Evening Star Newspaper, May 12, 1935, Page 31

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 12, 1935—PART TWO. D3 “PRESSURE O SEEN BEHIND CONGRESS| Reactions to New Deal Determined By Necessity to Keep “In” With Roosevelt, Observer Says, BY MARK SULLIVAN. NY one attempting to make a A clear picture of events at Washington as a whole is inevitably baffled. The New Deal is such a complex, spr: ing thing as to be hardly a “whole” at all. The best a writer can do is to L select one of many possible paths as a lead toward the heart of the maze. This time let us begin with one con- dition that dominates many others. The President has four billion dollars to spend within roughly a year—to spend at his discretion—for such pur- poses as he chooses. (There are some slight limitations in the grant as Con- gress made it. but they amount to lit- tle: and while I have said “four bil- lions” there is an additional 800 millions as to which the conditions are slightly different.) No other per- son in the world, I think, at any time In all history—no monarch nor nabob nor private Croesus—had the disposal of so much money in so brief a time. There were great Government ex- penditures during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, but those appro- priations were made mainly for spe- cifically designated war purposes This four billions give Mr. Roosevelt great power. It gives him political power in two respects—power over members of Congress to cause them to vote for the legislative measures he proposes and power next year toward getting himself re-elected. Power Over Congress. To say the four billions give the President power over Congress is not cynicism; it is simple reality. For example: There was before the House the other dav a matter of giving an Under- zecretary to Secretary of the Interior Ickes. It was a simple matter, it ought to be done, and doubtless Con- gress would have done it under any circumstances. But many members do not like Secretary Ickes. (The reasons, in some cases. are not to Mr. F BILLIONS” son: Every Democrat member of the | House (and, of course. every Repub- | |lican, too) must come up for renom- ination and re-election next year, ex- | cepting such few as voluntarily retire. | They asume that the head of the | Democratic ticket in the Nation next year will be Mr. Roosevelt, and to that extent their individual fortunes are tied up with those of the Presi- dent. From this point of view it is | politic for Democrats in the House to | praise the Democratic President and | ¢xalt him, and identify themselves | with him. Also they must bear in mind the part that that four billions will play in next year's election. Pru- dently they must remember that it would be possible for whoever allo- ‘rstes that four billions to be stingy | with the districts of Representatives |who do not support the President | loyally. lavish with the districts of | Representatives who do. It is in the Senate that most of the insurgency against the President's | course arises. In the Senate, with its | six-year term. only one-third of the members come up for renomination | | and re-election next year. The Demo- | crats among this third are in the | same position as Democrats in the | House; they must look forward to being candidates next year, running on the same ticket with the President. But another third of the Senate does not come up for re-election until 11938, and another third until 1940. It is from the Democrats in these groups, mainly, that open criticism of the | President comes. | Senator Glass’ Role. | To what I have just been saying| | there are material exceptions. Senator | | Carter Glass of Virginia will be up for re-election next year and he has been | from the beginning the most outspoken | Democratic critic of the President’s | course; indeed. Senator Glass, because | of his clarity of mind and forcefulness of expression, has understood the fu- | ture implications of the President's | course more clearly and criticized it | UPPER LEF : DR. FRANCIS G. PE CALIFORNIA, BEC The Crusoes of Science ASE AT THE EYE.PIECE OF ONE O All Over World Men Maroon Themselves to Extend Frontiers of Knowledge. F THE WORLD'S LARGEST ¥ TELESCOPES USE Ol THE INTENSE COLD IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE, DR. PEASE IS FORCED TO WORK IN FURS. SHIFT IN U. S. POLICY SEEN IN INCIDENT AT GENEVA Mexico’s Welcome t o Former “Patron” Nation Shows Aftermath of Ending Imperialism Efforts. BY GASTON NERVAL. FEW days ago at Geneva it fell to the lot of the Mexican delegate to the International Labor Office to deliver the speech welcoming the first delegation of the United States to that body, an offspring of the League of Nations. The Mexican delegate, ac- cording to cable reports, predicted that the world would surely gain from closer proximity with the United States, for “such proximity had al- ready aided Mexico in improving her | conditions.” | The news must have provoked in- | teresting recollections to students of | international affairs. The picture is, | indeed, a changed one, from those ex- | citing at the close of the World | War, when the President of the United | States was busy on the other side of the Atlantic helping the European statesmen to create the League. President Wilson had had a difficult | time trying to teach the Mexicans how to govern themselves, to use his own | words, and was still embarrassed by the consequences of his