Evening Star Newspaper, July 13, 1930, Page 22

4 AR Carnegie Institution to Solve Myst Ci (Continued From Third Page) enigmas is the sudden migration of the whole population which occurred about 1,100 years ago. Prior to this the Mayas lived in Honduras, Guatamala and Chia- pas, where they built stone pyramids and topped them with beautiful tem- ples and clustered around in populous cities and rich farms. The largest of all the Maya centers, Tikal, a city of approximately 500,000 inhabitants, was built in this early period which arche- ologists call the old empire. Other cities of the period were Uaxactun, Pa- lenque and Copan. The old empire period began, there is reason to believe, centuries before Christ. Suddenly, about 800 A.D., the old empire was abandoned. All this mag- nificence which had been won from the Jungle and built at such laborious cost was left as abruptly as Lot fled from Sodom, and the whole Maya people trekked northward through the dark forest into Yucatan. There they cleared new sites and planted their _crops again, built new cities—such as Etzna, Uxmal, Mayapan, Chichien Itza—reared again great pyramids, temples, nun- neries and ball courts, and came into a renaissance. This period in Yucatan, which lasted until shortly before the arrival of the Spanish ccnyuerors in the early sixteenth century, is desig- Bated as the new empire. “I think it likely that the whole story of this exodus, the reasons for it and the results of it, %ere recorded in the hieroglyphic books of the Maya priests,” said Dr. Kidder. “But, unfortunately, most of them have perished, and for what remains we possess no Rosetta stone.” ‘The Spaniards might have passed on this whole fascinating history and cul- ture, but instead their effort seems to have been to destroy every link with the Mayan past in the imperial pursuit of evangelizing the heathen. “We col- lected all the native books we could find and burned them, much to the sorro of the people, and caused them pain, writes a plous historian of the con- | quest. 19th Century Discovery. By some unexplained providence, three Mayan books escaped the bon- fires and were discovered during the nineteenth century in Europe. They now repose in museums in Paris, Dres- den and Madrid. Several facsimile re- productions are to be seen in this coun- ry. These three codices are written in hieroglyphs richly illuminated in color, but all that we can unmistakably decipher are the dates and other nu- merical characters. “We know the Maya calendar through | Archbishop Landa,” said Dr. Kidder. “Hewas an early Spanish bishop of Yuca- tan who wrote down his observations of native life in the sixteenth century. His manuscript lay unknown for 300 years, and it is now almost our sole guide to the Maya records. If only he had included a glossary of the hiero- glyphs in his notes! Unfortunately, he confined himself here to a list of Mayan days, months and numerals. “From these, archeologists have been | able to work out the Maya calendar—a | year of 365 days divided into 18 months | of 20 days each, with a short month of | 5 days. As we reckon our years from the birth of Christ, the Mayans reckoned theirs from the beginning of time. “But when was the beginning of time? ‘There's the rub., If the arch- bishop had given us & single correla- tion: if he had only said that the Mayan year of ‘9090 since the begin- ning of time’ corresponded to the Chris- tian year of such and such, we would know their calendar in terms of our calendar and would be able to date the Mayan civilization.” Difficult Problem Faced. ‘This problem of correlating the two calendars has commanded some of the most persistent work in recent arche- ological research. Several parallels have been proposed by Maya scholars, Re- cently Dr. John E. Teeple—a chemical engineer of New York who six years ago took up the study of Maya hiero- glyphs as a hobby—has been testing out these proposed correlations. Because of his original contributions to knowledge in this difficult field, the Carnegie In- stitution has made Dr. Teeple a re- search associate and is publishing his latest work, “Mayan Astronomy,” & critical summary and review of the whole subject of the Maya calendar. I have seen the proof pages of this | book, now in press, which will un- doubtediy create no end of interest among archeologists. In addition to his effort to test out the various sys- tems of correlation, Dr. Teeple has ven- tured interpretations of unidentified hieroglyphs. Perhaps the most inter- esting of these is a symbol which sug- gested itself to him as representing a solar eclipse. “This glyph is carved on a stela which was discovered in 1926 by the distinguished Mexican archeologist, Juan Palacios,” explain- ‘The discoverer photo- graphed and made drawings of the in- scription, and two years later Frans| Blom of Tulane University also ex- | amined it and made a drawing. “The giyph shows the familiar sym- bol for the sun against the portals of & house—and it is the only one I have ever seen which tempts me to regard it as an eclipse glyph. Carved close to this picture of the sun entering its house is a date: 9.17.19-13-16, 5 Cib 14 Chen, which means 3959 tuns, 13 uinals and 16 days since the of time—or about 3,903 years. Result of Checking Mayan Date. “I checked this Mayan date against the various proposed correlations, and found that in the correlation worked out by Prof. Goodman of California 5 Cib 14 Chen fell on July 16, 790 A.D. Reference to eclipse tables worked out by modern ' astronomers shows that shortly after noon on that day a total eclipse of the sun was visible from the spot where this monument stands. “No other correlation gave an eclipse date. Indeed,” added Dr. Teeple, “Goodman’s correlation is the only one that has stood up under all the tests I have been able to apply thus far. ‘This does not mean that it has been proved—our parallels are too