, shall, as far ag it can, be she same for the whole course of the river,’ and shall also be extended, ubless’ particular circumstances are opposed to tt, on those of its branches and couflacoces, which in their navigable courses separate or traverse «different Staten. Article 111. The dues on the navigation shali be fixed ina uwiform, invariable manner, and independent of the oifferent quality of the merchand'ses as no; to ren der a detailed examivation of tbe cargo wecessary, unless on account of fraud or contravention, The amount of these dues, which sbail pot in any care exceed tnose ac. tually established, shall be determined Circumstances, which do not permit a estabiished on that point. In forming the tari however, commence from the view of encour: - merce by fuciiitating navigation, and the ectroi establ'sh- ed on the Rhine may serve as @ point of proximation. The taritt once regulated shali not be augmented bat by & common arrangement of the river States, nor the navi gation be burthened with any other dues whatever, ve- youd those fixed in the regulation. « Article 112, The oflices tor the reception of duties, the number of which shall be reduced as much as possible, shal) be Oxed by the regulation, and no alteration shall be afterwards made in them, but by common consent, unless that any of ihe river States desire to dimivisb the number of those which belong exclusively to them. article 113. Fach river State shall be charged with keeping in repair the towing paths which by ite ter- ritory, and with the necessary works for the same extent in the bed of the river, for the purpose of preventing any obstacle in the navigation. The futare regulation sball fix the manner in which the river States sball concur in thoge last works, ia the case where the two banks belong to diffarent governments. Article 114, No dues ehaii aoywhere be catablished for storebouses, ladders or forced detention; with respect to those which ajready exist, they shail only be preserved 80 fer ag the river States, without regard to the local in- terest of the place or territory in whicn they are esta- blisbed, may find necessary or useful to the navigation or to commerce generally: Article 116. The of the river States eball have no concern with the lege ra) dues; fixed regulations ehall prevent the exercise of the tanctions of the Custom House efficers piaci any obstacle on the navigation, but a strict police on Fiver shall gusrd ‘against any attempt‘of the inbabitants to carry on a con- traband trade of watermen. by means be ‘Article 116, All that bas been indicated by the preced- tog articles shall be devermined by a common regulation, which shall equally include all that is alternately neces: sary to be fixed. Tho regulation once determined shall not be changed but by the consent of all the river States, and care shall be taken to provide for its execution in a bar rong manner, and adapted to circumstances and lo- calities. Article 117. The particular regulatious relative to the navigation of the Rnine, Neckar, Meine, Movelle, Meuse and the écheldt, such ag they are annexed to the present act, sha)l have the same force and value as if they were literally inserted iu the present. ENUMERATION OF COLLATERAL TREATIES. Article 118. The treaties, conventions, deciarations, regulations and other particu'ar acts which are annex to the pregent act, and namely :— 1, The treaty between Russia and Austria of the 2ist of april and the 3d of May, 1815. 4 2. ‘The treaty between Russia and Prussia of the 21st of April and the 3d of May, 1815, 3. The additional treaty relative to Cracow, between Austria, Prussia aod Russsia, of the 2ist of April and the 8d of May, 1815. AS The treaty between Prussia and Saxony, of 18th May, 6. The declaration of the King of Saxony on the rights of the house of Bchonburg, of the 18th May, 1815. nae icine aes between Prugsia and Hanover of the 29th iny, 1815. 7. The convention between Prussia and the Grand Duke of Saxe Weimar, of the 1st June, 1815. 8. The convention between Prussia and the Dukes and Prince of Naseau, of the Slet May, 1815. 9. The act of the federative constitution of Germany of the 8th June, 1615, 10. The treaty between the King of the Netherlands and Prossia, Fogland, Austria aud Russia, of the Sist May, 8) 11. Tho declaration of the Powers on the Helvetian con. federation of the 20th Maroh, and the act of the accession of the Met, of 27th May, 1615. 12. The protocol of the 29th March, 1815, on the ces: sions made by the King of Sardinia to tho canton of Ge- neva. 13. The treaty between the King of Sardinia, Austria, een Russia, Prussia and France, of the 20th May, 1815. 14. The act entitled—* Conditions which are to form the ‘basis of the reunion of the States of Genoa to those of his Sardinian Majesty.”? 15, The declaration of the Powers on the abolition of the slave trade, of the 8th February, 1815. 16, The regu‘ations for the free navigation of rivers. 17. The regulations on the rank between diplomatic agents shall be considered as intogral parte of the ar- rangements of the Congress, and sha. altogether have the same force and value as if they were ineerted word for word in the general treaty. Article 119. All the Powers who have been assembled in the Congress, as also the princes and tree cities, who have conferred on the arrangement determined on, or in the acts confirmed by this general treaty, are invited to accede to them. Article 120. The Fronch language having been employed exclusively in all the copies of the present treaty, it is ac- knowledged by the Powers who have concurred in this act that the employment of that language cannot form a fu- ture precedert; £0 that each Power reserves the right of adopting, in future negotiations and conventions, the lau- guage which he has hitherto used in his diplomatic rela- tions, without the wot treaty being ever cited as 8 con- trary example to the established customs. Article 121. The present treaty shall be ratified, ana the ratifications shall be exchanged within the space of six months, by the Ceurt of Portugal in a year, or carlier if it can be cone. A copy of this general treaty shall be deposited at Vien- na, with the archives of the Court and State of bis Impo- rial Royal Apostolic Majesty, to bf ueed ig the case whon- over axy of tno Courts of Europe may judge proper t con- sult the original document of this act. In faith of which tho respective Plenipotentiarics have signed this act, and aflixed to & the seal of their arms, ‘The signatures are in the alphabetical order of the seve- ral Courts. Tho Prince de Metternich, the Baron de Wessenberg, the Prince de Talleyrand, the Duke de Dalberg, the Count Alexis Noailles, Cancarty, Cathcart, Stewart, the Count de Palmella, Antonio de Ssidunhada Gama, D’Joaquim Lobo do Biiveira, the Prince Ge Hardenberg, the Baron de Hura doldt, the Count de Rusoumofisky, the Count de Stackel- berg, the Count de Nesselrode, the Count Charles Axe! de Lowenbeilm. NO. IV. PARTICULAR DISPOSITIONS IN THE ACT OF THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION. ‘The dispositions alluded to in the 64th article are con: tained in the 12th and following articles of the act on the federative cons#itution of Germany; those preceding are