Evening Star Newspaper, July 26, 1931, Page 20

THE HOME GARDENER Practical and Seasonal THE DAY LILIES. [ S| me years ago Prof. B. Y. Morri- lfl:oof Lze Department of Agriculture prepared a circular, No. 42, on. the growing and usefulness of the day liles, Hemerocallis spp. These plants indeed deserve consideration because of their beaut hardiness and ease of culture. Most of us are familiar with the day lilies, ame, for clumps may be seen in 1any : farm yard all over the Northeast. Generally the color is lemon yellow or reddish orange, but of recent years many new hybrids have been forth- coming from the plant breeder. These mew varieties will undoubtedly greatly o3 the usefulness of the day lilies. Prof. iorcison, in his paper, states that by a selection of species and varieties the season of blooming can be the Summer o September. Once established, the day lilies are certain to thrive with a minimum of care, being practically free of pests and exceedingly adaptable to sofl variations. Those who may be interested in this species should secure a copy of the circular from the depart- ment. —_————— CEDAR RUST. I . Apple trees grown in this locality are often subject to a serfous foliage disease | known as cedar rust, or sometimes as orange rust, which appears as orang colored spots on the apple leaves, cau: ing them to turn yellow and in severe outbreaks practically defoliating the trees. account of this disease is presented in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1925. The fungus causing this disease was native to the United States and, strange to say, caused but little injury to cuitivated apples until the present century. Cedar rust is now » very serious trouble in regions where the common red cedar grows. The life cycle of the fungus requires two years for completion, 20 months of which are spent on the cedar and 4 on the apple or wild crabs. Without the presence of both hosts, the fungus cannot survive, as it cannot complete its life on either the cedar or the apple alone. Hence the practical treatment of eradicating the less valu- able host, the cedar. This method of control has brought plenty of trouble with it because home owners quite naturally have objected to the removal of fine ornamental trees. Yet it is a choice of two evils and the cedar, be- cause of its lack of commercial value, must_suffer Home gardeners who possess orna- mental crab apples, such as Bechtel's flowering crab, may have notioed the formation of rust colored spots on the Jeaves. This is likely cedar rust and may be traced to cedars within the vicinity. ~ Spraying the apple with bordeaux mixture does some good but cannot fully protect the trees from this pest. s —— THE CODLING MOTH. ————————— Of all the insects that torment the frult grower, none is more persistent and damaging than the codling moth, the arch enemy of apples and pears. ‘Without spraying or dusting measures, fully 90 per cent of the apples on a tree may be worn ridden by this pest. In Spring the codling worm enters the apple through the blossom end before the calyx closes. At this time of year worms seem to prefer to enter through the side of the fruit, espectally where two apples or pears come Into contact. After entering the apple, the codling worm feeds voraclously, especially about the core and soon ruins the fruit. Control is rather difficult because of the number of broods. Arsenate of lead, either alone or combined with lime' sulphur mixture or Bordeaux mix- ture is an effective control medium. The first aplication should be made just after the petals drop and before the calyx lobes close. This is by far the 'most important codling moth spray and in home gardens is often the only ef- fort made to control the pest. It is more difficult to time the other sprays and many of the States maintain a #pray service which notifies the gro ers when the later broods are hatch- ing. Later sprays bring the question of arsenical residue on the fruits and some success has been had with oil emulsions plus nicotine sulphate as a substitute for the later lead arsenate sprays. Considerable of the fruit that is brought to local markets from nearby farms shows lack of spraying for codling moth. l PLANT BREEDING. 1f one hapens to enjoy & Delicious apple, a Bartlett pear or any other | choice variety of fruit, he seldom thinks of the fact that these excellent fruits represent the crystallization of centuries of effort on the part of man to improve his fruit plants. The amount of work Tepresented is really tremendous, since for each successful effort there are tens of thousands of failures. This latter fact is brought out in the fruit breeding work of the agri- cultural _experiment stations where, despite the use of scientific knowledge, relatively have been brought forth. It is an interesting fact that many home gardeners are intensely interested in the testing of new fruits developed by the stations and by individual breeders. There is always a chance of discover- ing something extra good among the new varieties. Several local gardeners make a point of testing all the new grapes that they can secure. One home gardener tests out the new varieties sent out by the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion at Geneva and it is likely that others reach out even