The New York Herald Newspaper, January 22, 1856, Page 2

2 NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, JANUARY 22, 1856. ' , ’ Sa ca A a a ee an ee. ns ms! es SSS. a = 3 eee simtlated to herself her conquerors, and after a contest of one nundred and fifty Fees peor ey in arresting those anipeans 00 menacing to Europe and to civitisa‘ion. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. sali gereadienee 5 apne rage. Eye er a ie cea ip eae cr eh ponte ily Toros in, itis true, the eondition of om the «ti ly F ita full [- “ * mm i) consumption. A great Cm Hcnesty is, true, eerential m of such | planting on the steppes only growth af [From the Brussels payer, Le Novd.) ule aE oe Eicet peopestion siipe and wtate of things. I¢ ia seldom, toat Russian tradesmen | te: ‘fiod of si ears. we pow turn to ti if the facts Hs Social, Political and Industrial make their bargaiue by written contrasts, even for ! Ttheldoatruction ¢f woods bas chiefly taken place tn the Sr, PurumanunG, Nov. 29, (Dec. 11,) 1865. without its good galing, though inferior to that of the | ehcited prove on sional ge ab those al Organization, Se Fy Ie en Ee ae hands as a symbol of thelr muvual Lod faith, the her. | many ninall and rapid water currents, the inexheasdvie | ‘2? of St. George, the patron of our will from Bachtebi-Sarai thelr supply of" cheese, oatmeal, | — The cousta ct the frozen Ooenn, aa far 6 the Uralian flour and barley. Just at the apoch of the occupation or Baidar by the enemy, the principal object of industry with the Tartars, and that which procured them considerable emoluments, Mosataing, fu sien, one, Vast mareb, interrupted only »y some few +! vations; the gov- oa eer Oaseets OF Pict oTf Kal the Jatier province containing, at least 2,000 as its share, gato x conehaded and breome, invi: lable. [his is what | forests of rhe north won easly be ften séreniage order—an << Vn ae and which will be . a = “i ¢ Russians contract p) vuicm—binding the | but we are depr' those natural eaasis, and, therc- | more prized at time of national war. The Emperor 3ta Financial, Commercial and Agricul- | tani. "From this also comes’; . wort po rowshitideteo | fore, age portions of those immense. moods Nave not s» | winked to exprens hin particular estoumn to the brave do. or guarentee. This ceremony in fact, the stror it t beew tuched by the axe, apd will remain exclusive urces. tee which a Ruswan can vive of bis good faith. | hunting grouncs unl the neighboring popu ations heve | fenders of their country who had gained the Cros of St. | wus the transportation of wood from the neighboring | From the 7th to the 60th degree of latituae, the soil ia ‘man who should fail in ita obs rvance would lowe, his incres Ato tend their uresat panther ane hare made cone an the besienne—- tied ie ey Paints, ae aeente i Falaklava, and particularly to Sebastopol; usn- poor, but the laborious inhabitants succeed im a e credic. rosa them. weve: with . faeces Hi le Eat hake of the poied Sr eich wes constantly igi crm ey trae veanbis sbantent a5 99's On approaching the south, we arrive at that marvel- Jous bed of black earth called ‘tchernosieme, which cities, sequitting themrelves of their orders with much sects the whole of European Ruseia; the cause of the fer- AND necessity of aasocia' trongly implanted ia | imagined that wood ts at present, ® | which were prevent the the impe: lal family, the WS NAVAL MILITARY STRENGTH, | wyo'turcians thee solltade ts invuflorablc’ to"akne Ho | ing’ in France tbe annual prodagt ofa hee'are of wood ig dieuitgrovot the sure, nl. 34 chevaliors of the ver of seit orders must live, eat and work in company. The first form of timated at # 24 Goole P): 6 Poste the aaa tha feet at in St F repr Brin promptitude. ey baxe ves up the great- ‘as an economical organization, is called rage product est ignorance, and without any sys! to the cutting | tility of thi has never been explained, it neither a BOTH SIDES OF A VEXED QUESTION ariell. This organization is Yount everywhere where a | bor:hy, teking for basis only. 76k .; roves that the | grand ana oe eee covers was served in the | down of the forests; and this agin) which have poe, of the varied detritus or ofa ele Russian peasant lives, whether he remains a at or | general inccwe from the forests ts 185,000,000 of nilvar | large white po ee. ‘which all the chovaliers | been recently in porsession of the enemy fall into the | table svil which ia found elsewhere, Thisstratum, if we &e. &e. &e. decomes o tradesman, a citizen or 4 soldier—whether he | roubles 540,000,000 trancs). Of thia sum ‘the exporta- | of Bt. George were Emperor gave his arm | hands of the allies In a state of complete deterturation, may be allowed the expression, exteads northerly ‘as far by es belongs to the north or the south of the empire. if it ia | tion amounts to 4,500,000 roubles (18,000,000 franca). to her Majesty hy trond fo Netherlanas. All the exterded forest of the valley of Baicar consti- | as the towns of Sitomlr, ‘Tchernigoff, Orel and Riazan, —— true thet the greatest problem of economy to be Far from being ciminivhed, as it would seem from the | Toasts were the the ehevaliers of | tutes, in part, the property of the peasants of theCrown, | and, starting southerly, from Kirchiveff, lat. 47 deg., ia We continue to-day our selections of opinions, facts, | practically solved is the just assessment labor, | complaints socut the destruction of the the ex- | the order. ee Seen ene were Prince | and {in part that of particular individuals. The most | tersects the governments of Samara acd Oren! dis ions, gleaned from favorable and adverse | 't ©am be ssid that the Russiaus have long resolved that portetion hae in the average increared py abouts third | Michel Woronzoff, Coun! bipeery oe Schakhovakoi, | considerable forest land comprises about 22,000 dessia- | appearing in lat. 64 deg, to be again found the and ppecelations, 6! <n worse | Frobiem by the ariel,whiah isa temporary organizaiion— | from 1880 to 1851. Duricg the triennial period termi- | all three Grand Crosses of the Order of St. George ef | tins, belonging to Count Mordivtonoff. In the forests | Uralisn mountains in Avie. sources, on the present condition and probable destiny | 2’ combina*ion of strength and inteliigenes, to accomplisa | natirg in 1830 the average was %,387,000 roubies; trom | the second class, fol there are but two | which extend alorg the slopes and declivities ofthe moun- | ‘The of this valuable bed is, ia Europe eighty- of taing, the trees ot the largest size and greatest height even millions of dessiatines, pinety-seven millions of hec- begs (cdlonethaes of acres, ),or nearly one fifth of Europe: agg ‘ - The Southern provinces being far less favored with re~, ard gto soi!, are consequently leas fertile. This refers more especially 10 the eastern parts, containing randy plains, moving sends, and @ soil ‘mpregnated wit! salt, termed solontac This salt soil is also found im Besrarabia ond on the borders of the Sivasch. a salt lake separating the Crimes from the continent, and joined to vhe Sea of Azoff by the Stratts of Genitchi. The greatest: ‘neonvenience, however, a'tending these countries ia a want of moisture that condemns them to a state of semi- Vt t tain objects. Every year, when there i noagricul- | 1849 to 185] it amounted to 3,101,000. ° Besides, these ure | Grand Crosses rat class—the | Marshal e¢ at vast empire against which most of the leading | certain objects. | Every year, when erent families, but | not the enly products which dur exterior ‘commerce | Prince of Warsaw and Field Marshal Count Radotaky. Baropean Powers are now arrayed. The} dificulty of ar- | Orihe mame piece unile themselves in an ariel whore | draws from ihe ‘crests; tar and potash must also be | After dinner all the guests were invited to the apart sieving at the truth in the statements which reach us | aim is specified und determined. This arteld selests a | taker into the caleulation. ments of the Emperor, Lert la Mahe expressed in rough the medium of the Engtish and French Journals, | chief (artlstchik) whe bas the direction of the common | Let us now pasrto the Russian vineyards. Iam aware | the most fisttering terms bis acknowledgment of the ? r) services they had rendered to their country. hhas induced us to take the trouble of translati: | Jabor, and who is at the same time the contrastor, or po- | that more than one rea‘er will smile at the use of such fog nd ing most of | Gate). of the society, or, in other words, be itis who | ® pompous phrase. The European newspapers have On the following cay (Sunday) the popalation of St. the subjoined matter from less accessible sources, We lo | fixes the rates at whach the arteld hires out ite labor. Every talked tf the ‘vineyards of the Crimea having been des. | Petersburg were early astir to ve2 "he Persian Amba are found; the oak, the beach, and the juniper some- times one meets also—it may be alone, or it may be in woodland—the juniper, and in the midst of all some rare and beautifol ash trees ancf micocouliers; one finds the tartar sorb tree, the black Rev, the hawthorn, fruit treee in a wild state, snd walnats, which shoot out principally at the foot of the mountatas. RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE. [From the Brussels Herald, Dec, 31.