embodied in the Congress of Vienna. Article 12. The members of tho confederation, who: possessions do not amount to a population of 300,000, shak be reunited to the reigning houses of the same family, or to other States of the confederation, the population of which, joined to others, shall amouat to tho number here ‘expressed, #0 as to form a common supreme tribunal, In the States, however, of a smaller populatioa, in which similar tribunals of the third procoss already exist, they shall preserve their actual quality, provided that the population of the State to which taey beiong be not Jess than 160,000. i The four free cities shall have the right to unite them —— for the institution of a common supreme Every party who shall plead before theee common su- = er tribanals shall pe authorized to require the (ravs- fer of the process to Judicial power of a foreign ani versity, or to # Sheriff's Court, to pronounce the detlaite a wence. Article 18. Thereshall be meetings of the Stats in all the territories of the coufederation Article 14. In order to secure w the ancient States of the empire which have been mediatized in 1866 and in subsequent yoars cqual rights in all the territories of the confederation, aud agreeably to existing relations, the confederative States vstabiish the following principles: — @. The houses of the mediatized princes and counts do not the lees boiong to. the high nobility of Germauy, andy eserve the rigbte of equality of birth with the sovereign’ Bouses which they have hitherto evjoycd. b. The heads of these houses form the first class of tha States in the territories to which they belong. They are, as well as their familics, in the numvor of the moat privi- loged, particularly with reapect to taxatioa. ¢. Taey preserve generally for their persons, their fa. milies and poss ssions uli the rights and prerogatives at- tached to their properties, and which do not belong to the supreme authority or to the attributes of governmont, Amongst the rights which this title assures them aro espe- cially and expressly compriesd— First, Unlimited liberty of residing iv any State belong. ing to the confederation or being at peace with it. The maintenance of family compacts confor. Mably to the ancient constitution of Germany, aud tho ES. of binaing their possessions aud the memvors of families by obligatory dispositions— vhich, however, must be communicated tn the wovereiga aud to the public Authorities. The laws by which this powor has beea hitherto restramod sliail dot bs applicable to future oases. Third. Tho priviloge of ot being amenable but to the higher tribunals, ard tho exemption from all military cou- scription for theme! vee and fainities, rth. The exerciee of the clvil and criminal juris tic- Hort Ih the fret ond, if the possessions are sufficivaliy con- sidora Mie, in the second prooces of the forester juris Uc tion, of tho Jog! poticg and of the pupgfintondenep of oburches, echools and charitable foundations, the whole in con‘ormity with tho laws ue territerie® to Which they are sabjected, as well af With the inliitary regulations and the supreme charge reter ved to the goverDments relative to the objects of the prerogstiven above mentioned. The better to determine three prerogatives, ag ip general to regulate aod consol) date the righis of the medratized princes, coucts and lords. in a obiform manner io all the States of the Germaa Con federation, the ordimance published on the subject by bie Mojesty the King of Bavaria, ip 1807, shal be adopted for thé general principle, ‘The encieut immediate nobility of the empire sball en Joy the rights expreseed in poe paronrapie | and 3 Dil thure of Lolding an aescinbly of tbe States, exercising patrimonial and forester jurmdiotion, tue loca! pouce aad the putronage of the churches, as 4180 the righkof por being smenable to the ordinary tribunals, Thos? rights, bowever, sbal! not be exercived but according to the rules ertablisbed by the laws of the country ia whicd the mem- bere of unis Lobility bold possessions. Iu the provinces detached from Germany by the peace of Laveviile, of 9b of February, 1801, and whien are now «gain reunited to it, the application of the principles above expressed, rela- tive to the ancient immediate pobility of the empire, Bog! be subject to the moditications rendered necessary by the relations which exiet in these provioces. Article 16, The cop\inuation of the direct or aubsidia y rents axsigbed on the octroi of the vavigation of the Rhu, analeo tbe diepositions of the recess of the deputation of the empire of the 25th February, 1803, relative to the pay- ment ol the debts aod of the pepsions granted to todi- vidua's, whether ecclesiastic or laity, are guaranteed by the Confesusion. The wembers of ci devant chapters of cathedral churches, as aieo thore of the free chapters of the empire, baye tne Tight to enjoy the pensions axsured to them by the before Mrvtioned recess, 1b avy country whatever at peace with the Gorman Confederation ‘The m+ mbers of the Teutonic erder which have not yet obta'ned adequate pensions shall obtain them accordio; to the principles estabtished for the chapters of catuedral cburcbes by the recess of the deputanion of the Empire of 183; the princes who have acquired the ancient poseer- sions of the Tentonic order sball acquit these pensiovs in Proportion to their part of the property of the Teutonic or- der, The Diet of the Confederation shall determine on the measures to be taken relative to the fund of support and the penrious of the vishops aud other ecclesiastics belovg- ing to the territories on the left bank of the Rhine, waicn pensions shail be transferred to the actual posae-sors of the eaid territories. This affair sball be regulated in the coure of ® year, and until then tue payment of the pen- sions eball take piace as hitherto. Article 16. The difference of Christian confessions in the countries and territories of the German Confederation shall ot aect any oue in the epjoyment of civil and political Y ¢ Diet will take into consideration the most uniform means of producing the awelioration of the civil state of thoee who profess the Jewish religion in Germany, and Shall particularly employ iteelf on the measures by wnich it can assure and guaraptee to them, in the States of the Confederation, the enjoyment of civil rights, on condition that they submit to aii the obligations of other citizens. In the meautme, the rights already granted to the members this religion by any partic State are preserved to them. The 17th article secures to the princes of the bouge of La Tour and Taxis the Post Office revenue in the Stares of the confederation, as granted by the deputation of the empire in 18€3, or by subsequent conventions, so far as they bave not’ been’ disposed of by new arrangements, freely stipulated on either side. Aiticle 18. The princes and free cities of Germany have agreed to secure to the subjecis of the confederated States the following rights :— a. That of ‘acquiring and poseeesing landed property be- yond the limite of tho State in which they are domictli- ated, without the foreign State imposing apy charges or contributions upon them beyond those borne by its own subjects. ©. lat. That of gemoving from one confederated State to another, provi it {8 proved that the State in which they estabiish themselves receive them as subjects. 