meager as yet—but it does mean that Good- man has not been disproved.” The identification of this glyph may prove to be of crucial significance— though Dr. Teeple will not grant that it is anything more than “suggestive.” But if another such glyph is found, and if 1t is shown to correlate with another eclipse, surely it will be a peg on which to the whole Maya chronol “But we are persuaded that the Mayan survey requires more than arche- ological releu-cl;."' h-xd th‘. Kldrlvevr. whose own specialty is archeblogy. “We believe, for example, that much may be i miolthamodem ‘who cent pyramids and temples. Joint Projéct Under Way. “One of dy the, present . jren&mldtbgm u . to Ameri« for treatment. But in addition to pro- viding trained medical service for the RN o ;‘floligln‘x“% in m‘ rictal réunity e :';l m‘:fi. the clinic is (m?omnt as 5 means of making a (t’h’: “fi“{"fim have ns ~+d studied individually. acay the physical type and ilization. CHEOLOGISTS THRILL IN MAYA JUNGLES Forces Are Striving| eries of Maya istics of these people who have been| living under tropical conditions for | thousands of years. It should give a| clue to their susceptibility to disease and their adaptability to changing cir- | cumstances. “Another co-operative study is the anthropological survey, manned by spe- cialists from the University of Chicago. These men range over the Country, vis- iting the Mayan villages and studying the customs, languages, art and culture of the people. “Still another project is a biological reconnoissance of the region. By this we hope to learn something definite about the agriculture of the ancient peoples, the plants and animals upon which they drew for food. Biologists | of the University of Michigan are in| charge of this work, which is now in its first year and which is being planned on a comprehensive scale.” One of the biological questions is the origin of corn. When and where was maize first tamed? Just as Egyptian civilization was founded on wheat and the Chinese and other Oriental cultures |on rice, so was the early American civil- ization founded on this third cereal, corn. There is a wild, heavy-seeded grass found in the highlands of Mexico, known as teocentli, which some authori- ties believe is the ancestor of corn. “It was probably crossed with an un- known plant in the highlands,” said Dr. Kidder. “The Mayans got hold of this cereal soon after it was tamed, Dr. Morley belleves, and in their rich low- lands it grew so luxuriously in an al- mest continuous succession of crops that they were able to settle down as farm- ers, to build towns and cities, and to have leisure for the development of the arts and the pursuit of the sciences. Corncobs Excavated. “We know that corn was an impor- tant item in the economy of the Maya people. We have found the remains of | corncobs in old excavations. Then, too, | maize is significant architecturally, and | appears again and again in carvings. The Spanish conquerors tell in their chronicles of the vast importance of the | Mayan maize.” If it is a marvel and a mystery that these native people should have laid out these splendid cities and built these glorious edifices, it is an even greater marvel that they should have done this in a dense tropical jungle. The evi- dence that we have indicates that the climate of Central America has not changed since the Mayans flourished there. Archeologists have found elab- orately carved lintels of sapote wood ded in masonry over the doors of old temples. This hard wood is from the tree which supplies chicle, one of the characteristic forest trees of the region, and botanists find that it will grow only in the tropical environment. ‘The presense of these sapote lintels in masonry many hundreds of years old is | convincing evidence that ‘the jungle | then was much the same as that of today. The conferees at Chichien Itza de- cided that geologists and meteorologists might contribute important reinforce- ments to the present mass attack on the Maya mystery and it is likely that spe- cialists from these sciences will soon be added. Aerial Survey Considered. ‘The requirements of an aerial survey were also considered. Col. Lindbergh's | flights of last year demonstrated the] usefulness of the airplane as a means of out the eountry and four hitherto unknown sites of ruins were discovered in this way. It has been suggested that the next step in aerial exploration may be the use of a small dirigible, which will enable the ex&!ccrers to stop over the site of a new discovery and descend and examine it—a procedure that the jungle forbids to any explorer traveling by_plane. Meanwhile the great w. of exca- vating and bringing to light the buried splendors of already known sites goes forward. There are at least 500 named sites, including 20 important Maya ' cities, which have been visited and looked over by archeglogists. Of these, only four have been excavated on any extensive scale; Copan, an old empire city in Honduras, excavated by the Pea- body Museum of Harvard some thirty- odd years agd; Quirigua, an old empire city in Guatamala, excavated by the School of American Research about 15 years ago, and Chichien Itza and Uax- actun, which are now in process of be- ing uncovered by the Carnegie Insti- tution, The success of the Carnegie Institu- tion in this field is largely credited by his colleagues' to Dr. Sylvanus G. Mor- ley, who is in charge of all Central American archeological work for the institution. Dr. Kidder said that Dr. Morley has traveled more miles in the Central American jungle than any other white man, probably has visited more Mayan sites and painstakingly copied Ducee Mayan hieroglyphs than any er. Morley Visits Yucatan. During his student years at Harvard —where Dr. Kidder also began his archeological career—Morley went on a trip to Yucatan, visited via mule back some of the great half-buried metrop- olises of the past