} When alluding to ap unknown country we cite Chins or the amtipodes, yet Europe may supply us with exam- (es without travelling so far. Rusvia, for fustance, has bes. for e reason ” ° tL. mber of thearelt submits to the representativechosen | troyed by the azmies of the allies, in particular those of | der arrive. There was a consicerable crowd at the rail- ven pecan as habit or bri af gre "peS | py him es the most experienced chief of t xe enterprise, Prince oronzoff, the graves of WMiEA gure wepaslllcg way station and on the Nevsky Perspective, where the oo ts and institutions o» ine testi- | 204 ho has de-erved the confidence of all its memaers. | mine, cushy to be mistake for champagne: but whore | cortege of the ambassador, who had left Mosecw at ncon mony of writers who have an interest in distorting facta, | This obedience is absolate as long aa the arteld exists, | ia there in Europea country situated under « tempors’e | ‘he previous day, in an express train, was to pass. A we, who are influenced by no such considerations, are | and it lasts gene*ally during a certain season of tue year, | ciimate whoie there is not to be found some vine eaclo- court master of the ceremonics and tome public funs- pai Ms ar | Crus long a8 the work ooutrasted for is unper‘ormed, | sure—the expensive fancy of some enthusiastic xgrical. | tienariey went as far as the station of Kolpino to | oo 4c) separating it from the rest of the work; on the | +terllity. ound in fairness to hear what the Russians themselves | Qyen ir it should contmue for several years. turiet? England has » famous vine at Hamp'on Onurt, | meet them. A gnard ot honor, with tts band, | oo trary. it is Mie ta tain mace teenie, |. The ceveremente.ca: ts euntoanotiie Canaan par- Ihave to say on the subject. The views presented below If the avtell is removed to a distance trom the homes of | and in Belgium I have seen viverarde in the neighbor: | was placed at the entrance of wi, in ail probability, lead many to greatly modify, if | ite members it generally retains its chief during the entire | hood ot ; Russia may as well indulge in a mamilar | ‘The Ambassadcr, who {# from 56 to 60 years old, and of 4 no "opin chich th duration of its labors. ‘admission intoor abandonment | fancy, No where is it more appropriate than in tho | % “istipguiehed and euriable appearance, was dri hey do not altogether change, the opinions which they | (f'the socisty by ita members continue entirely treo; | warm valleys ot the Crimea. There it is not a question | bie gard uniform. ‘ihe court carriages, proceded by @ ‘had previously formed. neither nationality nor reiigion is taken into account; | of fancy, but cf a well established industry which satis | ‘detachment ct Corsacks conveyed him and his suite eee only tee abihties and the conduct of the postulant are | fies the wants of our current consumption. aloug the Nevsky Perspoctive und the Liteinaia to the BOONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE | considered. When the artrll is o ganized it 1s collectively Tu European Rassia there are yearly consumed about | quay Gagsrine, where u hotel had been prepared jor RUSSIAN PEOPLE—THE ARTELL, OR LABOR ASSO- | responsible, not only for the labor, but for the conduct | pine millions of vedron ur 1,008,000 hectolitres of wioe. | © accommodation. The day of his recep:ion by the and connected with it by gecd roads, a railway and pack: et boats m profusion; its porta are open and frequented n the vessels of all nations; nor are its tronters inacces. cible except ony to the propagandist or the political agitatcr. By meaus of the electric telegraph, St. Peters- berg is in communication with Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Lonécn, and yet, Russia 18 as unknown to the restof tekeofthe nature of those of the Southern provinces, being interspersed with moving sands and salt soils; tha, greater part of the surface is, however, fertile. Ishall conclude the present letter by a glance at our agricultural gecgraphy. In the marshy regions are found only the Ichen and the heath, co that the pursuite.of the inhabltantsare , : Europe as elther Japan or Tonkin. confined solely to rearing the reiudeer, and the chase, OLATION. teach of its members. how mapy, do you think, she drawe frum foreign countries? —— in not yet fixed. m ly rf adeer, icons the Brashel Le Nord, Dee. 11 “tthe foreign werehants in the Rassiaa porta can testify 1,088,000 edion, 120,30 hectolitvee; she gathers from her | , ‘the official joucnal of to-day publishes a ukave of the | ,, 7hst Western Europe should be misinformed respecting | | ‘Ihe icrest region eommences in the Southern part ot LY y aap <r capg ag apc eggs that tbis 2e-ponsibi'ity is serupalously aud rigidly ob- | own soll 7,475,000 vedros, more than 900,000 hoctolitees | Fmperor, which is addressed t> the Minister of Finances, G lone.af the oounteyy may xe som the government of Archangel, and like vast girdle ex- unable to reize on or appreciate the various manners and customs of @ vast empire, and those local necessities which would sufiiciently explain the internal policy of the Ruesian government, this might be understood, but, that paged and France, and above all that Germany, should ‘be #0 completely igaowant of the economy and producing power of a peop'e with whom all have carried on commercial relations for forty ears, this reaily seoms almost impossible, yet it 1s nevertheless most true. If preJucice and party spirit bave clouded the writings of public men who have treated ot Russia, so routine and ignorance bave palpably affected the observations of economists when allucirg to country; let us, how- ever, he understood: this ignorance is merely relative; tends asfaras Lake Ladoga: the most favored govera- ments are those of Vologda, Viatka, Olonetz, Kostroma,, Perm and Novogorud. In the first ‘of these, the propor- tion offorest to the whole area of the province is as 01’ | to 160, and in the last, as 62 to 100, But as we advance towards the west, the forests gradually ¢isappoar; tha proportion in the government of Minsk not exceeding 20 per cent, and in the country of the Cossacks, towarda the south, being only 280,fani not nafrequentiy inferior even to that standard. Our forests, then, extending over 138 millions of hectares, are equal to 29-100 of the eptire euperfices of Kussia, whilst in France, the returna show them to be 16 100. (By thie siogular distribution we are deprived of many © of 1 ‘We pity the man who is misled at a certain age; we | cerved. It is natural that personal interest should play | viz :—In the governmeny of Stavropol, 3,200,000 vedror; | 27¢ authorizes him to negotiate, through the banking ament to sce a nation offer the same spectacle. History, | a large part therein; cooasienally fis the fear of losing | in Pessarabia, 3,000,000; in the Crimea, 860,000; in the | boure of Messrs. Stieglitz & Co., & loan of fifty mi lions however, shows us but too many exaraples of those errors | the contidence of employers, and consequently future | country of the Cossacks ¢f the Don, 250,000; in'the go- | of Posed roubles—the sixth loan, at 5 per cent, inscribed i work, Sometimes iris the fear of being dismissed froin | vernment of Kherson, 160,090; in Podelia. 16,000; an in | in the great book —— State. tm the life of nations. We see them forsaking the common | thy ayia, and of not deing received io any otuer. These | the government of Astrakhan, 10,000. The amount of | | By the Crimean telegraph we have received the news of Jew of their interesis, precipitating themselves against | consi¢erations compel the evil disposed to conduct them- | the whole 1 gatimated by the Department of Rarel | “ eS aeh ther terpcene sun Te reecln Saeee S i : x relves propery as long as they are members ot this vem- | nciny at 3,640,000 silver roubles. e year e each other with fury, without ever retleeting that the peiealy 5 a4 e x pe he did not amount to more than 1,011,200 yedrus wounded ‘and sick on our army. has Jast died in Simphe- Wows which they exchange are equally prejudicial to | P°A'7 venous composing the artelt generally live wo- | By what has been done ir the space of fileen years, yon | Tope), fem @ maltgmant fever, which had degenerated Doth. Strange intatuation of the leaders and the masse, | getber, as they have left their families bebiad tiem in the | way judge what we can calsulate upon doing, uot only | into NE oy bay which he bad apr gy see in the mili-ary followed as i b; 4 fruitl vets! | vilege to take care of the crops. Chis community of | in this branch of agricuiture, but im others, provicec ic- osphals dur g the exercise of bis devoted and eharita- ever followed as it in by repentance and fruitless regrets! | 1 OH ¢4 not compulmory, and every one can live sepa- | terest or necessity pushes us forward. Trans-Caucasslan | ble functions. Count Wielhorek; , late Sccretary in Lon How many unfortunate wars, ani how many deooived | Pceiir he cesires it, al-hough, in tant caso, he is de- | Russia, the mother country of the