Evening Star Newspaper, September 10, 1935, Page 8

THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1935 av 2 ; : THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition, WASHINGTON, D. C. TUESDAY ...........September 10, 1935 THEODORE W. NOYES...........Editor ‘The Evening Star Newspaper Company. 1 ¥ » Ave. New York Office: 110 East 42nd 8t. Chicago Office: Lake Michigan Bullding. Buropesn Office: 14 Regent St.. London. England. Rate by Carrier Within the City. Rerular Edith e Evening Star -45¢ per month when 4 s -60c per month Tie Evening and Su Cwhen 8 -65¢ per month —-bBc per copy Night Final Edition, ight Pinel and Sunday Star____70c per month ight Final Star. 5¢ per month Collection made at the end of each month, ©rders may be sent by mail or telephone Na- tional 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virgin fly ard Sunday g:ll;‘ only._ _.. unday only-. Al Other States and Canada. fly and Sunday-_1 yr. §12.00; 1 mo. $1.00 aily only 1 yr. "$5.000 1 mol 75e Buncay on il $5.00i 1 mo. buc Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dispatches eredited to it or not otherwise Credited in this paper and also the local news published herein. Il rights of pubiication of special dispatches erein are also reserved. = S = Huey P. Long. The death of Senator Huey P. Long removes from American political life a picturesque and dramatic figure. He made himself a king in Louisiana in all but the name. He ruled through fear and hope of reward. His whole course of procedure was a violent attack upon republican form of government. It was as foreign to America as the govern- ment of Soviet Russia or the govern- ment of Hitler in Germany. In addition to his natural ability, which was great, Long was aided by the fact that the machine which he opposed in Louisiana was corrupt. Later he was helped by the economic crash and de- pression which swept the country. His “share-the-wealth” campaign became popular with those who had nothing to share, What the future of Senator Long might have been, had he lived, is, of course, conjecture. How long could he have maintained his strangle hold on the 2.225.000 people who live in Louisiana? How far beyond the limits of his State could he have extended his influence? If American traditions and principles of government mean anything, he could not have continued as the dictator of a State, nor could he have become a na- tional dictator, no matter what fancies he and those who followed him blindly might have entertained. His passing threatens chaotic condi- tions in Louisiana. There was, appar- ently, no crown prince groomed to suc- ceed him. A successor powerful enough to rise and take command of the Long political machine, to dictate to Governor and Legislature and judiciary, is still to show himself. Without a dominant head, the Long machine will doubtless fall to pieces. Men appointed to office by Long were in a sense owned by Long. They held office as long as he willed it—no longer. Now the voters may be expected to take charge again. So far as the national political pic- ture is concerned, Long's death is not important. Despite the fact that he appealed to the imagination and in- trigued the interest of thousands of persons, there has been no indication that they were ready to follow him on election day—except, of course, in Louisiana, where the only election offi- cials appointed under the new Long laws were appointed by Long or his henchmen. Long became a political foe of Pres- {dent Roosevelt, although he supported the President at Chicago for the presi- dential nomination and later cam- paigned for his election. Long had threatened to run as an independent candidate for President next year if Roosevelt became the Democratic nom- inee and the Republicans did not put forward Senator Borah of Idaho or another Progressive. Whether he would ever have done so is a question, but had he done so it would have been at the risk of revealing how really weak he was outside of his native State. As a cam- paigner against Roosevelt and the New Deal, however, Long was both bitter and eflective. He was capable of doing both the President and his administra- tion an increasing amount of harm. The career of Senator Long in the Benate was one of wordy battles, in which he gave and sought no quarter. He had an amazing aptitude for debate. He swaggered and fought his way through five years of Senate service, challenging the leaders of his own party, disgusting them at his tactics while erousing their admiration—and perhaps their fear—for his power and ability. Assassination, repugnant to every American ideal, has too often crept into public life in this country. Better far had Senator Long lived. Soon or late the people of his own State and of the Nation would have taken his measure at the polls. e In order to enhance the gloom which hangs over the world, undertakers and embalmers are again called into session tb discuss the phase of political influence relating to Lenin. Pt A Regrettable Incident. Magistrate Brodsky, by yielding to the sweet temptation to indulge in obiter dicta, missed an opportunity to preach & sermon against Nazi-ism and Com- munism and other “isms” much stronger than the unfortunate words he used in disposing of the case before him. That case involved breaches of the peace in connection with rioting aboard the 8. 