2d. That of entering into avy civilor military service of any confederated State whateoever, it being neverthe. lees well understood that the exercise of either of these rights does pot comprom‘se the ob'igation to military service imposed upon them by their former country, aud tbat the difference of laws on the obligation of military service may not op this subject lead to resulte uaequal or ipjurious to any individual State, tho Diet of the con- federation shall deliberate on the means of establiehing, as nearly as possible, an eqzal legislation relative to this subject. c. Freedom from all export duties, or such like imposi- tion, in the cate of their transporting their property from one confederated State to another; provided taat particular and reciprocal conventions have not determined otherwise. d. On the Gr=t meeting of tho Dict it shall omploy itself to form a uniform legislation on the liberty of the press, and to take measures to secure authors and editors against the plagiarism of their works. Aruele 19. On the first meeting of the Diet at Frankfort, the confederated States reserve to themselves to delibe- rate on the manner of regulating the relations of com- merce und navigation of one State towards auother, ac eg to the principles adopted by the Congress of jenoa. The 20th article stipulates that the contracting partics shail ratify this article within six weeks. REGULATION ON THE RANK OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS. To prevent the difficulties which have so often present- ed themeelves, and which may yet arise, respecting the pretensions of’ precedence between diplomatic agents, the plenipotentiaries of the Powers signatory of the treaty of Paris bave agreed on the following articles, and think it right to invite thoge of the other crowned heads to adopt the same regulation: — Arte 1, Diplomatic agents are divided imto throo clases. ‘That of ambassadors, legates, or muncios. — of envoys, ministers, or others accredited to sove- reiges. That of charges d’affaires accredited to ministers of fo- reign affairs. Articie 2, Ambassadors, legates or nuncios have alone the representative character. Article 8. Diplomatic agents in extraordinary missions that account any superiority of rank. Article,4, Diplomatic agents shall in each class take rank amongst @emselves according to the date of the oflicial notific. tion of their arrival. The prevent regulation shall cause no innovation rela- tive to the representatives of the Pope. Article 6. Each State shall determme on a uniform man- ner for the reception of diplomatic agents of each class Article 6. The ties of relationship or family alliance be- tween courts do not give any rank to their diplomatic ents. “ee is the game with political alliances Article 7. In the acts or treaties between several Powers who admit the alternate, lot snail decide amovgst the min- isters on the order to be followed in the signatures. The presevt regulation is inserted in the protocol of the plenipotentiaries of the eight Powers signatory of the treaty of Paris in their segsion of the 19th of March, 1815- TUSCANY AND AUSTRIA. The Feeling of the Tuscans Towards Napo- ‘We now give the concluding part of the important me- moirs entitled “Tuscany and Austria,” to which the Mar. quis Cosimo Ridolfl and other eminent Tuscans have at- tached their names. A more direct interest attaches to the present than to the former extracts, for we have here exhibited the state of Tuscany during the last ten years, aud the sggressions on civil liberty, as well as the out rages to national feeling, consequent on the Austrian jn- tervention of 1849, e facts bere recorded form the best commentary upon, and safest clue to, any estimate of public feeling inthe States of Central Italy, and Like. wiee the moet triumphant vindication of the unanimous Tuscan adherence to the policy of Piedmont. And the whole memoire possess the highest political interest as an e'aborate etatement of those violated rights, trat mu- tilated independence, and that outraged nationality which, whether by 6 Or war, now claim rodress at the hands of Europe. je narrative and argument are resumed at the point when Italy again fell prostrate beneath the Aus- trian in 1849:— We fought and we were vanquished. Were we really vanquished aftor having at length fought? Were we van- quisbed when the cause of national indcpendence—now dizentangled from all confused aspirations, irom all vague allueione, from all dark conspiracies—tnd ’ appearca cloar of its aim, and conscious of its right, armed on the batile- field? Were we vanquished when, for the first time since this fair peninsnia rose from the bosom of the waves, it beheld the gathering of its sons fiom every province in the name of [taly, fighting for Italy on the Lombard plaias, aud there inaugurating the firat and true assemblies of the; Ttalian people? Were we vanquished when tbat Italian cauee, even in the faithless chauces of war, had gained « king, an army, a bannor? were defeated at Custoza we were defeated at Nov: but from those defeste Lbere came forth—great, strong, invincible and arracd-—the snd of Hallas nationality. . * * Tuseany remained after the cogration of the Austrian occupation wretched aud oomfortless as to hor present tate, oherrices as to the futuro, grieving for bor mivior tuner, becavae they were misfortunes comma to sil Tialy; sii more embittered hg all the ontroges i encared, still more grieve for al! the evils sie ferod, becanes they oflended or wounded her iv ing—ceepest, ctrongest, moet uuchunging—-the Leeling of Tain nationality. But our past calamities were not without their fruits, We learned in ruck a way that we could publicly bear wit nees before Europe that alike dangerous to Surope and fatal to oureelver rave be that foreiga force which 's but eucamped upon our #oll—whicb is ever realy to euioree obedience on the Italian people aud toadsolve from their duties the Talinn princes. We learned that, bowever willingly we pour forth our sweat and blood to xegain or recover internal franchises, we sbali baye done‘nothing unless we bagin by combastiux that foreign force which stands ready to 1ndo all that wo have done, We learned that the first neceseity of a people ia the no- cersity of existence; that there be no oxistence witu- out nation independence; that independence eaanot b» maintained unless it ie wholly free—or tbat, othorwise, we shall behold ati! renewed the melaacholy spectacle of w people sinking to slumber, préasing ingratitude the haud ‘vhat geoms but to slacken their chains, and then awaken- ing in the grasp of the some hand as it binds them in uew obains far deavier than tbe old. All this we learned, and, resigned to our fate, said, “We will bide our tune. bang oe because our calamities and bumillations would Speed the fulness of the time; resigned, because confident ju our own good rights and in those of to whole Italian bation; resigned, beeanse we saw that Piedmont, a aly free and It government, ropresonted in a truthful aud See Spirit the atfections and wishes of the waoie populations; and by the bert of all woapons, by maintaining order within, and upholding the nationsl dignity abread, was waging a florcer war agninst Austria than ehe waged in 1848 nnd 1849 with bayenets and cane non—a moral war, ® war in winch there could v2 no de- feat, seviog that on ene wide thero stood te love, on the ober the butred of the whole Italian peoplo; on’ the ono side glorious rights, on the other bage Tntrigues; on the one tide, the proud and noble exrcige of one’s own frce.om, on tne other the violatioo—now crafty, now aud ‘1 and ingnlens—of the freedom of others. And it was Atting that Piodmont, ike generous martyr of tho Ttalian cause, should de allowed to fullil tranquil'y ~her miesion, ang therefore we kept silénce, walie thus re signed; luting othe."