The New York Herald Newspaper, January 11, 1857, Page 2

Adiately ufter be eruption, calculated the elevation of 2 Vike of her name and policy. Furthermore, the sean- | dals cf the palace ure to be graver than at any former period. The Queen, it « reported, has throten aside the jast remmant of decency, and re- lapsed, a) ter a short period ef restraint, into excess- | «s of which even a Southern capital is ashamed. | The King, on the other hand, is divided from his wife by an intense mutual dislike, ana is reported Yo be actually plotiing against her throne His narre w inteflect 1s entirely ruled by the prests who surrey kis him, and these men are all oo the side ef Montemolin and legitimacy. His present ssheme weems to he fo force the Queen to resign, to place Count Montemoln in her room, and to marry the mfant Princess to Montemolin’s nephew. Such is the royal rear to whien the destinies of Spain are oonstitutionally confided, But where is the minister, the firm, the undaunt ed, the despotic Narvaez? This man used to extort unwilling commendation from many sensible and fiteral minded Spaniards. He was, when he ruled vefore, a tyrant, unscrupulous avd unrelenting; bat ne was clesrheaded, clearsighted, practical, and, in @ way of bis own, patriotic. It was La ledged that be penne pubiic quiet and en- couraged material progress; that, above all, ne kept the Court in order, made the offi- eiais and the military obey him. But Nar- vaez now must bend before the Queen. Be feare that hereditary subttety and that false smile which have been the ruin of Espartero and O'Donnell. He has enemies in his own Cabinet, of whom he cannot rid himeelf, and a strong epposition of liberals, whom itis possible that the Court will play off against him if he pretends to too much power. Men like General Prim and Gonzales Brave, sprung from the dregs of the people, are his rivals in the race for wealth and authority. Yet their rise reflects no credit on the country, and must net be @owm pared with the career of men in England, who elevate themselves from an bumble position to high effice in the State. It is possible to make the road too open to ambition, and when only boldness and wnecrupulousness are required for the achievement reatness, there can be no wonder aud no merit rise irom obseurity to the highest eminence. It ith an old and im- Soo aristocracy, should be the best orn adventurers, yet so i is; the nobi u & a singular thing that Spain, moderately tai fiela for low = degenerate both in mind and body, and any man wi ih a firm will and 4 ca se we. supreme, wit! general ability. he body of society iz, in. the capital at leuat, deep'y tanited. Auecdotes without number are told of the nobility, the clergy, the public servants. It would scem that the gaining of money is regarded 98 a natural desire, and any means to this end as vo- ial, :f not justifiable. Indeed, with sach a court, such ministers, and such aspiranta to power, to look for public spirit and morality would be absurd. The enly hope of the country is in what may be called the remedial action which must exist in every body politic. When bad government end bad manners @@ too far there ix a patural tendency to resistance, whieh must increase as affairs become worse. There- fore, though we English have had enough of Span- isb politics, and certainly would be the most foolish ef mankind ever again to in’erfere either on the side ef yovalty or liberalism, yet we cannot but hope that anend may soon be made of the present state of things. The fact that a country among the most favored in Earoype, full of natural wealth, aud com- manding both the ocean and the Mediterranean, should be poor, distracted and decaying, is certainly @ painful subject for reflection, while the recent his- tory of Spain shows Low soon and how utterly the grandest fab.ic of national power may crumble int) rains when eapped by the incapacity or wickedoess of a ceries of qulers. ity for intrigue may at birth, character or _ Veleante Crater near Rome. It is well known that Southern Italy is of volcanic character. It is not impoastble that the malaria which is so much dis:nssed by teaveliers and men of seience may in vome measure be owing to exhala- fons trom an internal decomposition ot the earth, and the exhalation of unhe:lthfal gases. On the 28th of October last the valley of Capena, about twenty miles from Rome, was the scene of a volcanic eruption of a singular description. A countryman, who bad been ploughing in the neighborhood, re- lated that he was just unyoking his oxen when he observed the earth sinking down for a space of nearly an acre, and whilst doubting the evidence of his sCnées, the ground opened with 9 tremendous ex- plosion, and vomited forth a dense column of sulphu- Pour ar masses of earth and stones being thrown ep at the same time in a cinoer which made ‘ine that the gierno dei zindizo was come. The craption was at rts greatest height about an hour after sunset, and on the following morning it was found thatthe mattr elected baa left a ciren- lar orifice or crater, filled with tucbid water, though which geseous exhalations were still es caping. The ac y of the crater has since that yeriod graduaily aied away, and the calm surface of the hittle inke is now only occasionally rutfied by the appesrance of a few bubbles from *. Ou ex- amining the locality it became evident that the whole basin, through which the volcanic force has now created on orifice, was formerly occupied by a Jake, whose alluvial deposits formed the upoerast stratum. The character of tue soil, in common with that of all the campayna di Roma, ig yolsanty, bat eminences of travertine formation rise aro ind the basin and skirt tbe Valiey formed by the stream called forse dt gramicci, or more classically capena awhiem Se-cends from Mount Soracte. The circumference of the crater, or lake, is about three bandred metres, the distance from the eurface of the soi. to the surface of the water, five wetres, and the depth of the waieria the craver twenty-tive motes, th which dimiggsB63 constantly 10 pro- portion to (ue maates of eartn which fall in trom the ea. Profeseor Ponzi, who visited the spot imme- the water above tte lvel of the sea at not more Than eighteen metres, which at such a distevce my a r very low to those who are unacqcainted wid | the luw ‘evel of the valley of toe Tiber. The wass- 8 projecte] by the eruption all took a soatheasterly direction, and only covered that side of the orifice, thos der.or stroting that the impe!ling force proceed: ed from the depths of the earth through an opening stretching to the northwest, and probably communi eating with the preat voleanic region ia that direction. whore convulsions in former agen duced the cra‘ers uow occupied by the kes of Bracciano and Martignano, and the valley of Baccano, and whose action may be tracc in the form of lava, trachyte, and thermal springs, perpetually recuriing om the same line as far as the pea coast. According i the Professor's observations this line of volcanic phenomena extends ender the valiey of the Tiber, ond tar into the Sabine hills towards the central ange of Apenomes, where ite efiects are chiefly obser by the presence of mineral waters. Jt is not unworthy of remark that the subterranean convulsion took place witnin a few days after the great earthqueke ut Rhodes, #9 that it may not be too bazardow a coujecture to attribute a common and deepiy sested cause even to such distant effects. It