Evening Star Newspaper, March 1, 1932, Page 8

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Editien. WASHINGTON, D. C. TUESDAY........March 1, 1832 —_— THEODORE W. NOYES. .. .Editor| The Evening Star Newspaper Company st Sahd Penrazivania Ave Rt e SR TRt il g}m:n Qéc!‘nlf, ut M., London, Rate by Carrier Within the City. o Evening Star . . . .. 45 per morth % Evening and Sinday Star en 4 Sundays) &0c per month The Evening and Sundsy Star (when 5 Sundays) s 65¢ per month TRARLIARY LSIAT o¢ the end of Skch mont Colfection made at Orders may be sent in by mail of telepnone Nationsl 5000, Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. iy and Sunday.....1yr. $10.00: 1 mo. niy . I +$6.00: 1 mol, day “onty . 1yr. 34.00; 1mo.. 850 30c 40c All Other States and Canada. ¥ 1yr.$1200: 1 mo., $1.00 inday only B $5.00: 1 mo. 50c Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively ertitled to the use for republication of all news dis- tches credited to it or not ctherwise cred- in this paper and also the local news published herein. All rizhts of publication ol Special dispatcnes hercin are also reserved yri ‘War Clouds Lift at Shanghsi. A seeming contradiction in the dis- patches today relative to the prospect of peace in the East is not to be re- garded as signiiing a failure of the move to effect a truce in the fighting followed by an adjustment leading to a definite scttlement of the differences between Japan and China. From Tokio comes word that Japan has accepted the proposals of Paul Boncour atl Geneva for a peace conference. From Shanghai comes word that the Japanese have launched a fresh forward move- ment in great strength, with the Chi- nese falling back before the onset. These statements are not necessarily in conflict. The Tokio dispatch adds that the Geneva plan for a conference can be accepted only in case the Chi- mese forces are cleared out of the area originally demanded, including a space of some twenty kilometers, or approxi- mately twelve and a half miles. To- day's fresh attack, with the Chinese forces retreating, may be part of the program, privately arranged between the two contending powers, to “save the face” of both China and Japan as a prelude to the conference, China ylelding to force, Japan accomplishing its initial objective, without prejudice to China and without advantage to Japan. Such arrangements are not unknown in Far Eastern situations. Whether the fresh attack by Japan is part of the program preliminary to a peace conference with the connivance of China or not, the fact remains that Tokio has, it would seem, definitely agreed to the Boncour plan—to call it by that term for identification. It is not clear whether the plan originated at Geneva, where conferences have been held, or at Shanghai, on board a British warship, where representatives of the two powers met with neutrals for & discussion. Two vitally important *“points” are included in the peace plan. . One is that Japan declares that it hs| no political or territorial designs and no intention of establishing a Japanese settlement at Shanghai or otherwise * advancing the exclusive interests of the Japanese. The second is that China enters the conference on the basis that _ the safety and integrity of the Inter-| o;rterg his appointment of Sheehy will | national Settlement and the French Concession must be preserved under arrangements that will secure those areas and their residents from danger. Once the fighting forces are sepa- rated—whether or not they have first , engaged in a Teal or a sham battle to | ' meet the requirements of “face"—it should be possible to effect an arrange- ment that will guarantee against further aggressions by Japan or provocations by China. Difficult problems will be met by the adjudicators, but in view of the fact that nelther side can possibly afford ! to continue the conflict these may be | solved without risk of renewal of hostil- ities if the preliminary pledges have been given in good faith. | War has become an old story, and always an unwelcome one. Agpnounce- | ment of genuine and lasting peace would at present be regarded as real news. e Preventing Grand Jury Fiascos. “feform in criminal procedure in the | Pederal courts the President includes a recommendation of peculiar interest to | ‘the District: There have been many instances, some recently in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, where indict- ments, returned after long and expen- sive hearings, have been invalidated by the discovery of the presence on the grand jury of a single ineligible juror. By law applicable to the United States District Courts, including the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, it should be provided that if not less than twelve eligible grand jurors vote for an indictment it shall not be invalidated because of the presence of ineligible Jurors. All the foregoing proposals relating to criminal procedure should be made applicable to the Supreme Court of the District. In addition, the statutes in force in the District respecting the qualifications of grand and petit jury- men and their selection should be j=e-thoroughly examined and overhauled. Grounds of ineligibility now exist ' which do not affect the availability or impartiality of jurymen The system now in operation in the District for preparing lists of persons qualified for jury service requires im- provement. The abeurdity of a condition which allows the ineligibility of one member of = grand jury, made up of twenty-three men and women, to bring about what amounts to the invalidation of the pro- ceedings of that grand jury has been emphasized at great expense and loss " of time on a number of occasions in the District. And the absurdity is in- creased by the fact that the juror in question might be ineligible on technical grounds that would in no way affect his ability to exercise impartial judg- ment as to the weight of evidence on which the defendant is held. When the delayed discovery that a member of a grand jury is a Government pension- er. drawing possibly $25 a month for service in the Spanish-American War, i 3 § ] & ¢ ” P can so endanger the validity of that| jury's indictment that the whole proc- ess of reindictment by another grand jury must be adopted, no further argu- ment is needed in behalf of the remedy ; urged by the President. . is not believed that the dy Yes i) the provision of legislat! | ascertain the decision of Tammany as as long as twelve—s majority of one —members of the jury were eligible and voted for the indictment. For this would make concelvable a condition under which there were twelve eligible members of a