€ bollevo ag they migit that oar expec- ) mIEL ‘ation wes mere lethargy. Bot now that Pledwont hes proved, by the and wise exercise of that {be Hallen pation is worwy uf and ripe lor freeuom, now Abot, Davin Cm! atted ‘or ine caise of civilized Europe side by ede with the Uraveet nations of tha West, abe han Kf the Itaian people 18 worthy of indegenden:«, er to secure it, ede has been still training for tue ud knows bow to'Agbt for and defend it; now we, our voices to soy that this magnapimoas Pied |} not stand alone in enffering for all, in combat “pg all; to gay tbat, if the battle must 7 be fought against the foreigner for the sake of Traty, Tuscany, wo, ght and will play her part, recoliectung that, when she previourly did bo’ share the honors of the battie, he dul not escape the bymiliation of the vanqutsze0. She has been crurbed to the ground with Italy, aud with Italy she must arire, And the entertains no dread of the host’ “ance who may come as allies and aunharie of + Alpine worrtore, Tuscany recollects that ale w sis the frised of Fravee, ava thet Coarles V., before sending hie bands to reduce her to slavery, was comuzelled first to etrike sewn Frapcis I. Tuscany —recoll-cts. that she first among all the nations of Europe poffered “her Sfrundshsp to the French people when, bursting forth ‘im the flush of their new tberties, they’ spread terror in the world, Tuscany vecollec's Wat on this soul the youth Jul thoughts and affecrons of Napelem 11 tivst sprang up, ‘and +be believes that now, with his ripeaed intellect and smperial power, be but seeks to give them fuil effect. Tus. eany wishes to be, and must be, wherever the bettie abai! be fonght for Italy, wherever she cavee of the Italian people shall concuct that army aud that king who are atouce its avengers and ite guardians, Meanwhile, we bail es the certain pledge of earer and better destines that we bave not even to implore from ou: fellow-citizes that which one would bardiy dare to hop» for bud it bot already been attained—that severe discipline of private tbovghts and affections, which is not servile obgequiovencts, but magnanimous sacrifloe—whiob re #ty vps impetuosity to concentrate strength; which dows ant divide its powers, but nuites them more closely together which doee not weaken them by impatient outhurata, but keeps them entire for the opportune moment of action which does not divide action by aimiog at different par poves with discordant agencies, but directs them all to one supreme scope—that diectpline, in short, which waits be. cuvee st trusts And this confidence, without which no discipline would ‘ve either possible or genera), we must above all exert our- geives to inaiptain. Confidence in the Italian King, who during the last ten years has known how to resist ail the menaces and all the blandishments of depot'sm—who, during ten years bas held aloft and kept firmly planted the flug of the Italian nation, Co ‘im the powerful monarch who recognized the es ‘of our cause, who, after eauthordy dus to her im the poo oe. ler he would employ that autho: » $a ‘employ that autho- rity in the d fence of civilization and of justice, who bas bitherto willed as much as he promised, aud effected what be willed, Let us, then, place our trust in the strong protection, in the good cause, in the reapect for right and for justice, which bow prevails throughout ali civilized Europe, which forms at once the privilege, the boast, the fortune, the truest and CU Ageen ca of our age. If, in order to ob- tain a peace that lasting and eecure, because founded on justice, Europe shall be compelied’ to wage war; if we shall debiold our cure entrusted yet again to the fortune of battles, in these battics we, as Italians, ought, and wieh to have our share, nor shall we cease on this account to cherish a firm hope; for, ever should the fate of battles be once more sgainst us, there will stil remain against Austria, in this our Italy, foes stronger aud mere invincible than fortunc—the destinies which are ma- tured, and the necessities which sro fulfile’, in the march of universal civilization. COSIMO RIDOLST, BETTINO RICASOLI, UBALDINO PERUZZi, TOMMASO CORSI, L®0POL.DO CEMPINI, CELESLINO BIANCHI. Frorencs, March 15, 1859. Ie England Prepared for Wart ENGLAND'S DANGER IN CASE OF AN INVA3ION—DE- CLINE OF THE MILITARY SPIRIT OF HER PEOPLE. [From the London Times, April 19.] While two great continental Powers are on the brink of ‘war, and aconfederation ising some thirty millions of wen is arming in expectation of a share in the strife, attea. tion is cnce more seriously directed to the state of our owa patronal defences. Not that France is more likely to attack us when she is engaged with a powerful foc; on the con- trary, the petty sights in which M. Walewski and bis colleagues have thought fit to ae, towards this country in certain late transactions are likely to be aban- doned for a much more courteous demeanor, should the Emperor Napoleon be brought into conflict with the stub- Dorn races of Ceutral Ewope. But history bas shown us bow 4 war bas an inevitable tendency to become general, and it needs no long reflection to assure us that the more batons are united by the ties of trade apd intercourse more one of them must be affected by the blows which july ween tyranny afecting the championship of legitimate right, and ambition wearing the mask of hdnuetited yore ye But, as Lord Derby warned us last night, land may soon be called upon, if not to interfere, at least ww show her power of interference. ‘We have often called attention to the general subject of national defence, but always, we are sorry to say, with very limited success. Indeed, it will probably require a great calamity or @ thorough ‘fright to make Englishmen ‘take up the matter in the putriotic spirit of their grand- futhers, We bave pointed out tho cesential weakness of our position—a woakuess which Le cousiruction of line-of- battle ships, Do activity im recruising for the army or militia, wiil ever remedy. The Knglishwan of the preseut cay bas forgotten the use of arms. Alcbough his frame be as powerful, his spirit as high, bis energy as untiring, bib enterprize as kecn as ever, yet the knowledge which his Sovefathers possessed of resisting an enemy in war has en- tine 'y passed away. ‘ * * * The French feed their vanity with the tribute wo offer them, and firmly believe that the day is soon to come when they are to avenge in London the loss of Canada and India and the fall Napoleon, Even the more clear. sighted