paternalistic policies toward his restless neighbors across the Rio Grande. Thus, when ON MOUNT WILSON IN —Wide World Photo. | the time came to draw up the list of | the nations which were to be invited | {to become founder members of the | League, Mexico, out of deference for | President Wilson. if not at his own suggestion, was slighted and no invi- tation went to the revolutionary Mex- | ican government. | It was not until a few years ago |and only when the League's Council had apologized for the previous omis- sion and unanimously requested Mex- | ico to join, that the Mexicans forgot the incident and accepted the invita- |tion. That they have forgotten it | completely is shown by the fact that it | |was a Mexican who, the other day, | | welcomed the United States into the International Labor Office. the only creation of the League, though an in- | | dependent one. which the United States has joined. stitution into an independent country and for the canai rights which the newly-created state ceded to the United States in detriment of Co- lombian interests. Of course, the methods followed in the establish- ment of Panama and Manchukuo were not exactly alike, but the role played by the United States in that of the former is already a matter of history. And the answer which the Colombian President received from Washington, when he offered to give the United States the canal rights by a decree if he were “allowed” to land troops on the isthmus and sup- press the separatist rebellion, can be found to contain language strangely similar to that used recently by Tokio. President Theodore Roosevelt, who boasted, later on, “I took the Canal Zone,” cabled to the Colombian Chief Executive: “The people of Panama, having by an apparently unanimous movement, dissolved their political connection with the repub- lic of Colombia and resumed their independence: having adopted a gov- | ernment of their own, republican in form, with which the Government of the United States of America has entered into relations (within three days of its establishment), the Presi- dent of the United States * * * most earnestly commends to the govern- ments of Colombia and of Panama the peaceable and equitable settle- ment of all questions at issue between them.” Should Be Opposed. Of course, the theory which at- tempts to justify a wrong with | another wrong. previously committed, is neither honest nor effective. The fact that other nations in the past have wielded imperialistic weapons is no excuse for present or future im- perialisms. On the contrary, every new imperialistic adventure should logically meet greater disapproval than the one preceding it, for even the international morale of mankind is susceptible to progress, and each time world public opinion is bound Ickes' discredit. but that is not ma- | more forcefully than any Republican terial here) Ordinarily the House| critic I can think of at the moment. might have given Mr. Ickes his Under- | Two other Democrats who go before recretary, but would have taken the | their electorates next year, excellent Politics Plays Tricks. [to be more and more enlightened 3 iand‘ thus, more capable to recognize International politics does play such imperialism when it sees it. tricks. In the same edition of the A SCIENTIST IN THE VALLEY OF THE KING3 IN EGYPT, WHERE THE MUMMY OF KING TUT-ANKH-AMEN WAS FOUND, —Wide World Photo. | ~—New York Times Photo. UPPER CENTER: UPPER RIGHT: ADMIRAL BYRD WORKING AT A DESK IN HIS ROOM IN LITTLE AMERICA. occasion to lecture him. Actually | men both, Senators Gore of Oklahoma they. as the Associated Press put it.|and Bailey of North Carolina. have sang & paean of pr:lse to ‘;"ml | criticized some parts of the President’s Only one member spoke a word of | course. And there is, of course, Senator 'e;:‘tli;’x(sn(;rolomg. k’f‘;{:‘x%fiw&?[mi‘ lI;iuey la)ng of Louxsmnni, but he mg 3 - . is motives are not to be mentioned | salifary eminence ol iemertiygl told | a5 having any relation to the others. v the A 3 I quote again Mr. Prank Kent: “It is ‘Nothing was said about it i"r the | gifficult to name six Democratic Sena- | debate, but a couple of members after- | tors (out of a total of 69) who at ward remarked—enviously and DPri-| heart believe in Roosevelt policies, | trust the Roosevelt judgment, or want | LOWER LEFT: THE MESS HALL UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN LITIL LOWER RIGHT: MEMBE| MOUNTAIN STREAM. POLI, OR MARCO POLO SHEEP. BY GEORGE W. GRAY. MONG the feats of the Byrd | Antarctic Expedition, per- haps the one that has ap- pealed most directly to the imagination of the public, is ! | related riddles of atmospheric elec- tricity and radio reflection—and more are maintained by the governments, most of them in the Northern Hemisphere. It was the sparcity of vately—that. since Truax was a Rep- | observations from the southern con- resentative at large from Ohio &nd | {5 go in the Roosevelt direction, That . 's solitary has no congressional district, he could | i’ {ie)iteral truth. No well posted ‘x:fm::ffmifi opy "‘_:_’r:' ‘“wh‘rf;s tinents that led the Carnegie Insti- not expect money to be allocated 0| newspaper man and no candid Sena- | expedition represents an isolation, | lUliOR to establish the Watheroo Ob- servatory in Australia. Another importart gap in the world survey lay in South America, and after looking over the field there, the Carnegie authorities planted a station in Peru. It is located right on the magnetic Equator of the earth. 