vine, ifcertaim authors | “0m, Will, We have no doubt, ‘be regretted by the high Commonalty, where nota | sre to be believed, produces on an average every year | *¢ciety of England, where he left moat honorable hopes, does the history of nations present to us. Evea | prived of certain benelts off and writers have erred from the fact of applying to th : ; . t ‘ u eke: i at | souvcrizs. But what shall we say of the afllietion bis e fact of applying to the e ndvantagos which might otherwise resuit as the ater, having acknowledged the ‘wults committed by their | Mngls mioute mus: be loct in oatsiie employment The | 500,040 vecrue of wine, extimated by Mr, Tegobormky a | GOATS, caneed amonget ail ike unmuppy Vict ot | Bat nation of the Hast those methods of generalization | dintancor in Rursia ro cnormn0us, and the means of oom- ancestors, the new generations are ever ready te yield | Al! bas ils cashier, who Teoetver fe, matey, eave: | atriotlam shall not overeome my love of truth so far | WaT whose sulleings he bad so nobly relieved’ He suc. | rTaber of unification, if T may be allowed the expros: | munfcatfon are difficult; thus, whilst the American ays_ ima moment of fatal oblivion, to the same errors, and do | tai Maateer tis sccie'y.. Tt haa likewise its cook, whois |. as to woke me exiggerate the quality of our wines; in | Combed to the patiiotic and sublime task with which the | ‘ep, which would be crade and dclective even as applied | tem of burning is resorted to in order to render the soill to a country of much narrower limits. ‘This oremsieed, wo enter af ones on our sul - arable in the government of Vologda, endeavors have not, in their recklessness, perceive the obstasles aad the | generally hired, as also its factor, who provides work and general, notwithstanding the choice of vines and the two | Cenfiderce ot his sovereign hed entrusted him; his end Bota ctralticnty madete siepsetty taaine mater ieoee inded by the government, they | Yielcs in nothing of glory to that of the movt valiant : directs it, but rarely works himself, schcols of viue dresee:s With a ee 7 arin © : 5 dangers against which they blindly run, and which Tl these. poreoud are chosen, by common agreemeat, | are ofan inferior quality, for reasona well known anu | sldier who dies on the battle tied. The last scion of an ith reference to Rusma, it is always a matter of sur- | against the deleterious influence of the winds to which have proved stumblirg blocks and sources of trouble to | among the member Tha Roma to be komad aveey”’ | eaally 10 be removed itis proved by the success ob- Masieions, seman, se Pee eplhorthy hak Sane mare fr ed telat Rrcile and situnterTor the soa re Ans beget te es ole og Ree tad Ril : b imm 6 4 their forefathers. where in Russia, Every private or public work is always | taized in he crown domains and by a great number rt y ee a 1ow degree of latitude, should not yield those produc- | or fluatable rivers traverse our mecéed Devine oa m1 s done by an artell, Itia by arell that the peasants go to | rich proprietora, who aimed more at the quality than (he | to the care cf long posterty. His name will never What axe the reasons that the same causes, on. | fit OY He Wel vat the tradeamen or the husbanomen | quartity, Oue tf the ehief onstaales to amelisrations in perisb, but will remain invcribed benide those of theather ‘tailing the same resuits, are periodically repeated? To | work, often aia great distance from their vilages. Itis | this incustry is the want of good cellars and the necessi rave heroes who earned at the price of their blood the this question the piilosophy of history replies—igao. | also by artell that the iamstchiki (postiiona) keep their | ty the owners of vines are under of selling their wines ‘ory with which the defence cf Sebastopol has ilustratec vance! It is, in fact, the want of knowledge which urgos | Borses for the post stomes, and that the soldiers do their | while sill green. The government has endeavored to e military epnaly of our nation. 7 cet ae ae Pi bh urges | cocking in their companies. He who is chosen as the | provide a remedy by ecnding to France for good cellar- | Iu Moscow preparations are making to celebrate, by nations into collision with each other; it isit which al- | Chief of the artelt, obtains, by that election, fu.l powsr to | ists, giand banquet, in the hall of the Sshaol of Drawing and Jows falsehood to incite their hatred and to animate | tranract any business without being obliged to sek te i The most favorable countries for the vine in European pe aie, he Bgiieth aps ary CL etal oe ‘their F iit consent of his associates, provided, however, the busi- | Russia are the slopes of Southern Crimea. Taey pro- . . ir passions; it is it which rivets their chains and arms | Content of his amoclsie peer ne ariel has, been | duce good table wines, baviog a strong resemblanes to | Tecelved the particulars of thisfestivity, but there is no their revenge, How many enmities and rivalrissamongst | Cranized, He states. the stipulated prices, and if the | Burgundy. Some vineya:ds there produce liqueur wines, | @ubt that there bas been a Jurge gathering of the admir- eitizens are extinguished by a more intimate and correct | artell finds them sufficient, the work is commenced in | which are very strong. Next to the Crimea come the | C74 of this fine artist. The son of a simple peasant in knowlege of their mutual qualities, their imporfestions, | Common. One arteil frequently contracts for several | governments of Stavropol, Bessarabia, and the country of Rursia Minor, Stebepkine felt early = vocation for the A eg ee ca » | works at once, and sometimes several artells areemployed | the Don Cossacks. ‘The wines of the governuent of Siay- | Mimic art, and already, at the age of seventeen years, he heir interests und their wants! If nations knew exh | Cy tie same work, by mutaal consent, repol, ihe most productive of all, are for the most part | SPpeared at the theatre of the Brothers Barsoff, in Kursk, ether better, wars would be imposmble, That under the ‘Antagonism and competition exist only when the so- | converted into brandy. However, there are in that | !% the year 1805. Since that time he has never left the ht of which we mia ab othe ons cieties are tooking for work, and previous to the contract | region some kinds cf wine’ highly esteemed, | *t@ge, and his whcle life bas been consecrated to his dra- weig! groan at present has no other causes. r9 P . ie dian soa Proud of their civilisation ead their history, tw. Wore, | Peimg made; but frow the moment that a job apper- | in particular those of Kislior. where there Is also ono of | matic studies and performances, ad of their civilization and their history, two West- | taiqy to an ariell, the others avandon all competition. | the schools of vine dreerers. very year they send1é0;000 | ,-A‘ter acting at different provincial theatres in em nations have rushed into collisicm with the Russian | An artell wouli rather disband than taxe the work of } to 200,000 vedros to Nishni-Novogorod, where the mer- | Kurtk, Tula, and elsewhere, at first without mation, because they have but an impertect acquaintance | ancther. This is a custom which has deep roots in the | chents from the interior buy them in order to convert | *29 preys and rubsequently as first conedian, with the latter, and furthermore, because theic in‘erests | country, and sa racred law all over Ruséis. them into Madeira, Sauterne or St. Jalien. In Bessarabia | ® mace his debut in Moscow, im 1822, and are not asyet fully identified with theirs. Ignorant of the | “The laber of the ar/eld 11 élvided in tasks, as much as | th> cultivation of the vine ds rapidly extending, but ax | Since the Sth March, 1823, he has been engaged ‘by the resio’ance they might find in this nation—withoutretiect- | possible, and each ta-k has ita distinet impelling power. | regards quality, the real progress is wot very apparen , as | direction of the imperial theatres for the stage of Moscow. if the blows wnich they were about to foftict upon it | Iman arill completely organized this motive power is } wil be scen from the following figares:—Tue wines ot | Peocming entitled tos pension in eee did not dream ht not at some fatureday react upon themselves, ani | genersliy the coupling of two laborers together. The | Okermen, the best of all, are sold from 22 to 47f. the | 0! leaving the stage, and even now, at the advanced oge uf ‘that in trying to exhwust the sources of its welfare, th worst is coupled with the best, and soon, ascording to | hectol, and the common’ wines are sold as low us | 67 years, he charms the public by his talents, although might endanger their own prospective interests, tary the common agreement of the society. ‘The couples | 3f. 75c. You must not imagine thas these wines are | le acts only at rare intervals, The finest charac Jowed themselves to be dcawn into this war merely be- | equalized in this way receive equal shares of the common | drugs; they are telerably good, and are only sold at so | t¢?8 created by him are taose of Famusoff, in the comedy @aure they saw in Russia a force sometimes inert, ike | earnings, after deduction hus been made of ail expenses | low 3 ate becaure the owner has either no cellar, or, as | ‘f° Grieboiedoff”’ (Goré ot uma); of the Mayor in the that of uncultiva'ed mat‘er—sometimes prejudicial as | equally assessed amongst all the members of the arte! ; | it frequently happens, ix in need of money. The revenue | \* Reviseur de Goyol,” ana of Harpagen in the *Avare of destruction iteel{—s power consequently purely negative. | the salary of each individnal o: the oonple is, weverthe- | preauced by @ dessiatine of vine is from 486 to 360 | Mclitre,” besides many others. Making use of his leave ‘The history and domestic life of this country prove, how- | } proportioned to their ability; the best laborer re- | roubles. Productive enough, you will say. of absence every year, Stchepkine gave representaticns at ever, the contrary. , ceives always more than the worst or thaa an ordinary We muxt not arsume, however, that the success of | #! the provincial theatres, and on several oocasions in According to their enemies, sian have oue. our wines is attributable tothelr uperiority over foreign | St-Fetersburg. Every where he was received with the been the passive touls of politi ism and rel If we add to the above the fact that the artell takes | wines; the custom house has something todo with the fact. | Mert enthusiastic applause—everywhere bis success was eee whileaun able facts tas care of its sick, lenda money to such of its members as | ‘The import duties iid upon Havgatian and Walle. | Comsfete. During a voyage which be made some rears contrar} ticns found under nea: ly like parallels, ‘The question bas been saticfactoriiy solved by science, and we purpc<e giving tuch a summary of the results aé may render our work intelhgible to the general reader. {ussia contains : 39,000 aquare miles reckoning trom the 1h cearte of Jongitude; and extends from the 38th to the 78h degree North latitude. So vast an extent of ter- ritory, uniting central Europe to the Polar regions, the North with the South, must necessarily offer several va- rieties of climate and produce. This natural division of the roil, this species of classification of its producing power is the culminating point of our whole economy, and oe akey to the anomalies supposed to have deen discovered by various travellers in the commercial and trading systems cof Russia. Let us for the moment consider on'y Russia in Europe with its territory of comparatively little extent; this pertion,containing 09,000 square miles, sufficiently proves our assertion. European Russia unites nearly every extreme of cli- mate, exter ding from Lapland to the Crimea and from the Ura’ian mountains to the Vistula. ‘The distinctions, ‘however, are almost imperceptible to the traveller, unless by a comparison between distant points, or a constant re- ference to the thermometer. ‘Ibis is apparently reterrable to vory slight causes, Russia, forming only one immense piain, it often hap- pene that the traveller may journey ior days without his attention being awakened or a change of situation deno- ted by tne slightest accident of groand, or the jeast dif- ference of scenery. This sees in, whore culminatiog or divirional point, es it is geologicaily termed, is only at an elevation of 1,2C0 feet above the level of noe is surrounded Lng 8 boundary of low mountains. To tho North, arise the granitic formations of Jiniand, Arkan- el and Olonets, and to the East the vast range of the ixajian mountains, rich in every species of mineral pro- place them in communication, not only with a number of a of the interior, but also with the whola sesboard of Westera Europe, ‘The Northern agricultural limit Dorders on the forest region; barley ripens from the 69th degree in Finland, to the 6th degree in the vicinity of the Uralian mountains, and ryeis produced at a half degree lower; potatoes and , flax are cultivated in lati'ude 69 degrees. t, as regular produce, is not found abc ve 60 degrees. Accord- ing to the Agricultural Gazette of 1844, this limit is fixed, in the government of Tehernigof, at 51 degrees, or at fhe same level as the culture of garden fruite, But trait trees are found in more elevated situations, and wheat, without being a chiet produce, extends, aa I have ob- served, an far as the 60th degree. We would observe that: the wheat zone is precisely that to which we have as- oribed the tachernotime or black Aoi?. Jn wy next letter I purpose entering on the subject. of our egriculture, of the various methods employed and the produce obtaine¢—a subject in which Western , eeane is almost as much interested as even Russia, erself, CATTLE RAISING IN RBUSSIA—INTERESTING STATIS< ‘TICS. [From Le Nord.] ‘The provinces bordering on the Black Sea and Sea of Auoff, vis., Bessarabia, Kberson, Ekaterenoslaff, the Taa- ride, the couctry of the Don Cossacks and the govern - ment cf Stravopol, contain, according to official returns, 4.820 000 head of ‘cattle, or more than half the number, as stared in the statistical reports, of all France. And if to this be added the surrounding’ governmenta, which, though more distant, are yet not beyond reach, we have a further amount of 4,027,000, or, for the thirteen south- ern and southeastern governments, a grand total of 8,250,000 head of cattle. se, in short, the sians in need es care of thei: , and thas those | chian wines, whieh ivile; from 3 ago tor the purpose of restoring his health, the celebratea | ° fic. Th ber of d cattle in Russi: Poland Wanting civaicetion, putea landiactons cad ecomiocl | (iecbaneed, fates carejof hele fare, and thas those } ohten mizge grisah trier. puvieee, turzsom S26 | Gogedicnne,Hackel, honored the eminent Russian arest | Suettni, tothe South, the Coucasus und Crimean ange, | 646° Socrding to ik, Arsociatastatisiteel roptrts Gevelopement; and yet the progress of Russia in s sian empire is compored, it will be admitted that itas | of che best wines of the Crimea, und that of the common | %Y breventing bim with the manurcript af a tragesy of | toy of tue Carpathiuns, Advancing from the months of | #mounted to 24,700,000 cr 28,000,000 at least, including. Brerature and arts, as well as its domesti> end ns the most renarkevle, practical and successful solution | wines of Bessarabia; as te wines not favored, the dutive | Racine, or Corneille. with the simple inscriotion: organization. also atiext the contrary. t of the problem of the organization of labor which aas | vary from 108 per cent to 1,064. Uncer auch an enor | «70 the celebrated Russian comedia, « gift from the iw not suflicient to listen to ignorant livelists to be com- | yet been effected ia any condition of soctety. mobs protection our vinedressers are sure of always | Paris tragedicnne.” vineed of it. It is necessary to study tais nation from a ae : ene selling their products,whatever they may be, and will aut | Cur worthy compatriot is the parent of a numerous lose point of view, to search into its character, its ori- INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE OF RUSSIA. ive themselves much trouble about improving them. | #4 honorable family, to whom he has given an excellent im, {ts manners, its custoros, its institations, to account | [Moscew Corresporéence of the Belgian paper Le Nord.) is is # misfortune, for we would beable to produce | etucation. Noneof his children, however, uave followed fr the pressure the Russians lave received from exter Moscow, Dec. 9, 1855. gcod table wines, notwithstanding the pyculiar taste of | tke dramatic career. He is honored and esteemed by Finland. M. Tegoborski is cf opinion that this is alow estimate, and that two millions and a half ought to be added to the above smount. To those who ere aware of the difficulty of obtal statistical information, even in the densely populat countries ot France cr Belgium, where a stricily organized machiuery is entirely in the hands of govern- the I'en towarés central Russia, we meet with a chain of hills, slightly perceptible in such an expanse, but which join the Carpathian to the Uralian; then tollow the Ala- oune, or, as they are called, the Waldai mountains, whese highcet summits not more than 350 metres above the level of the ren, and whieh are connected bya secoud chain of hills to the Uralians. Bal intluencer—inil ences foe oun th na} Tshall now, 1f you will permit me, xpeuk of our sualt ) Cur beet Crimean, and in particular of many of ourcom- | te gociety ot Mosca "Vite an the, eter gt Nes 3 The Aicomne range serves as a dividing point betwoen | ment, and how rn CE ey rane com to Dretk tip tee’ ground. ‘ay the foot | industries—small for Rusa, as they do not produee hun- | ™ Let us now say afew words about the Russian distil. | ore cf the most brilliant that has lately taken piace | b¢ Hroven bie ote re: the Vols and the | ill feel tue surprise teat, inn couniry Hive Hatin, apa ef this national tree, ‘said to ‘be withont ssp and | drecs of miliicns, like the cultivation of eorn and the | ters, eo much biemnced by the phi'anthropisis who would | there. ig orieaph edaphic tiger gre navigable during a | amongst an Ignorant population, it should be searly im- out life, in order to discover the roots whi Dreeding of cattle; but which may be more interesting | like to put all classes on a regimen ot crocolate and Bor- | ,. 