grand jury and eleven in- eligible members, and it is not believed that the courts would accept such legis- Jation. The theory of the courts has obviously been that a grand jury or & petit jury must be composed of quali- fled jurors, and as long as one mem- ber of the jury is ineligible the sanctity of the jury is destroyed. It would seem that, here in the Dis- trict of Columbia especially, the pre- caution against grand jury flascos should lie, first, in the “overhauling” mentioned by the President “of the statutes respecting qualification of grand and petit jurymen” on the theory that “grounds of ineligibility now exist which do not affect the availability or impartiality of jury- men”; second, in revising the system for the selection of persons qualified for jury service. In connection with the overhauling of the statutes, the factors held to dis- qualify jurors in the District have been enlarged by the court decisions until the proportion of persons in the Dis- trict qualified to serve on juries has decreased beyond all reason. A large part of the population is immediately barred from jury service because of service in the Government departments, and to those so disqualified have been added the veterans who draw compen- sation from the Government, those who hold war insurance policies, those who have soldiers’ bonus certificates and even those who, it has been held, might own a drug store in which is operated a branch post office. Legisla- tion should remove some of these dis- qualifying bans, and at the same time there should be a revised system for more thoroughly = interviewing pro- spective jurors, to weed out the obvious- 1y unfit before their formal selection by the court. A commission of bench and bar in the District has beon vorking for some time on recommendations for a revision of the jury selection system in the Dis- trict. The President's recommenda- tions will doubtless hasten the submis- slon to Congress of such legislative remedies as are needed. Rt Roosevelt and Tammany. Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York has appointed John E. Sheehy, Tammany district leader, Sheriff of New York County in place of Thomas M. Farley, ancther Tammany man, whom he removed from office. Tammany, the Democratic organization predominating in New York County, has filled these offices for many years. The Governor of New York has taken the recom- mendations of Tammany's leader, John F. Curry, in making the appointment. Having administered a rebuke to a ‘Tammany official who would not or could not explain where he got a huge private income during his period of office, the Governor gives preference to & favorite of Mr. Curry. Mr. Sheehy, the new sheriff, it is reported, is a man of high standing and independent means, & lawyer and a real estate dealer, with the backing of a score or more of New York's most prominent citizens. The New York Governor will be ac- cused of playing politics; of fearing to break with Tammany and the “system.” That seems to be inevitable. In some be characterized as temporizing with the evils of Tammany Hall domination. It is obvious that if the Governor had wished to break with the Democratic organization in New York City he would have disregarded the recommendations of Leader Curry and picked s new sheriff from outside of Tammany. That | might have made the division betwcen | the Governor and Tammany !iall com- | plete. Tammany has apparently made the task of Gov. Roosevelt easier by bringing forward a candidate for sheriff who is highly regarded by the business and professional men of the city even though he be a Tammany aistrict leader. Governors have come and Governors have gone, but the Demncratic organ- ization of New York County, better known to the outside world as Tam- many, has kept on with seeming im- mortality. It has had black eyes in the past. Tammany officials have been jailed. tinued to exist and to function. It In his special message to Congress on begins to look as though the cure for | ‘Tammany must come from within if it is to come at all. ‘What effect, if any, the exchange of sheriffs in New York County will have on the presidential candidacy of Gov. Roosevelt still remains to be seen. Pre- dictions have been made in the past that if the Governor even touched the hair of & Tammany head the organiza- tion would take sixty of New York's| delegation to the Democratic National Convention right away from him and turn them over to some other candidate, possibly Al Smith. The Tammany Tiger, however, appears to be purring comfortably today under the treatment accorded by the Governor. Who knows but thet when convention Mme rolls round, despite all predictions (o the con- trary. the Governor will go into that bedy with practically a solid New York delegation ready to vote for him, not merely on a single ballot but on many ballots if necessary. ST New York Democrats have always had to pause on the eve of a campaign to to who will get the handle end of the tomahawk. e Taxicab Drivers. Gen. Glassford’s warning to taxicab drivers that they should be more care- ful in the operation of their vehicles is timely. While drivers of public vehicles are probably on the average more competent than the general run of private owners they not only drive too fast, but in their anxiety to pick up as many fares as possible take un- Teasonable chances to deliver their pas- sengers to their destinations. Particu- larly apparent is this reckless phase since the low rates went into effect and hundreds of new cabs appeared on the streets. Gen. Glassford cites seven faults | his letter to taxicab company officials: Obstructing traffic by parking abreast, :suddul! stopping to pick up a pas- senger, zigzagging in and out of lanes "of traffic, driving to the left of the center of the roadway, speeding at in- that tersections, starting before the proper But the organization has con- | G STAm, | would permit an indictment to stand! signa) and undue use of horns to prod | slow-moving traffic to & faster pace. ‘There are many others which the superintendent of police could well have put in his list, but if the drivers in the future will avold these seven favlts con- ditions should be materially improved. Roadbullishness seems to be one of the chief tendencies of the taxi driver in ‘Washington. Instead of slowing down at an intersection where there is cross traffic but no policeman he will in- variably push ahead in an attempt to intimidate private car owners. Ap- proaching an intersection with the sig- nals set against him he will frighten pedestrians who are walking with traf- fic by coming to a quick instead of a slow