8. Bremen, in which the German emblem was torn from its staff. And Magis- trate Brodsky's duty was to rule on the guilt or innocence of the alleged rioters and not to pass judgment on the Ger- man nation, which happens to be out of his jurisdiction. ‘Unfortunately, he did both. He dis- missed four defendants for lack of evi- dence and held one on the strength of evidence—which may have been 4 proper. But in going to extreme lengths to explain why he could not take judicial cognizance of the sentiments or motives which actuated the rioters he did exactly that—he did take cognizance of those sentiments, and in a manner sure to arouse hostility of the German people, not against Magistrate Brodsky so much as against the country whose judicial system he happened at the time being to personify. Americans expect their flag to be re- spected in foreign lands, and foreign countries expect the same thing of America. Magistrate Brodsky technically upheld the law, but was in & manner guilty of the same disrespect that led to an unlawful incident. He has placed his country in the embarrassing position which is alweys assumed in having to explain the conduct of its nationals. R imates for 1937. Estimates for the next fiscal year submitted by the various department heads at the District Building total $54,971 351—a figure which is not in itself significant because the department heads always overshoot the mark intentionally in the spirit that Chaucer suggested in the lines: “He which no-thing under- taketh, no-thing he acheveth.” The total assumes some significance, however, in comparison with the similar figure for last year—$52,699224. The Commissioners last year lopped about $8.659.866 from the department heads’ estimates, and there is nothing in the picture this year—outside of relatively small increases in local revenue—which indicates they can do less. They will probably have to do more. Last year, it may be recalled, the Com- missioners sent to the Budget Bureau a local budget totaling about $44.000,000, and which included their strong recom- mendation for & Federal lump sum of $8,317,500, a figure arrived at by aver- aging the lump sum appropriations of the ten fiscal years between 1926 and 1935, inclusive. This year, as last, the Commissioners cannot expect to make a showing before the Budget Bureau as to the real needs of the city without counting on the additional revenue to be furnished by an increased lump sum. And the Com- missioners should not allow the failure of their efforts in this direction last year to prevent them from adopting a similar procedure in relation to the budget now being framed. Next year's budget should be in the neighborhood of the forty-three and forty-five million dollar budgets, re- spectively, for 1932 and 1931. In those years the lJump sum of $9.500,000 repre- sented about twenty per cent of the total District bill. In the current fiscal year the Federal appropriation of $5,700,000 represents something less than fifteen per cent, The remedy for reve- nue shortages, which is preventing equitably balanced local budgets and holding up necessary projects, is to read- just the division of expenses. The lump sum should be increased. e Toward the Treaty Navy. With the authorized construction of twenty-three more ships for the Navy, just announced, the United States takes another long stride toward building the fleet to full treaty proportions. Included in the authorization are a 10,000-ton cruiser, destroyers, submarines and an aircraft carrier. In letting a contract for another carrier the Navy provides for a fourth vessel of that ultra-modern type. When it is in commission the United States will possess & quartet of the greatest and newest aircraft car- riers in the world. Contracts for the additional treaty warships are about evenly divided be- tween Government and private yards. Twelve, to cost $59.225,500, have been given to private companies, and eleven, representing approximately as large a sum, are assigned to Government yards. The Navy itself, at the New York Yard, will build the 10,000-ton cruiser. The vessels now to be laid down are part and parcel of the program authorized by Congress, the completion of which by 1942, in accordance with the plan of spreading expenditures over several years, will eventually supply the United States with the full naval strength per- mitted this country under the London treaty of 1930. In several important respects Amer- ica’s partners in that pact, Great Britain and Japan, have availed themselves of their building rights at a more rapid and regular pace than we have. The Navy Department, with the cordial approval of a sea-minded President and the whole-hearted support of a Congress commendably conscious of preparedness and national defense needs, is now en- abled