further for ma- terial. The home gardener thus be- comes a distinct aid to the experimental breeder by assisting in the selection of varieties. As optimists, we can look for- ward to constant improvements in our frults, and for that matter in our vege- tables and flowers. There is much room for improvement. Take the Dorothy Perkins rose as an example. This is a most admirable variety, beautiful shell pink in color, blooms late and is a fine grower, but, alas, is highly susceptible to mildew. A plant breeder could very well eliminate the mildew susceptibility and give us an improved Dorothy Per- kins. The modern plant breeder, work- ing with a foundation of knowledge be- hind him, is much more certain to progress than were the ploneer breeders, ‘working wholly on the results of chance. VEGETABLE GARDEN. One vegetable that has done parsicu- llrfi; well this year is Swiss chard, the quality of which depends on rapid suc- culent growth. Chard is a highly pro- @uctive plant, since it may be cut again Bnd again if only a few of the outer leaves are removed at a time. For suburban gardeners with poultry, chard offers an excellent sourcc of green food. ‘There are many vegetables that may still be sown in the garden, namely, early varieties of beans, beets, lettuce, kale, cabbage and celery (plants). As & matter of fact, one could develop a very fair garden from now until heavy frost. In times of need the vegetable gar- den always becomes more popular than the flower enterprise, and it is safe to assume that vagetables are receiving quarters this year. plants that can equal the white potsto Pplant in producing actual food. Even (] ’ even though unrecognized by | An interesting and authoritative | few outstanding _varieties | BY J. W. WELLINGTON. with arsenate of lead when the white heads approach maturity. Hints for the Amateur for Beautifying Surroundings of the Home. ‘The garden above might appear highly promising if it were not for the badly riddled appearance of the cabbage. and the intercropping shows careful planning. Dusting or spraying the cabbage The rows are exceptionally straight butterflies were fluttering about would have prevented much of the injury. Pyrethrum powder may be used as the at this late date early varietles of pota- |lo. such as Irish Cobbler and Triumph, might be sown with fair expectations. The turnip is another food plant of large production capacity, still capable of being planted this season. The grower that failed to stake his tomatoes this year certainly made a mistake. Plants lying on the ground are much more liable to lose fruit by rotting and the foliage is more subject to disease. Furthermore, the fruit is cleaner and more brightly col- ored on staked vines. Probably some of the fertilizer dis- | tributed in the vegetable garden a year | ago and not used by the plants because of the drought has aided this year's crops. ‘The most valuable constituent, the nitrogen, is least likely to have re- matned, because of its rapid leaching to lower depths. As far as moisture goes, the paper mulched garden has had no advantage this Summer—that is, up to this time— | but, on the other hand, paper mulch has had a good chance to show its worth as & weed suppressor. The horticulturist at the Missouri Bo- | tanical Gardens, 8t. Louis, recommends the following mixture to cover the glass of the greenhouse or cold frame in Mid- summer: Water, 3 gallons; cement, 6 pounds; whiting, 5 pounds, and pow- dered glue, one-half pound. When sprayed onto the giass, this mixture supplied a durable pure white coating | which, however, was fairly well removed { by rains and weather before full sun- light was needed again in late Autumn A less durable cover was furnished by one part of cement a | of whiting mixed with water. GLASS SHADIN GARDEN NOT | Rains have been so frequent of late {that it has been difficult to find an opportunity to cultivate the garden, | usually good. However, garden piants are also growing well, so there is no immediate cause of worry, although it would be well to pull the weeds at the first opportunity. Crape myrtle is coming into bloom, and it is evident that plants differ | quite & bit in their season of flowering. Most of the crape myrtles are appar- ently selected seedlings rather than cuttings, a fact which explains the di- versity of color and performance. One may observe also that the severely pruned plants are making the best show of color. As crops are removed from the vege- table garden their place may be filled with late vegetables, such as celery, beets, cabbage or, if the home gardener wishes to improve his soll for next year, crimson clover may be seeded. In fact, if one had sufficient space, it would be good practice to devote half the garden __(Continued Prom First Page.) | greater interest in Europe's affairs than any administration since the end of the World War. It has gone farther than any one expected in showing its willing- ness to help Europe solve her troubles; it may be that it has gone about it in the American way instead of the Euro- pean manner, and this may be the rea- son why it has only partially succeeded; that is to say, it began the good work but has not been able yet to finish it because it invariably met in the last stages of the various conferences it has initiated