6 /#0 learn frcm Moscow that the works of Pro‘essor | Toe fF tha year, amd wlileh serve to unite certain distant | possible to arrive at a completely satistnctory re-uit; and, accordingly, the official reports are correct™d by our economists comparatively with data on which they can more surely rely, and which allow of something like an approximation to the exnct number. ‘hing, however, #8 a basis, the lower estimate, or 25 milliens of borned cattle, this would give us 3 head for every 12 inhabitants. The proportion in Austcia, in 1830, was 8 to every 10 persons; in Prussia, 1 to 3; and in Frarce, something under 1 to 4—so that, as regards the supply of cattle, Kussia stands relatively superior to tha other great continental States—relatively, foras yet she is far from having brought this branch of rural economy toa satisfactory point. We possess a great number of but we could keep many more, and derive » far emount >f profit from them than is the case at i a ; Grenovsky ure to be colle d_ publish to your readers, who, in all probability, have not the | Cexux. The dietillation of corn ts with us doubly weet} watuiale Mniaeatiy: these atta bbetu eoeinetp eierke ade least idea of them, vemaskable though they are for their | a highly touic drink js necessary ar country whore | a8 they were scattered over different periodical pubiten- relative importance, and as au evidence of the industrial | there ate vast provinces without any markets for surplas | Syms, the friends and nimirers of this distinguishes a roduction, distilleries are a benefit. Therefore tue cen- | Scholar will be gratcfultor their oollection. Ia order to future of Russia, bis ive you an idea of the imorsssion his premature death ‘ : tre of this industry 1s in the agricultural governments ah Vleet Bhat Rs x The Russion empize is generally, ix Western Enrope. | which proéuce too much corn for thelr own corsump- | Dae Froduged, T must jo gt SA et rake cult ( ; ; i grophera, Mr. Dauthendey, who was in on of an uppored to be au agricultarel countrs, and it ix afirmed eae Trasese cc siaboss, eave enc ( toot Gas Excellent Bkeness of Mc.’ Gramovsky, Bc genes haathe that if Europe wants ite corn, flax, tallow, wooland | oh “iE cede, five Sie arekias pa for Pe. | barry idea of publishing a lithographic copy of it, bas wood, Yuesia, on the other hard, canact do without the | Iqnd, ‘The averuge orice 1s €0 kopeks, 2 fr. 40e.. per ve. | *lcady received orc ers for 1,200 copies irom the Univer- manutactnres of Western Europe, the rilzs and wines of | dro, or 20 centimes per litre. Poland is the ovly country | Sty tf Mosecw atone. France, the cotton aod woollen goods and machines of | in the Russian empire whose populathn consumes @: | THE TARTARS OF THE VALLEY OF THE BAIDAR. pep ay if pis cab, the same time » great quantity of brandy and beer; in {From Le Nord, Dee, 18.] englend, the sugar and colonial products of Antwerp, | Russie the consumption of heer is extimated at fitteen | ‘The valley of Baidar, one ot the finest and the most Rotterdam and Hambarg. This, in a general point of | hundredths of a vedro foreach individual; in Poland one | picturesque ot the peninsula, forms the northorn slope view, is irae: for Russia, whatever the riches of her soil | Yédro 65; in Ravasta 9 vedros; in Englund 4.14. of the grand chain of the mountains of Jaila, surrounded 2 ; J cane The cultivation of tobacco is very much extended over | on the west and south by an uninterrupted chain of may be, cannot satisfy all the wants of her sixty-(ive | the southern governments, and cver the whole tempe | heghts, tbe ramifications of which extend obliquely to millions of inhabitants, or dispose of the surplus of her | rate region of Russia; the government of Tchernigow | the cast, It formea vast table land of twelve versts in Producis, ¢xcept in soine exceptional cases, When sue | produes yearly 600,000 poude (8,100,000 bilngrams ) | length ard eight in width, shut mon all sides by scoun- buys of the nitions who provide themselves in her mar- | The official report of 1849 estimates the whole prodne | tainx covered with thick forests. kets, she okeys a general law which it would be impossi- | tion at three millions of pouds (49.260,000 kilogramns,) | _ his valley presents an aspect ultcgether different from ble for her to disregard, commerce being but an ex- | at au average priee of 70 Koprks: this gives a tresh ut | thore of the other neighborirg valleys of the southern charge of services, Nevertheless it is true that Russia | come of 2,700,000 roub. to agrivulture. But this price ta | cusst; there the hand ot man, reconded by a magnificent is in a condition to Co without Europe fur some years, | below ‘he reality, for the commonest tobacco is Hold on | climate, bax employed all bis art to embellish still more and that she would very soon be able to do without her | the spot where it in produced at 60 to 80 kopexa per | whet nature has already made so beautiful, so rich; long enough to tire out her adversaries; for Russia al- | poud, and sometimes at1}g mouh.; superior qualities | alorg the whole extended line of coast he has planted in ready produces on a large scale ail coramodities, except | fetch'f'om 2 to 15 roubles. the gorges ot the mountains, in the valleys as well as on cofiee, and ali the manufactures, which she hae antil | Toe rearing of silkworms {a in Kurc pen Russla of re- | the slight elevations which sarround them, bew=\iful now drawn from foreign eountries—wines, silks, sugar, | cent cate; but hax been gieatly promoted by the mea. | vineyards, gardens, and an irnumersble quantity of flow- woollen and cotton goods and machines. Ii this to de re- | snrestuken by the government; nutnerous plantations } era and strenge plants; be bas built palaces, construct- garced as a benefit or asanevil? This is not the ques- | of mulberries bave been created in regions where the | 6d rich habitations of an architecture full of taste; woods the soil and to judge of the fiuits which it to bear. It is only then that we + right to mocuse Russia. We doubt, nevertheless, if suca an ex- amination would result in censure, for it mus’ be ackaow- Jedged thet many things which impress unfavorably the foreign observer, and which the Kussians themselves are the first to criticise and condemn, were imparted to them ‘Western nations, which. at tie time that Russia was in her youth, were inflamed with an ardent love for them, although ihey now repudiate the results of cheir eommon tault. Let us stop here, for this is an exciting question, which might lead us too far. What ase is there in recriminat. img? Why go back to former grievances which will not be again repeated, and of which time and truth slone san yepair the wrongs? To the Western nations we woul eee be more ecuitable towards Kussia, aud to the latter ey equitable e yourself bet er knowh. Consistent with ourselves and true to our promises, we will continue to show ty our readers the Russian mation under a light still unfamiliar to them, aud which prevents, nevertheless, the secret of its ma- tional power and its propensity towards ideas which, navaral, legitimate, bencyolent and peaceable in Ru ‘are still and will ever be, in the eyes of the Western nations, idle theories pregnant with storins and revoiu tions, ‘We propore to apeak of the economical organiza. tion of the Russian people; this organization, whioh it ewes w itsel’, is eminently adapted to its charac’ ite wants and its customa. We leave it to those who have nome notions of political economy to Judge if this or- ganization, which comes out of he good sense of the provinces with the great fluvial arteries of the emoire. ‘lhis marvellous range, situated in the heart of Russia, ocmrmunicates with every rea that bathes the country; with the Caspian, and consequently with Versia and Cen- tral Asia, by the Vo'ga; by the Don, with the Sex of ‘Azoli, that ie with tho-e ports from which foreign vessels in titbes af peace convey our corn, woole, hides and tal- low to Western Europe; with the Black sea, by the Daieper, which bears on its waters the harvests of our southwestern provinces to Oderea; end lastly, with the Bal- tle, by the Neva, which bathes St. Petersburg. and by the Duna, which carries Hnseed, corn and timber, the produce of cur Northern governments to Riga, from whenceit is annually borne by thousands of vessels to the coasts of Europe. To give an idea of the importance of this net- work of navigable communications, we need merely cite the Volga, which, second only t> the great American rivers, traverses an area of 3,000 square miles, and, to- gether with thirty-eight of its principal aftinents, offers & navigable line of communication extending 18,000 kilo- metres. ‘The Volgs might indeed ultimately vie with the Thames, if, instead of the Caspian, it were united with an ‘open £68. "Bat ‘Nature berself has limited the advan‘ 6 ahe has lavished upon us; tor these fineriversare navigable only Curing a short period of the year; in winter they are jee bound, and in spring, swollen by the melted enows, they overflow their banks and inundate the surrounding ccuntry. During the summer several are partially driet up and become unnavigable for vescels of any stze at an} oistonce from their mouths, so that uninterrapted navi- gation can scarcely be seid toextenc beyond three or (ur morths in the year. Fortunately for us, our Russian resent. 