to proceed steadily and sys- tematically toward the creation of the fully rounded fleet to which the United States is entitled. How long the present levels of treaty strength will be maintained depends upon several factors beyond American control. Japan's abrogation of the 5—5—3 ratio and her demand for parity with the respective navies of Great Britain and the United States very definitely threaten to upset the existing balance. Unless at another limitation conference Japan can be appeased under commonly acceptable conditions, another competition in building seems inevitable. Neither the British nor our- selves have so far revealed any enthu- siasm for Japan's naval equality ambi- tions. American expert opinion inclines firmly to the view that the United States’ position as a Pacific power requires maintenance of that margin of strength at sea now assured by the 5—5—3 ratio. . Germany's re-entry into the ranks of first-class naval powers also conjures up an incalculable situation. Hitler is building, under recent agreement with London, a fleet eventually to be thirty- five per cent as strong as the British Navy. If to meet the coming German challenge the French and Italian fleets are expanded, Britain is sure to lay down miore ships. That, in turn, will require the United States to contemplate increased construction, for American sentiment hfiin‘voesbly in favor of maintaining parity with the British. Because of all these circumstances and prospects, it is altogether gratifying that the administration is moving substan- tially in the direction of that full might at sea assigned us by agreement and which is so fully justified by national requirements amid disturbed conditions throughout the world. Edward L. Doheny. Edward L. Doheny belonged to & school of American industrial leaders which now is becoming extinct. He was born in Wisconsin in 1856 when that State still might be described as pioneer territory. His youth and early manhood were spent exploring the further West. From the start he was in quest of wealth susceptible of being had for the taking—natural riches requiring only to be staked out. The search was vain until by lucky chance he recognized “pay dirt” in the form of earth showing signs of oll exude in the outskirts of Los Angeles. He was on the margin of middle age when he made that strike, opened the premier well of the Pacific Coast field, and with the capital thus obtained constructed the foundations of the empire he was to rule until his final illness laid him low. Riches, however, did not bring him happiness. Like many of his contem- poraries, he was handicapped in the enjoyment of success. The talent for management, he was to learn by ex- perience, differs fundamentally from that of prospecting. He shared the fate of his class and suffered the misfortunes which somehow appear to be the lot of men who accidentally come to power. Indeed, his name would be but one of & long list of sorrowful millionaires sub- ject to citation from the history of his period. It may be doubted if ever again in the United States there wilf be such a crop of money kings created by chance. But it would be an error to suppose that the passing dynasty of speculative magnates has failed to be of use to the Nation. On the contrary, to their initiative and courage, their tenacity and forcefulness, the country owes much of the industrial expansion of the past six decades. They were the trail blazers and the prophets of a tomorrow that is yet to be as well as of the present hour of change and socialization. Their pur- pose and function in the drama of America probably will be better under- stood and more justly appreciated a century hence. Some one, certainly, had to do what they did—the seeking, the finding, the exploiting of values. And their mistakes, like those of Bret Harte's miner, might have been far more costly, far more tragic than in fact they were. They will be remembered in relation to time, place and circumstance, and that will conduce to a fair appraisal of their significance in the annals of the United States. R Questions of mercenary hdvantage may figure so largely in the Ethiopian situ- ation that the League of Nations will feel called on to figure more or less as & board of trade. —— e Reports of no progress in Geneva in- dicate at least a delay that is hopeful and which assists in making actual war- fare appear more pitifully undignified. Radio news often comes with such a shock that a listener does not really | care much what kind of hair tonic or other merchandise he uses. ————— There is dangerous mud in Ethiopia, aside from that which may be flung in Geneva. . B Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Mad Miracles. The miracles that men perform Unto themselves unknown may be. Their hasty deeds may bring a storm Fiercer than those that lash the sea. The earth is kind with sunshine bright And songs await in gentlest cheer. Yet some mad moment swift and slight Of impulse leaves but chaos here. Evading Study. “Johnny,” sald the teacher,” “spell ‘Abyssinia.’ " “Never took the trouble to learn how. According to Mr. Mussolini, in a few years there won't be any such word.” Jud Tunkins says we are still a Juxu- rious Natien. There may be beefsteak shortage, but there are enough cows to keep the ice cream freezers going. Gloom of the Perfunctory. ‘We make involuntary fun Although we may endeavor A wise and serious course to run, Pretending to be clever. ‘We are pathetic when we see A duty, willy-nilly, That seems to call on us to be Intentionally silly. Reward, “What's this poster about & reward for kidnapers of Rattlesnake Pete,” said the traveling salesman, “Has Pete been kidnaped?” “Not yet,” answered Mesa Bill. “The reward is for anybody thatll undertake the job.” ‘Wondering Why. We've got to keep going and wondering why The stars hurry swiftly along through the sky; So do the seasons with sunshine or snow; So do the wonders that genius may show. Their courses for them are immutably set, With no need to pause for a thought of regret. And only humanity sadly must sigh Because of the brain that keeps won- dering why. “I hears 'bout & breathin’ spell,” said Uncle Eben. “Maybe itll do some o' dese jazz singers good to rest deir Jungs awhile,” ’ Some Varying Views On the Matter of Speed To the Editor of The Btar: It is time for common sense, conserva- tion and conscience to outweigh the jdea of sport in the use of automobiles. Your three correspondents on Saturday, the Tth, are right in saying that there should be a general limitation of speed. There is no need whatever to go so fast. Be- fore we had automobilés we got on fast enough for all practical purposes. The trouble is that young people and old folks feel it is so glorious to go fast, and they will think: “What is the use of having an auto if we cannot go flying? It is no fun to poke along at 40 miles angour.” All right, then; let them do without the fun. Such fun is on & par with that of the monarchs in the famous proverb, “War is the sport of kings.” But, besides being the sport of kings, war is the desolation of homes, the de- struction of people and the disorder of society. So (on all three counts) is this new sport of tearing along in an auto- mobile. I agree with H. C. Middleton that cars ought to be shut down to 35 miles an hour in the country and 20 miles or lower in the city. If people have to go faster for real needs, not just for fun, let them go on & railroad train. When I say shut down I mean just that—shut down mechanically, as well as legally. We are told it is now possible to set & mechanical speed limit on the engine of & car so that it will not be able to go faster than a given limit, This choker (I do not know the tech- nical name) is adjustable at will. But by rights it should be made the law that every car must have such a device, sealed on so that the owner cannot change it. Then let it be a crime, or misdemeanor, to be in possession of & car without it, ‘WILLIAM C. LEE. Blames Slow Traffic. To the Editor of The Star: I have followed with interest your news accounts of conditions on Defense Highway. I know of no more abom- inable road in Maryland, unless it is the Marlboro road. The surprising thing to me is that people of Maryland suggest that the problem of this death trap be met by reducing the rate of travel below that which is either reasonable or sensible under present-day conditions. Is Maryland a State stuck in the mud, holding to its horse-and-buggy days and demanding excessively slow speeds be- cause of laziness and indifference in road building? I had cause last Summer to go to & camp on Chesapeake Bay each Sunday, and traffic conditions on Defense a: Marlboro roads were almost unendur- able. The roads were filled with loiterers dragging along at a snail's pace and other motorists desperately trying to get around them in the face of oncoming traffic. Taking the kinks out of Defense High- way will not solve its accident hazard. They State has a speed limit law putting speed below that of Virginia, North Carolina and Delaware. It needs, more than anything else, to see that the Sun- day loafers—the 15 and 20 mile an hour road hogs—that clutter Defense and Marlboro highways, the road between Baltimore and Elkton and on the Reis- terstown and Towson roads either drive at reasonable speeds or take to the side roads. 1 have vet to see a State policeman in Maryland tell an accident-breeding loafer on the main highway to get a move on. I do not desire to drive at excessive speeds, and I have never been called to account for excessive speed, but I have no desire to go through Maryvland look- ing at its rural scenery—even if such a thing were possible today with the con- dition of many of its roads. If Virginia can build decent roads, and North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia have done so through their coastal and mountain regions, and Penn- sylvania has done it from the Delaware to the Ohio, I do not understand an official attitude in Maryland that keeps the State in its old horse-and-buggy stage and sayvs that the remedy for such death traps and amateurish road build- ing