Evening Star Newspaper, December 27, 1936, Page 29

I . - HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE * INCREASE HAS PROBLEM Regarded Significant From Standpoint of Community Responsibility and for Financial Support. BY DAVID A. CONLIN. IKE the automobile, the radio and the airplane, secondary education is a product of “our times.” The American high school with all its embellishments u{ the modern expression of educational opportunity above the common school of yesterday. This fact is well brought out in a | recent report of David T. Blose of the United States office of education, in “School Life.” According to this re- . port, 15,400,397 pupils were graduated from high schools since and includ- ing 1870. Of these, 14,376,782 are liv- ing in 1936. Sixty per cent of these living graduates are under 30 years of age. Furthermore, 6,000,000 in- dividuals, or about 40 per cent of the total group, graduated since the de- pression started in 1930. In 1870 there were about 16,000 high achool graduates, in 1936 there were more than 1,000,000 graduates. Only 1 of every 2,410 persons were graduat- ing from high school in 1870, while 1 of every 128 persons graduated in 1936. This would indicate an increase of high school graduation of 1900 per cent in terms of population, since | 1870. 100 Per Cent Gain in 12 Years. Further evidence of the develop- ment of the high school during the last generation may be obtained from “The Biennial Survey of Education in | the United States, 1933-4,” published | by the office of education. This shows that in 1924 there were 3,389,878 students enrolled in the four years of high school. In 1934 5,618,835 stu- dents were enrolled. In 1936 it is @sti- mated that 6,300,000 students attended high school. This represents a gain of almost 100 per cent in 12 years. In other words, the high school popu- | lation has been nearly doubled since Mr. Coolidge was President, and since | John Dewey wrote most of his educa- | tional philosophy. | In the report of the National Sur- vey of Secondary Education published | in 1932, more information is given. | ‘This report indicates an increase of 3,849 per cent in high school enroll- ment in the 50-year period from 1880 to 1930. The increase was most rapid from 1910 to 1930, the acceleration # being five times as fast between these | dates as from 1880 to 1910. In round { numbers, there were 110,000 students | school education in the United States | “Septemberism” It is an importani fact, however, that it costs more money to educate the hand minded than it does to train the intellectuals. Band saws, unit kitchens and adding machines are more expensive than text books, sta- tionery desks and ink wells. A mathe- matics teacher can instruct 35 stu- dents in a class, but & cooking teacher can hardly care for more than 15. It is an unfortunate truth that most States and local communities have not faced the problem of increased finan- cial responsibility for secondary edu- cation squarely nor solved it ade- quately. I should say that less than one-half of our high school boys and girls are interested in a general educa- tion. They include those who will go to college and those who will not, but whose main interests and abilities are in the academic flelds. The other group, the majority I believe, in- cludes those who wish to prepare for a vocation, those who cannot or will not learn from books, the hand minded, the dull, and those who do not want to go to school at all, but who are forced in by compulsory at- tendance laws. Yet, while shops, laboratories, gymnasiums and domes- tic science rooms are a part of almost all high schools, it is definitely true that the major part of school space is still devoted to class rooms and study halls and that the equipment for commercial education, for technical training, for arts and crafts, for phy- sical education, for dramatics, for mu- slc is entirely inadequate and in some communities almost lacking entirely. : Teachers’ Lead. Nor has the number of teachers em- ployed in the secondary schools in- creased as rapidly as the number of students to be taught. ratio of students to teachers in the junior and senior high schools was 19 to 1; in 1936 it is estimated that the ratio is about 35 to 1, and in cer- tain cities it is even higher. Whereas in 1920 the average téaching load was from 75 to 100 students per day, now | the teachers have anywhere from 175 to 225 different pupils a day under their supervision and instruction. ‘We hear much criticism about the ignorance of high school graduates and the illiteracy of those holding college degrees. Unfavorable com- parison is often made between high In 1920 the| THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D . DECEMBER 27, 1936—PART TWO. Batista, Man of Destiny 36-Year-0ld Ex-Sérgean!, in Three Intense Years, Becomes Real Power in Cuba. Col. Fulgencio Batista, chief of staff of the Cuban Army, shown recently with his aides in camp.