7 ‘We are bound also to confess that the carelessness of the proprietors snd tke ignorant routine of the pes- sants prove a greater obstacle to developement and the improved brecding of cattle, than even the of the climate or the frequent murreins to which they are subject. Government, aa usual, bave used every means to correct these evile; distinguished veterinary practitioners have been brought from Denmark, Saxony and Prussia ond rent into the ;and : le of sanitary measures and others has been adcpted; but of what avail sre the vest digested regulations, when they are met on all, sides by inertia which arrests improvement, however in- dispensable or earceatiy aimed at? As to section of the authorities, or of men whore example t be of service, these ‘are partly neutralized by the distances that separate the centres of fthe ruraljpopulations, M. which has lasted for centuries and has resisted Beer Tlecrible tris, deserves to. fx their tion | tion we have to examine—we merely state 1 as a fact. soil is adapted to thew, and even elewhere. The chiet | of alimunce and oliver, and alleys. of oyprem abound | produce is not of # nature to be dispensed with, or that de Togohorské ia of opinion that veterinary au , in und to be studied in a rocial point of view. Western Luroye, with a view to rain Rasela, his tee | scat of this industry i in our transcaucvsian provinces. | there; and we ree growing and ripening oranges. eltrons, | reed dreud ary competition, ond of ths Western Enrope | 6 ‘outer numbers and possessing more akilt and ability Gilles by nature with sualities which distinguish the | trying to surround ber by a continental blockade, bac | where the annual quantity gathered is about 30,000 | pcmegrazater, chestnuis, figs, and peaches cf the groat- | ix well aware. {han those now emuplcy rd, and salt at a lower cont fete motions of Selave oriein {vom other races, brought up in | it hes only affected ber coasts, and has only reacted | poud>—i60,000 kiiogrammes. est size and exquirite ta Without affecting the pedant, meteorology also claims | ‘*tdlrg the cattle, would yreatly hasten the reform, Zee midet of difculties and umidet the rigors of one of | om her assailants. “Cofleeand eqn have tesnine doacer, | | Unhappily the Taxtars, who devote themselves specially | Tn the Valiey of Haldar on the contrary. all bears the | iy shere of ur attention. | 9 nother obstacle prevents the im; t of our nd provement race of cattle—this, hcwever, is = consequence of the state of our agriculture—1 mean the absence, or rather rarity, of forage or pasturage in yearsof drought, Im but those who a the difference which she is only partiaily prevented frurn selling, who | it is sold on the spot from 40 to £0 roubies per poud, | ture comparatively kwer, and tempered still more hy tho the roughest climates in the world, surrounded by hos- tile populations, the Russian nation 1s necessarily com- pelled to value inbor at an early age, and to piss reli- Russia, as we baye observed, is one vast plain, bounded by the Freven Ocean and the Mediterranean, and frem its eftuation It is alternately exposed to tho cred to them can easily pay | to this induitiy, wre ae ignorant as negiigent. Ihe silk | chasacter of primitive nature, litte modilied by the * snd at as to flax, Lemp, wood and corn | ot the Caucarus is, therefore, generally of bad quaiity; } of man; this is a nature ravoge and severe. A ten., ora- ‘ance iteelf, To this as tl asthe | is the coneumer? Is not England obliged now to vuy at | the finest from 80 to 100 roubies. In Moscow it ts only | cold winds which blow Jaila; the peculiar situation | 7" countries where the agriculture is studied, this want is sarsine poverey of the oofl and h Lent | high prices, and in a contraband way. the tar and flax | employed in common tissues, or for woofs Y | Grthe valley, cut off bgWhe mountains which surround 1ey eee ote Gaines be ae nite thee aah tuppiied by means of artificial .ersure, vat in Ruma ich her cruisers have not sueceeded in destroying’ ur silk manufactories consume cn an average 44,000 | it cn all sides, from the moderating influences of th: more than balf of the Russian merchandive exporiel | pouds of silk—26,000 of indigenons silk, 10,000 of Bu- | bieezes, ail that oppores rerious impediments to 1. » e8- through Prustia is intended for the use ofour implacable | ropean, and 8,000 of Persian or Turkish sik. In this | tablisbment of vineyards, to the plantation of fruit trvos, enemy. I repeat that these extraordinary measures | city and its government 15,000 artizana are employed, | and of other’ plants of a rpecies more delicate—cultiva‘ion, have only pressed upon a certain number of individuals, | whose avensge production is extimated at £05 silver rou- | which shows iteeif with marvellous facility, not »'! . > on cbiefly in the soutiern provinoes, but they harwin no | bier—a total of 5,805.00 roubles. if the same basia of | the routhern const, but even in the valleys of way affected the nation at large, because the silot the | calculation is taken, in order to establish the amount of | Balaklnve, of Belbeck, of Katcha and of Alma, Russian Empire, embracing all climates. pr the whole productive force of this industry, the produc- | situated more to the nerth than that of Bai- otherwire could only pe met with in dieren tion being fifteen millions of roubles, the wholenumber | car, It is only rarely that one mee An hermetical blocka’e 1s impossible with ux of workmen will be 41,096.) here with the litile orchards belonging to the planters in whole of Europe were inarms against us; an ordinary | The silk manufacture has not as yet attained ite full | the I ealtty, whom the Tartars ca! ira. Tere are, blockade is oniy to be feared by a country ike Englard, | developement; for even supposing that the efforts cf the | here and there, pear trees and sppie trees, intermixed which draws from foreign countries all her raw inate: | government to favor this branch of industry continue | with rcae pitiful prune trees, rials, and furniches them, In her turn, with manufac- | unfrnitfal in European Russia, we have still the Caucs- | The Tartar colonies established in the valley of Baidar tured goods. wut, the best silks of which, employed with those of Italy | are divided {nto two rural communes; the one, that of I will now speek of onr smal! fodustries—the eulture | and Frence, furnish good dsvues, and cur 40.000 wora- | Boides properly speaking, and the other, that of Ou:‘ou- of woods and vines, the propagation of silk worms, the cul mer, who will turn to as good account as the English ey together, comprise a population of 0,600 tivation of tobacc? and he production of sugar. Russia | the sik which we derive from foreigu sources, ‘and bear the following names: Baidar, Bionk- is covered with {rests to am extent three times creater But sugar occupies akeady a Jarge place in our home | Mourkomia, Koutchonk, Mouskowia, Chaitou, Teiuou, than that of the embraced territories of fraace and Bel- | industry, acd concer the influence of yesent eiroum- | Ourkousta, (or Bokus‘a), Daga, jestke, Casonnl jou, Tach ginm—tbat is to say, 178,466,000 des hey con- | stances wil) obtain giester favor. The tar f of one hun- | lich, Kalende et Varnoulka. establiahed in the val- tain ali descriptions of wood, from the metres to the | dred per cent upon colonial Mugar, and whivaprobibita re- | ley, even to the foot of the mountains, with the exception cecar; but unhappily they are unequally disirioutet, and | fined suger, has strongly sided this industry; the pro- | of two only: Chaitou et Koutchouk, Mouskomia, situited whilst several provinces are too thickly wooded to make | fits reulized by the proprietors, who knew not what te do | one slope ofthe mountain nearer the sea. These colo- their riches profitable to themselves, others are deprived | with their lands, the evicenc advantages the culture of | nies are united one with the other, by little roads, or f wood to such a degree that their inbabituars are re- | bect gives, considered only in reference to agricultare, | ratber pathways, worn by time, and of which the passa, duced to practice a custom of the Arabs—-that of using | all combine to make of in igenous angar euitivation | ix difficult even for the Tartar arabas of two wheols. eo manure and straw for fael. Thos, whilat in the govern | one of cur mort interesting and useful industries, pro- | river, large or small, traverses it, but in each colony there ment of Wolcgda the forests form 91 per cent of the ter- | vied that it stops in time and does not count too much | is a breck of ruvning water, which often disappears un- ritory, they represent on'y 8.10 pereent in those of | npon a protection, the reduction ot which the general | der the influence of an ardent sun. Stavropol and Astrakhan, the region of pe gm