neutrals consider that the difficulties of a landin, are only physical, and that if it were once ‘accompliahed the inhabitants of these islands could oppose no more ro- sistance than go many Chinese. Prussia was overthrown in a single battle and held for seven years; even Spain, with its ranges of mountains and its indomitable guerillas, would have been subdued but for a forcign army. Suppore a French yorce once in England, Portsmouth and Plymouth seized, and the Chan- nel made clear for r French 3 repel what is there to prevent Exgland being ‘an enem enough for the destruction of her eompire and the dactatto oy if an ad minious peace? This is the argument of foreigners who Gislike us no more than all foreigners do, and have no wish to see French power increased in Europe. Our read- ers may judge for themseives whether it is sound; this, however, is to be said, that t influences the poticy of rulers, excites the ambition and cupidity of our neighbors, ts at the bottrm of the present unsetied tae of Hurope, and = cost us during the last year twenty-three million pounds. The fact is, that the unerring judgment of man- kind telis them that mere standing armics aud floete are not a sufficient defence of nati A more artificial organization which may be demo- lished by @ campaign, @ pestilence, or a tempest— which sowe event lke an Indiau mutiny may cause to be wholly transported from the land it was raised to defend— doe not give # fit security to the people, who may at any moment be deprived of its services. There can be only one true defence of a nation like ours—a large and per- manent volunteer force, su; ‘ted by the spiritand pairi- otiem of our young men, and zradvaliy incoctripating the country with Inilitary knowledge. We are the only people in the world who have not auch a force in one form or ano- ther, There are the Americans at 3,000 miles distancefrom. Borope, apd without an evemy ora rival on their own continent. Yet tiny. keep up a militia which can muster several bundred thougande strong, and on some cccarions New York wears the aspect of a European roctropolir, such is the parading, drumining and firing. The result of this is to be seen in the confidence they have in thelr own strepgth, though wituout ettber army or bavy, according to our notions of such forces. But at the meeting held in St. Martin’s Hall on Saturday Sir Atan M'Nab cited an instance which still more closely interests ur. He spoke of the Canadian militia and their services iu the war of 1812. When Bonaparte was marching his forces on Russia the ambitions President, Mr. Medizon, took advantage of the suypose) embarrassment of Eeg- lard to attempt the conquest of Canada by a2 American army. Total defeat, however, awaited them, and Gen. Hull surrendered with his whole force to Sir Isaac Brock. But of what was the victorious army composed? Of Cana- ian ia and volunteers; for when the war broke out the British “Lad not in Cavada 900 men of ali arms above the city of Montreal,’’ May we some day have in this country a force as useful and patriotic! And, though every Englishman may well feel proud of the gallant army which has fought in Iodia; though the words of Lord Eeuberovgh will epeak to their hearts when he gail thot w.ih such troops we should engage any other in tho worl’ with the absolute certainty of success, yet we roust Once more raise our voices in favor of those local and domestic ievics which will be the best suppor, t@ @ nuclengs of Incian beroes, We know thatdf the hoar of danger should come volunteers would rueh forward by hundreds of thousaude, but it ie to cbyiate such @ panic dat we wonld ask for the eposdy re-tosat‘on of what may be called the old national forse of the country, It is hot line regimente—i: is not ¢: actiy militia that we want—but men of ordinary oosups tionk trained by a certain amount of drill to support the regular acmed force eithor in the field or in the fortress, There ia plenty of wealth aod plonty of leieure for the fur- mation of ‘such corps, and the metropolis alone cout furnish a contingent etrong enough to garrison any two naval ports of the kingdom. THE THEATRE OF WAR IN EUROPE, The Rouf@é of the French Army to the Field. ‘The fate of Ttaly, tbe garden of Europe, which the Roman empire bas rendered more famous than any other part of the world, trembles in the balance, and two great modern civihzed pations, with their mighty armies, are conten 1. ing for the same prize which excited the cupidity of bar barian hordes many huncred years ago, These nation are Austria atd France, and Piedmont and Lombardy constitute the theatre of war, Austria already possesse one of these a8 her lawful prey; sho wants to add th other’, its neighbor, to her map. - From an article published in yesterday's Henito, copied from the Revue des Deage Mondes, the reader bas teen 8 dese: iption of the routes by which the armies of Austria cen reach the seat of war, and tho advantages which she possesaes in the rapidity with which she can concentrate large masses of troops on the frontier of Piedmont. Some may perhaps suppose that Austria will have time to swallow up the Sardinian forces before the French troops can come to their agsistance, Bat thisis not the care, The Emperor of the French possesses facilities for reaching Sardinia by land as woll as Austria, and he has what Austria does not poascss—the moans of rapiily throwing his logions Into the kiogdom of his ally by eaa— and if necessary, be cag throw them, by the same ele MAY 7, $58—TRIPLE SHUET. the power of remrning the compliment. Northern Italy, inctuding ‘he Kingsom of Sardinia ant she Austrian provinces—called the Lombardo Venotiw Kingdom—ie separated equally from Austria proper auc from France, by the Alps. Jt lies between these two Powers, the Northern Alps separating it from Austria and the Weetern Alps from France, with this difference, that France is nearer than Austria Indeed, from Savoy, the ester portion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, France ia only separated by the Rhone, and the Alps He beyond, dividing Savoy from Piedmont. . Savoy, though part of Sardinia, is nO partof Italy. Ye! Savoy wos the original nucleus of the kingdom, and the other portions have been succes- rively apnexed—namely Piedmont, Nice aad the island of Sardinia, from which the kingdom takes its uame. The seat of government is at Turin, in Piedmont, which is tae central and metropolitan portion of the realm. In cros ig the Alps, therefore, through Savoy, the Freach army w Ji pase throvgh a friendly country to the scene of war. Napoleon mght despatch his troops by the route ef the Simplon, the road made over the Alpe, which has immortalized the name of his ancle; but he would have to proceed through Switzerland, which bas been made neutral ground by the treaty of Vienna, (if that is now worth anything,) and be sides it would be the longest and most difficult route. From Geneva to Milan is 279 English miles; from Brigg, at the foot of the mountain, to the village of Simplop, on the summit, it takes ‘only six hours to ascend im travelling by post, and from frem Simplon to Domo d’Ossola, on the plams of Piedmout below, only five hours. Troops would march in about double that time, or say