—Wide World Photo. BY JACK O'BRINE. AVANA —Col. Fulgencio Ba- tista, today more than ever - Cuba’s “man of destiny,” has at last come into the open with the domination that he has care- | fully kept behind the scenes since his sergeant coup d'etat September 4, 1933, which made him commander in chief of the island and the repub- lic’s armed forces. It is no longer a | secret that the 36-year-old former | seregant runs the Cuban show and | earns the title of “president maker.” Batista has been the prime mover | behind every important change in the Cuban government for three years and four months. His recent show- down with President Miguel Mariano ! Gomez made his status public prop- erty. Now every man in the street | knows he runs the show, and his | movement for rural | i | i i has made his name a in high school in this country in 1880, | and secondary education in European | !fll{lhxhlnuon 805,000 in 1910 and 4,245.000 in 1930. | countries. Critics lose sight of the |PYword the length and breadth of by rung despite the constant weight of his foes, whom he shook off one after the other. His first big test came in the Fall of 1933, when an attempt to effect his ouster by an armed uprising result- ed in hundreds of dead and wounded. He crushed the opposition of the A. B. C. secret society, his bitterest enemies, with one blow and ended the revolt within 48 hours. This victory was the deciding factor in his life. He sudden= ly became aware of his power. Less than three months later he ousted President Ramon Grau San Martin and began to rule as “president maker.” Prom a quiet unassuming sergeant | and stenographer he developed into | ishly and before the Gomez govern- ment was four months old he had opened 700 sergeant-taught rural schools with an enrollment of more than 130,000 farmers and their chil- dren. Denying his movement was either of Communist or Fascist origin, Batista two months later fired his first broadside at President Gomez when he announced tersely “The army has been able for the first time in Cuba’'s history to establish a system of rural schools that has been an important | part of every political platform since the birth of the republic.” Coincidently, Batista announced significantly, “Communism in Cuba is dead.” He followed this by revealing the formation of an army sponsored by a council of education, health and | asking and receiving the co-operation of the government until the expenses | of his brain children began to strain heavily upon the army’s $18,000,000 budget. Then the trouble started. Officials of the Gomez administra- tion felt Batista was not only over- stepping his budget, but also overstep- | ping his bounds as a back-seat driver. | At first small groups of Gomezistas | developed into an important array of | politicos, who pitted themselves against | further finances for the army project. One Gomez representative shouted | in alarm, “Fascism is upon us,” charg- |ing Batista’s movement threatened democracy. But the flurry of oppo- sition did not halt the army chief, who firmly proceeded to outline the a barrel-chested army colonel without | . necessities of his rural programt and d | welfare, ich, h id, was definitely | " whose stamp of approval few aspiring not, Feas:zltmbute sjanfl;d called ,{ | via legislative channels turned to rich poiticians entered the sanctum of the gold-domed presidential palace domi- nating Mission avenue. His sharp black eyes appeared to be everywhere approving or disapproving the fast- road, the approach to peace, pros- perity and happiness in Cuba.” At this stage Batista was making ! the spearhead of “the middle of the | SUBar interests for the finances, draw- ing up a bill to establish a 9-cent tax ‘ on all bags of sugar produced in Cuba. | He estimated this would produce DIPLOMATIC _ALIGNMENT MAY SHIFT IN EUROPE De Facto Recognition of Italy’s Ethi- opian Conquest France Held BY JOHN ELLIOTT. PARIS.—The announcement this week that Great Britain and France are replacing their legations in Addis Ababe by consulates may alter foundly the diplomatic alignment of Europe. It marks, of course, only a de facto recognition by these two countries of Italy’s conquest of Ethi- opia. De jure recognition can only be given by the League of Nations. Nevertheless, this diplomatic ac- tion is the beginning of the liquida- tion of the struggle between the League of Nations and Italy. Paris considers that a special session of the Assembly of the League of Na- tions will be summoned about Janu- ary 25 for the purpose of expelling from the League a delegation from the Negus and recognizing Italy's sovereignty over Ethiopia. The As- | sembly refused to take this action last | September because the Ethiopian gov- ernment still held the western por- tion of the empire, with the capital at Gore. But now this town has been captured by Italian invaders, and with the capture of Ras Imru, armed resistance in Ethiopia seems practically at an end. Consequently, the way seems open for the League's recognition of Premier Benito Mus~ | solini'’s “fait accompli” in Ethiopia | and hence for the return of Italy to the League. The price will be a heavy one, for it means the abandonment of the Stimson