and dreamed of un- covering and restoring one of these cities. Eventually he shared the dream and was able to communicate some_ of his zeal to _officials of the Carnegie In- stitution. In 1915 his research founda- tion decided to back Morley’s knowledge and enthusiasm with funds and helpers and to make his dream come true. Eventually a contract was entered into with the Mexican government by which the Carnegie Institution was given ex- clusive rights in Chichien Itza, the City of the Sacred Well, to excavate and re- pair the bulldings and, so far as the ruins will permit, to vestore this vener- able capital to its qriginal splendor. The work in Chichien Itza began in 1923, and one has only to compare the magnificent Temple of the Warriors as it stands uncovered today with the over- wn pile of rubble and vegetation that t was seven years ago to see what even- tually may come out of Morley's dream. Repair of the Caracol, the second build- ing to be uncovered, is now well on the way to completion. Chichien Itza is a New Empire city. It therefore probably dates no earlier than 800 AD. A few years ago the Carnegie Institution decided to excavate also some city of the Old Empire, and the ahoice finally fixed on Uaxactun, & site_which was discovered and named b&Dr. Morley in 1916. A concession to dig here was granted by the Guatemala vernment. The Carnegie archeologists operations in 1926, and by 1928 they had uncovered a magnificent pyra- mid of carved limestone. Viewed as Oldest Religious Temple. It is probably the oldest temple to religlon now visible in the Western Hemisphere, for a date glyph on a mon- ument at this site seems to correlate with the early years of the «Christian era. Below the plaza where this earliest monument stands are remains of & still earlier occupation. “So I think there no doubt that Uaxactun was inhabited 1000 years before Christ,” sald Dr. T, i'i'."m jected program of of excava- tlon and mdy is carried farther, still older remains will probably be found. pon clder puinge, "indeed . saig n_older . . " Dr. Kidder, “'.heynw‘:re worse than the per builders of New York. No ificent edifice fin- ished than the powers that be were is | nouncement of the ECENTLY a young couple were subjected to the ordeal of a fashionable church wedding and started joyously on their honeymoon. They were a nice boy and girl. His only idea was to find a job at the bottom of some good business where he could carve out a career for himself. She had dreams of making a little home, keeping him happy, listening in the evening to the story of his day’s adventures, and helping him by her love and enthusiasm to be a real success. They had only one drawback, or rather six drawbacks: two sets of wealthy parents and two very rich old aunts. archeologists and architects agree with him. It is this building that will be re- produced at the Chicago World's Fair of 1933. Mr. Franz Blom and associates from Tulane University spent last Win- ter in Uxmal taking detailed measure- ments and making photographs and| plaster casts of this richly ornamented | quadrangle, ‘so that it may be repro- duced in full scale and in exact detail. Report Thrilling Discoveries. But Mr. Blom's Winter in Yucatan| has netted far more than specifications of the nunnery quadrangle. write news comes from him of thrilling discoveries. He has found in Uxmal 20 monuments carved with figures of war- riors and with hieroglyphs, 23 groups of buried buildings and an ancient paved highway. Lesser finds were made at neighboring ruined cities. Perhaps the most challenging of all| these finds archeologically are the dates carved on the new-found monuments in Uxmal. “These show conclusively,” writes Mr. Blom in a personal letter, “that the great City of Uxmal was oc- | cupied and flourishing around 500 A.D.” This is indeed astounding news, for heretofore it has been believed that neither Uxmal nor any of the northern cities were founded earlier than 1000 AD. If any archeological Alexander feels tempted to repine because there are nol worlds left to conquer, let him look to the Maya land. Discovery seems to be in the air down there. “There is work here for generations of archeologists,” says Dr. Kidder. Villages to Make Way For Irrigation Project The demands of progress are some- times cruel and incomprehensible to the simple, hardworking peasants of Spain—humble folk, content to labor year in and year out from generation to generation. Among the great public works which are extending the area of irrigation in the peninsula and which, when complete, will provide fertile soil for settlement to a new population of 10,000,000, is the great dam being built in the upper Ebro region where a lake 40 miles in circumference and holding 600,000,000 cubic meters of water will be created, thus regulating the flow of the river as far downstream as Sara- m -flnd preventing devastating peri- But, alas, five villages will be entirely submerged under the husbanded waters and 35 others swam) in the smiling valley of Campoo. ir 5,000 inhabi- tants are being sacrificed to the wel- fare of the community at large. How- ever, the indemnity provided for them is deemed fair; five times the total of one year's earnings for the laborers and double the estimated value of their lands or homes for those who are owners. But what can compensate for being turned out of house and home, for being obliged to emigrate from the beloved flelds and walls that have sheltered them for generations? Men and flocks flee before the waters; the deluge of civilization. Importation of Coins Is Banned by China TImportation of forel coins into China has been banned by the minis- try of finance in an attempt to pre- vent the confusion of having different kinds of silver dollars circulating within the country. The foreign affairs min- istry has notified all forelgn govern- ents a o m’rhe most cum{non unit of value in China has