as Defense Highway is in hi¢k speeds | of vehicle operation—which is not a solu- tion for absence of road shoulders, nar- row widths of road and inadequately marked curves that are practically right- angle turns. B. C. CLARKE. One Fundamental Rule. To the Editor of The Star: With full appreciation of The Star's efforts to lessen road hazards, I still feel that we should not accept road con- ditions as an alibi for bad driving habits. There is one simple rule for driving. so elementary that it would seem it could not be overlooked or ignored, which if observed would prevent at least 90 per cent of all automobile accidents. It is this: Drive slowly enough so that you can stop within the space of clear road visible ahead. This is the basic rule. We must, of course, add corollaries relating to inter- sections where the road may be clear as we approach, but we know that it is likely to be blocked at any instant; and to meeting and passing other vehicles, especially wide busses and trucks, on & narrow road, or where any vehicle is hogging the road, in which case the space ahead may be plenty long but so narrow that we are likely to slide off the paved road. Undoubtedly many roads that were wide enough a few years ago are too narrow for safety under present conditions, * * * I do not know that it is possible to bring about an observance of this ele- mentary rule of the road. One of the commonest reasons for its violation is the widespread adolescent desire for thrills, in which a dash of real danger is involved. But there are other rea- sons, such as urgent haste, thoughtless haste, deadened inhibitions caused either by alcohol or by genuine fatigue, simple stupidity, bad judgment due to inexperience, bad judgment through physical disability, such as poor vision; in fact, the whole category of human attributes and emotions are involved. But if this rule is not observed removing all the curves and all the intersections from all the roads in the world will not go very far toward reducing the number of road accidents. W. H. HULL. Radio Music Change ) Held Sorely Needed To the Editor of The Star. May I use your valuable space to voice an appeal to the buyers of musical talent over our radio waves to return to the more pleasing arrangements of both programs and song, particularly the songs. Where are the songs with depth of meaning? Why must we listen to eight out of ten songs that are colored jargon? We surely can hear enough in our city's various sections of that type of jungle “music” . Neither do we want an abundance of “mountain music.” Have we gone so “frothy” that we cannot appreciate good songs—or are we 8o afraid of life that we hysterically enjoy the blats and bleats handed out in profusion? . 1 wonder what your readers think. Keeping the garden neat as long as possible is a necessity with some persons, Even with Autumn definitely at hand, they feel that the outdoor flower grow- ing season should be prolonged as much as possible. This means that many plants will have to be staked in order to give the borders the trim aspect they had all Summer. Recent prolonged rains bent many a stalk over to the ground, in some cases causing plants to be uprooted. It is the easiest thing in the world to right such plants as long as the earth is molist. Often a stake is necessary to keep them up, after the earth has been trampled carefully around their replaced roots. * * %k % The proper uses of stakes show the gardener at home in his garden. Garden' stakes, so-called, range all the way from slender reeds of bamboo, through wire and iron, to stout affairs of pine used to hold up dahlias. If you know how to tie up a peony bush to an ordinary small stake, so that the latter is not visible, you have mastered the art of the use of stakes. Many real gardeners never do so. They use stakes carelessly and indifferently as if their placement and showing had nothing to do with the matter. Since there is no beauty in a stake itself it is easily understood that the basic fact about its use is its invisibility. Poor vistbility is what is wanted with a stake. Hence the use of too tall and too thick ones is bad use, even if plants later will grow up to hide them. * X X X Proper stakage, if it may be so called, demands & gradation from small to larger, to large, finally, if these are needed. If stakes of whatever size are placed carefully so that they are hidden by foliage, they become inconspicuous enough to be all but invisible in the average garden row. The border thus adorned is not made to look clumsy, as some are, but is kept the thing of beauty it was designed. Appearance, however, is not the main point of proper stake placement. Good use depends upon the exact point of insertion in the ground in rela- tion to the plant mass itself. Since the object of a garden stake is to afford plants with comparatively weak stalks a sort of additional support, amounting almost to a floral crutch, it is apparent that everything ought to hinge upon the stake in relation to the foliage masses. Hence care must be taken to place it so that all