doctrine with its denial of recognition of territorial changes ef- | fected by force. Why shouldn't the | League also recognize Japan's con- quest of Manchuria? Purthermore, what confidence can small nations have in the League, which, so to speak, legalizes the forcible absorp- tion of one of its members by a big | Ppower. British-French Purpose. | But Great Britain and France are | determined, if possible, tq detach | Italy from Germany. Some French | newspaper- already are speaking op- | timistically of a reconstitution of the | “Stresa front"—i, e., the bloc of Great Britam, France and Italy that was | formed on Lake Maggiore in the | Spring of 1936 to maintain the status | quo shortly after Reichsfuehrer Adolf Hitler denounced the disarmament clauses of the treaty of Versailles. In | fact, Intransigeant goes so far as to predict a bigger and better “Stresa | |front.” It believes the new Triple | by Britain and Significant. Fernand Brinon in L'Information asks cautiously whether Mussolini will ask more concrete concessions from France and declares that France went the limit in the way of favors to Italy when former Premier Pierre Laval made his trip to Rome in January, 1935, - Purthermore, reports from Rome indicate that what Mussolini is aiming at is not a revival of the “Stresa front” (the very word “Stresa” is said to be hateful to I Duce now after the sanctions end), but a re- vival of his old dream of the four- power pact. This project would pro- vide for the dictatorial rule of Europe by the four powers, Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany. This system would, of course, be in flagrant contradiction of the democratic prin- ciples on which the League of Nations is based. But it would mean that Mus~ solini could continue his old game of playing off England and France against Germany and siding with the highest bidder. Nevertheless, England and France may succeed in winning Mussolini over to co-operate with them in the Spanish policy. Italy’s Stand Uncertain. Certain signs indicate that Il Duce has begun to realize that he has backed the wrong horse when he picked Gen. Francisco Franco to win the Spanish civil war. Definite ase surances that Foreign Minister An- thony Eden is able to give the House of Commons from the Italian foreign minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, that Italy has no designs on the Balearic Islands, were taken to mean that Mussolini is getting ready to get rid of his Spanish liabilities. Certainly the press comment from Berlin shows that the Germans are extremely ner= vous about the possibility of Il Duce disinteresting himself in the affair of Spain and withdrawing his support of Gen. Pranco. This would leave Hitler in the awkward situation of being isolated in Spain and committed to a man who seems doomed to defeat unless he can get foreign support on & wholesale scale. Not only must Der Fuehrer face the opposition of the high Reichswehr of- ficers, who are reported to object to Germany's getting entangled in the Spanish adventure, which does not directly affect the Reich, but France, alarmed by the arr.val of many thou- sands of so-called “German volunteers™ in Spain, has warned Berlin through diplomatic circles that unless Gere : or his presence felt more and more upon | $2:000.000 annually. | T shifting political scene. |the officials of the Gomez adminis- | Batista's new-found strength was | Entente will be stronger because Italy, | any keeps her hands off and lets the : | it Spaniards do their own fighting, she Besides President Grau five other | tration, who let it be known re- | demonstrated clearly when, after only Ahaving annexed Ethiopia, has left the | ' - : provisional Presidents were put in of- servedly that the executive branch ranks »or s ot T Uie | ey which s “sacgtresed This report shows further, that 2.8 per cent of the boys and girls between | the ages of 14 and 17, inclusive, at- | tended high school in 1880, while in | fact that in the United States about | the island. 68 per cent of the youth attend high | Batista has been responsible for the school whereas in Europe only 8 or 10 | rise and fall of seven Cuban Presi- | per cent go to the secondary schools. | dents since he overthrew his offi- 1930 46.6 per cent of high school age attended. It is estimated that in 1936 » about 66 per cent of these eligible boys | 2 » + and girls are in the secondary school. Purpose a Generation Ago. I do not wish to bore the reader with statistics; I merely want to sup- | ply evidence of the most significant fact concerning education in this country, namely, the astounding growth of the high school in recent years. It is of highest importance | that we realize this significance, not only from the standpoint of com- munity responsibility for the provision of adequate financial support. It is a well known fact that the high school of a generation ago was an academic institution whose domi- nant function was preparation for | college. It was equipped to carry out this cbjective, and the teachers were well trained in the subject