been for years the Mexican dollar and there are still millions of these bearing the old Spanish insignias in circulation. In the olden days when Mexico was & Spanish colony silver dol- lars were shi out by the old traders before China ‘had a dollar of her own and used for trading purposes. Though these have given place to shipments of bullion, the old Mexican dollar persists and even the new Chi- nese minted dollars bea: the head of Sun Yat-sen and those image of other Chinese are s u&im dollars. the till called Feast Tax Is Imposed By Nanking Government Shanghal, Chlnl,’ 'f“l‘le“lnm(tlbgipng' low] 3 are left up in the air fol m: =T ment that in future & feast tax is to be collected whenever and wherever the er. The government in mmnm let it be known that the tax was more in the nature of a consumption rather than a business tax, it is to amount to 5 per and muc“?m 3 T cal he places a feast in the category toteufll’:ym:n«.l that costs about $1 in For as I act to public l—“l':w While they were away the two aunts had an inspiration. They looked around secretly in the most expensive part of the city and picked out a swell apartment. They employed the highest priced interior decora- tor, and gave generous orders at the leading furniture stores. ‘When the couple came back to town they were met by all fourparents and the two doting old maids. In a big limousine they were whisked up to the apartment. The lights were switched on. The older people waited expectantly for the ex- clamations of joy that would greet the splendid lay-out. Too astonished to say any- thing, the poor little rich chil- dren gazed about them. Then suddenly the bride covered her face with her hands and burst into a flood of tears. The older people thought that they were tears of joy. In clumsy fashion they began to comfort her, to tell her that what they had given her was nothing in comparison with what they would like to do. Being a well bred young lady, the bride did not disillu- sion them. She mumbled some conventional words of thanks and held herself under control until they had gone. She could not tell them— and they would not have un- derstood—that they had done the cruelest thing imaginable; that they had destroyed her dream and robbed her of one (Copyrieht, 1930.) LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS By Gaston Nerval. HREE_thousand miles down to the South, in a prosperous and historic Latin American repub- lic, the Fourth of July was cele- brated amid popular rejoicin; and official ceremonies of colorful cha: T er. ‘The Peruvian government had de- creed the Fourth a national holiday in | homage to the greatest date in Ameri- can history, and as a means of showing | the "good-will and friendliness of the Peruvian people to the United States. Closing their shops, leaving their of- fices, interrupting their business a tivities, the proud descendants of the Inca Empire gathered around the sport | flelds or in the social centers to cele- | brate the Fourth. ‘The cable reports do not mention | whether the Peruvians celebrated with | the same turbulant display of fireworks and pyrotechnics which is characteristic here, or whether they celebrated it in the old Spanish fashion, with a mass in the morning and a gala bullfight in the afternoon. But we do know that the citizens of that far-away Latin re- public joined the American public in the celebration of its highest glory. And | these acts of the spirit, these moral | bonds, are the ones that make for closer friendship among nations. No matter what an Interested party, or profes- sional propagandist, may say about the feelings of the Latin American people toward Uncle Sam, as long as there is | & community of ideals between them such as this instance shows, there can be no fear of enmities or suspicious at- titudes. No matter what radical elements may do in Latin America to spread distrust of the United States, and no matter what pessimistic persons in this country may think of the pos- | sible outcome of that insidious propa- | ganda, as long as in the moral order of | things such an understanding is en- couraged between Northerners and | Southerners, interamerican relations are bound to progress constantly. ‘Whenever an “ambassador of ill-will"” comes along and tells you of the un- friendly spirit of the Latin Americans; of the tremendous amount of suspicion and distrust the dollar diplomacy and the Wall Street loans are provoking on the other side of the Rio Grande; of the incompatible character and the op- posite mentality of North and South Ame! remind him of cases like this, in which the true popular senti- ment speaks louder than isolated speeac.lun or pleces of interested propa- ganda. The Peruvians observing the Fourth of July, the Bolivians carrying the Stars lndhiltrlpe;e thr&xzhxthf streets of tlhlel.l' cap! Wwhen the Kellogg proposition for & Bolivian outlet to the sea was an- nounced, the Brasilians sending their first citizen to visit this country and pay his respects to President Hoover, the Central American nations ac- claiming wildly the flights of Uncle Sam's foremost pilot during the Lind- f bergh tour of those countries, the huge and enthusiastic receptions accorded President-elect Hoover in every one of the Latin capitals he visited two years ago—these are the proofs that count, because they express public sentiment itselt and are not mere conventional courtesies or diplomatic flattery. These interpret states of the soul and create unbreakable links of good will. For moral friendship is the soundest foundatien of international relations. In a Class by Himself, T have a peculiar picture in my hands. It is from a South American magazine and shows/two members of the Argen- tine civil service taking down a photo- graph of President Irigoyen of XIgn- tina from the wall of & public office. One of the men has already goodly number of the Argentine dent’s photographs