sieppes | Interests of our commerce of exportation might demand; ‘The village of Baidar, situated in the centre ef the val- The woods of the northern region contain only pines, | for it cannot be diegaired that the developement of our | ley of that name, is traversed by regular road con- firs, and here an’ there biceh trees: ia a higher elvva | commerce of exportation ts correlative 10 that of our | structed in the time of the former Gevornor General of tion, to the east, there 9 be tound the larch, and | im Tbe nov in an absolute manner, [am aware, but | this country, Primee Woronzof. This road, commg sometimes the cedar. The pine, mixed with birch, aap | atill mere chan fs generally believed. frem_ the southern coast, crosses all the valley, t» and ulder, occupy the midile region, The finest spe- | Cur J87 sugar factories produce about 1,200,000 pouds, | the foot of Baidar, where it divides into two branches, cies—the cak, e'm, ash, and in marsny districts the ma- | or 16,650,000 kilog., which snppores, catoulated at fonr J on one side in the direction of Balaklava ard fe- ple—are in the such mixed with pian, fir and birch | ger cent., thirty million poudy of Huets, a uew woareo | Lastepo and the other in that of the great vil- \ peagon, is it that we have to account for the great facility with which the Ruseian learns professions and feades often the most dissimilar. Every Russian t is, in fact, a husbandman, and at i mame time a tradesman and a mechanic. It only through the diversity of his labors that he finds means to supply his wants. But what ts etill m thy of remark than this aptitude, is tke pr: it hase always in Slavo-Russian society governed the distri- Dution of labor and the assessment of ite produce. This principle is that of association, The origin of it is ‘$0 be found in the necessity of all the Sclave tribes uniting their strength in order to ight their numerous and fierce aeseilants end overceme the difficulties of a sterile soil. Tn fact, history shows us the old Sclave tribes united in ene great arsociation. and we fiud again the same p-in- ciple, not only in the formation of the tribe and the tsmi- but in the usages and the wants of the individual +t principle has been the keystone of Russian nation- ality ina political pointof view. itis to it that the Rus giana owed their ability to repulse and fubsequently eonquer the horiile trios by which they were surrounde’, and to form what is called Great fv aay, explain the great variations of temperature to which the Southern provinces are expored, aa also the Crimes, Bessarabia and the banks of the on. In winter they re- semble the highest Northern regions, and in summer are expoeed to the most exceseive heats. Thus was the Foxire styled by the ancients the Biack or Dangerous Sea, by reason of the violent tempests to which it is ex- posed. Other countries may exist in Mke manner, but Natare, there, bas provided a fitting antidote, they being for the most part situated in the vicinity of seas or oceans, whore yupora operate alike on win ry colds aud summer heats. ‘We possess no ench advantage, for although our Polar winds may traverse an arm of the sea in thelr course, still it is a rem of ice which adds even greater intensity to their coldness; from the South, the wind reaches us charged with the emanations of the scorching sandy deserts of central Asia; and although this may be serviceable du ting a short period in New Russia, where all ia chilled by a lergthened winter, yet it soon dries up the soil, and kills what it had previous!y produced; water, fin these provinces, being a rare commodity. Tn the Western governinents, covered to a great extent by Inkes ard marshes, the westerly winds, on the contra- ry, brong with them demp and noxious vapors, so that trém the essentially coutinental position of Russia in Euroge, the conformation of its soil, and still more, on ‘account of its proximity to Asia, the climate is more rigr- rous than {tbat of other countries of Lurope situated undor the same latitude. At Paris, in 48 deg. 50 min. N. lat, the average temperature tx49 deg. 7 min, centigrade, whilst at Krementschouck, in Russia, in latitude 40 deg. 4 mr., the average is as low as 7 deg. 7 min, A singe fact is enfficient to prove the prejudicial influence of the proximity of Asia: the same average annunl ivothermai dine, 0 deg. Reaumar, passes the 66th degree, near Ark- angel, and the 67th degree North latitude, near Nijni- fields of the German emigrant or the Russian agro~ nome. Accor¢ing to the usual rule, as culture improves, pasturage changes into meadow and the meadow is fol- lowed by forge; for the amount of labor increasing, tt becomes also necessary to increase the amount of dis; sable force, and because the soil yields only in prdpertion to the manure employed upon it. But this principle hardly heids good in Russia, as part of the soil is so.ex- tepenely fertile axd requires go little labor, that our agri- culturists are not under the same necessity as in Td countries. In one-fifth of the Russian territory, | wherever the tichernazieme (black soil) predominates, is the case, Itis sufficient, so to speak, merely to rake the soil, s0 that manure becomes useless, and, in the steppes, serves only for fuel. Under such circumstances it is impossible that the breeding of cattle should combine with the culture and improvement of the soil in the same manner as ia other parte of Europe. For instance, in the Southern govern- ments, cattle and horses are frequently used only as & motive power for the purpose of agriculture; and the supply exceeding the demund, they are left the whole year | round at pasture, But in this, as in other reapects, there {s a wide differ- ence between the North end South, between the country of the steppes and the central provinces, and betweem the lotier and the Western governments. Yet, I am of opinion that wherever the black soil does not predomi- nate the same Le oe that prevail elsewhere might be successfully applied in Russia. It is a generally received opinion that one-third of the soil should be devoted to meadow and forage culture. Im Russia, to 90 millions of deasiatines of cultivated lapd there are about 62 millions of dessiatines of meadow: im Frence the proportion is rather less than 1-5th, in Aus- tria th, and in Prossia rather under Has but'in these , the centre, the heart of th it is, in fact, owing to that princ! did not become Tartar and aflerwards Polieh: and to 4% also does it owe its succeseful resistance of invasion which, since that time, hus threatened ity independence. ina morsi point of view, this principle ‘has not been less truitfal of happy reeults. Surreanded by nations and tribes of the most different creeds, pria eiples and usages, the Russian ation owes to it its being Ste to maintain, until now, ite faith, its belief, its pria eiples, ita morals and its cus It remains for us to point out the eame benefits in # social and economical It is incontestably to this vivifying principle that Rus sia owes the fact that itdoes net know, and what ls more, ‘to fear for the future, liher proleirianism or | trees: the lime tree oceupivs there Inrge apace; it is | of revenue to the amount of 1,600,000 roubles for agri- | lege of Tchorgoun, belonging to the heirs of Madame Teguilek, in the government of Perm, between which | three countries forage supplies any of grass. Gaaputmetce two sgourges of modern society. A. chiefly found in the eat, in the re the Oral ‘The | culture, without speaking of the improvements of the Mevremichaill called the route Woronzof, and which | there is a difference of 12 deg. of longitude; and thix in- | The length of our winters, which necessarily pa sr what nation appears at first to be more liable to tho: oek grows principally in the gov. ent of Sayan. roti and the facility of factening cattle with the reridue. | belongs to the villege of Donvankoi, It is by means of | fluence is still more sensibly felt in the average winter | time <f pasturage for our cattle, and the frequency of evils than Russia, from an ungenerous soil, deleterious For & long period there have been complaints about the | The consumption of colunial sugar is about 2,300,000 | this ast branch that the Turtars carry on their commu- | perature, on the banks of the Psohetwkaga-Goubs, in oon which diminish the quantity of hay, oblige ua ar ae and hardships of all kinds? That principle, in | bad manegement of our forests; and, without speaking | ponde. niestion with Baehtchi-Sarai, when they go in ‘ars | Jat. 67 N., and at the embowchure of the river Oux, one of | toholda much greater extent of meadow land than ig sharing products of labor ins just proportion, has | of the steppes. it ik certain that’ there Is, fu several gov- On the whole, whatever mey be the advantazes result- | etaratas, For the foot passengers and horsemen there | tbe affiuents of the Tobol, under the 66th degree, or ata | other countries. ‘also the immense advantage of increasing the cvllectire | ernments weil provided with a good seil, anexireme | img from the indigenous sugar factorie: in an agrisul- | in another road which commences at the vill Oistance of 12 deg. lat, and 