stop. These and other annoying practices are part of his daily routine. It is quite obvious that there are far too many taxicabs in Washington and that some method should be found”not only to regulate the drivers, but to re- duce the number of these public vehi- cles. By no logic can it be argued that the streets of the city should be turned over almost entirely to private interests to the inconvenience and annoyance of the private motor car owner. Congress, however, has not seen fit to clothe the Public Utilities Commission with the degree of authority that will bring about improvement. Until it is done there is small hope that order will come out of the present chaos. —e— N'gi Finds a Mission. save the life of the gorilla N'gi will not have been in vain. Such hope can be entertained regardless of whether N'gi passes on into tHat particular vale reserved for gorillas or whether he lives to a ripe old age in a cage at the Washington Zoo. The point, however, is not so much whether N'gi lives or dies, but the fight that has been made to save the life of this queer and appealing little caricature of man, fashioned by the ages as a relic of some mysterious long ago. For all the emotional sympathy and interest shown in prolonging the life of this baby gorilla, all the money spent to obtain the services of skilled technicians, expensive apparatus and trained doctors surely shows that when the human heart is touched its kind- ness knows no bounds. And if it is possible to do all the things that have been so kindly done for N'gi, the baby gorilla, there is so much hope for all the little human bables whose wasted bodies need the strength of wholesome food, if not of imported wine: whos2 health might be restored by sunshi and fresh air, if not by oxygen tank whose minds, if there only is given the chance and the training, may work wonders far beyond the ken of that strange little creature at the Zoo. Baby N'gi, with his old and tragic face somehow suggestive of a burden whose weight we do not know, cannot have lived in vain if for one fleeting moment he turns our thoughts, by what has been done for him, to what has not been done for the other babies whose world lles before, not behind, them. | - ————— ‘Tennyson's reference to commerce i the skies should now have its unhindered chance to come true, The allusion in Locksley Hall to the airship as a battle device has sufficiently demonstrated it- self as a prophecy fulfilled. o Oriental civilization compels calcula- tion for the masses in terms of the most rigid economies. A long-drawn-out series of battles would mean an expense to be resented by inherent habit of thought. ——————— Hope of permanent peace is encour- aged by the clear understanding that Uncle Sam is in no position to lend any money for war purpos v A boycott, among its general disad- vantages, would present an excuse for Everybody hopes that the fight to; hoarding instead of buying. — e SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Says Hezekiah. “Folks waste their time in callin’ names,” Said Hezekiah Bings. “It irritates and never tames The mood for reckless things. “The word that is in anger spoke Occasions much distress. It's worse than any foolish joke, An’ much more meaningless. | “Better than one whose temper flames Is he who smiles and sings. |1 don't believe in callin' names,” Said Hezekiah Bings. Unreliable Ammunition. “You have the reputation of being quick at repartee.” “I hope I can lose it,” answered Sen- ator Sorghum. ‘“Smart answers don't decide serfous arguments. A wise- cracker is no more good in a real fight than a firecracker.” | | Jud Tunkins says the world needs more good business men who can make a gentleman’s agreement take the place of merciless fighting. Unkind Theory. “How did that bright woman come to say the more she saw of men, the bet- ter che liked her dogs." “Maybe,” answered Miss Cayenne, after some serious thought, “she was a bit homely and caused men to feel a little the same way about her.” Valor and Prudence. ‘The bravest man is one who goes His way, however rough. The wisest man is he who knows When he has had enough! And as the songster sets the pace For peace, men are prepared To sing with him, “It's no disgrace To run when you are scared.” “A desire to rule,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown, “has led many & conquering hero to spoil the world tem- porarily for his own use or that of anybody else.” Progress Hindered. ‘This world of ours keeps rollin’ on An’ goin' worse an’ worse. Some reckless driver's been an’ gone An' throwed it in reve: e! “Everybody has purty much de same kind o' sorrows at one time or anoth- er” said Uncle Eben. “Old Man Trouble is his same old #gjf Wearin' & heap o' disguises.” ~ASHINGTON D. C., TUESDAY, MARCH 1, 1932 THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. ‘The people you can never make care for you, who merely tolerate you, what is to be done about them? They constitute a perpetual problem to the man or woman, or even child, who somehow feels that where no overt enmity exists a state of amity ought| to prevail. | Maybe it ought, but often it doesn't, | and the truth is that it never will Bare toleration is as much a part of | life as love or hatred. In the end the thoughtful person comes to realize as much. He stops seeking perfection. “Unanimous” is & word applied more often to Tesolutions adopted than to human beings. Even in meetings where so-called parliamentary procedure pre- vails, a resolution is not really “adopted unanimously.” Such a measure often is passed without dissent as the result of strong feeling on one side and indifference on the other. It is “unanimously adopted” because no one cared to vote against it, that is all, * ok ok % In the likes and dislikes of human beings, one toward another, one finds little unanimity. There is as much scope here, one thinks, as there are human beings. It is not necessary here to go into the failure of whole Christian com- munities to live in peace, one with another, That is & matter for the his- torlan. ~ What concerns us, rather, is the petty bickering in the everyday life, the Jack of understanding between people, the queer antipathy which so many human beings show to each other with- out any apparent cause. * x There is perhaps no human being, no matter how selfish, who has not at some time wondered why he did not like some other person, or why some one did not care for him. On the surface there seems to be | no particular cause for divergence. Perhaps both men have come from the same class of society, may have been trained in the same schools with iden- tical traditions