the same question: “What are you going to do to insure our security?” or “Can you get the other side to agree to such and such political concession?" In Europe when an individual makes a slanderous statement about another, ___(Continued From Third Page) |less than six millions, about that of Belgium or Hungary, countries of much smaller areas. Most of the inhabitants live on the coast and in the valleys. The population is composed of white people of Spanish descent, of “mestizos” (mixed white and Indian), of Indians who are comparatively civilized and of the uncivilized Indians, who live in the far interior, down in the Amazon Val- ley. There also are some Negroes and Orientals in the coast settlements. The whites and mestizos dominate the life of the nation, the Indians having as yet no participation in the activities of the country. An outstanding characteristic of Peruvian national life is the devotion and care with which the people have preserved their material and spiritual inheritances from Spain, whose regime ended more than a century ago. As in no other of the Latin republics which were once under Spanish rule, Peru has kept intact the character and spirit of Spanish life. She carefully cherishes the traditional atmosphere and historical mementoes of the days when the country was the famous Viceroyalty of Peru, land of advenutres offering wealth and fame to the Span- ish nobles seeking their fortunes in America. As in no other region the cities of Peru still preserve their monu- three parts and as a result, the weed crop is un- | | | area to cover crops, such as soy beans, | cow peas, crimson clover and Winter |rve each year. The home gardener |rarely has sufficient area for such a rotation and should, therefore, filll in with cover crops wherever opportunity offers. | ""Rose mildew has been rarely more prevalent, attacking varieties which | seldom suffer from this malady. Dust- ing with flowers of sulphur is often advised as a remedy for mildew; but even this treatment is not wholly satisfactory. | Perhaps the most sensible program is to gradually eliminate and replace the | highly susceptible varieties with those of known resistance. Frau Karl Drusckl, hybird perpetual rose, scattering of blooms once in a while | during the Summer, just enough to | make one recall the glorious beauty of its Spring bloom. Many toses lose their characteristic varietal color in Midsummer. Dark red varieties take on a lighter shade and some of the yellows assume reddish tinges. However, with the return of Autumn, all the rich tints will be re- stored Crab grass has crowded ftself into | many lawns and covered up the wounds | left by last year's drought. The trouble is that the crab grass dies out in ezrly supposedly & grass is the finest lawn grass of all. |~ For those who have to contend with poison ivy, farmers' bulletin No. 1.166, entitled Potson Ivy and Poison Sumac and Their Eradication, offers much valuable information. Copies may be obtained by addressing the Department of Agriculture. ‘The last regular meeting of the Bur- Jeith Garden Club was at the home of THE GARDEN CLUBS. Mrs. G. W. Moser, 3538 S street, July | 16. Addresses were given by Aubrey B. Carter of the Chevy Chase Gar- den Club and Ivan Anderson of Ball- ston, Va. Both Mr. Carter and Mr. Anderson are on the committee to judge the gardens of Burleith, which is to take place shortly. The August meet- ing of the club will to be in the form of a picnic, at which time the club will | be the guests of Mrs. Charles Wood at | her Summer cotthge at. Sherwood | Forest. | The Chevy Chase Garden Club met 'Monduy morning in the home of the president, Mrs. F. Baker Weaver, 5324 Thirty-ninth street. Mrs. Frederick | Willson was joint hostess with Mrs. | Weaver. Several stops were made to | inspect gardens of members having un- | usual displays of flowers in bloom, on the way to visit the Bishop's Garden, returning to Mrs. Weaver’s home, where | luncheon was served. A paper on roses, | prepared by Mrs. Christian, was read | by Mrs. Galliher. A collection of speci- | men blooms brought by the members | from their gardens was taken by the | president to a neighborhood hospital. l Debt Holiday Held Palliative honor is not satisfled until blood has been drawn; they fight a duel. In this country a man who makes & libelous | statement about another is brought be- | fore the court and the judge's decision | is fully satisfactory to the injured party. | There is the same difference between the American and the European point of view in settling their political dis- putes. ‘Whether France and Germany can ]be induced to settle their disputes in | the American fashion is difficult to say. There is no danger at present that they will want to “draw blood”; Germany cannot afford jt. But the lack of a set- tlement may prove in the end much more pernicious than an actual con- | flict, and the lack of a political agree- ment may cause a chaotic situation, from which Europe as well as the | United States wil] have to suffer alike. Peru Liberated 110 Years Ago | ments of colonial days, the innumerable churches built by the Spaniards—veri- table shrines of beauty and splendor— | the palaces and the great old homes belonging to the Viceregal aristocracy. Aristocracy Survives. This atmosphere