stalks and branches are given adequate support when they are tied to it. This tying is an art in itself. Some sort of large, preferably flat, cord, is necessary, ordinary raffia being best of all. Raffia. stained dark green, has been offered, but usually loses its color in rains. * X X *x The weight of the plant masses must be considered, in so adjusting the cord that it will give good support, at the same time not put too much stress on the branches. Sometimes several cords will be needed for one plant and each cord must have a different placement on the stake. The result sometimes is a very com- depending on the material used. If ordinary small twine must be used care must be taken to see that it coes not cut through tender stems. A great help in keeping stakes of all kinds inconspicuous is the free use of dark green paint or stain. STARS, plicated piece of cordage, or raffia work, | | | subsequent. weeks. Perhaps the best color is what com- monly is called blind green or curtain green. This shade does not conflict with Nature’s green in foliage and usually grows darker with age, a good point. Those who are afraid to use green paint in garden work are advised to try this tint. Dark grays, while they have their uses in a garden, often are as conspicuous as white and have not the advantage of the clean look of good whites. * x x"w Keeping the garden trim and heat at this season of the year is not all staking, however. A careful thinning out of old plants, from time to time as they mature, is definitely in order. Often such plants, gone the way of annuals, perhaps, long before their mates, are never missed from the bor- ders or bed. A judicious selection of these plants, and their removal, will do a great deal to prevent the home garden from having that “seedy” look so often seen. Then there is the matter of thinning out the vines. Vines normally begin blooming late and some of them continue late into Autumn. Such should be left alone, as far as possible, but all untidy growths, long stringy branches which insist on falling on the ground and going no- where—these might as well as pruned now and got out of the way of the better placed tendrils. * ox ox % Recent heavy rains removed from local gardeners’ minds one annual worry, that of insufficient water for evergreens, It is almost impossible to pick up a garden book or magazine without find- ing somewhere in it the old advice to water evergreens thoroughly in the Auutmn, preferably once at the begin- ning of Fall and af the end, so that the plants may go into the Winter with plenty of moisture at their roots. Inattention to this is the cause of many poor, brown and withered ever- greens seen in front of so many homes. Such is the advice and who has not read it? Well, Nature has taken care of the first or early Fall watering; the last one rests, unless Nature interposes again, with the gardener and his trusty garden hose. A judicious trimming of shrubs now or preferably a little later will help keep a garden neat. In this work, however, one ought to know what one is doing, not merely wield a pair of plant shears at every tall cane or branch. Some study of pruning and its theory, therefore, is necessary if one is de- termined to trim back the shrubs at this time. * ok x % . Attention to the lawn is one of the very best ways of all of ke€eping the garden neat. Experts become more vociferous every year as to the advantages of Autumn lawn making. We are told and cor- rectly that it is an even better time than Spring. | This, however, depends upon two fac- tors, getting an early start—right now— and the sort of weather we have in With any sort of fortune at all the home lawnmaker will have every opportunity to filll in bare patches and to grow grass again where it did not do well in the Summer. Persistent use of the lawnmower until hard frost is advised. Grass plants are | hardv plants. after all, in the main, and their cutting until as late as pos- sible is advantageous., especially in re- gard to a neat garden, MEN AND ATOMS Notebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Study. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. The “wild West” was not always wild. The mounted, bison-hunting Indians met by the covered wagon trails of the pioneers and inextricably interwoven into the picture of the great plains in the popular imagination were relatively recent arrivals and had surplanted peaceful villagers of a few centuries earlier. Traces of the older horticultural cul- ture of the great plains area have been uncovered in an intensive survey of Nebraska archeology by Dr. William D. Strong, Smithsonian Institution eth- nologist, a report of whose investiga- tions has just been issued. The wild ‘West of circuses, moving pictures, paint- ings and romance, Dr. Strong finds, was only the final stage of the human occu- pation of the area before the coming of the white settlers, There had been two previous stages. One was that of a hunting culture dating back nearly to the end of the last ice age, when man still was pursuing the mammoth. This