and backgrounds. It makes no difference. ‘Whatever one thinks, the other takes the opposite view. Whatever one up- holds, the other votes against. If one is “for” something, the other is against it. They meet amicably enough, per- haps even slap each other on the back, but down beneath all the ballyhoo each feels that he has no genuine liking for | the other, and that the other has none for him. ok kX It is this latter phase of the matter which ruffles the mind of the man who | wants to get along with everybody, | who even wants to achieve more than that, who wants every one honestly to be his friend. Let him make up his mind to it, the thing is impossible. The greatest and finest men who ever lived failed to gain universal love and respect. There is no historical character in| whatever sphere. who ever made a 100 per cent success of himself in that manner. | ‘There should be no regret, therefore, | on that score. Let it be said again | that the thing is impossible. What is more, it may be said to be undesirable. * % * x This life demands accents, and there | would be none if it were too smooth, too harmonious, too lacking in con- trasts. Love would have no place to lay its | head if there were not strife, and hu- | The term | sion to the world. |of after all. The finest qualties of human beings shine because they are in such brilliant contrast with the evils which lie s prominently about. These inimical phases of human con- duct, no matter how unworthy of highest ideals, are a part of life, they always have been, and it is not quite evident just how they will ever be changed much. They are the reverses of the medals whose best sides humanity prefers. It is only because life has two sides that we are able to see the best side in its shining colors. This is something which it is easy to forget, or even easier to brand as bromidic on the barren plea that all statements made today must have novelty in them. * % % % Novelty itself only appeals because of staidness. ‘“Something new” has a vogue because of something old. It is not always possible to say which side of the medal of life is the best and the most interesting. after all. Environment has a great deal to do with it. Temperament shows one side glowing to one man, drab to another. What appeals as excitement to one seems only evil to another. ‘What is one man's meat is another man's poison., There is a bromidic statement, enough, but it has held its own for many, many years, and still manages to put a great deal of truth in €. It is the balance which makes life the interesting thing it is, humanity being formed as it is. Out of trial and error comes what we call our good. Only because of the trial, and—let us never forget—only because of the error, the good has ever arrived, and won the suffrages of thinking men. “thinking men" deserves a bit of clarification. There is a tendency on the part of some people to believe, and all too easily, that nothing can ever be really right; that what is moral one place will be immoral another, and vice versa. While there is one element of truth in this, there is another and decidedly larger element of error in it. The thinking man, who has balanced one against the other, will think sur- prisingly like the thinl man in an- other of the world who has balanced the same two facts, Their conclusions, on the whole, and utterly {irrespective of race or creed, will be the same. Often it will be ex- pedient for one of them, perhaps, to </rain from publishing his conclu- But if he can be caught in a mellow hour, when he feels and his mask is down, he will eal the truth as he sees it—and it will be the same truth which this dare- devil here spoke out boldly. * x x % All the philosophy in the world, how- ever, will not quite save the benevo- lent soul from feeling some hurt at the attitude of those persons who re- fuse to do more than tolerate him. ‘Well, there is a certain large satis- faction in forcing them to tolerate one! There is something there to be proud If_they will not love, let them tolerate. Perhaps it is too much to expect anything more from them. 1t 13 well to believe in one’s self and to feel that those persons who for some | reason or other refuse to find the good | in one miss a great deal. That is thinking well of one’s self, and it is worth while, if for no other reason than that it makes the man who would have all people respect him know that he has done as much as he can. There is a satisfaction in that. man bickering, enmity and spleen, in- justice and mockery. The rest must be left for a more per- fect world than this. Highlights on the Wide World Excerpts From Newspapers of Other Lands HE BULLETIN, Sydney—If the| abortive Indian Round-table Conference in London has done nothing else, it has, at least, made it clear that Gandhi, al- leged saint and mahatma, is a maun- dering and conceited posseur puffed up | with the delusion that he is leading the people of India to complete na- tional independence—more than likely, also, a deluded tool in the hands of a coterie which dreams of loot un- limited in the day when its impossible aspirations may, by some miracle, be translated into fact. One of Gandhi's most preposterous claims at the conference, in addition | to his obstinate insistence in the face of all argument on complete inde- pendence for India—of which he has authority to speak from a fractional section only—is for the instant and complete withdrawal of British troops and officials. He has admitted that action of the sort would drench India | in blood and bring the whole national edifice down in ruin, and the fact that he persists in this policy while con- fessing these terrible consequences is proof that the little wits he ever had are hopelessly addled. But, after all, it is the British gov. ernment, and especially the Labor- Liberal element, which is to blame for the conditions which have made the | ineflable old pundit possible. He and his following received a severe setback when Govs. Lloyd and Willingdon of | Bombay and Madras some years ago| forced the hand of the viceroy -.nd‘ insisted_on his arrest and imprison- ment. Had that policy of just firmness | been followed up, and the officials who have given their lives to the study and control of Indian affairs been freed from intereference by _bureaucratic theorists in London, the India problem, | so-called, would have solved itself. As it is, the reconditioning that must come grows a more formidable task every day. * ok oK x Danish Kroner Maintains Stability. Den Danske Landmandsbank. Copen- hagen—The weather in November was mild and mostly dry, and the different Kkinds of work with