of tradition, and of reverence for the past, also causes the Peruvian to retain in his peychology certain characteristics of the Spanish spirit of the colonies: a tendency to conservatism, to religious mysticism and a natural talent for the fine arts and letters. Anxious to show their friendship for Uncle 8am, their best customer and friend, the Peruvians join him every vear in the celebration of his birthdav. By a congressional resolution, the 4th of July is celebrated throughout Peru as & national holiday. Such a sopn- taneous expression of good will deserves that on the 28th of July the citizens of the United States do at least remem- ber that four thousand miles to the | south there is a friendly people laboring indefatigably to build up the great na- | tion of which the Liberaiors dreamed 110 years ago. (Copyrisht. 1931.) Nearly 4,700,000 pounds of garlic were imported into the United States last | year, 3 nds out a; Autumn, again leaving bare spots. Blue | 8 TAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., JULY 26, L THE SUNDAY ______________————_—_———————.___—_——————————'——-“—L'————__ Speculation Surrounds Curtis’ Action In Choice of State or National Race (Continued FProm First Page.) President serves a partial term as Presi- dent, it is best for the y and for the country that he should be nominated thereafter for a full term, as Mr. Cool: idge was in 19: for example; and as Theodore Roosevelt was in 1904. It is true that in earlier periods it was not always the rule when a Vice President was serving & term as President to nominate him for a full term. But it has been the rule for more than 40 years and it has come to be the settled Judgment of y leaders to do it this v;ay. a3 was done about Mr. Coolidge in 1924. It is also & fact that a Vice President ‘who serves a partial term as President is Fru:umly certain to want nomination for & full term. He wants it as a jus- tification, as a vote of confidence. When he does want it, which is about always, 1t is embarrassing or even im) ible to deny it to him. It is a humiliation to him to deny it. Having in mind this consideration it must be borne in mind that if Mr. Cur- tis should be elected Vice President next year and should then become President, and if he should thereafter be nomi- nated for a full term he would be 77 on taking office in 1937—and would be still serving as President at 81. ‘Taking all this into account some leading men in the Republican National Committee, if they felt free to act with- out regard to personal considerations, would not renominats Mr. Curtis for Vice President next year. In view of the man-killing job the presidency has come 10 be, for a man to serve in the office in his late 70s 18 an injustice to the country and practical murder for the man. Age Nearly Determines. ‘This matter of the age of men nomi- nated to be President, or nominated to be Vice President and therefore liable to become President, is a very weighty consideration. It is almost & determin- consideration. It grows more im- | portant every year. The quantity of work a President must do, the number of separate tasks heaped upon him, the wider area and heavier burden of his responsibilities—all that increases day by day. It increases with growth of the country's population and with complex- ity of the country's business. It in- creases strikingly with the growth of in- vention. Only the other day in an acute and intricate conference between France and the United States about postponement of debts, the overseas telephone addcd its compelling ring to the signals to which a President must respond. For long periods, day after day, Mr. Hoover, in the White House, was talking over the overseas phone with Mr. Mellon and others in Paris. How much a strain | that kind of communication can be, the mental concentration necessary to hear and to grasp what is said, the increased burden of instantaneous decision, is un- derstood by everybody who dwells a moment upon it. As little as those communications would have tak: place in the form of cabled m upon which each party to the process could have as much time as adequate for uninterrupted study, for leisurely reflection and for careful reply. ‘The new process | ns matters, to be sure. That extremely dificult con- ference with the French, in which President Hoover's decisive and detailed participation was largely by telephone, began on June 23 and ended on July 6, 12 days in all. It is decidedly worth noting that this was the briefest international conference (of compars: ble 'llgfl. and complexity) in all hi: tor ithout looking up records, it is e to say that no other interna- tional conference comparable to this was ever concluded in less than two ‘months. (The Washington Arms Con- ference in 1922-23 lasted four months.) new way is brief, it is modern, it 1s efficlent, it saves time, it gets things done—but it “takes it out of whoever 18 President. ‘The writer of this article has known well, and in some cases intimately, all the Presidents of the United States durlnl 30 years. I have seen Theo- dore velt ride to the White House in & horse-drawn carriage at a pace of 5 miles an hour—and ride away in An automobile capable of 60 miles an hour. That difference in pace and complexity of mechanism is the symbol of what has