tweaty-four hours. Tne distance is fourteen leagues, or about forty six English miles, Tao Simpton road was commenced in 1801, and flaished in 18C5, at the joint expense of the kingdoms of France and Italy. Napoleon employed thirty thousand men in its constructicn, It is carried through numerous tunnels. The breadth of the road is from 25 to 30 feet; the number of bridges thrown across rocks and torrents amounts to 611, besides terraces of massive magoury miles in length, and ten galleries hewn out of solid masses of granite. The slope is so gradual that the zigzag ascent is scarcely perceptible. The French engineers conducted the work 0a the Swiss side, and the Italians on the side of Italy. The Ciflulties were greatest oa the latter. The engineers were compelled to bore through and blow up the hardest rocks obstructing their pagsage. The quantity of powder used on the Italian side was 17,500 pounds. When we look at the height of this insjestic mountain (6,592 feet), the appalling precipices bordering the road, the impetuous torrents apd the roaring waterfalis furrowing its aides, the dazzing glaciers, the terrible avalanches, ‘those thun derbolts of snow” by which its dark forests are often up- rooted, we canuot but pay tribute to the genius and the :mdomitable will which triumphed over such obstructions, and rendered the road free from even the appearauce of danger. The construction of this road was decided upon by Napoleon after the battle of Marengo, while the recollection of his own difficuls parsage of the Alps by the Great St. Bernard (at that time one of the easiest Alpine Paeses) was fresh in bis memory. Bis object was to have a road over which he could conveniently carry his can- non mto Italy. He might well boast, after the compie- tion of this and the road over Mount Cenis that the Alps were no more. Sir James Mackintosh said: “Its peculiar character is to be the greatest of all those monuments that at ouce dazzle the imagination by their splendor and are subservient to general convenience.’’ ‘England,”’ eays Burke, “bas built no bridges, mace no high roads, cut 00 pavigations, dug out uo reservoirs. Were we to be driven out of India this day, nothing would remain to teil that it bad been poseessed during the inglorious period of our dominion by anything better than the ourang oulang or the tiger.” Not £0 France—the Simplon road is the greatest monument of her Napoleon. It was the first of the great carrisge roads opened across the Alps. Taose that have followed it are but one of the great origiual idea. In 1807 Napoleon travelled tbfs road in five days to Milan, accompanied by Josephine. It was to grenuly Jored‘on the Sardinian side by storms in 1634, 183 3849, and not having been since ps into proper repair, that it is ‘now. almoe® impassable # carrioges. But it would be easy restoring it to its former excellence. But there is another road. The route by Mount Censis, the second grand work of Napoleon over the Alps, is the easiest, the best, and the most convenient to the immense body of troops concentrated at Lyons. This is the roaa now most frequented by travellers. From Lyous up the Rhone to Chambery is twenty hours, and Chambery to Turin is 167 English miles—but two-thirds of this are by railroad. Lsnslebourg is at the base of the Cenis in Savoy, and from thence to the top of the pass, which is 6,826 feet igh, only oc cupies a traveller about two and a hours. The top consits of a plain extending two leagues, circled by the peaks of the Cenis. Here is a beautiful lake, whose lumpid waters are said to be unfathomable, and abound in the most delicious trout in Europe. At the foot of the mountain, on the Piedmontese side, is Susa, which was once defended by @ fortrees, but the work is now des- troyed. It is only bene agnor miles from Suaa to Turin, and there is a railroad the ontire way. This is the route by which Louis Napoleon will despatch such of his troops as he does not send by sea from Marseilles or Toulon. This road was ordered to be constructed bythe elder Napoleon in 1808, but it was not finished till 18f1. Pom pey is supposed to have been the first general who at- tempted to cross this Alp, which from his days till the time of Napoleon could only be passed on foot or on a mule. On this road three thousand men were employed It is practicable for carriages and cannon at ail sea- fons of the year. It will not be potsible for Austria to ight her way through Piedmont anc seize this pags before the troops of Napoleon bave crowed it. France is now covered with a network of railroads, branching from seven main arte rice—some of these proceeding orth and east toGermany, by which the invasion of Austria pri would be rendered easy. There is a roxd too, fls for the marching ot troops along the coast of the Mediterranean into Sardinia. But it would be too slow for present operations. Io fact, any Jand route will not befast enough. From Marsvilies to Genoa, the chief seaport of Sardinia, is 196 nantical miles, which a steamer can accomplish in one nigat. From Genoa to Turin, 1033¢ miles, or about four hours jourcey by ratiroad. So that in less than eighteen hours, certainly less thao twenty-four, troops despatched from Mayseilies by a touch of the telegraph wire in the Tuileries, can be in the capital of Sardinia, ‘Turin is not now fortitied , and would need speedy ast'stance againstauperior numbers. A short time ago its citadel was removed to make way for a railroad. It was the first city in Europe which was defended by a regular fortification. It has always played a most tmportant Part in Italian wars, fcom its geographi- cal on. japoieon III, therefore, does not need to cross tbe Alps to defend Sardinia or assail Austria. By the aid of steam and his powerful fleet he can land his troops both at Genoa and Nice, and at Venice in the Adri atic; and by extending a line from the latter across the peninsula to Genoa, he can cut off the auxiliaries of Aus- tna in Central and Southern Italy. What is more, be can invade Austria by Trieste, her own port in the Adriatic. His navy, in’ fact, will make both the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, for the time being, French lakes, for Austria has no fleet. If England keeps off her hands be will have it all bis own way. Had tbe elder Napoleon such means at hie diepoeal he need never have crossed the Aps. But there was then no steam, and Eog'and, which was bis enemy, swept the seas with her fleets. Tae circumstances, of Na- poken L and Napoleon HL in regard to the invasion of Italy and Germany are ¢ntirely differeat. MEN OF THE TIME. Prominent Characters tn the Great Euro- SKETCHES OF LOUIS NAPOLEON, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH—VICTOR EMANUEL, KING OF SARDINIA— FRANCIS JOSEPH, BEMPRROR OF AUSTRIA—MARSH ALS CANROBERT, RANDON AND BARAGUAY D’ HILLIERS OF THE FRENCH ARMY—COUNT CAVOUR AND MAR- QUIS D’ AZEGLIO, SARDINIAN AMBASSADORS—GENE- RaL GARABALDI, THE ITALIAN PATRIOT, AND GENERAL LA MAMORA, COMMANDER OF THE SAR- DINIAN ARMY, ETC., ETC. ‘While the world is breathless in momentary anticipa- tion of an universal outbreak in Europe, which the recout news £0 plainly foreshadows, we deem it fitting to refresh the minds of our readers as to the men who are