the beets and tur- nips could therefore be done under; favorable conditions, The Autumn-/ sown crops were thriving and gradually | reached a_sufficient development to stand the Winter. The industrial out- look, however, s not so encouraging Investigations have shown that, while | 1930 was a good year for industry in| many respects, the year of 1931 scarce- | ly equaled it. In 1930, but mnot so much in 1931, many firms increased their manufactures to an appreciable | extent, as the purchasing power of the | home market was comparatively good. | But, concurrently with the increase of production, the prices declined, and this caused losses which often counterbal- anced the advantage gained by in- creased demand and employment. That the purchasing power of the home market was sustained as well as it was can be traced in great part | to the almost unprecedented building activity which took place in the towns | and increased the demands of their populations for industrial produce. | sufficient to balance the diminished | purchases of the rural populations. | Rationalizat'on in industry made it| possible in some cases even to pay higher wages without causing the| prices of goods to rise, With a cor- responding reduction in consumption. | Apart from this improvement in the latter half of 1930, it appears, never- theless, that profits in industtry were considerably reduced toward the end | of the year as compared with the beginning, and it is evident that the | germ of the difficulties of industry in | 1931 was for a great part developing aiready in 1930. During Octcber, 1931, too lenient restrictions of free exchange trade proved detrimental to national interests. To remedy the appreciable scarcity of foreign exchange, the minister of com- merce was authorized to order the ex- rters to convert their foreign credit lances into Danish kroner: to check the sale of Danish securities for foreign | staple this year. account, and to prohibit the export of Danish currency. These measures were supplemented by import prohibition for certain spirits, and higher duties on various articles of luxury. Through these restrictions the worst scarcity of foreign exchange was moderated, even if it still causes some difficulty to satisfy the immediate de- mands of the trade. In the first half of November, sterling was quoted a few per cent lower than Danish kroner, but later in the month, the Danish kroner and the other Scandinavian kroner ex- changes were maintained practically on a par with sterling. In consequence, the rates quoted for the different ex- changes rose rather considerably. * % ox x Boys at Play Irk Barranquilla Residents. Diario Del Comercio, Barranquilla.— Various citizens who have their resi- dences in the Calle del Paraiso have come to our offices to complain about & | newly formed “league” of men and boys who have converted this street into an arena for the playing of base ball. The balls flying abou: in all diyections are objectionable and dangerous enough, but this is not the worst feature of the practice. It seems necessary, besides, for these youths to punctuate the sport with an exuberance of coarse allusion and invective not at all agreeadle to the ears of respectaole people passing by. The importunities and remon- strances of the dwellers in the neigh- borhood leading only to intensification of the objectionaktle clamor, it was de- cided to solicit the aid of our paper in terminating the nuisance. It is clearly a matter for the police authorities to remedy, and the cure can be readily effected by the immediate arrest of some of the most persistent and incon- siderate oftenders. High-Grade Cotton. | From the Houston Chronicle. ~With a large carryover of cotton In sight, the farmers of Texas are realiz- ing as never before that only the high- sgrade staple can be sold at a profit to the producer. Fortunately, the Federal co-operative marketing act provided for the activities of the Texas Certified Cotton Seed Breeders' Association, and that organization, working in conjunc- tion with the Government's agricuitural credit egencies, is now in a position to spread the sentiment for a smaller crop of better quality. It takes constant educational work among the State’s farmers to improve the staple. At one time Texas pro- duced cotton equal to that of any in the South, but extraordinary demands led many farmers to grow an inferior grade which would turn out a high per- centage of lint at the gin. This, to- gether with the unfortunate habit of most cotton buyers in purchasing on the “hog around” plan, brought about & serious decline in the quality of the State's crop. ‘We are now beginning to realize as never before that low-grade cotton is a drug on the market and that our only salvation is the production of & crop of higher grade at less expense. Fortunately for Texas agriculture, the Texas Certified Cotton Seed Breed- ers’ Association is well able to assume active leadership of the movement. Last year this organization distributed 350,000 bushels of certified seed to the farmers of the State with the result that the percentage of untenderable cotton in the crop of Texas was diminished from 25 to less than eight. This year the association has arranged for eredit from the Federal Govern- ment on a large scale so that the farm- ers of the State can secure certified seed without a single cash payment. This liberal credit plan should en- able Texans to raise only high-grade e Bitter Weather in Manila. From the Minneapolis Journal. Manila complains of the worst cold snap since 1914. Themercury got down to a-fraction under legrees and there was much suffering. FLORIDA BIRD LIFE. Arthy L 'Howell, senior Nolqm,’i;’nm s‘“:,: W?"flfu“ American n. 5 b = o TeE New York: Both 8s ent habitat and mi- gratory Mfle Florids appears to have been pre-empted early by an l mpressive bulk &nd variety of birds. The long, BAITOW thrust of that pen- insula southward shortens materially the seasonal sea flight of northern mi- grants. Its tropical climate and natu- ral resources offer food in abundance and provide nesting places, ample and secure. In a long course of time, there- fore, the region has taken on the nature of an immense bird settiement. Seort of a paradise for the naturalist bent upon this particular order of creation. * x x x [ang ago hte_‘mt began to rise and center upon aspect of “the Floridas.” Something like 400 years ago. Then, and after, explorer, adventurer, buccaneer, each sailing the waters roundabout, concerned with his own special brand of loot, did not fail to see the briliancy of the peninsula bird life. of }x h:hrude mention, casual mention, as