9 miles from the village of Huancayo, on a high Andean plateau—another his congressional district.” That may not be understood by the reader distant from Washington. It | tor can be found to dispute it privately.| But Byrd's long Winter alone in the et analority, following ~leaders tiny snow-buried hut, tending the in- mselves unconvinced * * * vote 10| struments, reading the observations. ;nocll.:lsx;hdntbyR:g;esoenr:L?i)sv;m{r\::: bl:';‘ continue in a direction they do not| recording the changing aspects of na- | fhe State of Ohio as 8 whole. No dis- | (Y22t to 80 and enact more legislation | ture in that outlandish desert of ice | riet o Kks ol o [Bekisome ONHAL | ool thiey donol ihelleve, and blizzard and darkness—this em- | four billions the President has to dis- | , y.s _condition. the sincere dissent phasizes the role of self-imposed Rob- of. Nor does the State 100k to | of four-fifths of the Democratic Sena- | jnson Crusoe that the scientist some- POt ol | tors from the President’s course, in- | times assumes. than a hundred observing stations | E AMERICA. | self-sufficient colony of cosmic ex-| | plorers: Three American observers with their wives, and six Peruvian | | helpers. =t The globe is dotted with groups like these, and smaller ones. At Or- | cadas, on one of the South Orkney | Islands. down in the Weddell Sea off | Antarctica, is 8 magnetic station | maintained by the Argentine govern- | ment—the most southerly of all per- | | manent outposts of science. The | | most northerly, at last accounts. was | the Russian magnetic and meteoro- | | logical observatory on Hooker Island, in the Arctic archipelago known as Franz Josef Land—an establishment | for magnetic and meteorological ob- 3,""1‘0:;"(:" ‘g‘:!m{‘;"'n;‘;‘z,ssf,{::{‘,’:: | cluding the privately sincere dissent of | Tt is rare that one must needs with- Truax does not need to go, hat in hand, | Democratic leaders who publicly pilot 'draw so completely from the world to the President, nor to the President’s | (¢ President’s measures through the Even Robinson Crusoe had his man appointees, to ask for some of that | Senate—this condition cannot forever | Friday, and the modern observer in four billions, he enjoys a unique free- | D¢ kept under cover. Sooner or later | the most remote outpost generally has dom to criticize the President or the | it Must explode. A faint outbreak of jan assistart, or even a staff. Often President’s cabinet, or to vote against | it occurred about a week ago. | a wife accompanies her husband, and McKnight's Charges. sometimes children are included—but EAGLES OF WAR POISED FOR ATTACK IN EUROPE what the President wants. “Under Pressure of Billions.” Every other Representative, prac- tically, and every Senator, even Re- publican ones, are under the pressure of that four billlons. What happens is that the people of a district or a State want some of that four billions for their own unemployed: they want to build a bridge or a dam or what not. They ask their Representative or Senator at Washington to get the necessary money—they speak of it as “our share.” The Congressman fears that unless he gets the money he will be regarded by his district as not a good man on the job. He can only get the money by asking the Presi- dent for it, or the President’s ap- pointee. And asking for the money carries an implied obligation resting upon the asker to vote in Congress for measures the President wants him to vote for. Because I am obliged to state it briefly, I state it perhaps too strongly, but the basic fact remains—that four billions gives the President enormous power over Congress. (And, presum- | ably, next year it will give him great power over the electorate.) It is not for nothing that the “power of the purse” has long been a familiar polit- ical phrase wherever there are Con- gresses and Presidents, or Parliaments | and Kings. As an old Southern polit- | ical proverb used to put it, “Whose | bread I eat, his song I sing.” | If the President did not have that | The incident deserved more attention | than it got: A rather high official of | N.R.A. head of its litigation depart- ment, A. G. McKnight, broke out in lhe‘ Associated Press with a charge that the Democratic leaders of the Senate are privately opposed to the Presi- l dent’s wishes about continuing N. R. A. | Among other things Mr. McKnight charged, “Pat Harrison and Joe Robin- son internally are not for the N.R.A." Now Senator Robinson is Democratic | leader of the Senate and Senator Har- | rison is chairman of the Finance Com- mittee, which has charge of N.R.A. legislation. By “internally” I assume Mr. McKnight meant ‘“conscien- tiously” or “privately” as distinguis:ed from publicly. It is not necessarily in all cases blameworthy that a party leader should follow publicly a course not in- | dorsed by his private conscience. It is | the business of leaders of all parties to practice a certain amount of com- promise. But the present situation, in the Senate and in the country, is not | an ordinary one of getting agreement upon legislation. Before the country is laid the choice between two funda- mentally opposed theories of society. One is the individualism long familiar in America. The other is the collec- tivism which in recent years has arisen in Europe. Between these two there can be no such thing as compromise; the two are mutually exclusive—either