now mosi prominent ip Eoropean affairs, pertaining particularly w the present crisis, VICTOR EMMANUEL IL, RING OF SARDINIA. Victor Emmanuel II., King of Sardinia, which country bears almost the same relation to the pending European war that Turkey did to the Crimean, is one of the promi. nent actors in the great drama now being enacted on the Fastern hemisphere. The House of Savoy, of which he is the head, descends from the old Counts of Sardinia, Al though it is one of the most ancient and moat illustrious in Europe, there are few reigning families in existence on the origin of which so many contradictory versions have been given. Al) authors agree in carrying back its geue- alogy tothe ninth or tenth century, but while some of them with much appearance of probability derive it from the ancient Kings or Arles, the Princes of the House of Savoy themselves appear to accredit a statement according to whiok tha famous Saxon Chief Witikind is the founder of the royal House of Sardinia. However this may be, Bertold and his son Humbert, the Whitshanded, were Counts of Savoy in the ,frst half of the eleventh ceatury, and one bravch posseesed the Principality of Piedmont. It became extinct in 1418, and that principality was reunited by Amédee VIIL, chief of the second branch, whom the Emperor Sigismond created Duke of Savoy. In 1681 the House ac quired the Duchy of Montferrat. Victor Amedée I. , Dake of Savoy, wes in 1718 made King of Sicily, and in 1720 ho exchanged that kingdom for that of Sardinia. His soa Charies Emmanuel III. acquired a considerable part of the Milapais, In 1815 the territory of the ancient republic o' Genoa was united to the Sardinian monarchy, which is now compored as foliows:—The island of Sur. dinia, 430 geographical miles in extent; Duchy of Savoy, 176; Principality of Piedmont, 369; Duciy of Montferrat, 49; part of the Duchy of Milan, 147, aud the Dachy of Genoa, 110; in ail 1,277 geographical miles, with a popala- tion amounting at the last census to 4,300,000 inbabiiants. Ihe Hovee of Sevoy bas contracted several alliances with the old royal House of Frauce. Louis XVIIL. aud Charles X. married the two danghters of Victor Amédée II King of Sardinia, but both these princeeses died before their husbands bad ascended the throne of France King Victor Emanuel ié son of Amétée Albori, of Savoy Coriguan, and iho Princess Maria Theresa, daugh- in- and See we a ment, into the dominions of \ustrio, whilst she has not 2 Tortiond Gonna Duke of Tesonay. HOF Os fer vuseu von oo the 14th of Mare, 1690, and ts af present ig year, @ suo Lime of bis aocemsion the flume of insurrection, fever if @ more right ous caose, bad spread throagh Maly, and Lombardy bad risen against Austeia, Tae {ing of Sardinia and Piedmout well know the strength of tho Power thos braved—too weil for sucosss, He delayed ols militar eats until he appeared to have been neon nye far rapl Suakitnnie ae Rar- rrible revecres to hig arma, On the 28d of March, 1848, one mouth afver the dowa- fall of Louis Philippe, Carlo Alberto issued the prociams- tion by which ne raised the Pietmontese flag aa the “standard of Haan unity.” He force conssesd of tw>- corps @armie and & reeerve, which last was ucder the command of the Duke of Suvoy, the subjec: of our me- woir; it pumbered about 29,000 mou, Ti was ' commacded by the Duke of Genoa, tecond gon, since deceased. A eeries of sttategic man muyres which apy to be universally condemned regu.ted in an engagement before the walls of Verona. The success was about equal on cither side. The Sar- dipians had hoped for a rieing within the city; they fore retired without being beaten; while Radetzeky con-” tidered that he bad gained the day, inasmuch as the Piedmontese failed in their object, All accounts agreo that the Duke of Savoy bebaved with great gailantry, and fully sustained the military honor of bis house. Tna Kiag of Sardinia next toox the fortress of Peschtera, and here, too, the Doke of Savoy distinguished bimseif; but his princl. pal'exploi's were ip the engagement at Goivo, whence, alter a whole ¢ay’s fighting, be dislodged the Auatriaug and drove them along the right bank of the Miacto back on Mantua. Then came the long, t.dious and fruitless at- tack op Mapiua, wLich furniehei Radetzsky with the imo becetsary to concentrate bis forces. Them came # sores. of Cisasters to the Piedmontere ar foe ines of Carlo Alberto were forced in several places; but his army fought with @ gallantry which promised victory, when, the Austrians suddenly receiving reinforcements to the num- her ef 20,0€0 men, the flank of the Piedmont-te army was turned, and Cario Alberto was forced to recroas the Min- clo, The present King tovk part io these transactions, aud ‘splayed all the quabties of a gallant soldier. On toe $4 of Auguet, the Piedmontese, pursued py the Austrians, en- tered Milan, which, however, be soon’ quitted, ag the citi- zeus capitulated. ' This was foll-wed by a trace,and finally Jed to the evacuation of Lombardy by the Piedmon- tese. It was during the progress of these events that tho throne of Sicily was offered by the ineurrectionary party to the Duke of Genoa, the second sou of Carlo alberto, and, after some coy hesitation, refused. The year 1849 was deetined to witness new efforts on the part of Carlo Alberto, and still greater reverses. The King opened the Pariiament on the Ist of February, with a speech wherein he spoke warmly of Italian unity, and called on the nation to aid in the sacrifices necessary to continue the war. In adopting this course, he was rather pike than otherwise by the miecalculating enthusiasm of is peop'e. Moet of the history of Victor Emanuel’s government from this point is included in the sketches of hie ministers. given in this article. His action during the Crimean war, in joining the Sardinian forces to the allies againet Russia, and eecuring for Sardinia a voice in the Congress of Paris, and to settle the questions in dispute, placed Sardinia whead of all the other Italian States, and gave her the reason which she now urges against digarmament the. ignoring of ber importance. The alliance of Prince Napoleon with Princess Ciothiide of Sardinia bas naturally combined with the critical aspect of Italian politics to render the House of Savoy aa object of extraordinary interest in the eyes of Europe. In the popular cries of Lombardy the King of Sardinia is saluted as the future King of Italy, and the peace of the coativent for the next generation appears now to depend on the policy of Piedmont ‘Victor Emanue) bas harbored the Italian patriote, until now there is a division of the army of 20,000 men—the- same which is commanded by Ger.baldi—and which Aus- tra imperiously demands be disbanded. ‘So great was the admiration of the italiane of this city for him that it wae recently proposed to present him with a sword, and the idea was only abandoned in consequence of the preesing need of destitute patriots. COUNT CAMILLE BENSON DE CAVOUR, SARDINIAN PRIME MINISTER. ‘The firm stand taken by Count Cavour, the Sardinian Prime Minister, to compel the admission of the Sardinian government to a representation in the proposed European Peace Congress, and to enforce a recognition of the im- Portance of that Power