does net appear, however, that the opening of this gaseons crater was pre ceded or accompanied by any shock of exthauake. It ie the deciced opinion of Professor Ponzi, an pinion confirwed in the present tustance as well as in many others, and expecially during the eartty quakes which we it last summer throughout the range of Alban hills, that the position of the moon has © powerful influence in the development of vol canic phenomena, by the attractive force exercised by that satellite over the fluid and gase sas bodies which occupy the profound cavities of the earth. ‘The Neapolttian Emigration to South Amerte [Naples (Deo. 18) Correepontence of Live ‘yoo Uime In a forme: — Ispoke of an off which hau been made by the Argentine repablic to this govern- ment to teke off a number of politioal prisoners. it was to be left to their own free will, not to bea forced tracsportation | now understand. The pro- positions bave sinee been reduced to the form of a ‘treaty, the principal provisions of which are, that this government is to pay the expenses of their voyage to South America; that the Argentine re pablic is to guarantee 250 piastres to every emigrant tor the firet year, with land and stock, acd that the treaty is to remain in force for turee years. The Neapoiit ‘overnment wishes to eubstitate “ tran sported” for the term “emigrant,” and to keep ep the treaty for four years—modifications which Busebent nsen to comply with. These are, however, dit * that will no doubt be overcome, ae M. Bussventhal speaks of leaving Naples on Saturdey. I have only to add that the 250 piastres advanced to each emigrant are to be repaid in five years. ereeting Trip to the Laterior of Chtna (Dee. 19) Correrpemdenes of the Landon Tiaven.) Considersble interest is excited juet now in the upper political circles in Berlin, by the statement thet two letiers have Leen received here withia the Jart few days from the brothes Sohlogivtwait, the edventurous travellers in the Bast Indies and oa the Atiatic certinent, according to the tenor o” which they beu penetrated ‘0 the Chinese empire, bat had been foreed to return by coming in contact with strong bodies of alternately Russian and Chinese troops, at war with one another; and active imaginations have recognised in these sup- pored Russians a portion of the Oreoburg corps ‘under Count Peroffwki. As he is known to have Mia le reveral attempts to penetrate the Chinese em- & from the Thibet side, be is supposed to have at fucoeded in entering. But, unfortunately, I cannot have the eatiefsetion of forwarding you such © piquant piece of news; the inquiries I have made the matter deprive the communications in we political interest. The letters these iro bold travellers, dated the beginning of September, show thit they had iy Hd] Himalayas behind them, had crossed Little Thibet, and ascended the Karakorum moun- taing, having last left the town of Leh. When once on the of this chain of mountains, which sepa- rate I Thibet from Lite Bocharis, the: beep tempted to advance further into China had Proper | channel. tn disguise, in the hope of page oh tn "sd degyees Hast longitude’. they bal and 80 rees ny ; 5 Han rete {reen eattiing thinaee! Ur ties of the way, har to pass over glaciers, ravines, and elevated table to such an extent that it took them fourteen days to advance compa- ratively only a few miles. narrative that has given rise to the story of the Ras sian forces carrying on war in the bowels of the, Chinese empire, refers to their having fallen in wit. the rema'ns of a caravan of travellers that hed ten attacked and plundered. In the statement mv 4 by the travellers there is nothing said about Rv ssians, and in that letter which was addressed by them to the King the whole incident was left un”entioned, which eee Sarai Dave been * ase Sart #0 remarkable as presence of Rusefan troops Bucharia bad to be noted. ‘The Euphrates V Rallway. =n Rie the Lv dan Casenie, Dee A Le ‘following notices, from Twit’s Magazine ‘the present month, relative to the Buphrates Valley Rail » in reply to an article in Frazer's for November, enters 0 fairly into the merits of the undertaking, and the aévantages to be derived from ite construction, that its insertion here will be use- ful to the commercial interests connected with the formation of a projeet which is calculated to anite Eng'and and India more closely, and greatly extend trade with the East:— t ‘The Euphrates Valiev Railwsy has had, like many other good schemes, several opponente, A form) dable one appeared in Fraser's Magazine for last month. !bhe writer contrasts the advantages of the Egyptian and Assyrian ronte, and decides for the Nie. M. Lesseps’ Canal is transformed intoa sige opposing the ines joo rates. 'e have for years 60; or sup The junction of the Mediterranean with the Red Sea bya navigable caval. We participate in the astomsbment expressed by the writer in that able periodical at the opposition of the British or the Indian goverment to tne construction of this canal—if our government have been its active copemental se he seys. We rejoice with him that « Lesseps will probably obtain the eight millions sterling of capital necessary for its construction. At the same time we sannot see, becanse Egyptian interests require the development of Exyptian re- sources, that the extensive ana important regions on the Eupbrates and tae Tigris are to be neg- lected. Because M. Lesseps’ proposed cut through the Isthmas of Suez deserves, and has apparently obtained, support, we cannot understand why its friends should oppose Mr. Andrew's plan for a rail- way on the Euphrates. The expectations of the writer qnoted of the profits to be derived from this canal are like his figures, a little out of order. We believe that it will be a very profitable con- cern, if it be managed with propriety; not on ac- count of the Indian trade alone, but of that with Fastern Africa. Australia aud China; although the calcniation that three millions of tons will pass an- nually through the canal, while our tonnage to all countries beyond the Cape does not exceed materi ally one-half of that quantity, appears rather over the present prospect. Other countries have doubt- less a large trace with the East, but not c mpeteat, re believe, to make up the estimated quantity. The tonnage dues are calculated at ten francs. or 8a. 9d. per ton; and upon three millions of tons we are told that they would “represent 2 very tir per centage on the cagital of “£5,000,000.” a they would, as they would seach £1 312,500, {om which workiug expenses would have to be deduct- _As, therefore, the plan is not in difficulty for capital, and the capital appears pot to be in dan- Rr of a dividend, po excuse exists for oppomag the Eupbra‘es scheme. We are furnished with | the “pros and cons” of Euphrates Valley Railway, but their author has forgotten the “pros,” and has only furnished us with the “cons.” This line, it is said, will extend from Alexandretta or Selencia to Bassorah, a dietance of 800 miles; and, it is added, “ No accurete estimate has as yet been made of the cost; but, in a rongh compotation, the capiial Tequired cannot be Jess than twelve, and may be sixteen million pounds.” A railway of 800 miles, at £10,000 per wile, would cost eight millions sterling. and as the lard would not be costly, or the cuttings decp, and the parliamentary’ expenses nothing, the work might possibly’ be done for that money. We cre next told ot the continental charge