one must prevail or the other. In & controversy of this magnitude it is not four billions to dole out, he would have little power over this Congress. It might be put more strongly. Ac-i tually, it is put more strongly by Mr. Frank Kent. As Mr. Kent puts it: “In plain words, but for the money the administration program would col- lapse. Not only would the pending vrogram not go through, but the policies in force for the past year | would be repudiated. The Roosevelt control of Congress today depends néither upon his personal prestige nor the soundness of his proposals. The first, his friends concede, has dimin- ished, and there is profound distrust of the second. His ability to enact legislation has come wholly to rest upon the appetite and necessities of the States for the Federal funds. There is literally nothing else to the situation. But for the money, Mr. | Roosevelt, despite his huge party ma- Jority in House and Senate, would have control of neither. Even with thé money he is having an extraordi- | narily hard time getting his way.” (Incidentally, the man who wrote | those words, Mr. Frank Kent, is a Democrat, has never voted any ticket other than the Democratic, and has spent his whole professional life writ- | ing for a Democratic paper, the Balti- more Sun.) Congress Seen Objecting. But for the duress inherent in the President having four billions to allocate, many Democrats in Congress would not follow him. We can use & stronger word than “many.” If the 391 Democrats in House and Senate ecombined were to take a secret vote, with the question so phrased as to permit expression of their private judgments about the President's course, a large mafjority of them would vote against the direction in which the President is taking Con- gress and the country. They think his course as a whole is determined | by the radicals and so-called “intel- | lectuals” in the administration, and these the orthodox Democrats have come to distrust. Even though there can be no secret vote, and even though it takes cour- age for a Democrat to take a position separating him from the President, nevertheless an increasing number do. Of such open insurgency as there is. there iz less in the House than in the Senate. For this there is a plain rea- 4 wholesome that some of the ablest leaders in the Democratic party should be on the side with which they do not agree, The fundamental fact is that the | Democratic party is divided into two | groups whose respective ideals are more antagonistic to each other than | Democrats ever were to Republicans. One group consists of orthodox Demo- crats following the party’s familiar traditions and principles. The other group can only be described in the terminology of European politics—they aré “Socialist Democrats.” It is worth remembering that in California last August the Socialist Democrats, fol- lowing Socialist Upton Sinclair, were a majority in the Democratic primary, nominated Mr. Sinclair as the so- called Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor and got possession of the party machinery. What happened in Cali- fornia last August can happen in other States next year—unless the orthodox Democrats are willing to | stride out into the open, announce their convictions and fight for them. Chinese General Ems English Shop Signs NANCHANG, Kiangsi, China (®).— The strange “English” shop signs which served no useful purpose ex- cept to amuse those persons who could read them have been banned by order of Gen. Chiang Kai-Chek. The general's New Life code aims at moral regeneration of the Chinese people and the display of English signs by Chinese merchants is called unpatriotic and objectionable. Foreign visitors will miss the signs, not because of their utility but for the amusement they provided. In most cases they were good examples of scrambled English. A typical shop sign was that of Wu Teh Shin, “manufacturer of the fa- mous Yee Ssing earthernware works —inspection cordially invited.” A hotel sign declared that “the pas- sengers would be saved much on-foot trouble by their newly elevators.” In line with the campaign against the signs, the sponsors of the New Life movement are doing everything pessible to encourage the shopk: to stock only Chinese-made goods. | steady stream of records pouring into whatever the group, it is a life apart that they live in this absorbing pur- suit of new knowledge. Consider, for example, an establish- | ment recently set up in Egypt by the Smithsonian Institution. It is on the | peak of Mount St, Katherine. in the | Sinai Peninsula—a rocky land whose valleys are as arid as its mountains. a place where rain seldom falls. where | the noon sun is rarely tempered by | cloud—a windless. dustless, lifeless mountain in a desert. These quali- ties, which no real estate promoter would consider mentioning. are pre- cisely the qualities needed for a solar observatory. Sun’s Energy Measured. The Smithsonian is interested in the daily measurement of the energy poured out by the sun, and for more than 20 years has been accumulating such data. Its North American ob- servatory is on Table Mountain, in| | the Mohave Desert of California. Its | South American observatory i on Mount Montezuma, in Chile—an iso- | lated station, but easily reached by a few miles' travel from- the village of Calama. But sometimes the skies are cloudy both in Chile and in Cali- | fornia on the same day, which means @ gap in the