in the name of God and king he delivered lands and treasure to on‘e or another European potentate. The rumor took root here and there, growing an interest with this and that adventurer concerned not wiolly in pure piracy. A student of nature now and then found his way across the Atlantic. Willlam Bartram among them. Audubon, Ameri- can, a later inspired genius. These made studies of the Florida birds and other features of the wild lfe of America. But, after all, it was at this time not a love of nature that animated the new- comers here. Pioneering, settlements, home, trade—a living in something like personal freedom. That, the goal. And it was all accomplished. Far beyond the wildest dreams. Then man began to destroy that which he had so bardly won. Animals were extermi- nated in the fur trade of the Northwest. Forests ppeared under the zeal of the lumberman, endangering without thought, even, the life itself of a com- pletely denuded soil. And so it went wherever the new European in America came in contact with natural resources. What the industrialist left the sports- man gathered in as his own. X x K4 The idea of conservation jected and fulfilled in appropriate meml!u by the United States Government is not only one of its most beneficent pro- grams, it Was an emergency measure as well. Man is a destroyer, both ignorant and ruthless. He had to be restrained by the high power of Fed- eral authority from a pretty complete destruction of the natural rescurces of the country. Conservation is today a fundamental principle. a generally recognized means of protection set up to save man against himself. So, throughout the country there are reservations, true sanctuaries, for the wild life of the country, animal life and plant life. * % x % Florida is a natural retreat of this sort. An ideal place for the bird man, for the ornithologist. To this region Mr. Arthur H. Howell, scientist, has devoted many years of trained research, many years of deep personal interest and knowledge, in the pursuit of the subject of ornithology as it expresses itself in that region. The part of the public in this long ornithological adventure by Dr. Howell is a volume of organized knowledge, comprehensive and authoritative. By virtue of its scope, of its clear authen- ticity, of its simplieity of arrangement, of its clarity of expression, this big volume stands, to me, in the way of 2 university privilege for the acquisition of facts upon the subject in hand. With the co-operation of his own Biological Bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture and with that also of the Florida Department of Game and Fresh Water Fish, Dr. Howell has measured opportunity with a brimming content of fulfillment. A statement of purpose, a pointing upon the ways of meeting that purpose —and the great bird epic of Florida is on its way. Just a bit of history for foothold and the actual actlvity of the big enterprise begins. And at each point the student, the reader, knows where he is, which, as you know, is one of the crucial tests of giving out knowl- edge, one of the infallible marks true teaching. At the beginning is a check list of the birds of Florida. An amazing list, pages long, named by families in Eng- lish and Latin, And under the English fantily names the student comes upon many a familiar friend among the bl;ds‘ ‘upon many not so well known be- sides. A little way along beyond this great list is another one—that of birds origi- | nally described as belonging to this re- gion. Useful both as information and specially useful to show the growth of | i ! for study and research. An interesting chapter is that de- scribing the rise and development of bird protection in Florida, through leg- | islation and through periods of in-| creased public zeal toward this highly important matter. No longer is it the sentimental spinster, who keeps a canary in a cage, that sets up a plea for the birds. The hard-fisted farmer with an eye to his crops shouts lustily also in behalf of the feathered tribe. Economist and pure nature lover, both. are bound to step into this book and sit down therein, satisfied and delighted. Audubon societies, national and local, are working together with scientist and conservationist down in Florida upon the big subject. Dr. Howell divides the State into its physiographic zones, studying birds from these various points of coast strip and salt mash, of lake region and Miami limestone tract, of Everglade and prairie and the Keys. Each delivers its own tribe, fitted by its own nature and needs, to the locality that it has taken over and upon which it thrives best. The dominant family of each locality comes in for definite and particular de- scription of its aptitude for that zome, |the fitness of that zone for the con- tinued and lusty existence of that fam- ily. There is no point to any naming of these birds. Your amazement at the number will serve no purpose. Get into | the book yourself, instead. There in a simple and most beguiling way you will be led along by the birds them- selves into knowledge, into intimacy even The great book is fllustrated in both fullness and beauty. Pictures are an essential here. And here they are. The lovely color plates paint- ings by Francis L. Jaques of the Amer- jcan Museum of Natural History. Life, vigor, beauty, complete naturalness of effect. Such the stamp of these pic- tures. There are, besi many addi- tional {llustrations poin! upon some important moment in the domestic i economy of one or another of these bird families. Maps and charts are here also to serve their office of locality for some particular bird settlement, for some special zone of distribution. A bibliog- raphy quite amazing in extent and, character rounds this great study to an overflowing measure of interest and in- ormation. s Why not stop for a minute, right here, to use this superb and masterly achievement in natural science as a reminder of the enormous opportuni- ties that exist right here in Washing- ton for getting acquainted with bodies | of knowledge thet are accessible cer- tainly nowhere else in the United States and that stand open wide for the admission of every person in the country who desires to walk in and make use of this rarest of educational institutions? The various bureaus of the United States Government consti- tute the greatest university on earth, greatest not only by virtue of the scope and authenticity of their nature, but by virtue as well of their open doors, swung free and wide, to any seeker of knowledge: hardly any matter at all “what the line of that desiré may be. No matter whatever as to the status | comments on the possil {nating John Garner, Speaker of the the subject under improved facilities | SUBE! ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. Q. What is the highest score that qualified in the national public golf championship which was played in 1931?—D, M. N. A. The American Golfer says that in the qualifving round of the public links championship last 29 players totaled 156 or better for the 36 holes and 8 players tied at 137. Since 32 players were allowed to take part in match play the 8 were required to play off for the 3 remaining places, so that the highest figure to get in was 157, and only 3 out of the 8 making that figure qualified. Q. Do they have smoking cars on London subways?>—L. T. N. A. Smoking cars have always been s feature of London subways and recently one was inaugurated “for ladles - Q. What propertion of the population gt "Kor}'u is composed of Koreans?— A. The entire population is approxi- mately 21,000000. There are about 337,000 Japanese, 46,000 Chinese and about 20,617,000 Koreans. Q. What animal has the most blood- curdling cry?>—R. F, C. A. The mountain lion or cougar has one of the most thrilling and blood curdling cries of all wild carnivores. The cry of the mountain lion has often been liki to that of & woman in dis- tress or, when fainter, of & lost or sick child. Q. What is the most abundant metal ylelded by the earth's erust>—T. A. A. Aluminum. Although not discov- ered as a separate metal until 1824, sci- ence has since determined that there is more aluminum than any other metal Q. What law: vern the holding of ;-n;nnl nominat conventions?—D. A. Although performing the function of selecting a man to rule the Nation for four years, there is not one single statute relating to national conventions. Public opinion alone polices them and | they are sovereign in themselves. A century ago, when national conventions had their inception, John Quincy Ad- ams wrote in his diary: “These meet- ings cannot be multiplied without re- sulting in deeper tragedies. manifest’ tendency is to civil war.” Nevertheless, the national conventions have reigned supreme and no man not chcsen by one ever has been elected President. Q. Why is traveling in Alaska b dogsled called mushing?—G. M. C. A. It is because mush is the Eskimo word used by the driver in starting the dog team. Q. What will become of the exceed- ingly valuable collection of stamps owned by King George at his death? Is it the property of the crown?—W. W. A. King loecr:e‘a collection 15 his own personal property, purchased from his own private funds or acquired by personal gift. He can bequeath it as he chooses, either whole or in part. !on:r ‘What is the quotation to the ef-| fect that men must be taught without their ing it?>—M. J. M. A. “Men must be taught as if you Their | propos'd as things forgot.” ~Alexan Pope's *Essay on Critictsm,” part III, | Q. How did it happen that when Emperor Yoshihito died shortly after midnight on Christmas morning, 1926, American evening newspapers carried | the story of his death on 'mber 24, Christmas eve?—F. L. T. A. This is explained by the difference in time between Japan and the United | States. When it is 12 o'clock noon | Eastern standard time in New York and | Washington it is 2:00 am. of the fol- lowing morning in Tokyo. Q. How lorg did it take Paul Revere Jl-o iflme from Concord to Lexington?— A. The distance which Paul Revere |rode from Concord to Lexington was | about six miles. He lef: about 11 o'clock |and at about 2 he arrived at the par- | sonage in Lexington, Q. What is the meaning of the Irish word eurragh?—T. PF. | A The word derives from the an- | clent Gaelic cutrrech. Cujrrech means race course and also low-lying or marshy ground. The double meaning is under- |standable in that flat land would naturally be selected for & race course. The Curragh of Kildare is one of the most famous race courses in the woild. Beside the River Liffey, near Dublin, it |is the scene of the Irish Derby and | many other famous races. Also, the great Dublin horse fair is held there |annually. In the tenth century the |King of Leinster granted the Curragh of Kildare, which embraces some 4,800 acres, to St. Bridget, who gave it to the people as a common. For 1,000 years it has been preserved as open land. Q._When were hairping first used? —J. D. A. Hairpins have been used by wom= en of all ages and even by men. The fashion is supposed to have arigicated in Asia. The primitive hairpin con= sisted of a single pin with an orna- mental head. There is in the British Museum & gold hairpin dating back to | the Homeric age, about the eighth cen- ury B. C. The hairpin probably as- sumed its present form when ths fashe ion of wearing curls close to the head came in, Q. Of what does the profession of | landscape gardening consist?—J. S. A. Landscape gardening and archi- tecture is a profession of recent growth and recognition. It is applied not only in the development of home gardens and private estates, but more and more in town and city planning, in the de- velopment of civic centers, parks, reser= vations, cemeteries, pla; ds, the arrangement of residential secti farm lands, factory lands. The proe fession combines elements of horticul- ture, forestry and civil engineering as well as architecture. A landscape ;grixm uses nature as his first text Q. What price did Washington get for his wheat?—R. D. | A. Three shillings 9 pence per bum.:k | or about 91 cents was the price agr | upon by Washington in his contract entered into in 1763 with John Carlyle | and Robert Adams. Q. Who built the Vatican?—L. N. M. A. The Vatican is not the work of one architect. It was built gnd added to during a period of many years. Pope Symmactus-was the first to build a residence on this site. Nicholas V (1447-55) T‘hflln a systematie policy of improving the Vatican and Was continued by the succeeding Popes. Q. Is Justice Cardozo, the new mem- ber of the United States Supreme | Court, a married man?