under his left arm. ‘What has h-pple’ngd'l 1s Ser southern republic? Have the Argen- ‘This inscription, below the picture in the magaszine, explains the me of 8o curious a ceremony, “The President has ordered that all portraits of him- self be removed from public places, for he considers that such display should only be posthumous and when the meh thus honored have really merited na- tional gratitude and admiration.” The case has no precedents. It is in a class by itself. However, although extremely surprising for a student of contemporary history, i not so for any one ty"::dm Irigoyen’s unique personalif hology. ATl s life Bresiden been & declared of photographers :nd of td:;m-u kinds of display, avol s his life about with a reserve so extreme as to be almost a mystery. Evading contacts with even his political parti- sans, he has always the use of his name for in the least of g:buelty, Since the days when he was a young school teacher Irigoyen has been con- spicuous for his extravrainary """"‘.;,; make different from tinians ceased to take an interest in | Do him? prohibition of the Mexican gov- hedging m-nthundm&mw‘finurfiy the rest of the politicians. And today | not only does he detest personal ruh- licity and public homage to his qualities and attainments, but he renounces with equal finality any material recompense | for his official services. The checks for his salary are sent directly to the “So- cledad de Beneficencia,” the greatest charity organization of Argentine wom- en, older than the republic itself, Pres- | ident Irigoyen collects not one cent for | his salary or official expenses, although | the Argentine budget carries appropria- | tions for him almost as large as those drawn here by President Hoover. In an article appearing not long ago in World’s Work the noted Latin writer T. R. Ybarra, speaking of Irigoyen, said that he is the least known statesman of South America “because of the seclusion in which he lives, the silence which he maintains, the mystery with which he surrounds himself.” And added: “So aloof is Irigoyen in his habits, so con- temptuous of the ordinary avenues to celebrity, that he has become the center of & legend in which fact and_friction mingle.” Such is the man. Is there anything strange in the fact that a man of this temperament should pro- hibit the exposition of his pictures in public places or in public offices? ‘This same psychological characteristic long ago for an incident which verged on " disturbing good American-Argen- tine relations. He refused to take part in the inauguration of the first radio- telephone service between North and South America, during which the Chief Ex;m{'}lvn of !heh:Jn"ed States, Chile and Uruguay exchanged cordial greet- ings and expressions of good will. Pres- ident Irigoyen alleged a sudden iliness to excuse his absence and this was in- terpreted by some American newspapers as & lack of courtesy and friendliness on the part of the Argentine executive toward Uncle Sam. Those who know | him well, however, understood that Senor Irigoyen's attitude was but the result of his disinclination to take part in a broadcasting program _advertised throughout the world and which would resound in every quarter of the globe. That they were right was shown soon after when President yen in & few days called President Hoover on the phone and held a private conversation with him which abounded in courteous Pphrases and diplomatic gallantry, For the Sake of Aviation. “Mexico will benefit more from the ability and courage of her living pilots,” says President Ortiz Rublo, “than from the posthumous honors accorded those who lose their lives in audacious and &fllom undertakings.” And with this e Mexican President issued a decree Avintors Thom andereatins’ attoapte o aviators from under al ts at long-distance or teccrd-bnr‘eq R hi prrollowldn. sumst‘:r‘u o!dth;’ uv‘:i ess and a campaign made lous outstanding tnnrtutumu. the Mexican Executive decided last week that under no circumstances will the government allow in the future any flights in which the lives of Mexican pilots are take, unless such attempts have a “special purpose and real significance for the progress of aviation and the interests of the country.” The lives of the Mexican aces are too precious to be lost, added the Presi. dent’s decree, even though Mexico be obliged to forego the glory of thefr ac- 1‘3‘ My ‘;1‘”‘ Presid decislon— e Mexican ent’s one which had already been suggested in this country and in France—has un- doubtedly been caused by the unfortu- nate and repeated losses which Mexi- can aviation has suffered in the last 12 months. Last mr Mexico's -vmm-,m (lhpt. ‘l.llo i successfully _completing flight from Mexico City American countries, which had him - negul fame. A e ot ‘arranza and Sidar having perished, one of m‘m aces there remains but viation, Col. Roberto 3 ‘York- same degree. of Senor Irigoyen was responsible not | of life's sweetest pleasures. They had tried to be so very kind, and they succeeded only in taking from her the joyful right of every girl to fix up her own little home for herself. Most of us run no danger of hurting our children in the We are, fortu- nately, too poor to rob them very much. Yet all parents need to be on guard a bit in this prosperous land. Let us have the good sense not to kill with kindness. Let us give our kids a chance to enjoy the same grand pleas- ures which we enjoyed—the pleasure of selecting their own mates, making their own homes and fighting their way up by themselves. 