taken place in the presi- | dency and in the world. T have hap- pened to know, In most cases inti- | mately, the physicians whose business it hos been to watch and guard the health of Presidents. I have helped some of them in steps they took to save their patients from what might have been physical calamity. To com- | press into one sentence quantity of ex- | perience that would flll a book—the | physical vitality of Presidents, their capacity to stand up to great and con- | tinuous burdens, is = very, very im- portant consideration. From this point of view the ques- tion whether Mr. Curtis should be re- nominated is a proper and serious sub- | ject for discussion. But the discussion | ought to be on this and other weighty | bases—not on the ground of compa ‘lh’t political dangers and comparati political timidities. As respects Mr. Curtls running for Senator from Kansas, if he should | choose to do that, the leaders within the Republican National Committee | would rejoice. In that office, age. when coupled with experience such as Mr. | Curtis has had, is an asset. When Mr. Curtis was in the Senate he was the official leader and a competent one. | His technique was his own, and it worked. |Jugoslav Unity Lies Count Sforza in ___ (Continued From First Page) fluence on the South Slavs was prob- ably greater than that of any Jugoslav public man. As one of the most im- portant members of the Slav opposition in Austria, he had stood by his South Slav brothers at the time of the Fried- jung trial, a lurid attempt by the Aus- trian government a few years before | the war to destroy the national move- [ment in Croatia. Masaryk had not | shrunk from bringing before the judges | the proofs that the Austrian govern- {ment was producing documents, at the trial which had been forged at the Austro-Hungarian legation in Belgrade. Therefore when, an exile in Kome, like Trumbich, he said that the heroic struggle of Serbia had created a living program for all the Southern Slavs. his word and his influence were decisive. All doubts, all Teservations, melted into a common official action. In reality the differences of temperament were, aimost _unconsciously, more important than the intellectual and poltical de- cisions. Serbians and Croats went on, seemingly hand in hand, in reality speaking two different languages The military defeats of the allies on the British, French and Italian fronts brought more union in 1917 and 1918 than the early hopes of victory. In April. 1918, a Congress of the Oppressed Nationalities was held in Rome. Dissolution Most Important. ‘The resolutions adopted by the con- gress proclaimed that each of the op- pressed nationalities had the right to constitute its own state unity (like Poland) or to complete it (like Ru- mania and Jugoslavia): that the Aus- arian monarchy was the fun- the rights of the Oppressed Nationali ties; that it was imperative to wage a oppressors. Important as the resolutions were, it was even more important that the dis- solution of Austria-Hungary had at last been realized as one of the logical and essential aims of the struggle against the Central Empire. In reality, beneath the unanimity forced on: all the Jugoslav elements by the Austrian danger, it was easy for me to detect the same moral divergence— more alive than the Slavs themselves vears before, in Corfu among the Croatians and the Serbians. Trumbich had come to Corfu to con- fer with Pachich about a common declaration which would have shown the world that the Serbians and the Croats—and, with the Croats, the Slov- enes—had decided to become a single sovereign state. Their parley produced a document—the Pact of Corfu. During long weeks of the secret Corfu discussions Trumbich appeared as an Austrian to the Serbians, simply because he was nrunnn; against Austria—struggling with all his forces, but with an Austrian methods. For example, he had fastidious distinctions about flags, coats-of-arms—everything. in a word, which might insure Croatian autonomy. Autonomy for decades had been the only method with which to keep Croatia alive to the danger of Magyarization. Croats Given Excuse. ‘The Serbians, who were nalevely thinking of the union as of an annexa- tion to Serbia, were bewildered by Trumbich’s principles and his mistrust of Belgrade. Often they complained to me. Knowing that I had expressed my pity—more n my indignation—for certain childish slogans of Croatian Committee, claiming even old Italian lands for the fiture Jugoslav State, they told me more than on “Do not be afraid of our agreements; after the victory it will be easy for us to bring to_reason those busybody Croats. ..." It was difficult for me to make them as their “brothers”; and, above all, im- possible for me to admit that the Ital- lan Foreign Minister Sonnino had pro- vided the Croats with some excuses for their conduct. By his treaty of London, signed on the eve of Italy's entry into the war, Sonnino had obtained from the other entente powers a great part of Dalmatia; his secret treaty obliged him to feel toward Serbia almost as toward & potential enemy, since Serbia was thinking of a new Jugosiav state which would necessarily have claimed Dalmatia as one of its provinces. It cannot be denied that immediate appearances were in favor of Sonnino's conception. History