>—F. G, | " A. Justice Cardozo is a ba 'Garner Is Called Candidate Who Might Harmonize Party Conviction that the Democratic party will make a strong fight this year in the national campalgn appears in the ty of nomi- House of Representatives, as presiden- tial candidate. Tributes are paid to his experience and common sense, and he of | is hailed as a representative of the | South. He is believed to have ca] ity os & h;rmonue;’l‘nd to mn& out as 8 ble compromise candidate. pn's"‘i"he Garner bo::." dccllr': ('he Abllene Reporter, “I passed the fa- vorite son stage. It has broken the bonds of localism and burst full bloom upon the Nation.” The Reporter gives assurance that “he can have the vote of the Lone Star State,” and belleves that “he can have the convention votes of other States, t0o, when his partisans ! see it to spring his candidacy in all its ‘The strength.” Providence Journal ests that “the election of a Texan torn-and-bred next November would be an event of historical as well as senti- mental significance.” “The Speaker,” in the opinion of the St. Louis Times, “has greatly impressed the countfy by his quiet effectiveness as a statesman. He has not developed into & mere party leader. Even his few allusions to partisanship are phrased happily in a humorous key. Current snnouncement by former Secretary McAdoo and complimentary comment by Newton D. Baker are other straws in the wind. I¢ may be that Will Rogers was not_joking when he placed the red- headed Speaker in nomination.” Some attention is paid to indorsement of Mr. Garner by Texas Senators and | by William G. McAdoo. ‘The Charlotte Observer states: “William G. McAdoo is a_dry and his indorsement of Garner for President is naturally taken to imply that Garner would be a dry candidate, Forthwith, the newspaper boys have been looking into the record. to produc- tion of information that while Garner voted against submitting the eighteenth | amendment, he voted for the Volstead law, the Jones law and other enforce- ment measures—and that's how Garner | stands.” * kX % “Garner has long ceased to be a re- | gional figure,” according to the Texar- kana Gazette, “During the 20 years he has been a member of the House he rose to a place of prestige and power, snd last year, when the Democrats found themselves in the majority in the House, the Texan was elevated to the speakership. While his whole life has been devoted to political activities, he has had opportunity to study na- tional needs to a sre-m degree—or least in as much degree—than most of the men who aspire to the presidency.” “He weakens the Murray candidacy in the South and Southwest,” thinks the Oklahoma City Times, World-Herald indorses the ent that “Garner ‘is not involved any party schisms that threaten success on election day.’ and that ‘all elements of the party should be his support.” ‘That paper also that “his record as minority leader in the House and signal success in the speakership entitle him to confidence and t" The lumbus Ohlo State Journal voices the comment: “If Garner can continue to remain more or less of a dark horse his chances probably will be greater than if his| g name goes to the convention with some open and organized strength behind it, for the Democrats seem bound fn most instances to kill off their most logical of that seeker. Here, it seems to me, is a splendid book to start out with in a course of education for eay one who wants it, at the hands of a benefi- cent and thoroughly equipped govern- ment. However, to get back for a minute. It is not possible to count the gains of this great book to you or to me. It is due to say just this, however, that so finely useful a study certainly should be found -nfi embraced for hcurs of study and by all who are interested in this engrossing theme. The Omaha | ;" men with the two-thirds rule and sub- stitute a compromise candidate.” “Texas considers Garner well worthy of any honor which the organization could bestow upon him,” in the opinion of the Houston Chronicle, “and presidential nomination might well be given him, not as the candidate of any particular State or section, but as the candidate of the masses of the peopie.” The Chronicle is convinced that “the delegates who meet at Chicago will not ignore Mr. McAdoo's advice when they select a standard bearer for 1932.” The Springfield (Mass.) Republican remarks that “the Democratic drys may now ;swing to that new star in the Demo- cratic skies,” although it sees * humor” in the fact that he ‘“voted | against the eighteenth amendment.” Considering the Speaker's demand for non-partisanship in congressional mat- ters, the Birmingham Age-Herald says that “simplicity, sincerity and knowl- edge are fused in this ultimatum, and the whole is colored by a Texan's courage,” and holds that “it Is a fine debut on the larger political stage.” ¥ “Democrats have been both pleased and surprised,” records the Roanoke | Times, “at the constructive record of the House under Speaker Garner's ca= ble and experienced leadership.” t paper holds that he “will have to be reckoned with at the Chicago con- vention.” The Roancke World-News comments: “As matters stand at pres- ent, the Texan is still in the class of favorite sons and a possible compro- mise candiate, but it must be admitted | that the changing complexion of poli= | ties may alter his chances greatly be- fore the convention in June.” “He might well make a serviceable President,” states the Charleston (S. C.) Evening Post. At a later date that paper declares: “What the Democratic party is chlefly looking for at this time is a candidate to win with. It may well be that Roosevelt is that man and | nrobably at this time more Democrats think he is than think the same of any other one candidate. They will probably continue to think so in June, but there is also the possibility that they may not. If the candidate is to be definitely de- cided on by primaries before the con- vention meets, there is little point to baving a nominating convention.” “That he could capture the solid | South,” according to the Boise Idaho | Statesman, “there can be no denying, |and perhaps a number of Western States also. Smith couldn't do this and there is some doubt whether Roosevelt could. On the other hand, Smith ‘would run much stronger in the big in- dustrial States than either one, espe- cially Garner. It is all very compli- cated—and interesting.” “It does not yet appear” as viewed by the Hartford Times, “that Garner the one candidate behind whom di- vided Democratic sentiment can un'te, but it is obvious that he is attaining increased importance in the pre-con- vention situation.” Leaders and Followers. | Prom the Nashville Banner. | ANl the great party leaders on both | sides right now are standing around waiting to see if they can discover | which way their followers want to be — e Bluffing at Geneva. | Prom the Lynchburg News. | After the Italian and Russian dic- | tators get through with their bluffing at Geneva nations that really desire to see something done in the way of re- duction of armaments may have a chance. ———— * Scents and Vitamins. | From the Boston Evening Transcrint | One of the sclentists likers vitamin | A to the perfume of violets, but to the non-scientific _the fume of corned ‘beef and cabbage fs much” more suz- gestive of itamins,