for conveying goods on railways at “ten centimes per ton and per kilo- metre the transport of a tonof goods from the | Meditervanean to the Persian gu'f would amount to £4 le. T wate Jp from «)exendretra or Selucia, «nd trom Bassorah to the Indian ports wonld be ad- ditional ; snd therein the trrnshipment charges would be included. It is obvious, whether tuis cal- culation be correct or otherwise, that heavy*goods | would net come by railway from India; but for our menusactures out, for silks, for indigo, for other dyes, even for fine co:ton Lgersnag sd and wool in, } it might be profitable to pay extra freight for supe- rior epeed. Lhe Euphrates valley line is opposed ap paren ly becsnre the government applied for informa tien to the promoters concerning their plans; because they recommenced them, in a form equivalent to a command, to the East Lidia Company; tothe Board of Contro:, and to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, who open the other band, recommended then in a form of command to the Turkish Goverament, and obli them to give & gusTantee as the price of our assist ance in the late war: and the influence of this coun: try, it is & i o tid and ~ T and a weighty recommedation. know that our government does not | for Lelp to a good scheme; snd that the Earl of | Clarencon communicated with Mr. Andrew before that geptletman or bis friends had corresponded w his lordship. I¢ is a serious matter to hear that Strattora de Redolifie used the pone hay try to press the Sultan into a bad guarante é het under the latter ancusation rests jq*,00" 7 known fact that the Sultan's ? seis when the gurantee was negotiated, WT? op osed to Lord Stratford e Redctifle and the 8°’ tee oro British fac- tion at the Poste; ad that OU", qwauenos in the Di- von Or the Hein was 8° cfreumsoribea that our fires was reerly ordered Gat of the Duxine before its work there was finished. We ate inclined, therefore, to thet the Sultan ani lie advisers agreed with the Bari of Clarendon 12 considering the im wement of thedarplimtesm Valley of rather more ‘portance to their interests and those of the world, | than even the proaperity of Egypt itself, although that is no move endangered by we new pioject than the prosperfty of Louisiana or Texas. except upon the transit business for era. In that depart- ment the svriter referred to admits that two days may be served by the Haphratean route, and that, even after a ‘elecraph has been carried through Egypt, will be welcome to passengers; but we eus- pect that the two day« will turn out to be six or tigit; that the passage, being chiefly by land to the Mediterranean, will be more agreeable than the present route, and that « bealthy competition may pe useful. We deny that the Euphratean Valley line as at present prope sed, is deperdentupon the Indian trade +o thorvug hly as tis critics allege. The Board of Trede bas receuly \sened a number of consuler re- ports, and arrongst them we find one from Mr. Baker, car consul at Aleppo. He states that the local expor: tation of last year consteted 5,000 ditto; gal D ditt 61.2 flonr, 2,500 tons; se- 50 ditto; cotton, 1,000 grain and sundries say 50 tons. These goods were 50,000 ditto: total brought trom the district between the Eapbrates and the Mediterranean. They would bave all passed over the firet section of the railway—which will be completed in the first instance; and this trade ad mite of almost indefinite extension, if roads were made, or railways constructed. He rey that 15,000 quarters of grain remain anseld for want of transport to Alexandretts. He states that carriage from Aleppo to that port was 66s. Sd. to 1534, 44. per ton for goods, 198. 5d. to 268.54. per qr. for wheat Ax to grain, be says that, with means of ‘rplee: Mes potamia would “pour in incalculable sa q ut prices far below thoee for the aame articie in the Mac We know that General Cheaney chiefly explored the Eaphbrates with the view of obtain- ing a near pessage to India; but the friends of this scheme are now opening ont a country equally fertile, but much larger than Egypt itself. The Foreign Office are blamed for having gone to the Promvters. of this scheme before these gen Uemen come t them. The circumstance shows that in the opinion of the Foreign Office the scheme reat practical sagacity. Very bly t did not say that they wanted to m fields,as [ord Palmerston stated orto establish corn fields indepen- win. because it is better to deal with fors—or that they wished to have two overland rontes to India, because Egypt is more clovely connected with France than might euit our purpose, if the alliance were not found durable; or what ted into Central Asia with the view . ng the Persian trade, and eape- Cialiy ¢! improving Messopotamia; and it is still lease likely that the government distinctly wrote that they wanted @ rail wa the Euphrates for strategical of Russia making war through tains by-and-by; but all these 4 to form their opinion that the magni- 8 echeme justified a little departure from etiquette, and we consider 1t the most important proposes! for Vritish interests recently sugvested be rising trade of the district warrants an expen- diture for its accommodation and extension. The importation of [ritish goods in 1861 was equal to £146,405, and in 1865 it was £471,353. The exten- sion of this trade is the more necessary, as it is almost completely free from taxation, except that of bad roads, which will be F ais removed by this scheme. The progress of of is in every way interesting, but net more so than the prosperity of 8 and Assyria. As for India it has @ trade at will afford two roads, in or cut, and however the Calentta, Ceylon and Madras trade may run, the Indus business will flow into the By tenn No opposition is necessary to this pro- posal from the friends of Egypt. We might have r Jand OF’ ne Western tines; for although all three meet ? ¢ the termini, they take ly divergent COUT 4s, and neither of them could oY modated the intermediate traffic. That is 8D slogons case to the Indian business, which Y ell support two or three routes from end to Ail scholars, end nearly all mankind, must be inte- rested in the developement of Euphratean territo- riee. All the Scriptural commentators mee, Se intersected the great capital of the Chaldean empire. With Babylon, the names of Nebuchadnezzar and Baishazzar, of Daniel and Derius, of Cyras and Alexander, are forever as- sociated. The grand propbet of the and the energetic aportle of the new era, had their dwelling for a season within its walls. Ere even a brick was made upon the Nile, Nineveh and Baby ‘on must have had busy Twice in the world’s history mavkind commenced the rac> of civilization on the Messopotamian rivers. Twice they diverged from their banks to the east, the west end the north. Arts ard sciences wade early and weak steps upon their shores. Very early in his tery we know *hat Babylon was a great manufacturing city, famed for the costly fabric of ita looms. Ata more recent date the Chaldean kings made it a gor- gcous metropolis, the jairest and the richest then on +erth. The buildings of its gee rival, Nineveb, have been recently excavated from their long con- cealment of full three millenums. Their rine bear witness yet to the gorgeousness of the palaces built by the pepran moparchs. And yet we have po yeason to believe that Babylon was equalled, and certainly it was not surpacsed by Nineveh in mag- nificence. The fll of the Chaldean metropolis is still a mystery, Alexander of Macedon made it the port of the Indian Ocean and of the Persian Gul’. He proposed to render it the central metropolis of his empire. He died early, and after bis death Babylon drooped and never more attained its former magpificence and population. It fell, unti) no man now can trace the outlines of its desolation. 