must have lasted for a great many generations, but it finally developed into, or was supplanted by, a horticultural culture which was the one actually found in the region by the Spaniards. There was still some hunting, but the main reliance was on gardening. Then came the conquistadores with their horses. This changed the whole picture. The animals made bison hunt- ing easy, comparatively safe and pros- perous. Those adventurous Indians who took to the saddle found means of an easier, more abundant and more exciting life. They easily outstripped their more conservative neighbors who stuck to their gardens and their crude stone farming implements. In many cases, Dr. Strong points out, it is likely that the agricultural Indians were forced into the new way of life. The abundant food supply offered by the bison -herds brought about invasion by less pacific tribes from the North and Fast. They overran the peaceful farm- ers. These had to change radically their ways of life, suffer themselves to be exterminated or retire to secluded areas where they were out of the way of the invaders. * % X X Dr. Strong gives abundant evidence of the intermediate horticulture culture of the Nebraska ares based on the careful excavation of several typical sites. In some cases remains of the three cultures interposed upon each other. This was true markedly at Signal Butte, a site excavated by the Smith- sonian archeologist three years ago. The most surprising feature of his discoveries was the middle culture ofethe horti- culturalists. He designates it as a “woodland culture of northeastern afliations.” It first makes its appearance on the extreme eastern border of Nebraska. Pottery and cultivated plants were its distinguishing features. There were squashes and gourds, but so far as he has been able to discover, no maize. Later there appear to have been affilia- tions with the southeastern Indian culture. Says Dr. Strong: “If the present very incomplete archeological record is to be trusted, the horse culture spread as & 1 shin and strikingly veneer over ’ the central plains, bringing with it many traits more typical of the forest- hunting regions to the north than they were to the prehistoric plains them- selves. Given the horse, the plains with their vast bison herds could not be re- sisted and in.the course of a century or two & new mode of life developed, involving many peoples that were appar- ently relative strangers to the region. “Added to the lure of horses and bison hunting was the gradually in- creasing pressure of an alien culture in the East. While the bison herds drew newly mounted tribes to the West, the guns of the traders in the hands of enemy tribes in the North and East dis- couraged loitering. Hence when the French and American explorers entered the region the warlike, nomadic tribes were completely in the ascendancy and the more advanced semi-horticultural villagers had already been crowded back into a narrow strip along the Missouri.” * K K X ‘Thus came the “wild West.” The villagers probably had shown little taste for war. With the estab- lished homes and all their possessions in one spot they had little to gain and everything to lose by armed conflict. It was different with the newcomers— the Comanche, the Crow, the Blackfoot and the Kiowa. They had no fixed homes. Their way of life demanded that they be continually on the move, trailing to bison.- Thus they built no permanent abodes and accumulated few permanent possessions. They had very little to lose and everything to gain by war. The others had to join them, get out of their way and out of the way of anything they happened to want or perish. Some doubtless were wiped out. Some retired to isolated areas and clung desperately to the remnants of their old culture. Some abandoned every- thing and took up the way of life of the newcomers so that, with the coming of the white men, they were indistinguish- able from them. Says Dr. Strong: “Taking the bare outlines of Nebraska pre-history as a tentative cross-section of the plains area generally, it appears that pure hunting cultures dominated the region during two main periods. The first began with the men who hunted the ancient bison and the mammoth and extended for an indefinite period beyond. The second began with the introduction of the horse and ended with the disappearance of the modern bison. Between these two periods, which mark the beginning and the end of great plains Indian history, it now appears there was a third period of considerable but as yet undetermined duration when horticulture played at least an equal part with hunting. It is this stage which has either been over- looked or disregarded by the majority of ethnological theories bearing on the region.” —— e ——— Keeping Cash in Circulation. From the Oklahoma City Guardisn. Don't belittle the New Deal's farm re- lef! Think of the fun farmers had carrying the checks across the street to the tax collector and the mortgage com- pany. , 4 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS By Frederic J. Haskin. A reader can get the answer to any queastion of fact by writing The Washing= ton Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washing- ton, D.C., Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. Beginning with the Summer of 1929, which league has had more home ;u , the National or the American?