had worked to em- phasize the differences between the Jugoslavs. While all the nations in Europe are Western or Eastern, the Jugoslav nation seems divided into two parts by the imaginary diagonal line dividing East and West in Europe. Two Parts of Nation Differ. Lubljana, the main city of the Slo- venes, near the Italian frontier, is one of the most Catholic centers in Europe, while Belgrade is Orthodox; Zagreb, the capital Croatia, is a town of strong ‘Western vitality, while Sarajevo is more Turkish than modernized Stambul. In common struggle against the eommon | realized—which I had watched two Austrian mentality and | understand that they were as Wwrong | Ahead, Declares Analyzing Problems | Slovenia, around Lubljana. we find one |of the most perfect developments of modern proletariat, while Serbian Montenegro brings us back to the class | system as in pre-French Morocco. | “As'a rule. all of the Jugoslavs who until 1918 belonged to the Austrian Monarchy had become Western Euro- | peans—or. at least. they looked so. The Serbians of the Obrenovich and Kare- | georgevich kingdom are still patriarchal, with the fatal result that the Serbian | peasants, who are the great majority of the Serbians, constitute one of the healthiest, most honest and most de- |serving collectivities I know of, while | the politicians,. the State offictals, gen- erally returned from hasty university studies abroad. understand and appre- | ciate only party struggles; they have| lost all the qualities of their peasant | |fathers and have acquired very few of | the moral forces of a bourgeoisie. | Natural enough that, the two paris| of the nation being so different, the |Croats say more and more of the! |Serbians: “They are Belkanics, they | are Orientals” while the Serbians, | |proud of their war record, look with | contempt on the Croats and call mem“ | ‘Austrian.” | Union Proclaimed. Different they were and are also in| their political conceptions of the state. | | Serbia had been. as an independent | principality first and later as a king- |dom, "a highly centralized state. To understand the recent errors of the Serbian dictatorship one must keep in | {mind that the later acquisitions Serbia | | had made in the East in 1878 and 1912 | ‘hnd given her the impression that any | territories inhabited by Slas were ready | to_acquiesce in the Belgra.le hegemony | The National Council of the Slavs of | the Hapsburg monarchy adopted on | November 24, 1918, the following proud | resolution : ] “The National Council of Slovenes, | |Croats and Serbs, in accordance with its former opinions and in accordance | with the announcement of the govern- | ment of the Kingdom of Serbia, pro- claims the un®n of the sovereign state | |of the Slovenes. Croats and Serbs, or- ganized on the complete integral Jugo- | slav territory of the former Austro- Hungarian _monarchy, with the king- |doms of Serbia and Montenegro into |one single country of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.” Proclamation Read Two Ways. ‘The proclamation which Alexander, then Prince Regent, issued on Decem- |ber 1, 1918, was considered by the Croats as a simple acceptance of their | resolution, since it ran as follows: “Your coming in the name of the National Council, that worthy repre- sentative of our broad national thought, and your announcement of its thought and your annourcement of its historic |decision of November 24, by which the unification of our whole nation and of our whole, dear, tormented fatherland is declared, fills me with deep joy. Ac- cepting that declaration, I proclaim, in the name of his majesty, King Peter I, the union of the Kingdom of Serbia with the lands of the independent state |of Slovenes. Croats and Serbs into a |single kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.” But while the Croats read “union” the Serbs understood ‘“annexation.” Under the cloak of the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes” and later on of Jugoslavia, too many Serb- ians had remained faithful to the old pan-Serbian idea. Serbians Failed to See Danger. Among the old Serb politicians only one, Protich, seemed to understand what was necessary for a sound unfon. Being the first prime minister of the | new, enlarged kingdom, he tried to create an administration based on wide, self-governing autonomies. But the pan-Serb ideas of old Pachich finally prevailed and the new state was divided into provinces, hav- ing no more self-governing power than a Prench department. When Pachich, on July 28, 1921, submitted his project to the Constituent Assembly, 161 out of the 419 members did not vote—an extreme form of pro- test. Most of them were Croats. Of the 258 who voted 35 were against, and of the 223 who voted in favor only 10 were Croats. The crystalized minds of the old Serbian politicians did not see the dan- ger. With his Oriental fatalism, old Pachich proved unable to change the ideals of his whole life. Probably Alex- ander did, if only because he was young, ' and brought up abroad. ‘The 10 years of common life between Serbians and Croats, from 1319 until: King Alexapder proclaimed himself dictator, are but & long and dreary storv | of _misunderstandings and complaints. Figures—all the figures—spoke for the Croats; while in Serbia (and in