7 wee pronounced by the Hebrew Seer has come upon the proud city, and no man bayeth its merchandise any more; While its palaces are the dwelling places of serpents, and its streets are haunted by unclean beasts, Not only the cities or their ruins, and the traditions of Mesopotamia, are ultra-clas- sical and interesting, but aleo the land ig fu!l of bidden riches. Many millions of inhalntante‘crowd- ed its banks in ancient days. Their power was felt over all western Asia and northern Africa. The now deserted plains were fields and gardens. The soil teemed with vegetation. The fruits of tem- perate and tropical climes grew there in luscious abundance. The arid sands need only again to be irrigated by the abounding waters pouring down, ever cold and plentiful, from Ararat and Kars, to become joyous with corn, and wine, and oil. It may even more effect our intercetato know that many now wasted acres, save when in early spring they aré sweet wildernesses of flowers, may be covered with cotton, and tend to thé employment of the many millioned spindles of our lanvte hte MF commercially, historically and politica'¥; pbrates vailey route is a grand scheme ‘tht must affect immediately the commerce, and in some 1X sure the destires of our race; and that depends aot for svecess upon a thorough traffic, but holds within it own confines the ents of a great prospority. ‘The Isthmus of #arien Canal. [From the London Times, Dec 10} While we have been knovking our heads against the North Pole the narrew isthmus which separates the two continents of America remains but little known, partially explored, and well uigh untouched by the mechanical genius of the century. Of what incaleuljable service to mavkind would it have been bad a few millions been devoted to effecting a pas- sage through the American Isthmus. This we nave net done, while we have wasted hundreda of mil- liofs upon powder and ball, gunships and shells. Such expenditure must, we are well aware, stil) take place. Whatever the Pesce Party may say, we are still far enough ‘cmoved from the time when the smiling infant shall lay its hand with impunity upon the speckled snake, or Russian diplomatists cease to covet an extension of territory. Let us do what is neceseary for self: defence and to preserve the national ’ character, upon which empire depends, but, at the same tme, when we tun our thougbts aside to werks ef Peace, to voyages of discovery, to great enterprizer am foreign “lau let us ‘og prefer the Jeast wortby aud necessary work. Now, to gat a sip canal through the “Isthrous is s week whic concerys mankind. We care not at w'gat point of 4 Awerican Isthmus, becween +. ae of San Juan, whien communic ‘ith the ragaun Lake to that of the at (Ae kaon falls Into we Gult ot Darien, the g und’ be broken, put at some point or anotbe . lish, American ano French e- £,unlees, the Bag: themselves vanguiehed, ite’ (tN done. Hither! the scheme has heen roe entirely in the bands of projectors: ° ‘a ‘ot been aunexed to the domains of com, has bot er cone Beme ten or twent 0 industry and common been brought rf Priects have from time to time wild enough, #er public notice, some of them ing themse) te of them apparently recommend plans ané _-@% to favorable consideration by the «f cart _, asonings ret forth, but, save as a matter edn _#iy and diletanteism, they have not receiv m _#hattention. Weexcep*, of course, the im- Ate plo which was to have bes carried ont by 4 union of English and American capital; this dropped through from other causes. The time however, has at length arrived when this matter should be taken into serious consideration as a work to be done. First, there is the practicability to be ascertained, then the cost, then the vital question must be decided—* ut will it pay? Nothing can be further frem our intention than to stand forth as the patrons or advisers of any joint stock hen som bs past, present, or fatnre; bat, surely, if ever there were a work for which it woula be iegitimate for meu of all nations to combine their efforts ond their purses, it would be union of the At- lantic ond Pacific waters. Many surveys heve been made of the country between Nicaragua and New Granada. Let each of them be carefully examined. If it appears that we have no more information to expect from the surveyors, then let the best exist- ing plan be chosen. If, on the other hand, the sur- veye are imperfect and unsatisfactory, let competent men Le despatched to the acene of action, In a very tew wecks, with proper data before tgem, oar own engineers and those from the other side of the At lantic would furnish us with the necessary es timates, Now, as we before said, we bave not the smallest preference or the slightest preconceived opinion on the side of one project over another, We are not estrous to see the canal exclusively in the hands of British iste. The work affects the common interests of mankina, and the more numerous the pations which ate covcerned in it the fewer are the chances that the free passage wil! be interrupted by the contingencies of future warfare. We are, however, about ao ke particular mention of ove echeme which propounded yesterday in our covumns. . Ths scheme may, for aught we know, be the best, or the worst, btt st least it is clear and precise. This public no- tice of it may elicit discussion and provoke objection, and that is the end which we have in view. Mr. William M’Dermott describes himeelf es a naval surgeon, late of Her M y's ship Expingie, on toe Darien expedition. He teils us that three years ago an expedition was sent out by the Governments of Engiand, Franc», and the United States, to survey the propor cane! route across the Isthmus of Darien, from Usiedonia Bay on the Atlantic side to the Gulf of San Migael on that of the Pacific. The result, according to this entieman, is, that (be thing may at this point be one. The whole length of the canal id be 36 miles, The harbors on both coasts are excellently adapted for the termini of a great ship canal, The Savannah river is navigable to the month of the Lara. This is the firt stage; there remain six others. From the junetion of the Lara with the Savannah to the Chuquanaqua the distance let e miles. The country prevents no engineer. ing dificuities for caual purpores. The third stage is from the Chuynanaqua to the confluence of the Fivers Sucvbti and Aemati, a distance of oie miles; the country iv of the same character as inthe last stage. The fourth section is six miles in length, from the confluence of the rivers abovenamed to the little Indisu village of S |. There is no difficulty here. In the fifth stage, three miles long, the land gradually rive from 149 to 420 feet. In the sixth stage, alto three miles long, the real pinch occurs. The ground rises into a peak 430 feet high. Here a tunnel would be re- quired. The seventh stage takes in a distance of but two two miles, from the pesk to the Atlantic seaboard: but bere is plain sailing and level ground Tt seems yet to remain a question if this mountain which encumbers the sixth stege migit not be turned; and in order to aecertain this point, further and more accurate surveys sre required. Such is the substance of Mr. McDermott's commonication which we ha “i from his letter, and whieh we now leave the consideration of our readers. We ere no enginecra, but when we look at the enor mous works which have been executed at different point sin the civilized countries of the world, we cannot but think that the construction of a tunnel three miles in length is scarcely a work from whieh the homan race need turn b ok in dismay. It may well be, however, that even this difficulty may be avoided; what seems wanted at the present is more accurate information. On every ground, political, social and commer- cial, we would invite attention to this important subject. Were the canal formed we should be brought into easy communication with the Pacific seaboard of the two great American continenta— with .