— A. From 1929 to 1934, inclusive, 3,863 home runs were made in the National League and 3841 in the American League. In both leagues the New York City teams led—the Giants with 696 and the Yankees with 881 home runs. Q. Is there a highway which passes through the Peace Portal, which stands on the United States-Canadian border? A. The Pacific Highway, extending from the Mexican border on the south to Vancouver, British Columbia, on the north, crosses the international bound- ary at this point. Q. Please list the cities which have municipal auditoriums.—A. N. A. The American City has record of municipal auditoriums in Milwaukee, Wis.; Buffalo, N. Y.; St. Louis, Mo,; Pasadena and Long Beach, Calif.; Roa- noke, Va.; Columbus and Akron, Ohio; Atlantic City, N. J.; Denver. Colo.: New Orleans, La, and Philadelphia, Pa. Q. What subjects should a high school boy take who wants to be an aeronautical engineer?—B. L. A. The same courses that are the basis for all branches of engineering. He should take algebra, plane and solid geometry, plane trigonometry and ele- mentary physics and chemistry. These are the special prerequisites. English and other subjects should not be neg- lected. Q. What city has the largest area?— A. .A4 The Free City of Danzig. It has approximately 34 times the area of Manhattan Island. Q. How long should lobsters be boiled? —M. E. A. About 20 minutes. Have a large kettle ready in which water is boiling vigorously. Put in one-third cup of rock salt to each quart of water. Put in live lobsters, tail end down, bringing the water back to boiling point after adding each lobster. When taken out, place lobsters on backs to cool. Q. What was the first newspaper in Texas?—H. K. A. The Texas Gazette and Brazoria Advertiser was established at Brazoria in 1830. September 4, 1832, it was merged in the Constitutional Advocate and Texas Public Advertiser, which was sus- pended in 1833. Q. How many people attended the wedding of President Cleveland?—M. T. A. Thirty-one were present, including bride and bridegroom. Q. What is the Pilgrim Soclety?— E. H A. This organization was founded at Plymouth in 1820. It erected Pilgrim | Hel in 1824 and has a valuable collec- | tion of portraits and memorials of the early settlers. Q. When was the steamship Leelanaw sunk?—H. L. A. It was sunk by a German sub- marine off the coast of Scotland on July 25, 1915. Q. Was the story of Rip Van Winkle an original one?—W. W. P A. Practically the same adventures befell Peter Klaus in an old German legend. Q. How does Karl Kae Knecht, car- toonist and vice president of the Circus Fans of America, pronounce his name? —E. M. T. A. It is pronounced “connect.” Q. If mountains and plains were brought to the same level. how high above sea level would the United States lie?—F. C. A. The approximate mean elevation of continental United States is 2,500 feet above sea level. Q. In the early days of our Republic, who passed upon applications for pat- ents?—J. G. A. The first act of Congress, passed April 10, 1790, placed the granting of patents in the hands of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War and Attorney General. Thomas Jefferson, as Secre- tary of State, personally examined many petitions for patents. Q. What is a vade mecum?—E. D. A. Something to be kept constantly with one, as a guidebook. Q. Where did Everett Marshall re- ceive his early training in voice?—H. M. A. Mr. Marshall, a native of Law- rence, Mass., began at the age of 7 to study piano at the Worcester County Music School. in Worcester, and, seven years iater, began his vocal training at the same school. From that time until he was 19 he sang in the choir of the Grace Methodist Episcopal Church at Worcester, Later he went to New York to study with George Hamlin. Q. Is it true that when egg produc- tion is increased, the size of hens’ eggs decreases?—P. M. A. The Poultry Item states that it has been definitely shown that there is no correlation between egg weight and the number of eggs laid. Q. What is the French meaning of “porte-cochere”?—E. R. A. It means carriage gate. R A Rhyme at Twilight By Gertrude Brooke Hamilton A Vivid Dream I held a mirror up o life. In the mercurial glass I saw a swift processional Of men and women pass— Women and men in every guise— ‘Then in my looking glass I met your laughing eyes! ‘The mirror clattered from my hand. Over its fragmerfts bright I swept out to the living throng, Into the Autumn night. And in the crowded market place I looked into the light Of your unmirrored face. I touched your joyous eyes, your brow, A trace of silver there. Your fingers closed about my wrist, You kissed my amber hair. In throngs where happiness was rife ‘We walked devoid of care, Our pulses high with life. 80 real, so glorious it seemed! m;&mmnxonu&um