sequence of observations. It was felt that as a check the sun should be recorded from a third station, preferably a site in the Old World, and after a canvass of various mountains and a trial in the Hotten- tot land of Southwestern Africa, this | high and dry place in Egypt was | found. The site was occupied in De- cember, 1933, and since then the ‘Washington has confirmed the wis- dom of its choice. Five persons are living in that rock dwelling on the mountain—the di- rector, H. H. Zodtner and his wife and two small children, and an as- | sistant, F. A. Greeley. Their only neighbors are the Greek monks of St. Katherine’s Monastery, 10 miles distant. All food has to be brought from Cairo, by boat down the Gulf of Suez to the small Red Sea port of Tor, thence by camel a two or three days' journey to the peak. Visitors are rare. Occasionally the monks drop in for a neighborly call, once in | a while a Bedouin climbs the steep | trail to sate his curiosity, and always there is the radio—occasionally an international broadcast brings in an American voice. Magnetism Another Study. The Mount St. Katherine Observa- tory is dedicated to the sun and its fluctuations. Down on the western plains of Australia, not far from the eternal drumbeat of the Indian Ocean, is another American outpost of re- search—but this one is dedicated to the magnetic needle and its gyrations. Why does the compass point true north in some places and differently in others? Why does this varistion change from time to time—a per- petual shifting like a series of zig- zags on the face of the globe? Why does the intensity of the earth’s mag- netism pulse i arly, being weaker at times, sudden] trong at others, always flighty and uncertain? It was the pursuit of such questions that caused the Carnegie Institution of Washington to plant this remote station on the Australian plains. It is 12 miles from the post office of ‘Waterloo. 12,000 miles from Wash- ington headquarters and 3,000 miles from the South Magnetic Pole. Two American observers, with five Aus- tralian assistants, live there far from thé turmoil of crowds and clamors and economic stresses and strains. ‘What & place to write & book or com- pose a symphony or gather together one’s life! Many nations are alert to the prob- lem of terrestial m‘nfl.\mfim its | | | Race to Match Wings of Reich Army Engrosses Mili Great Powers. | tary Brains of BY ALBIN E. JOHNSON. PARIS.—It is not so much Naz Germany’s military armaments that are causing concern in France—and Great Britain—these days. Rather it is the camouflaged preparation of | German youth for the next war, par- ticularly “training in aviation. One development against which the powers have not protested, but which is be- ing taken seriously, is Gen. Hermann Goring’s drive to make Germany air- minded. ‘Where ex-Kaiser Wilhelm declared the Fatherland’s future lay on the seas, Goring and his colleagues in- sist that it lies in primary schools through to the uni- versities aviation is being made a major study. As a sport it ranks second to none. There are around 30 “sporting aerodromes” in Germany on which thousands of youths are perfecting themselves for “brevets” in gliding—or flying motorless planes. Gliding, as primary training for aviation, has reached a high state | of perfection in Germany. There are three classes, or grades, which stu- dents must pass—A. B and C. More than 8000 German boys hold the “brevet” for class C—the most diffi- cult. In France only 10 persons are similarly qualified. Seven thousand children recently competed in an air- plane model competition in Germany. It is from these hundreds of thousands of air-minded boys that the Nazis expect to recruit their air armadas of the future, Production Capacity Unknown. While Germany is positively known to have about 260 airfields—124 of which are civil airports and 110 mili- tary fields—her potential capacity to produce airplanes is problematical. Nazi factories are turning out 15 fighting planes per da i Gen. Maurin, French M. Tukhachevsky, Soviet war com- missar, claims that the Nazis already have 3,700 military planes, a flying personnel of 8.000 officers and 52,000 pilots. Another 60,000 aviators are undergoing stiff training in commer- cial, sports and military flying schools, the Russian minister of war charges. British intelligence service agents placed Germany's air force equipment last November at 1700 training and fighting military craft. It is also known that the Nazis have built nu- merous “underground” airplane hangars, the location of which are known only to military authorities and air force personnel. Only general staffs know exactly what Europe’s answer to Germany's air challenge will be, but scattered reports, emanating from the meuths of high officials, confirm that an dir- armaments race, which dwarfs into insignificance pre-1914 armaments competition, is on. France Ahead of Schedule. France, according to Gen. Denain, minister of air, will complete her 1936 air program in 1935. By the end of this year she will have between 4,000 and 5,000 fighting and “retaliatory” | planes. It is needless to say that the latter are commonly known.as bomb- ers. Italy’s answer, made public through Gen. Guiseppe Valle, underminister for aviation, says that the Fascists will complete their “six-year program” in three years, or by 1937. Rome is spending 1,200,000,000 lire immedi- the air. From | | ately upon replacements. The