@bina, with Australia, with the islands of the Thdian ipelago. It would be idle and NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, JANUARY ll, 1857. ing ae the reflection may be to Rassian national vanity,” says Northern Bee, ‘there is no help for it, but to let foreigners come in and supply the capi- tal. The ouly consolation is, that in spite of the part they would take in it, it would nevertheless re- main a vational work, and all the advantages would be on the side of Russia. It is possible that in the first year Russia would have to make up the defi- ciency in the percentage guaranteed, but the great gain that would arise from the many hundreds of millions that foreigners would sink in the Russian soi] would accrue to Rassia’s increased commercial activity, and at the end of eighty-five years, if the government did not buy them up sooner, the coun- by would come of itself into gratuitous ion of caress end vere r. of railroad, which other branch lines, built by national skill and capi- tal. could be connected.” sf “{ This is what the best written Russian journal says on the subject of railways in Rasaia, and for any one that is desirous of unremunerative employment tor his capital in the developement of fuselan re sources it is very convincing and impreasive; equally 80 it ought to be for all who may have been thinking of emberking their money in ‘the Pereira apeculi- ton as an investment. Whatever the entrepreneurs of the job may pat forward in its ‘avor, there is no Rarsian to be foand with impudence enough to assert that the shareholders would ever get more than the five per cent guaranteed by the govern- ment. And what non-Russian, that knows anythi of Russia, will be so sanguine as to say they will Peemmaptncne in us to expatiate on the enormous pulee which would be communicated to foreign commerce by such & shortening of the marine high roads. We care not, as we before said, what route be chosen, go it be the bess If i" seem advisable to choose the more noriberly route by the Lake of Nicaragua, as has been proposed, let Walker and his vermin be swept at once out of the Ni territory, and let the work be commenced. If the more southerly route. which we have been endeavoring to describe to-day, be really the best, then let that scheme be carries into effect. If, finally, any intermediate point should seem to hold out greater advantages, we are equally content that that should be tried But at least let us not waste our thoughts npon olar expeditions, nor our money on the construc- ‘ion of railroads over the dreary steppes of Raasia, while so great and so necessary 4 work as the con struction of a ship eanal across the American Istn- mus awaits execution. The Russian Rallways and the Contractors. {Ber} u (160, 16) Corresponoene of Londom Cimon | In one of my recent budgets of Rnssiun ne mentioned the di intment that is being § ip Russia atthe Pereira Railway enterprise meetiny with +o little favor in France; and that in Ger many, too, where Russia fendly boped tor 80 much but where also there is so much more caution thar capital, the want of success has been equally great What made this unwillingness to come forward on the of the Continent so particular | certain! t uch ? i acervating to bees gory of the = idee railway scheme was, that jac road ex | A Rash from & a hibited iteelf coincidently with their own triumph eoegeinat gd ai gre Bg over the obstructive ignorance and orejudice of thei: The Imperial government informs capitalists that own countrymen; just when these \atter became | it is d to construct a railroad, which, pase- convinced 0 Pasrwedieney of railways, the conti ‘pg through an important hike Shumia, oon- nental friends + | ad reckoved on so firmly failed | necting thus Varna with the Danube and ending at them entirely, and now their hopes are tarned, ex | Rustcbuk, would likewise unite the Danubian Prin- dernier ressort, to England, which has plenty ot | cipalities with Varna. This route would diminish money, P pert 4 of iron, plenty of enterprise and | the distance between Constantinople and Vienna by plenty of credulity. As we are not in ion of | one hundred boars; it would obviate the difficulties accurate statistical and topographical information as | which navigation encounters at the mouths of the regards the localities the projected lines are to pas« through, or, indeed, of the generat resources of the country at large—a deficiency which the proposed company of Pereira, Baring, Hope & Co., do not supply, and perhaps it does not lie in their interest to do so—the only resource we have ia to inquire hie ag Russians themselves say or think on the subject. The Russians used to aay some time back that Danube, and would consequently be of great advan. tage for the future, @ advantages and conditions granted to the cmmay which would audertake this line are as fol- lows:— 1. The railroad will bear the name of Imperial Ot tomen Railroad, and will be subject to the regula- tione of the empire. 2. When the surveys on the spot will be finished, railways were not necessary for their country, an’ | the company will receive 5 cent guarantee on the woud not pay if they were made there, on accoun: | sum which pa have been for the expenses of of the enormous lengths ne to connect any | constructing the line. two termini of consequence, the thinness of the 3. The company will have the right of cutting population, and the absence of trade or productive. ae, e wood required for the construetion ness along the lime; what traffic there existed wa: | in the forests of the State, situate in the environs of Varna and Shumla 4. All the uxcultivated land belonging to the State, and necessary for the construction of this line, will be likewise given gratuitously to the company. For the private property through which the line will have t» ran, a price will be fixed according to the regulations, which price will be repaid to com- pany. 5. The materials and machinery which the com- pany will bring from abroad for the construction and the working of the railway will beexempted from the Customs dues. 5. The Imperial government has the intention of Ferobe inte. s Fyre port the a of ‘arna, wi of ¢ advantages of a and sure harbor. oe £68 ers per 7. The moment the company receives the cent on the capital, on which the Sublime Porte already smply /eeoridad for by canal and river car- riage, or by sledge conveyance, which was always to be had when the water was closed; the frontier was so enormously extensive that railways to do oy good to commerce, must be mnitiptied in- fivitely fariner than their receipts would admit of. &c.; and a committee which was spraed in 1836 to examine into the expediency of constructing » line from Moseow to Odessa decided, after matare deliberation and examination, against the expe diency of doing go. These arguments are now pronounced to be obso- lete, and to belong to bygone times; and doubtiess this is correct as regards the objections brought against the expediency of Rassia’s getting railways, if she can, but not as against their paying. The chanz@ that has been bronght about in public opinion .