matter in which they gave instruction. By and | large, the job of teaching was well done and the boys and girls learned Latin, mathematics, history and the | other subjects. The discipline of study | was the major activity of the school. | Now it is a biological iruth that the variety of human beings is extremely great. When the tremendous growth of the high school occurred from 1910 | on there came into the schools some of this great diversity of boys and girls. | They differed widely in learning abili- | ties, in interests, in attitudes, in char- | acter and personality, in home back- grounds. A growing number cared | little for abstract subject matter; they | wanted to do things: to work with | their hands, to express themselves, to prepare for a vocation. | Variety Provided. | Education slowly responded to the variety of interests and abilities and‘ provided a greater variety of ac- tivities in the schools. The aim of | secondary education became more general. Instead of preparation for college the dominant objective be- came the development of citizenship, that is, effective living in a democratic soclety. | | The problem here is not how the in- dividual may be educated, but how the masses may be educated. If we, in the United States, are to carry on an effective program of sec- ondary education and spend our money wisely, careful study must be given to the problem by State and local officials. I should like to con- clude with a number of suggestions for consideration. 1. That commercial departments be expanded and commercial high schools be constructed. This expansion should be consistent with the needs of mod- ern business and should provide vo- cational preparation for the large group who will engage in the many | activities of commercial life. 2. That trade schools for the skilled and semi-skilled trades be provided. This means the provision of educa- tional opportunity for the thousands who leave school annually and go to work in factories and shops with no training or preparation. 3. That space and equipment be provided to meet the educational needs of those who cannot learn from books. This means the expansion of programs of physical education, in- dustrial art, practical arts, home eco- nomics, art, music, dramatics and visual education. 4. That more thought be given to an adequate program of education for those who are book-minded and capa- ble of the study of abstract subjects. This would mean the development of the junior college as a public insti- tution. It probably would mean the reorganization of secondary education beyond the tenth grade. mean more opportunity for the gifted student. 5. That a sufficient number teachers be hired so education might become more a matter of individual guidance than a problem of mass in- struction. 6. That an expert study of Siate and local taxation be made to pro- vide for adequate educational budgets necessary to the expansion required. Cabinet Members Are the Real Power Behind the Throne of Great Britain (Continued From First. PaEe) ister can leave his undersecretary in | charge while he proceeds to his next | engagement. It will perhaps be to re- ceive the guests at an official func- tion which the government is giving to some great institution, such as a scien- tific congress containing eminent del- egates from all over the world. He will now quickly transform himself from a rough-and-tumble House of Commons debater to the ceremonial representative of his majesty’s gov- ernment and will appear in his uni- form as one of the King’s privy coun- cilors, a position which every cabinet | minister holds. Uniform Magnificent. ‘This uniform immediately trans- ports him from modern democracy to medieval feudalism. It is a mag- nificent affair, rather like that of an admiral in the navy, of navy blue cloth heavily embroidered in gold oak leaves aud acorns on the collar, the front and sides. The trousers and the tails of the coat are trimmed with heavy gold braid. The uniform is completed by an ornate golden sword and a large black velour three-cornered hat, trimmed with gold-and-white ostrich feathers. ‘When attending the King on a full- dress occasion the same coat is worn, but with white buckskin breeches, white silk stockings and black shoes with silver buckles. An English cab- inet minister lives with one foot in the twentieth century and the other in the Middle Ages. On the one side he lives in the middle of party caucuses, rowdy meetinsg and “rows in the House”; on the other side he moves amid royal levees, court balls, semi- military uniforms, lord mayors’ ban- quets and Buckingham Palace. This dual existence undoubtedly has a deep subconscious effect upon the minds and outlook of politicians. i ‘When the function is at an end -our | Minister will return to the House of | * Commons. It the House is sitting late, his bill will still be on the floor and he will 4 . » once again find himsAf involved in the clash and turm#l of parliamen- tary conflict. It mzy be 2 or 3 o’clock in the morning before he is released by the welcome cry of “who goes home?” which