Italian | “mystery bomber." it is claimed, will carry 3,520 pounds of high explosive | at 275-miles-per-hour speed at an alti- | | tude of 30.000 feet. The cruising radius | | will be 1250 miles—far more than enough to reach Berlin. Great Britain thus far is modest. An additional $140.000.000 for air de- fense is authorized. Stanley Baldwin has marked down the Rhine as Eng- land’s first air line. Eleven new squad- rons will shortly be ready and univer- sities, such as Cambridge, Oxford and London, are organizing “student air | forces” with government sanction. | Soviet Russia—like Nazi Germany— has an unknown air potential, largely because of Bolshevik secretiveness. It | is known, however, that the Red air | force, considerable four years ago, has | increased in strength 330 per cent | since. Machines fly twice as fast and | their effective operating radius has | been trebled. The Japanese believe | Russia has the most powerful air force in Europe today. France Has Air Allies. Poland and Czechoslovakia. Ger- many’s two other eastern neighbors, can, if necessary, match France's air | forces. Poland, which flirted once too often with the Nazis. returned to her first love, France, at the Geneva Coun- cil. Col. Beck voted for the League resolution branding Germany as a treaty breaker. To do so required con- siderable “convincing” on Col. Beck's part. The foreign affairs mouthpiece of General Dictator Pilsudski never has been overly affectionate toward the French. As military attache at Paris he was cold-shouldered because he had been an ex-enemy officer. He served in the Austrian Army during the war. fellows in international diplomacy as well as national politics. And while the Poles found their interlude ‘with Germans started filtering into Memel (Lithuania) and Danzig with their Brownshirt Legions, their almost for- | gotten alliance with France proved to be more attractive. Crechoslovakia is the backbone of the Little Entente and the Balkan pact, although she is not a signatory of the latter alliance. She will shortly sign a bilateral non- aggression and mutual assistance pact with Soviet Russia, which will, letter for letter, be identical with the Franco- Soviet pact which will sooner or later emerge from the muddled European waters. The Czechs have an air force which the Nazis can well fear and if raining deéath starts falling on the fathérland much of it will be brewed in the works of Skoda. Franco-German Race Hot. ‘The real race in air armaments to- day is between Prance and Germany. While the French general staff is giv- ing a free hand to foreign ministers | and defensive alliances, they hold to the Theodore Rooseveltian theory that “preparedness for war is the best guarantee of peace.” Foreign Minister viet alliance brings but & smile from the G. H. Q. They have not forgot- ten the impotence of the Czarist steam roller which got all mixed up in the Mazurian Lakes. Nor are French military experts convinced that Rus- sians who cannot operate cal 1 {arm machinery or bring order out ef But necessity makes strange bed- | the Nazi hausfrau pleasant—until the | and diplomats to conclude offensive Laval's Pranco-So- | —New York Times Photo. S OF THE SIMPSON.FIELD MUSEUM EXPEDITION INTO THE CENTRAL ASIAN PLATEAU FORDING A SWIFT THE PARTY, HEADED BY COL. THEODORE AND KERMIT ROOSEVELT, BAGGED SEVERAL OF THE RARE OVIS —Wide World Photo. servations which was set up by the | Soviet State in 1932. When the annual mail leaves Greenland each Summer for the Dan- ish homeland, it carries a year's a cumulation of records from two fron- tier posts of research—the magnetic observatory at Godhvn on the west coast and the station for earthquake observation at Scoresby Sund on the east coast. During the international program of geophysical research conducted in 1932-1933 as “the polar year,” a sta- tion for study of the earth’s magne- tism, atmospheric electricity, polt lights and weather conditions was es- tablished on Chesterfield Inlet, on the west coast of Hudson Bay. It was an important and strategic point. the nearest observatory to the North Magnetic Pole, and the only one in that vast stretch of mid-Canada where so much of North America’s weather is bred. A recent announce- ment tells that this station will be continued as a permanent post by the Canadian government, With the recent demonstration of & new Polar-front system of weather forecasting, mountain stations are assuming importance in the strategy of the meteorologists. In 1932 Joseph B. Dodge of the Appalachian Moun- tain Club established an observatory on Mount Washington, New Hamp- | shire. and it has since continued as a permanent all-the-year-round station. There is no isolation in Summer, when the mountain is a rendezvous for vacationists. but in Winter the weather watchers have the peak and its drifts and tempests to themselves. It was here in April, §934, that the fastest wind ever recorded was meas- ured—a blow that at one time at- tained a speed of 231 miles per hour. An airplane could hardly survive this fury. Only on a mountain can such winds be measured and analyzed. But that study may open the way to correct understanding and farsighted forecasting of conditions in the valley and on the farms and villages and cities hundreds of miles away. their chaotic railway system, are like- 1y, en masse, to provide material for a formidable air force. Aviation requires a higher degree of mechanical efficiency