%# regards the desirableness of railways has it will have to deposit a sum equivalent to been effect.“t by an experience of the exigencies ot nn war, while th,’* War itself hes in fact etrengthened | will have guaranteed an interest of 5 per cent. the objections on’ the feore of non-paying, by di- 8. If on the capital on which the Sublime Porte minishing the inter “al resources of the country, and | will have guaranteed an iuterest of 6 per cent for araly zing her nasce.*¢ manafactures. This is best ows le te argum ta that have been used by the Russian press to Overcome the opposition to railways at all. Rum‘a, it is said, must no longer remain behind the other nations of Burope in tha progress of industria! developoment; she mrst try to catch them, and even to give them the go by; she must ehow the west that her resources are on the increase. Russia is an agricaltural State and produces more than she requires, but before her produce can arrive at her ports ice bas ploeked up the navigation, so that America not only sapplie: England, but even the northern ports of Russia herself, earlier than her corn ec provinces in the construction of the railway and the port, the profits, after the deduction of expenses, should sur- paes 5 per cent, the surplus will not belong te the company, but will be, in the first instance’ employed to repay the sum paid as guarantee by the Imperial government, and after this shall have been done, the profits exceeding 5 per cent will be divided equally between the Sub! Porte and the com- pany. 9% The concession wiil be granted at most for ninety-nine years. The company will most dimin- ish this term, as well as the interest to be guar teed, and which will besides give the most fav | conditions in other respects to the Imperir’ ~ oe he sonth can do it. The ies of | ment, will have the preferonce. At the «€0vern- Rueeia, it is said, are ih Gaesseat, the old inert- | term fixed in the concession, the ra” _- 1d of the ness of the country still prevails; this sle¢py inertia | its dependencies, will become, ead, with all must be shaken off, for the riches of a country do not consist in the quantity of gold and silver it pos sesses, but in the activity of its circulation, Russia must have railroad communication with a port in the vorth and another in the south, both of which should, if possible, be free from ice the whole year round. For this reason Libau should be con- verted into a commercial outlet in the place of Cronstadt, and Theodosia in the place of Odessa; since the latter is frozen up six weeks, and ge stadt six months in the year. These are be confessed, very admirable argum~’ ‘why the ar of the Sublime Porte. As for” _-<#*, the property at a fair valuation, and a “stipules ‘a ts spect will be discurse”_ . ‘ud inserted in the firmans at the time of the * eeteasion Guano Ex sedition to the Kurta Maria ° rom 1 A00% (Ny, 28) correspondence of London Times.) hh th extreme regret that I have to report the oe vp failure of Captain Ord’s expedition to the Karia Muria Islands, whither he proceeded from Russian government should 8°" v6, $y all ible | this place with the vessels Bleng and Philip Dean means, to get railWays ‘aeroduced into the country, | about two months ago, for the purpose of working and wh: LA t millionaire shonld take | the — which is to be found in large quantities pity on itherto neglected country, and help it | on three of those islands. Every possible precan- ‘orward a ; but they offer at the same time the | tion ond feresight bad been exercised to insure the successful issue of the under » and there is every probability that Captain Ord’s exertions would have been araply rewarded had not an event over which he bad no control frustrated his After making the islands in safety, and land- ing most of his implements, &c., and commen- cing operations, it appears that his tent was surrounded at 6 A.M. of the 22d of October, by a body of 160 armed Arabs, who, having first de- manded what his object was, and learning from him, through the interpreter, that it was to collect og) from such of the islands as had been ceded to er Majesty by the Imaum of Muscat, and that he pomensed ee right to that ool enslane mediately, and in a eee ry a manner, craered him to q the island within one hour. The islands, they averred, were never a de- pendency of the Imaum, but belonged to their chief, who resided at Marbat,on the mainland adjacent, without whose authority no person had any right to set foot on his territory. Captain Ord, at the time, had only one Ea (hia second assistant) and ten men with him, but was subsequently joined by his first aa- sistant (Mr. Smith) and twenty more of his own men, chiefly natives of India. Even with this force it would have been the height of rashness to attempt Say oppoaition, and Captain Ord seems to have a'ted nal determination and prudence in the difficult ition in which he was plased. He warned the Arabe of the certain retribution which would follow any attempt at further violence, and snoceeded in obtainin, poe hours ‘ Shandon the lalands he nd was Most convincing reasons why no capitalist should ewbark his money there with a view to dividends in his own lifetime, or that of his children, since se veral generations must pass away Lefore the bene = a of the railway projectors can be attained. The national party in Russia, which has allowed itself at length to be convinced of the expediency ot railroads, has, with all the indiscreet zeal of a prose- lyte, gone so far as to take up the notion that the coming date age keep the railway undertaking in its own , and so secure all its benefits to the country. Canals, high roads, &c., they say, have hitherto always been produced by Russian capital, and railroads are just as much a home matter as the other means of communication. They point to England asa proof that a country is not made the orer by the government raising a loan at home, wit they wver that the admission of foreign capital to build the railroads would be equivalent to a Siate debt to another country, the interest of which would go to enrich only foreignera. The capital requi site for constructing all these Sr will amount to about 300,000,000 silver roubles; the zoverament must, in any case, no matter when the shares are brought in, guaranwe 5 per cent interest on tha: capital. As even in England the majority of raii- roads do net clear 4 percent, it may fairly be ex- pected that in thinly populated, Russia they will be a long time before they do so much as clear the working expenses, in which ease the whole interest, amoun' to 15,000,000 silver roubles, wonld be left to be defrayed os govt’ in fulfilment of its guaran’ Since government must then, in all probability, the whole of this repared to sail with the Bleng and Philip Dean to sum of 15,000,000 per sanem’ tor the 5 per cent fombay on the 20th of October. Mr. Smith, ac interest of capital, it would be much | componied by the hired coolies taken from