for hundreds of years has echoed through the corridors of Parliament as Mr. Speaker leaves the chair. As he leaves the House he thinks with envy of ocrresponding officials in the United States, who can confine themeslves to their depart- ments without spending 8 to 12 hours a day in the House of Representatives. I heard one prime minister say that he did not think that under modern conditions any man could stand the sheer physical strain of his office for more than four years. Toward the close of a Parliament ministers grow more and more obviously nerve- strained, stale and disillusioned, and look toward the end with philosophic relief. When it comes, as they go to Buckingham Palace for their last in- terview with the King, they remem- ber the old political saying that the two happlest moments in a cabinet minister's life are when he is receiv- ing his seals of office and when he is handing them back! England Lays Claim To Smallest Churches LONDON.—England claims some of the smallest churches on record. The restored church of Culione, on Ex- moor, measuring 30 feet long and 13 feet wide, challenges the little Dorset Church, which is 23 feet by 14 feet. Thus it is doubtful if there is any church in England smaller $han this. Still .another claim has been made | for two other churches—one at Hunt- ingdonshire, the Little Gidding, and Boveney on the Thames in Bucking- hamshire. Upleatham Church in Yorkshire, whose present dimensions are given as 17 feei by 13 feet, is easily the smallest, but it is only & fragment of the original church. It would | | seen this side of the Alps in many | of ‘ years. | cers in the coup he says was “pre- | destined.” He has put shoes on a barefooted army that has grown from 9,000 to more than 30,000 to become the most powerful influence in the land under his direction. Born in the backwoods of Oriente, a province at the extreme Eastern Cuba, Batista overcame one handi- | cap after another to climb from a | lowly canefield worker to a military | dictator—a position he has attempt- ed to hide for many months. | His “paths to glory” have been be- | set with obstacles that he has hur- | dled like an Olympic champion. Not one backward stride has he made since the revolutionary days of 1933, | | when he took command in the midst | of the bloodshed and hate that fol- | lowed the ouster of the dictator, Ge= rardo Machado. | There were numerous times when American correspondents predicted | Batista’s overthrow was only a mat- | ter of hours, but he hung on tena- | marked another | and brought before him a new field fice or snatched out by Batista before his influence was used in the general elections of January 10 that gave Dr. Gomez the executive chair. To the army chief the election of Gomez ! important victory | for conquest. At the Gomez inauguration on May | 20 Batista caused comment when for the first time in two and a half years he stayed in the background, not ap- | pearing on the palace balcony to re- ceive the tumultuous ovation from thousands. jamming the court yard. But this was deceptive. Hardly had Gomez formed the cabinet when the | army chief announced his troops had | launched a program of “peace and | construction.” of the government viewed develop- ments with distrust and misgivings, But Gomez made no public protest and to casual observers there appeared | to be the greatest harmony between the army chief and the President. cordially. Then Batists, who wears & military uniform like a motion picture gen- eral, decided to see how his robust 5-foot-8 would look in civilian clothes, which he donned to be phtographed with countless government officials at | his Camp Columbia staff headquar- estates of his millionaire friends. Most Cubans took the change for granted, but those close to the colonel saw his new personality as a warning of short deliberation, the Senate pased‘ the bill almost unanimously. Until | this point, Gomez avoided offering the Senate action brought from him that the House defeat the bill. Such | Both said they were working together 8 move was unfortunate for Gomes, | because it irked Batista to such an | extent that he marshaled forces that not only resulted in a sweeping vic- tory for him in the House of Repre- | sentatives, but paved the way for the | Gomez impeachment. And for the first time since his 1933 coup, his dominant figure stepped from | ters, the “Castle” and at the country behind the scenes to command the political horizon of this island repub- | lic, which 1s, topographically and his- | torically, closer to the North American | democracy than any other nation out- Batista called his movement “Sep- | further invasion into the realm of side the bounds of the United States. temberism” in honor of his September 4 coup and outlined his plans for a | “new progressive Cuba in which the ' building tuberculosis sanitariums high | tillers of the soil will take their place | as an important part of the civilized | Province and pressed social service | ciously, mounting the ladder rung life of the nation.” He worked fever- |into his rural