than any other industrial endeavor. So even though Bolshevik diplomats brag that the Soviet air force has been increased in recent years from 2500 to 4,000 machines, France takes nothing for granted—except her own military es- tablishment. cient to lull the French into a feeling of security—even though an all-in po- litical alliance may be negotiated. C: poretto and the Izonzo, like the Ma- zurian Lakes, have not been forgot- ten by non-Fascists. Nor has the fact that Italy, bound by a solemn alliance to the Austrians and Germans, went over to the allied side for a “consid- eration.” Equal Force Seen. No less authority than Gen. De- | nain, French air minister, is respon- sible for the statement—and promise —that by January, 1936, France “will have an air force equal to anything that Germany can produce.” The air atm of France's national defense now is fixed at 1,690 officers and 37.528 non-commissioned officers and men. (Most non-coms are pilots.) It used to be the “war dogs” that were straining at the leash in Europe. Now its the birds of war that are ready to chase the dove of peace. The tragic feature of the present war psychosis is that air warfare is purely offensive. capital or big cities from aerial raids. if it breaks, will be one of “retalia- well as industrial centers as targets. The French general staff frankly ad- mits that it could not block enemy what Gen. Denain cryp “retaliatory machines.” Light and Lucre. | Prom the South Bend Tribune. Anyway, many Americans are “sav- | ing” some daylight while the Federal | Government is going in for more spending. The Cost of Legislation. Prom the Wichita (Kans) Eagle. Italy's air force, although spectacu- | lar, likewise is not considered suffi- | No nation can protect its The Germans proved that during the war with their unwieldy Zeppelins and lumbering Junkers. Tomorrow’s war, tion,” with Paris, London, Berlin, as air raids It likewise is descriptive as to what it could and would do with tically calls Legislatures this year have enacted 9,223 new laws at a cost of $1,000 per law. And wear and tear on the laws will probably be even more expensive. | yengeance! wx? it should be placed metropolitan newspapers which re- ported this one, there was evidence of another. A dispatch from Tokio stated that the Japanese foreign office had | rejected the protests of the United | States for the establishment of an oil | monopoly in Manchukuo on the ground | that such protests disregarded the independence of Manchukuo. Manchukuo is an independent coun- t said the Japanese statesmen, which cannot be bound by the “open door” agreements signed by China. Besides, the United States should not address itself to Japan to-seek repara- | tion for any damage which Man- | chukuo's administrative acts might | have caused its subjects. Japan is ready, they added, to mediate between the interested parties, but “declines to interfere in the domestic affairs of Manchukuo and advises complainers to_open direct negotiations.” The irony of the reply-will be evi- | dent to those students of history who remember the episode at Panama. This, too, is a changed picture from | the days, some 30 vears ago, when | Colombia was bitterly protesting for (Continued From First Page.) wood lumbering, hitherto monopolized by Scandinavians, and is talking of a | canal project (across the 19-mile wide | Isthmus of Kra) which would make Burma and India nearly 1.000 miles | nearer to Japan and avoid the 8in- gapore naval base by 500 miles. A Tokio-Bangkok airline is being planned. Japanese experts have been asked to survey the entire field of Siamese resources and work out a | Siamese “five-year plan"—which will not omit Japan. Meanwhile Japa- nese are training Siam's army in | place of dimissed Germans. Siam has been known since the Great War as the most air-minded of peoples, and the air is Japan's weak- | est point. Malays Also Afford & Market. South of Siam in the Malay prov- inces, forcibly separated from Siam by Britain a generation ago, Japanese | now own iron mines and rubber land. | The Malay potentates now go to | Japan for entertainment and the | British have difficulty placing their | selectees on the puppet thrones. Japanese have placed the Australian | government in a quandary by asking for entry without duty of Japanese- | made machinery to work their iron mine—on an Australian island. Aus- tralia wishes to retain Japanese pur- chases of her wool (amounting to about half the clip) upon which re- | cent Australian prosperity has been based. Japan’s export of woolen goods increased 138 per cent last year and more factories are under construction in Japan, which hopes to do in wool what she has done in cotton and rayon. Japan has opened a legation in Kabul, Afghanistan, and has made preliminary arrangements with Abys- sinia for doing there what she is doing in Siam. She has arranged a barter of cotton goods for tobacco in Turkey. She is negotiating & similar deal with Bulgaria. She has made initial shipments of 900 of her Datson motor cars into Holland and Germany. The Japa- nese claim that the 1935 model has the spaciousness of the old Ford or Chevrolet, the wheel size of the Aus- | 30 miles to the gallon. The Yoko- hama plant has been enlarged to turn out 40,000 cars a year, and several branch plants are under construction. It retails abroad for $200. She plans a new shipping line and a commercicl attach for Yugoslavis and has in- augurated