80 many with incredible herolsm through centuries of history! Col. Lindbergh, this country’s foremost suthority on aviation, was the first to gfippmn t:n no’t“(" for hn-rdou‘; ts, thougl or many years come will we have the privilege of wit- nessing a more audacious feat than that which he accomplished. Only a few days ago, in commenting upon the achievements of Admiral Byrd in his flight to the South Pole, Lindbergh praised the way in which this was made, “after careful planning and in an or- derly rather & sensa man- ner.” The tendency, then, seems to be toward less sensational and more prac- tical flying experiments. President Ortiz Rublo is only following this tendency, which good judgment and past experi- ence ‘counsel. “Forgive Us Our Debts.” Bad example spreads easily among men. And still more s0, if these men happen to be politicians. When the Russian Communists, the day followin, their victory, prociaimed to the worl that they were not to pay, nor even to | recognize, the external or the internal debts contracted by the previous Caarist government, they probably did not know how convenient and practical a prece- dent they were setting for future revo- lutionsts and would-be reformers in days to come. Only a couple of weeks before the military movement which has just over- thrown the Siles regime started in Bo: livia, & small Communistic uprising wa: reported last month on the tine- Bolivian border, where some 30 men, led by & well known Red agitator, seized the town of Villazon and defied the cen- | tral government. The upmm; Was eas- ily put down by the legal forces, al- though it cleared the way for the suc- cess of a later and more serious revo- lutionary movement, that of the army, which is now in charge of the situation. Before mmnums to the govern- ment, however, the ivian Commu- nistic leader issued s proclamation set- ting forth the purposes and ideals of the Communistic movement. Prominent | among these was clause third, which | provided that “all persons sympathizing | :lth they‘uvo'lll::fin would be exempted rom paying personal debts.” All debts and credits of those taking part in the uprising were to be -uwmnl{lnlly “ggl“;: shows either that the c] ws el Bollvian Communistic leaders hel mrz" n.pomuhm (Copyrieht, 1990.) Wife Used as Subject In Physician’s Research When Dr. Hachiro Ohara, prominent physician of Fukushima, who gave the Ohara disease its name, found that no one would believe his contention that the ailment was infectious, tory work, and proved to the satisfaction of the medical world that he was right, ‘This m:r‘, which recalls the sacri- fices made by the late Dr. Hideo Nog- uchl, was told at & recent National Medical conference in which was & number of X iportance of Ohara's work lies in the fact that the disease in which he has been & list is often confused with others, It affects certain glands, especially in the shoulder and the “;lbt's:. t"no‘ in normal cases can be cu the numl of fatalities being b':h' - Ohara first noticed that the wild rab- bits in his of the country were killed by epidemics, the nature of which could not be ascertained. He connected this with the mysterious ili- n::..a‘t'.hnua:‘: hc?“wtth tht .i:d prov oon e in- fected animals W8S necessary. Oha: shuns publicity and is much iess knownn m Japan than abroad, ‘where many of s experiments have been detailed il medical publications. o Jear | Japanese Steel Works the Seeks to Join Cartel S wi mon! the New Mexico City non-stop fligh lowering the Lindbergh record by twr‘iun_ Col. Plerro was then to make & 10t South AmeFioan SopCE OnCY he to Fierro' ject. nulhnfl:.:a 7-5: :‘1' ltve. mm possibility o the sad comrades. And 't{h Skt 's life th aim to protect those mny.mg Tho'Sre lways Foady to defo ceatie ot combat nature's lnlamenh lzr the con quest of personal glory. Now have in -gheir that Afdent Mexions Slood wh inese gov- authori- | 11 on since last Au- he principal o8- son Ji steel man- ufacturers have been unlllu“:fi number of rails to the South Manch: Railway Co. and also to Chinese rail- weys, but increased petition e R are meml of an i:mmm% organization they be protected against this competition. The steel bus- iness in Japan has suffered T | creat deal with the King's youngest son, ghm George, [LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MECCA -OF SCHOLARS May Become Great Research for Hub of Educational tudents of the Nation. (Continued From First Psge.) tlon of hooks, well ordered and cata- logued, without duplicate in the New World. Large departments have grown from smali nuclet. Such, for instance, is the Chinese collection—the largest assemb] of Chinese books outside of Ci N Te is a natural drive to- ward completeness and perfection. This may be expected to grow rapldly both by purchases and donations. The student of Chinese literature and cul- ture finds here the best opportunity to ! pursue his studies without going to the Orlent. And there is every indication that western scholarship is turning to China for new ideas and a new philoso- rhy. Practically the same can be said for other large special collections, such as the Blavic or, on & lesser scale, the assembly of books on ic around the nucleus of the private library of the late Houdini, which came to the ubnryfl‘rsur his death. Source Material Available. ‘This, of course, is quite aside from | those departments of which the tional Library, because of its unique cilitles, long has made a specialty. Such is American history. Here is lo- cated the source material. It has been augmented in the past three years by enormous numbers of pHotostats of manuscripts touching upon American history in European libraries. This was made possible by grants from John D. Rockefeller, jr, in the interssts of Am historical scholarship. Another momentous step is the estab- lishment here of the Foiger Shakespear- ean collection, one of the finest in the world, with provisions for a separate bullding adjoining the Library and a $10,000,000 fund for maintaining it. It is not exactly a part of the Library of Congress, but it is so0 closely associated with it that there will be little practical distinction. Did Mr. Folger set an example, together with the late donor of the Freer Art Gallery, which will be followed by other wealthy collectors