rehabilitation program, | civil affairs. Batista added huge health projects, in .the mountains of Santa Clara | Batista is said to be friendly toward American interests, but it is no longer a secret that his political tactics are good neighbor” Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Press Is Ridiculed ROME (&) —"“Idiotic optimism” is the characteristic of the Italian press, full of “delirious acclamations” and | “spasms of applause,” declares the' noted writer and editor, Emilio Setti- | | melli, in one of the most forthright articles seen in Fascist Italy. Settimelli, in an editorial on the| front page of the Rome newspaper Il Riccio, lambasts the Italian press for its adulations with a vigor not| The same writer, who, in 1931, dur- ing the struggle between Mu.uolmii and the Pope over the Catholic Action Organization, declared that the Pope, being an Italian, was a traitor and should be stood up to a firing squad, declares: “According to a large part of the | Italian press, Italy is a tnmeendent: paradise. This press has only ome principle—idiotie optimism. “According to this press, there is no minister, or maybe undersecretary, who merely opens his mouth without arousing a hurricane, a cyclone, a deluge of frantic applause, or hurrahs 2s high as mountains, or hurrahs which stream through the air like 400 | winds. “There doesn’t exist an official who leaves or arrives without a crowd weeping with overflowing tears of emotion. Every personage is photo- genetic. All are handsome, all strong, all vivacious. FEven an old man does high jumps—a real sight!” Million Germans Wed Under Loans System That more than 1,000,000 young Germens have taken advantage of the government loans to those not financially able to marry, has been announced in Berlin. . The plan is reported to have had great and far reaching social effects. Many of the girls who married under the law gave up paid work in fac- tories to found homes, which have proved to be happy, with healthy and well-cared for children. The law provides that loans up to $250 be lent to healthy young Ger- man men and women wishing to wed, the loan being repayable, without in- terest, at the rate of ene per cent a month. Machinery in China May Cut Employment NANKING, Chins (/).—More Chi- nese farmers may be treking to the cities to seek ing the ranks 500n as mass perfected high ing machine can be achieved by the {“Optimism” of lta]i;n ;LI’ITLE SIGNS OF PEACE FOUND ON 1937 HORIZON Eastern Hemisphere Full of War Fuses, With Any Number of Clashing Interests to Ignite Them. BY WILLIAM BIRD. PARIS.—Since the Armistice of | 1918, no year has brought so many | disappointments and discouragements | Morocco; Italian money, sorely need- | to the apostles of peace and to the millions who in Europe dread the ap- proach of war as 1936. And now, on the threshold of 1937, there are few signs, if any, of improvement; if any- thing, the coming year will bring new anxieties and new menaces. “Take a map of the Eastern Hemis- phere,” an American diplomat said to me yesterday, “shut your eyes and put your finger on the map. No matter where it lands, whether in Asia, Africa or Europe, it will be on a ‘sore spot,’ & possible future battleground.” It proved to be possible, at the cost | tion, Italian planes from Ethiopia, in- | stead of being beaten into plowshares, were winging their way to Spanish ed at home, was being poured into the war chest of the Spanish rebels; Ital- ian soldiers and sailors, who had been promised an opportunity to share in the fruits of victorious peace, were being sent to battle against the Span- ish republican government. Germany has for years been com- plaining that her peace overtures were ignored. She has insisted on making a distinction between Western cul- ture and Eastern barbarism, proclaim- ing that, if France and England would leave off trying to protect Asiatics, Germany would guarantee of many sacrifices of principle and a certain amount of diplomatic cyni- cism, to “localize” the war in Ethiopia, which was raging when 1936 began. But no sooner had that struggle ended than the Spanish civil war broke out, and if it has similarly been “localized,” in that the actual fighting has not yet spread beyond the territorial boun- daries of Spain, at least three foreign countries are in the fight and have engaged their national prestige to the point where they cannot easily accept & peace without victory. A diplomatic settlement of the Spanish struggle is perhaps not utterly impossible, but the Ethiopian example shows only too clearly what kind of settlement it would have to be. It would have to give satisfaction to the Italians and Germans on the one hand and to the Soviets on the other. Still, it may be argued that sacri- ficing 15,000,000 Spaniards is worth while if it preserves 100,000,000 civil- ized European people from war. Un- fortunately, it doesn’t. The diplomatic settlement of the Spanish war not National Grain Improvement Bureau. Threshing, like every other farm process, has always been done by man- power in China, with the result that willing