among the great nations of Eu- rope, has marked bim as a prominent man in view of the impending war, and of the part in it which is necessarily assigned to him. Count Cavour was born in Turin, on the 10th of August, 1810. Of an ancient and wealthy family of Piodmont, and connected with the mort noble houses of that country, the young Cavour had been appointed, while yet a mere youth, a page at the King’s Court. Here the causticity of his wit and the independence of his character soon distin- guished him, though in a manner not to render him a fa- vorite of courtiers. The independent character and ready causticity of Cavour were too positive for the atmosphere be breathed; he was diemissed from the body of young parasites that were clinging round royalty, and, from his disgrace at Court, was looked upon coldiy by the nobles Far from being saddened by this first check, whe spirked lad declared loudly he considered himseif very fortanate to have got rid of his pack. He left the Court for the Military Academy, where he obtaiped the rank of Lieu- tenact of Engineers. But, although of a bigh and weatio: family, he was but a cadet; aod uw Piedmoat mili- tary promotion was at that date amost the sole wivilege of the more favored cnildrea of birth and lortune. Nor had he mae (ricads at the Qourt. Even at this early period bis masculine mind was turned to questions of moment, and the Eog ish economiats were the authors he preterred; statistiss became his domiant parsion; yet his studies were ao varied that he left coliege Rot only with cclat for bis talents, but also with the sold advautsge of being a liewepan: in the engineers. No sooner was he free from the authority of the coliege pro- fessors than he began an attentive stuay of the world in which he was to live. The unbounded bsughtigess and ignorance of bis peers soon fixed the sentiments of Cavour into decided liber: . He did not wait for tho conse- quence of these opeuly declared opinwns, but at ouce threw up his commission, and set sal for Eogiaad. Once arrived on the soil of Albion, he pursued with more in:ense ardor thoge researches which had already woa 80 much of bis atteation. The eystemoi government in Eng- land captivated him; and he perk te with cautious energy ali thove detail which torm so admirabiea whole; the ouiy variety in his pleasures was pasting from the ad- muinigtrative to the commercial ts of the British government. Cavour was simply hoeral in sentiment when he left bis country; but when he returned to it he was largely constitutional. Projects of reform Were cir- cuiating at the Court of Sardinia; the progress was rapid, and coon the high days of absolutism passed away for- ever. In 1847 he bad already made himself a political nota- bility in Pie¢mont by becoming editor of the Jisorgimento, 8 jourpai of daringly liberal tendensies, yet pervaded by the aristocratic spirit as regarded the tone of iis articles. Be assisted at the very birth of the Piedmonizee Parlia- mentary eystem. The late King Carlo Alberto had re- solved, seeing the tendency of toe times, to bestow on his subjects a constitutional form of government, ratuer than find himself ungraciously forced to make euch a coaces- sion. Still it was but the resolve, vot the executiou—for which, indeed, a more astute and enlarged miad than that of Carlo Aiberto might have been puzzied to fiad a safe form. At this moment he reoeived , ainong other requests of the rame xind, # deputation from Certain citizens of Turin, praying for the grant of a constitution. Tha deputation en iteeif to the Count Avet, Minister of Grace and justice; and the King having demanded to know the names: of thoge of whom it waa composed, it appeared that they were Brofferio (with whose name the public are familiar in the debates of tne Picdmontese Parlia- ment), Count Santa Reea (afterwards minister), Colonel Durando (then Generai and Minister of War apd Marme), and the Count Camille de Cavour. It is said that when the King beard this lust name men- tioned he at once saw that the matter was serious and wortby of attention. The consequence of this was that the King finally resolved to periect visilea. He called around bim the moet able men on the constitatioaal side, and in the end there came forth what was cailod the “‘Sta- tuto”’—a term equivalent to the French “enartre”?”—which, however, was but a crude and imperfect work, litue more than a copy of the French Charter of 1830, waich, at the very epoch of the appearance of its Sardiniao prototype, was about to be trampled under foot by the republicans ot February, 1848. Cavour took no part as minister in the first organizatioa of the new constitution, bat held s distinguished position in the Senate. His attitude, like his casracter, resembled somewbat that of Earl Grey, the first Eaghsh Reform Minis- ter. A rather baughty independence was mistaken by the multitude for hostlity to popular claims; bat his un- questionable talent commanced respect even from these who dreaded bis ar'stocratis spirit. So long ag D' Azeglio was the Minigter of Victor Emmanuel, Qoaat Cavour con- fingd bimself to a temperate opposition tu public, while counseliing the King in private, In Octover, 1860, Oonat. Cavour was called upon to take office under that constitu tion which he had been go instrumental in bringing into the world. He succeeded Count Pierre Derceei de Santa Rosa as Mivister of Agricalture and Commerce. His abi- lity wag at once recognized, both by his colleagues and by the public, and he took a lead alike in the Mu and ip the Chamber. Uuiting with the lar sym| jes the digcipline of the aristocrat, he ly took @ position of command, although his infivence did not yet place bim im the highest rank as a minister. From (October, ‘ag ha May, 1852, when, for a moment, the King wavered in his struggle with the Papal See, Count Cavour continued the life Of the ministry. After the lsiter epoch he endeavored, though unsuccesstu'ly, himself to form a government, by 8 species of “Coalition,” composed of the more motorate men of his own and other parvies. He failed; but im the following year he was more successful, and ever since be bas been Prime Minister. During the interval between hig first appointment, on the death of Santa ‘and hie ac- cession to the Premierebip, he has successively Milled the Offices of Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Miniter of Finance, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Pre- Tn 1862 there occurred a stru; sident of the Counc! dent of the 1, which Cavour becoming posseesed of this position also; 22d of May, 1862, he gave in his travelled through France and England tea colin Zz 8 i fh out apy condition whatever. ol popularity, and bas also had the destiny of all in meeting with calumny at every of extreme affability, Count Cavour is of an character, and of great activity both of body and mind. His appearance is in harmony with ae ; there is an union of the aristocrat of the old rock and the modern citizen. He is of miidie stature, sligh inclined to obesity, Wie ips; altogether’ pe; belonging to this celebrated statesman; denevoience of his neon is not soar awake to the uiler- ini than to the friends boast Without being an orator, Count Cavour m casoutally eo,