the best shipping line touching at Persian ports. She is send- ing cherry trees to adorn four Span- ish cities—and you may be sure something is cooking up under the cherry blossoms! Greatest Strides in Americas. But it is back in the Americas that we find Japanese enterprise pushing ahead most remarkably. In March the Federal Trade Council of Brazil approved the building of a $100,- 000,000 merchant marine for that country by Japanese industry, with iron smelting plants in shipyards to be built by the Japanese in Brazil. | The Japanese backers are described | as “strong financially,” and will ac- cept liquidation in 16 years at 5 per cent interest—in Brazilian goods! Meanwhile they are to liquidate Bra- zil's debts to the British and de- velop Brazil's coal, oil and mineral resources for export. This is economic penetration, as distinguished from pure trade, with s the separation of Panama and its con- | Trade Threat of Japan tin and makes high speeds on 28 to| The real moral of these recollec- | tions should be. precisely, to show how far the United States has trav- |eled on the road of international | ethics since the days of “manifest destiny” and “Yankee imperialism.” The mere fact that the men in- trusted with the foreign relations of this country should be denouncing today practices which their predeces- sors in office were not reluctant to use is the best evidence that the past errors and abuses have been acknowl- | edged and repudiated. The United States of Franklin D. Roosevelt's “good neighbor policy” is certainly quite different from the United States of Theodore Roosevelt's “big stick.” Nevertheless, that did not prevent the Tokio spokesmen from going back a few pages in the annals of history to find precedents in attempting to | justify their present acts. The United States seems to have discarded, at least for the time being, its old im- perialistic complex, but there are other nations, today, which are only beginning to enter that apparently unavoidable phase in the career of every world power. (Copyright. 1935.) Japan’s reconstruction of the water ystem of Mexico City, invelving redit, won by bid from American | competitors. It makes understanda- | ble the Japanese demand for an in- | terest in the new Nicaraguan canal! | Some American newspaper men could not bring themselves to take this seri- | ously, but Japanese pressure caused | Gen. Jose Moncado to point to the | treaty giving the United States a mo- nopoly on the route, and make the statement: “We exist under the American sun and not under the sun | of Asia.” Last year the new financing of in- | dustrial enterprises by the Bank of | Japan amounted to $1.300,000,000— and there is no federal reconstruction ‘finnnce corporation in Japan looking for means to put out money! A sub- stantial portion of this went into over- seas investments. Japan's earnings | abroad are already sufficient, accord- ing to the 8epartment of finance yearly statement for 1934, to make up the deficit in her trade balance. This is the pattern followed in the growth of Britain's world economic empire, ‘Takahashi Smiles at Progress. All this new expansion takes place under the eagle eye of 89-year-old Jiro Takahashi, Japanese minister of fi- | nance. And he smiles as he sees it. For 50 years ago, after he had got back to Japan from an experience as s | 1aborer in California truck gardens, he | conducted the first attempt of Japan to enter the list of exploiting nations. | It was a mining venture—significantly. in South America—which turned out a complete flasco because a German ’ngent had sold to the Japanese moun- tains in which there was no gold. Takahashi sold his home in Tokio to get his Japanese miners home; now he is the “god of wealth.” This same Takahashi founded Japan’s patent office, and a few months ago spoke two hours on the radio, celebrating its fiftieth year. He described the many original inventions filed since Japan's “age of invention” began about 10 years ago. but coun- seled that attempts at new ideas “be postponed until Japan is mistress of | the world’s trade,” and asked Japanese inventors to concentrate for the pres- | ent on cheapening all present mass- production processes, How do they do it? It is a delicate growth: Trade profits turning into investments; markets into economic empire. It might be easily upset. But the world saw England develop by the same process from Europe's most poverty-stricken country into the world’s richest. Her people were miserable and oppressed and worked under conditions worse than slavery while her industry and banks were building, but they remained loyal; and the parallel exists in Japan. Wealth is accumulating in Japan. Last year about 30 of her industrialists earned more than 1,000,000 yen and 8 or 10 more than 5,000,000 each. The trans- fer of wealth from India at the crucial moment when capital was greatly needed helped England. Japan wishes to make China her India. England did not get into any losing | wars. Regarding this, Japanese in- | dustrialists take careful note. -Their apprehension is expressed by one of the most prominent. Baron Seinosuke. Go: “There are two ways. * * * One |is to conquer foreign markets The | other is to turn producers into cen- sumers. * * * The best way of de- feating increasingly acute competi- tion is to make one’s self safe by ac- quiring markets and territory of ene's own, It is in this that the danger of war lies!”