this, better to keep the amount in the country | started on the same day in two boats, and reached by admitting only its own subjects to take shares in | Aden in safety on the 18th of November. the under gz, and for this national course they adduce an admirable precedent in the manner in which the company bas | vay Bowe =) brought out for navigating the Black Sea, in which all the shares were originally issued to Russian subjects only. ‘The Northern Bee has lately published several ar- ticles for the purpose of confuting this suicidal notion of excluding foreign capital from the eca- struction of railroads, in the expectation of finding what is wanted at home. It says that neither the It is deeply to te regretted that his scheme has failed, for the present at least; but if the same energy is brought to bear upon it again, and ade- nate protection supplied either by her Majesty or the Indian government, there seems every proba- bility of its eventual success. ‘The Corn Yield of the World. (From the London Chroniole, Deo. 11} Some statistical returns respecting the the late corn harvest in different countries of pe, ield of it necessary der- tal ny tear in hg by un are Africa and America were published in our colamns bebindhand in commercial enlightenment. than any | yesterday. The inn of the subject to which other country in B e; national inactivity | theee statements refer it is impossible to te. still prevails, and the people at large are totally in- | From them we have to ascertain not merely the 6 such undorekings. ‘This most anim. | *™plitude or deficiency of oar sn; of food be- tween the present time and August, but may also find many indications touching the ebb or flow of capital, the condition of our industrial popalation, and the general ease ant 'y of commerce. It is much to be rey that the data on which issues of so momentous @ character cannot be determined with a nearer approach to accuracy. bene ve peachable authority, the Northern Bee, goes on to The confidence of the people in the government |e in general boundics the amount of specic, whioh serves as the for the paper circviation, is more consi¢e. France; aud yot thore is in Yes, there is no real Raseian commerce. Our nstive | The estimate in nearly every case must be con- merobante carry on no direct trade with oon | sidered ly approximative. We must take shame tries, but tale their goods frum the third and fourth | t, rettven, aise that the uncertainty is nowhere band, paying dearly for intermediate commission. ‘This is bang ca hey bere . qovet the ceunre of the onormnons Pilon of goods in Ris | mete extensive than in England f—the self tia, of which we bave such good reason to complain. Tye | constituted patron of research, and foster- people in trade have no capital of their own, and the com | parent of political economy. mipeton merchants will supply them wih goods on no Sach as they are, however, the returns to which other torms than ready money or heavy interest, and | we allode furnish os with much valuable informa- require a} the same time ample security. In th’s | ticn, ana eg, inferonces that may serve to guide way of carrying on buviness it in constiored quite | our conduct for many months to come. And first, a we turn with more particular interest to the account 4) of our home barvest. This, itis now ascertained, when thoy will in quantity be somewhat, bat not mach, charge dou! above tl decennial average. The yield reterns proved, in fact, very different in different locali- tensive tier, i endden change of weather during the last Among wa there are week of Angust considerably diminished the quanti- their money ty of produce in all places where the crop had not = to recety andihat ar | Previously been gathered in. This was the case over pay | vory tite | More than half the arable erea in the United King- dom. Upon one moiety of the corn-land in these ister, accordingly, the harvest was considerably more productive than usual. In other parts it may be main balk of our wenltt is the landed proprigtors and the aris poy 2S government service, Who woold wiming!y tare in every possible undertaking, but wwe | tsken as nearly up to the a , saving ina few meane do not admit of their embarking in speculations | unfortunate localities, In ity, moreover, the from whieh they canact derive immediate prot. grain bas suffered nore than in quantity. Being to Assuming it as proved byond all doubt that rail- | a large extent houeed in a wet condition, the home ways are expedient and necessary for Russia, and | grown wheat will require admixture of foreigh sorta that there is not sufficient capital in the country to | to render it fit for yrinding. make them with, the Northern Bee goes ov to ahow Tn a cireular pobtished by Mesers Sturge, of Bir. that fe 8’ capital must be used for the pur | mingham, who collect from sources, and pore, for if commenced with native capital alone the | from the returns of the various corn markets in works would be left in the middle unfinished, while ; Engiand and Wales, each i fect data aa are at- ot the rame time commerce and manufactares would | tainable at present, we are that sur. bave been drained to do even that much. A foreign loan, too, would be replete with disadvantages, both on account of the it quantity of nee Fo currency, and also regard to national credit; meaning that an iseue of fresh obligations to an face appropriated to wheat culture daring the past year vo Lingland Perr computed at four million acres, in d 261,000 acres, and in Ireland 620,000 acress The average yield is esti- been 34 quarters per acre pm | it ld than double the t | and Walse, ahd three quarters per acre in rational debt ould sink the market value! of all | ard Ireland nivel}. On dois computation the | Russian securities to a ruinous extent. “Mortify * totel product of corn was about—in land England and Wales. qra. 14,000,000 j Ireland. “ 1,600,000. | Total... “1 00 This estim of Paper whence 1% is derived, must be below the aotual amount. Hut making every allowance for this omis- sion, we may conclude that no inconsideraole quanti- ¥ of grain Paaeh pain orted fr ae: aeons in addition our own crop, in order to su, : ance of biead to ‘he 4ritish pin ge Cy porta of the article, are, indeed, always respectable in amount. For seven poate past we are only once drawn Jess than four mi‘lhon quarters of wheat, and wheat flour—to say nothing of coarser descriptions, this period, ive, we re- of grain—from other countries, Dy viz., from ’49 to '65, both years ceived from aoroad 33 milion quarters, or at the rate of pearly 4j millions per annum, " the Gazette average price of wheat rose above 60s. a quarter for .he year, we have been aconstomed to expect largely increased supplies of foreign grain. q igh Price his bas been the result even when the arose from serious deficiency in our domestic har- vests, accompanied by severe distress among our industrial population, end a general rE of commerce and manufactures, At present moment we again see a high average ruling in the corn markets Iaportation has therefore the stimulus of a profitable return, from price obtainable for the commodity; while that price, on the other band, has not been occasioned by scarcity, and eustained in the face of groat impoverishment, is rather attributable to the fact that we are, upon the whole, uncommonly rich and prosperous. ble and wiling to pay highly for large neppis ot able ing to pay highly for corn. ‘fhe pip question