who wish to have their cherished books and | pictures made available, in the widest sense possible, o all the American peo- | ple? If so, it probably will be only & | matter of time until other great libraries | are added to the group, with the Li- brary of Congress as a nucleus. Vollbehr Collection Bought. Still another significant step was | purchase for $1,500,000 the Vollbehr collection of incunabula, or fifteenth century books, including one of the three existing vellum coples of the Gu- tenberg Bible. It seems to indicate a policy on the part of Congress to serve American scholarship by making the National Library as broad in scope and complete as possible. Thus the evolutionary process goes on, one step leading to another. Up to this point the functions of the Library have been largely accumulative and custodial. But yet another element has | entered—the interpretative. The ac- such as the Chinese, necessitated em- ployment of specialists as heads of these departments. Then came the establishment of the Library of Con- gress Trust Fund Board and the ap- (Continued Prom First Page. terly attacking his father-in-law's for- eign policy in the Lower Chamber. For- eign policy was the issue of the da Mosley was meat for the parliamen correspondents. Doubtless he knew it. He fell out with his party and became an indépendent. But there is no career or standing for an independent in the English Parliament. Mosley had to re- vert or cross right over. He crossed, and in 1924 he and his wife joined the Labor party. The fat fell into the fire then with & sizzle. Observe, first, that Oswald's sisters-in-law, Lady _Alexandra and Lady Irene (now the Baroness Ravens- dale, a peerage in her own right she inherited on the death of her father), are social celebrities. The Baroness Ravensdale, asserting her right to con- trol her own life and considerable in- come inherited from the Leiter estate, set up her own establishment in town and took a string of hunters to her own hunting box at Melton Mowbray, where the Prince of Wales had his hunting quarters until he gave up hunting. Romance Looked For. Lady Alexandra, youngest of the trio, soon after her debut was seen about a and society waited for news of & romance. But then Prince ‘went off to the China naval sta- -looking cavalry mnm. and Lady Alexandra Curzon became Lady Alexandra Metcalfe and, with her husband (who resigned his appointment, but remained one of the prince’s companions), is of the prince’s set and plays around in Florida, at Antibes and the smart hunting centers and organises some of the smartest of the season's big charity balls. In the sporting and the smart sets frequented her sisters, Lady Cyn- thia and her husband, now parlor pinks, were scarcely popular. lady Cynthia complained that her former society ac- quaintances treated her as a renegade. “Lady Astor,” she told an audience at the Third of the Labor and Socialist International at Brussels, “is one of the few friends who will still see me.” Whereupon Mayfair suggested that Lady Astor must be taking out an insur- ance against the time when the tumbrils begin to rumble and the Moseleys sit in places of power among the Red revolu- tionaries. As for old Sir Oswald, the elder, he cursed his son root and branch. On en- tering the Socialist party Oswald Mosley, then plain mister, had expressed his i would never be known by his hereditary one when it came his way, while Lady cynthh”dulnd to be known as “Plain Mrs. Mosley.” “It has occurred to me,” announced the old squire publicly, “that more valuable help would be rendered to the country by my Socialist son and daugh- ter-in-law if, of achieving cheap ublicity about the relinquishing of titles hey would take more material action mdY relinquish some of their wealth and 0 help to make easier the plight of som: of their more unfortunate fellows.” « Bon Never Worked. The baronet added: “My son has never done a decent day’s work in his | life. the land, He was spoon in his mouth—it cost $500 in doc- tors’ fees to bring him into the world. “He has money from the Mosley fam- and money from his wife. So in inter they have been able to go to Italy and enjoy themselves in the sun- shine; and they have their houses in town and the country. Just because he fell out with the Conservatives he stands a8 an extreme, oh, & very extreme So- clalist. Then he rates his father for critioising him. For many years I paid out of my own pocket thousands of pounds for his education and upkeep.” ‘These being the elder Mosley’s senti- ments people were not very surprised to death, that he had left the taken last week when Congress voted to | | cumulation of the special collections, | contempt for titles and swore that he | e | Ousted. bor’s fin: pointment of specialists not paid by Government appropriation but from en- dowments. “Chairs” have been estab- lished. The function of these special- ists is purely interpretative, They are here to help students—not to take eare of collections and not to teach. ‘Thus the National Library stands at present. It has come a long way from the little collection of books to be used | a8 & reference library by Congress. It | has become a nucleus of & great “in- | stitution of learning,” is the best semse of the term. The material is here—the books, the manuscripts, the interpreta- tive service. But there are no “courses,” no ,accrediting agencies, no university | organization. Nor will there be such— any more than was the case with the | spontaneous medieval universities. The Government cannot direct studies or confer degrees. | Academic Community Suggested. ‘The other parts of the “academic community”—a term advisedly used— must come of themselves. They are coming—but just what form they will take is speculative. One possibiiity is the establishment of “houses of studies” by American universities or groups of universities. Thus the future may see on