hands have rarely been out of work or & means of gaining s liveli- hood. 25 years of peace in Western Europe. Germany Participant. Instead of that, Germany has sent not only hundreds of shiploads of war material to the Spanish rebels, not only military instructors, engineers and airmen, but complete regiments of trained troops. These forces, to- gether with the Moroccan and Afri- can troops of Gen. Franco and the Spenish foreign legion, are fighting in the name of Western culture against, principally, the Catalonian people, who, of all the many races in Spain, are by Universal admission the most Western and the most civilized. It is idle to hope that by giving them satisfaction in Spain any diffi- culty will be solved. The Italo-Ger man crusade against bolshevism, which, as I have had occasion to point out before, with documents in support, is in reality & thinly camou- flaged crusade against democracy, will continue. And the tragic menace in this cru- sade is that Germany cannot possibly get at Russia without trampling down two or three other nations that have neither alliance nor even sympathy with Moscow. Germany is separated Soviets. Not a single European nation of importance would tolerate a Rus- sian aggression westward. Germany would find herself with more friends than she has had at any time since Napoleon the Great. And Germany must know it. S0 why the orusade against bol- Ancient Ruler Tells Of Athletic Prowess CAIRO.—During excavations un- dertaken near the Sphinx of Giza, an interesting limestone stele of un- usual size has been discovered. bears an inscription recording its | erection by Amenhotep II in the sec- ond year of his reign, 1447 B.C. The inscription, which is very long, is in the usual bombastic style of the athletic profess, recording how he had rowed a boat for 3 miles against the | stream with an oar 20 ells long, with- | out fatigue, when his rowers tired | after half a mile; how he trained his horses so that they could be | driven galloping without sweating, | and how he had shot from his chariot at copper targets as thick as his hand and had driven the arrows clean through the targets. | Rome Is Undergoing ROME.—There is possibly no city in the Old World that has undergone such vast changes as Rome. Many | of the old houses have been swept away and streets have been changed so that now Rome presents the ap- pearance of a city of new and im- Ppressive rejuvenation. One of the sights that the visitor will see is the Palace of Swimming Pools, covering an area of 34,000 square meters, which includes pools for radium, thermal and sun bathing. The first swimming pool is of vast | proportions, under roof, surrounded | by seats rising in tiers and balconies, | seating over 2,000 spectators. A large | gymnasium, lounges, shower baths | and rooms for relaxation are annexed to the pool. s shevism, which is not and cannot be & menace to Germany? Simply that scathing comments and the requesU strikingly the opposite to those of “the | nation of President It | Pharaohs. Amenhotep boasts of his| Building Changes | “haves,” and because Great Britain | has abandoned the chimera of dis- personal opposition to the project, but | A&rmament and begun to strengthen | | 1ts military and naval forces. { ‘This poiicy of rapprochement with Italy, however, may not be so smooth as the optimists would like to be- lieve. The Communists already have proclaimed their opposition to the new | tactics. ‘Their organ, Humanite, has | denounced it as a revival of “Laval- ism.” Of course, what they fear is |that the agreement with Italy may loosen the bonds of the Franco-Soviet military alliance, because France in ! such a contingency would no longer | be so dependent on Soviet support. inon policy which she inaugurated in | August. Mussolini, for his part, has no de- sire to become too closely tied to Hitler. Already, as a result of the German- Italian accord, German influence is {rapidly becoming preponderant in | Eastern and Central Europe. ‘ Austria, once completely under Itale | ian control, is now drifting gradually into the Reich's orbit economically and even politically. By definitely cutting loose from England and France, 11 Duce becomes Hitler's vassal, but by | patching up his relations with the | Western democracies, Mussolini may | become the arbiter of Europe. (Continued From First Page.) ed the United States had been ca- | priciously interpreted by the authori- ties of the Canal Zone, with the result that they had seriously interfered with the attributes of sovereignty of the Panaman government and with | the individual rights an” businesses of the citizens of Panama. On the other hand, the profits de- | rived from the commercial activities created. by the canal had gone not |to the Panaman people, but to | United States interests, to the com- missaries of the .Canal Zone and to enterprises of the United States Gov- | ernment which were advantageously competing with the local ones. | The new treaty, which will soon be |in operation, is intended to correct | this state of affairs, the source of | much controversy and resentment in | the past and a potential danger for the future. The new treaty may be described in a few words as a transition from a unilateral arrangement, of submis- . sion of the weaker nation to the stronger, to a two-sided agreement on a pla nof equality and joint re- sponsibility between two countries which have interests in common. It | substitutes co-operatiog, for oppres- | sion. Therein lies the significance of the new pact. Nothing that extremists in both countries may say against it | will obscure the fact that this is an | attempt to substitute a regime of law and reciprocity where there was one of force and imposition, poorly dis- guised by misconstruction of the origi- nal canal treaty. Put Nations on New Basis. The aboltion of the guarantee of Panaman independence and the right of intervention by the United States, both detrimental to the sov- ereignty of Panama; the renunciation by the United States of the privilege to secure additional land beyond the limits of the Canal Zone; the recog- nition of the principle that Panama “is entitled to take advantage of the commercial opportunities inherent in her geographical situation”; mission of the Panaman claim with reference to the canal annuity, and the further concessions made by the United States with regard to corri- dors, construction of a highway across the isthmus, operation of radio sta- tions, etc., are all intended to place & basis of friendly co-operation with- out sacrificing anything that is es- the Panama Canal by the United States. That is, instead of a situation in which one of the parties chmdt arbitrarily and exercised a series of privileges which were alienating the good will of the other, there is now to be established & new relationship, i which the two parties bind them- selves to respect each other's rights and to discharge the responsibilities This new relationship will be by far the most far-reaching benefit de- rived by both countries from the treaty, for all other considerations must be subordinated to the degree of harmony and co-operation existing at any time between the two nations most interested in the defense and | the ad- | the relations of the two countries on | sential for the “maintenance, opera- | tion, sanitation and protection” of | which the existence of the canal places | ETreaty With Panama to Provide Equality and Joint Responsibility | maintenance of the Panama Canal. The fact that the Washington states- men have finally come to realize that point is one of the strongest evie dences of the existence of the “good- neighbor” spirit in the present Latin | American policy of the State Departe ment. | _ The ratification of the new United | States-Panama treaty comes at a most | appropriate time, when the delegates |of all the American republics have | just laid down at Buenos Aires the diplomatic and legal structure upon which the promise of a new era in | inter-American relations may become a confirmed reality. (Copyright, 19386,) 50 Peso Limit Placed On Money Circulation MEXICO, D. F.—Fifty pesos for each inhabitant of the republic is | adjudged the top limit money in cire | culation may reach in Mexico, ace cording to the provisions contained in | the recently enacted currency law. By this law all power of issue is | concentrated in the Banco Nacional | de Mexico, a government institution, which thus becomes in fact a central bank. The law also raises the quantity of silver in the peso to .720 in fulfille ment of commitments undertaken | during the silver conference recenily held in London. Mexico is one of the large silver-producing countries in the | world and ag-eed to use as muca sil= ver as was consonant with the mainte= nance of its currency values in terms of foreign currencies. The new silver content of the Mexican peso has further stabilized that coin at an exchange value of 28'2 cents of a United States of America dollar, Opysters Are Offered To “Bosom of Buddah” HONGKONG.—The souls of 50,000, | 000 oysters, which have served to turn & humble macaroni maker into the pearl king of the Orient, went to the “bosom of Buddha” on the Isle of Pearls recently. The pearl king believes in the Jape anese tradition that everything that does good should be revered. So, at the sacred family shrine gathered members of the family, relatives, em= ployes, appraisers of gems, priests and musicians. At the altar lay the first pearl that an oyster made for Mikie moto. | Polish Business Men Ask Long Words Back WARSAW (#)—Now that a brain trust of Polish professors has com= pleted its rock-breaking task of mak- ing little words out of big ones and the new Polish orthography has gone into effect, business men are com- plaining that the new spelling intere feres with business. | Formerly business men could use a | long, jaw-twisting but expressive word in a telegram and pay for one word, because it was one word in the dice tionary. Now the professors have broken a lot of these words into two, or even three words, and busy eze ecutives are finding the cost of tele= graphing has gone way up. » }