Mont- enegro, which is esseutially Serbian) | taxation amounted only to 91 dinars a head, in Croatia it was 164 dinars and 279 in Slovenia. The proportions for expenditurp on public works were the same, but inverted. In the peychological fleld the WIong | 1931— ’AR'T TWO. and the right were probably divided both parts paid the penalty for the exceas centralization that the old Serb leaders imposed. Perhgps thc main reason why the union proved so stormy lies in the fact that one of the necessary members of the true Jugoslav unity of tomorrow was lacking and still lacking—I mean Bulgaria. Had Bulgaria formad an integral part of Jugoslavia—as she surely will some day—the Internal and international difficulties of the new Jugoslav state would not have developed into such dangerous evils. Macedonia might have become & link between the two Jugoslav groups, the Serblan and the Bulgarian, while now she is a dividing fleld of hatreds and jealousies. Croatia would have been less suspicious of Serbia; ths Adriatic question with Italy would have been less bitter. One man. better than any Croat or any Serb, had felt and foreseen all that —Stambulisky, the leader of the Peasant party in Bulgaria, the man who forced King Ferdinand to abdication; Stam- bulisky, the prophetic spirit who was the first to proclaim the necessity of a Jugo- slav union, and who paid for it with his life. Lome Volce to Opposition. ‘When, at the time of the annexation of Bosnia and Herszegovina, Ferdinand of Coburg, in agreement with Austrian diplomacy, raised Bulgaria to the rank of an independent kingdom, Stambulisky alone damped the complacent enthusi- asm of the official classes for the out- ward success. ‘The independence prociaimed in this anner ” he declared in Parliament, represents a danger for the countr: It is the beginning of a policy that will inevitably bring us to war. This lean- ing toward Austria, conirary to the permanent feelings of the country, we | shall pay for with a catastrophe.” When, with Austria’s war against Serbia, his_prophecy was about to be fulfilled, Stambulisky was already leacer of a fairly numerous group of peasants in Parliament; for the peasant masses had answered his call tired as | they were of meeting the cost of strug- gles between the partisans of Aus and those of Russia. Stambulisky's war cry—"The cause of the peasants’ inde- pendence can be defended only by the peasants!”"—had echoed widely. On the day when the Austrians invaded Serbla, he rose in Parliament. surrounded by his group, and cried out: “I wish vietory to cur brothers! Serblan Called Traltor. | The majority, subservient to King | Ferdinand, covered him with trsults: | “Go, you traitor, you are nothing but | a Serblan! | And he replied calmly: “I am neither a Serbian nor a Bul- garian; I am & southern Slav.” | Such _blasphemy—which will prove the truth of the future—had never ve. | been spoken in the Bulgarian Parlia- ment | A few months before his death—he was killed by a gang of officers and Macedonians on June 8, 1923—Stam- bulisky, being at the time Bulgarian prime minister, asked my confidential opinion on what was still his supreme ideal—a_federal union between the two southern Slav nations—Bulgaria and the new kingdom of the Serbians Croats and Slovenes. He knew that when I had been at the head of the Italian foreign policy, not only bad I not been afraid of such a hypothesis. | lered it consistent ce. 1 met Stambulisky in Milan and I panied him as far as the Swiss pages where 60 years before the World War the prophet of the Italian Risor- gimento had foreseen the Jugoslav union and affirmed Italy's sympathy for the younger Slav people. Seeks Full Federation. “What Mazzini wrote is stiil my policy,” I told him. “I consider some sort of Jugoslav unity as one of the many cases in which Italian inter- ests are absolutely identical with wider European interests. In a full Jugoslav federation the old rancors of Austrian nrl{:‘? about the boundaries with Italy, about the Adriatic and so on, will disappear; the Bulgarian ele- ment will bring more fresh air, wider horizons. Moreover, you'll all become richer, and a productive Italy prefers rich neighbors. Stambulisky knew enough of my w:;n not to be surprised. He simply ‘But are you not the only respon- sible Italian who would dare to de- clare that the Jugoslav unity is_ the reality of tomorrow and that Italy must not be mistrustful?” And I: Perh‘pq- but how many Jugoslavs, STEAMSHIPS. HIUVA. AUCKLAND SVDN;V ped Roysl Masil 8f rs Aug. 19, Oct. 14, Dec. 9 R. Sept. 16. Nov. 11, Jan. € 8ail from Vancouver, B..C. For_Pare. etc. Apply Can. Pac_ Railway 14th Bt. at' New York Ave. N.W., Washi, Sailings frem New York Te MIAMI—Every Baturday. To JACKSONVILLE Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, for all points in Florid Te CHARLESTON, 8. C.—Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturdsy, for sll points Boutheast. Te GALVESTON, TEXAS — Every Baturday. for all points West and Pacific Coast. TAKE YOUR CAR Low rates when accompanied. o any Authorized T To EUROPE and back—$180 up First Jour-of TURKESTAN Join the fiest de luxe rail caras van into the heart of Central Asia, leaving Leningrad Aue gust 25th! Forty days travels ing a glamorous route through lands rich in ancient atmos~ phere and modern activity. Stops en the 8000 mile erary will include Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Baku and ¢the fabled Asian cities of Alma Ata, Tashkent, Sama: kand, Bokhara. Comiortable accommodations at all times. ed informatien, consult el agent or INTOURIST. Write at once for llustrated hterature! INTOURIST U S A Roperienrariie of be STATE TRAVEL BUREAU emevsse 452 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK *39 ROUND TRIP EVERY MON., WED., FRL From Buffalo marnieigQoe to CHICAGO - ONE WAY $34.00 ABOVE RATES INCLUDE MEALS—BERTH njoy Your Vacation This Yoar ORCHESTRA, DANCING, DECK SPORTS, SOCIAL HOSTESS, AFTERNOON TEAS, BRIDGE, FAR-FAMED CUISINE on Mackinac Division. Bi staterooms, LEAVE 6 P. M., E.S. T. DANCING NIGHTLY Tickets and rescrvations from ga setboraed KR eod Teur- eI Tt freightsar e Buffalo Decks, foot of Main St Division S3 New Vorb Q& 1912 Canie Bids. D & C NAVIGATION COMPANY 'NEWYORK For less cost than two or three weeks vacation in this country you can now go abroad. Your round trip passage costs as little as $180—for an outside stateroom on an upper deck—with ap- petizing meals, Maryland style, for cight or nine days each way. Sail from Baltimore or Norfolk to Havre or Ham- burk on a new 15,000-ton mail liner. Spacious staterooms, over half with private bath . broad shelter deck, glass enclosed comfortable lounges. A luzurious yet inexpensive crossing. For information see any authorized agent or travel bureau or apply at 1419 G ST. N.W. BALTIMORE MAIL LINE Baltimore Trust Building BALTIMORE, MARYLAND MAIL PASSENGERS FAST FREIGHT MW/ Breathe i &a Air in the spacious ‘ and refreshing voyage to | i Direct without change from Norfolk..the bigocean liners George Washington and | Robert E. Lee, now in serv- ice. Transatlantic luxuries, | tempting meals, airy state- | gooms. The restful and hos- itable way with every | imaginable comfort. l and stateroom berth on 15 Deluxe sccommodations atslightly increased cose. Through tickets isued for New England aad | Northem points. * Sailings daily, except Sun- | day. at 7:30 P M. (Eastern tandard Time) from Pier | . foot of Boissevain Ave- ue, Norfolk, Va. | 01d Dominion Line OF THE EASTERN STEAMSHIP LINES | W and up includes train fare; meals |e —_— [witn the smterests of Ialy ana et isky 3 did not see him any more. A few months later, Macedonian partisans and demobilized Bulgarian officers had him killed; he was gullty, in melx:u :y; o'l .tdrmo:rlme of struggling agal e tre al hatred between Belgrade and Sofia. All the same, his idea remains. And his idea alone will have the force to bring real union among the Jugoslava. (Copyright, 1931.) ~ ikl New Tie of Flexible Steel. ‘Ties of flexible steel, recently invented by a German, may be tested by rallways in Germany. The new tie consists of s tube of approximately elliptical cross sections slotted along its lower side in order to allow a certain amount of “give” when a train passes. interior |is filled with ballast, and sideslip on curves is prevented by st the open Bstor the tien witi ateel gkt _ STEAMSHIP! f —ore- N ISLAND sport adventure.....sn adventure on the high seas in the World Cruise manner . . . with the | superb*“Franconia”leading the Furness fleet! Built for Round-the-World voy- ages and furnished like a yacht, she’s worthy of her new color: To Bermuda! And this summer you may go at the lowest rate in years... Rate Remains sails every Saturday, S. “Veendam” every Wednesday. apply any authorised £ ine. 34 White- begine); 568 For reserva agent.or Fur hall St. (whe: Fifth Ave., New York, N. FURNESS leads the way to BERMUDA SUNDAY SAILING BALTIMORE TO BOSTON ‘0 PROVIDE sufficient accommodations from Baltimore to Boston, the Merchants & Miners has added an extra sailing each week, leaving Baltimore on Sundays, 5 P.M.; due back 7 A. M. following Sunday. Other sailings are on every Tuesday and Friday. SPECIAL Within the next month there will be several “Personally Con- ducted” tours. The personally conducted par always popular and early inquiries are advisable. Three to Quebec and three to Nova Scotia! Also send for list of All-Expense tours. GREATLY REDUCED FARES TO THE SOUTH Many prefer the Florida trips— longer time at sea. Miami 2100 ‘miles round trip, only $70; meals, berth included. Jacksonville $46. Low auto rates. Send for illus. folder. MERCHANTS s MINERS TRANSPORTATION CO. 1338 H St.,N.W. - Washington @ Want the thrill of speed and size? Leading the great white Empress fleet is the new Eugreu of Japan, 26,000 gross tons, 39,000 tons dnplfc.- ent, 23 knotsspeed . . . largest, fastest on Pacific. @ Want choice of routes? Empress of Japan and Empress of Canada go via Honolulu, conneeting with San Francisco and Los Angeles sailings. Empress of Russia and Empress of Asia take the Direct Ex, to Yokohama. Both routes from Vueom:’(”‘mhu 10 ship’s side) and Victoria. © Want every 1931 luxury?... with “talked-of " cuisine, of-the-Orient” service? Take First Class. @ Want lower cost? Go in the new ultra-fine “Empress” Tourist Cabin. Also Third Cabin. ®Low-cost Round TripSummer Fares: “First” from $450; Tourist Cabin from $225. Information and reservations from your own agent, of Canadian Pacifie Gameral Agens, C. E. Phalps, 14th and New York Ave, N.W, Washington, D. C, National 0758