Capitol Hill a Harvard House, & Yale House, a Leland Stanford House, & Chicago House, a Michigan House. Here advanced graduate students might sent from a university to pursue their work at the Library of Congress, |in the Folgar Library, etc.; reside in | their own “house,” and have their work | accredited by the university they repre | sented. Members of the faculty might | even be detailed in charge of these “houses.” It must be kept in mind, of course, that such students would not | be undergraduates, but grown men and women working out practically inde- pendently their own research problems for doctrinal dissertations. Another suggested idea is for the grouping of students from different uni- versities and learned socleties in houses according to the subject of their studies. Some time ago it was proposed to estab- lish a “history house.” There may some day be a science house, en eco- nomics house, a literature house, a sociology house, an Oriental house, etc. In any event it will be an academic community grouped about the nucleus of the Library of Congress with its books, manuscripts and interpretative service. The great medieval univers- ‘1;:;:1 were almost precisely the same g. | “Perhaps the closest analogy to be found among American institutions of learning already exists in Washington— | and here also the relation to the medi- | eval university idea is rather close. ‘This is the religious-academic commun- ity—a growing group of houses of study | —about the nucleus of Catholic Uni- | versity, in Brookland. ‘The university | itself is a separate institution, con- trolled by the American hierarchy. | But one after the other the various re- ligious orders have established their own largely independent colleges in close proximity to it—making use of | 1ts lecture courses, its library and its laboratories, but not losing their own | 1dentity. The analogy is by no means | exact—but it seems the closest afforded by the field of American education, An Aristocrat Laborite anyway and 80 also did the settled por- tion of the estate, valued at more than $1,000,000 against the $30,000 which was all old Sir Oswald could dispose of as he liked. | He took title and property—he al- | ready had inherited $300,000 under his grandfather’s will. For her part Lady | Cynthia had inherited $40,000 a year | her share of the Leiter fortune and | $100,000 a year under the will of her | grandmother, Mrs, Mary Leiter. Nothing | has been heard of her vow, uttered in | the first flush of her conversion to So- | cialism, to be known as “Plain Mrs. | Mosley.” Bo(i; could—a delicate point, this, but necessary to a correct orientation of these personalities—have rejected the large sums which have come their way owing to the workings of the capitalist system, which they bitterly condemn and seek to destroy. But they have resolute- ly retained them, and they determinedly enjoy to the last lick of the platter, in | their spacious English homes and in the | playgrounds of the cosmopolitan smart sets abroad, the comforts, privileges and | luxuries to be derived from a combined Incame of more than $150.000 a year. Once a Socialist, Lady Cynthia began to look into conditions in the great world of the workers, of which hitherto she had had but the vaguest and r motest conception. She worked office for $6 a week; she worked for a few months on the land; ehe studied at 8 school of economics; she went slum- ming. These adventures neither rough- ened her hands nor brought creases to that ivory brow, but they hel, her to "n;n-:tsh things out for herself,” as she put it. It took & couple of campaigns to get Mosley into Parliament as Labor member. He managed it in 1926. Lady Cynthia took the electoral field in the Summer of last year, won an industrial district away from a Tory child of the m;;tud Joined her husband in Par- Up to 1927 nobody took Mosley seri- ously. His own party ml.lucu-”.nnpd 4t him. He was universally distrusted. Few thought him sincere. But he dis- played unsuspected powers of work. He also cultivated Ramsay Macdonald and became his constant companion at home and on his travels. He trimmed his sails to varying political winds, Foreign Policy Fades. Forelgn policy, as_a live domestic issue, had faded in England with the fall of Lloyd George and the death of Marquis Curzon. Besides, Ramsay Mac- donald regarded foreign policy as his own special province, and he is & Jmous man. Nothing more was heard from Oswald Mosley, the erstwhile suthority {on foreign policy, upon this subject. | Finance became the issue of the day with the re-emergence of debts and the |advent of the wes plan. Oswald | Mosley turned to finance. He was now commonly referred to in the news- papers, the clubs and the salons as a financial expert and, indeed, the only man in Labor circles who could possibly take Philip Snowden's place if anything (from a quarrel with n}n{“to some- more serious) shoul Ppen “our Philip.” Y . sl But “our Philip” 15 not so easily He assumed command in La- ancial fleld and no one else could or dared attempt to intrude a nose into the sacred financial pastures. This becoming plain, Sir Oswald blos- somed forth as & brilllant economist and Labor’s one and only hope in the fleld of the solution of the unemploy - ment problem. It was a shrewd it “Che Breetbion Do Per less erisis aforementioned. Ly In estimating what England's o ma) munwmonwnhl-en&n‘lpw real that in this island political mfl- always evolve to the Left, and 't Soclalism is interpreted by the voting masses in terms, not of & cause or a principle or a doctrine, but of a 'ernmy—ot & Macdonald, & Jim omas, or an Oswald Mosley, It is not beyond the bounds of probability that the masses one day in r future will swing to "O’omnze'lm'l' Mosley and c! r for him to save them from the fate to which (apparent- ly)lumnnulndml;‘iw ntv | B N conservative Macdonald, , & Thomas ang Snowden ve signed o