16 deg. lon., the ave win. ‘These lands are divided in & most unequal manner, It ter temperature is equally 14 deg. 4’min. con’ and at Libav, on the Baltic, in lat. 66 dog., as at Marton. port on the Sea of Asoff, in lat, 47, 8 deg. 10 min, sixteen governments they do not equal one quarter of the land under cultivation, in the government of Witebsikc wealth, and at the came time of sparing individual strength. And it is, doubtless, in that equitable assesr want of timber, and there firewou! is at a vory high | tural point cf view, I think that certain obstacies, the | d’Ourkousta, and, if1am not mistaken, st other price. This fact is in Russia much more prejudicial than | removal of which cannot be foreseen, such as the scar- | o)s0, acres heights and gorges ot mountains, even to the ment of labor t find the explanation of the com- | anywhere elke, firarly om account cf the climate, and | city ef fuel, the working by curve, and, consequently, | vall’y of Karaleztkia, Fel, haré}y one tenth, whilst in twelve others the extent is cheenes pode of all those Jame and maimed io next on sccount of the enormous consumption of timber the want of good workinen, will ever prove: ethan free ‘The side opposite this road conducts in an oblique di- | is ecmmon to both, greater than Tat of the Iand cultivated; in the country Sidon ‘of these puny, languid and pale faces, winch | in all kinds of buildings. Be this as it insy, the govern. | becoming of mwjor importance in Raskin. We have s- | rection to the heights of Jaila, from which the point ‘Thi« will expiain why the soil of Furopean Russia, of | of the Don Cossacks, four dessiatines, and in that of As- which only one-tenth, at most, is found within the frigid zoe, can only produce as luxuries the delicate fruits thet sboend a ‘Central Europe. Ht is only within the 44th aegree that the average temperature exceeds 2ot0, end even then there are exceptions on the worders of the Caspien fea. a ‘are fully authorized, then, in accusing Asia of weighing disaxtrously on Enrop And this in a moral aa vet ee a physioal sense, |, in the earliest of Pale toa e table lands of Asia served residence for those tribes which first acknowledged one common law—if the vast steppes, now overrun by the Kirghis, the Tareomans, and those tribes which extend from peyond Lake Aral to the mountains of India, were onee the cradle race anterior to that of the Pharaohs, or the fabalous dynasties ef China; if they may have ‘teen the birthplace of arta and science when the world war in ite dewn—certain it is that, ata later day, they sent ferth those barbarous hordes by which the Homax empire was destroyed, those hands by which, in the mid- éle eges, Pyzantivm was overrun, and those aleo which Lut tor Rusa #8 bulwark, might have devastated and Jnid waste even Enrope itself, Whilst atill in her iofancy i diviced, Rus#a was invaded, but by degices she as are #0 numerous in other countries, where an unfortunate mechanic is so often 0! to do the work of ten men, in order to support bis famtly, The robust and handsome frame and the healthy and manly look of the peasant bave often and justly astonished foreign travellers. In » word, the principle of association ia for Russie, an we have ronal hs raid ine arch and the basis of ita na- tonality, the onigma of ite internal prosperity, and the plocge of its future grandeur. In the wanner in which it is put in motion, in the organiaations to which it hae given birth, it o#trs precious elements, and evon the solution of great pi to the «taterman, to the econo. mist and to the jurisconsalt. There are, in fact, no ad- ministrative, legal or practical difficulties which are not talready solved in advance by the good sense of the the same village) for example, decides all the difficulties of its commune, It bas no written laws, but judges by eustom, which isa law created by the good sense and the experience of all, and ix preserved by tradition. and is maintained and respected (or ite probity. There is no ease where the mir hax not been able to deoide sattafuc torily to all parties, con bich, at first sight, ment has not neglected these consideravions, best'es the | teblishments admirably menage which yield large | culminates, and is ornamented with a porte cochere, out efforts which it has made to orgenize vast administra- | profits, but most ot them are in antmperfect «tate, and | in the rock, and which is called the gate of Baidar, from tion of forests more complete than has ever been seen | are far from diminishing prices by their competition | whence ene b view of all the southorn side, as on a before. It has established upon a freah basis the fo- | with colonial sugar. They are vot, ta fact, in a position | magnificent and immearurable panorama ot the Black restial mstitution of St. Petersburg, and made of it an | torell without lors their products wnder the normal | fea, Beride this gate there were formerly barracks for excellent sehool of geometry, topography and «ylviou! rates, which are very high. ‘This industry,” | the military workmen employed in constantly watching tore. This system of instruction ls completed by several | says M. Tegoborsky, “would be very prejadivial | the maintenance aud condition of this route, schools of forestial economy. In that of Lissino they | to the interests of the consumer: if it re Paising cattle was the principal industry of the even train wood rangers, taken from amongst the pea- | quired, irrevocably and without dwerimination, arants before the commencement of actual war. sant of the imperial domain. Since 184%, in fact, the | the continuation of the present duties upon colonial su- Reriare possessed large flocks of horned cattle, which, in foreeta of the crown, covering a eurface of about 115 | gar.’ It would prove no Jess prejudicial to the interests | case of a failare of past and of the springs in the milHons of desstatines, have been placed under a «ys'em | of the treasury, which would be deprived of an increased | valley, passed over to ‘the helghts of Jaila, covered with of reguler mai ment, the effects of which begin to | income, the result of a more extended consumption=a | the finest herbege, which was by this means of the make themselves felt. uatural consequence of « sensible fall in prices. Wamay, | greatest help to the mountain population, Wiih the Amongst the greatest improverents due to the Minis. | (verefore, assume thet this indasuy wit have to under- | ccmmencerent of the present war in the Crimea the ter of the Crown Domains, I have to specify the planting | go a erisia as soon as it is brought under the common | Tartare, seduced by tho high price which the agents of of trees in the steppes, for the double purpose of pro- be well established factories will alone rosist the | ti n offered for provisions, sola very willingly the viding them with firewood and timber, and ot modifying | shock. This is an unavoidab'e misfortune, but the indus. | greatest part of their cattle, ‘the rest their climatical concition—thg greatest obstacle to most | try in iteelf will issue from it healthier and stronger. upen @ proporal made by tl of the agricultural reforms alluded to in one of my former | ‘These are what I call the smail industries of Russia; | the interior o the country, to pasture upon the distant letters. If by means of a natural bulwark of woods theve | come of them are rtill in their first stage of develo placer. vast plaing are protected against the fierce eastern wir but al bough new born they already occupy m large | Gardening, from the want of water in the valley, and tuere is no doubt but that cattle breeding wiil our industrial rystem, ae you must have aitendy he idlecess and carelessness pocuiiar to the Tartars of there a new and prodigious éevelopement. perveing these note ' the Crimes, bas not, of course, made much progress; the trakon, five dessiatines of meadow are ailewed to one dessiatine of arable land. It is also the opinion of M. ns gee @ well as of the rural department attached t@ the administration of domains, that the governments where the proportion is leas than three to four of the land uncer cultivation, are disadvantageously elroum~ stanced for the rearing of cattle. This may be true, per- op for the Provinces where manure ia not required, and tor the cold and arid Northern governments; but f£ belleve with M. Tegoborski, that a proportion of two ta four moy te considered more generally correet. proof of this, we find that greater numbers of cattle reared in certain governments where the meadow Jand ia comparatively circumscribed, but where snlture is advanced, than in others where meadows abound, thus in Courland sixty-two head of cattle are allowed forevery one hundred inhabitants; whilst in Extonia, Livonia, and the government of Archangel, where there is a greater/ breadth of meadow than of arable laud, the rate omy in the proportion of fifty-three to fifty-eight. ‘The developement of ‘this branch of rurol economy de- pends, then, as regards the provinces, placedgheyond the repi nof the black soit, on the pregrase of sgyienitu' or, to #peuk snore ooriectly, the progress ef one prance | \d drove ‘away military authorities, in