is, ced Cd i bave any, or enough, to sell. On this point we find the following resu'ts vee in the report to which we have already alluded. Over nearly half Europe the late harvest bas not produced sufficient to sap- ly the wants of the respective countries themselves. France the utmost that can be said of the recent crop is that it somewhat exceeds the yield of 1855. The country, we are told, may be “divided into thee zones.” In the South of France the yield has been “‘good;” in the central zone “tolerable;” and “bad” in the northern ind eastern de; ts, €8 pe- cially those bordering on Bel and ‘the Rhine. Th in average » the chief corn-producing districts of ite otan- bed On the whole, we must make up ear \ds to see our ally still competing with oursely'es for breadetuffs in the general market. Matters are worse elsewhere. Switzerland has enjoyed a mode>- rately productive harvest, but under ciream- parched yo raise Taoco aa cue ieee bes Ope sumption, and imports the remainder from Germany. In It the product this year hes been less mi ig,” and the tion will enough for their wants without Spain and Po The harvest has proved so deficiant that a panic is suprebended for want of food, and wheat is already selling at a profit, in spite ef an import duty of 45 francs per hectolitre. In Turkey, though the wheat crop is abundant, as upon the surface cultivated, the distarned and social state of the country interf much with the labors of husbandry, and the total yield ected to leave a considerable defi ' ce of corn in Syria is also at this moment exe, rege high, so as to render any shipments irgpos sible with s ebance 2 ae Russia rope, it in Africa, and t” 4 Vaited States of ‘Americe, are tiie Jeft as the aay ries upon which we can draw to any extent je eent gt Ror The Egypt} 5 crops, both wheat an » are repor' 4 oe excellent, gual '. In PF .@d abundant, sad roughout the ic prov’ cept as regards wheat. .,@0e8 have been lerge, ex- ee rn coe fitch was not, beyond the already arrived fre" aderable cargoes of grain have now at an end’ -@ that quarter, but shipments are ‘ 38s in May neat. - “1 the Baltic until the ice breaks up ia 28,9" “ado grain in the interior provinces of Rus- por’ -aence the markets of Odessa and the other .@ ou the Euxine are supplied, has been tolerable: ahile the southern districta—once so produetive—of Oberson, Bessarabia, and Ekaterinoslaf were left al- most fallow last spring Om acount of the war. It ‘was Co! , by well informed merehants, that the entire quamtity of corn which could be sbi; from Odessa out of the harvest of 1556, be leas than 400,000 chetwerts, or about 300,000 quarters. Mesers. Swat. oe oe ree pl already cited, state grain stocks at that great onty are t roan, while the prices there and. elsewhere the south of Russia were, by the last acsonts, nearly, if not quite, as high as in England, without leaving anything for freight or insurance. ‘Zhe Cotton Crop of the ited Statcs—How Mt Kpslaves Negro. [From the Liverpool ‘Dec. 24.) . oo 8 . e ¢@ United States’ slavery is not as prolific as their bre wg Ad F " metal can borer re at asure, but tl man cannot be propagated with equal rapidity. The latter oan only be increased at the rate of three per cent per annum. This is too slow an affair for those who will have cotton. The power of consumption of slat the old and new world is to be equal bales within ten years, and as “7 produce one bale @ year from each alave, and as they had only about 3,000,000 8 in 1850, it will be necessary to i less than 3,000,000 more slaves within the next ten years, the Borgen g bales of ‘cotton it req cannot procure To obtain this ocean of kaman Africa would require—allowing for life in internal wars, mortality aud the “horrors of the middle ten million of negroes to sy tin ie alae Ms of ent woul ot unhappy victims, thoee oho writer on in the American papers bave not infc readers, Ii there be a shadow of tra figures, they must find fully three milli ves to give us the additional three mill of cotton they say we mvet have. And if estimate the cost of each which reaches States alive at two hundred we find fum required to carry out the amount to six hundred million of would be a formidable sum to draw resources of the world for within yeare. Another view may be taken of this subject, which will give the resder a of the immensity of the slaver's New York journals state that amounted to 430,000 bales only 820- it reached 3,227,445 ba'es in 1866-56. increase here shown is over 600 per Should cottonisation continue, therefore, as it has done within this latter 5 require 18,000,000 bales, or 18,000,000 ala’ of producing one bale a Lead to meet the demand 1800. Now, we have always admitted commer- cial omnipotence of cotton— ite fabalons importance and untiring activity; but weare not that it is destined to enslave so large @ num! homan race. We will notsanction the thought all the good it has done for mankind is to be to the growth of an “institution,” which is at a scourge and a di to our species. an infallibility about heinous sins, but it adds nothing to the stability of a nation’s crimes. “Nothing ua- holy can jast’’ is the immatable law which the ortho- dox criminal never attempts to deny. He confesses Mia weakneas S ge Teague whee he is aroused to sense of the burden of guilt he has taken upon his head. But time doce not spi have made the slaveholder conacious of bis jainst the unalterable decrees of God and t arithmetic to which he pins his faith teach him to beware of the and his ways. He = net see - it and ~ wrongs cannot be maltiptied, gains rs —" age of criminality caloulated and di will. ‘There can be no doubt whatever that the for cotton will continue to steadily for next thirty-five years, and that where we require one bale of cotton bow we sball want six at the end of that time. But can the slaveholders of America ’ suppoee for one moment that by extending their man-debosing “institution” they can ly what free natione want and cen prodace? Can sap for ore instant that England will be a party to a scheme which would throw the ocean open ogain toa wholesale traffic in human flesh? Such notions had better not be relied nj too far. The public—thegeommercial men d— will never sanction any attempt to increase the number of slaves employed in the cultivation of cotton or eny other tropical prodact. And if sensible men will only take the trouble to (An {nlly over the figures on whieh the slavehol pre- tends to have made his argument in favor of a re- newal of elaver so peed and unanswerable. they will find that the thle is a chimera, and le peopl * Fy Be, i? Fi ES I ise ist i Fi # Fy ie aitiee i 58 a | i Aj £327 3 5 i x i se ix? Hn . i i iil 5 e that we, as a mer , threatened with a scarcity of the raw material required for one of the mort ate ble branches of our manu! eT ought not to suffer ourselves to be mi by the ravinge of Mong Ea and neglect the busi. ness of providing our futare wante from some Christian and more certain source. ‘The Sitk Fatiare, {From the London New, Deo. 10.) ‘The failure of the sift crop is not a mere confined loca! calamity, nor are ite collateral evils sole] to engaged in the silk smuautecware; for has largely contributed to the derange- ment from which England and France are but now Pann It bcm ane’ nad eoetan of te "& interest to ascertain the true causes of this enormous falling off in tion; to it whe ther it may be con: asf eis porary and accidental calamity, or whether, the die