Evening Star Newspaper, March 16, 1930, Page 39

COALITION IN SENATE SUFFERS A REVERSAL Democrat-Independent Combine Split When Vote Sugar BY MARK SULLIVAN. b OR some eight months there was in the Senate a coalition be- tween, roughly, 39 Democrats and, roughly, 16 insurgent Rs- publicans from the West. It was the longest and most successful coali- tion between these two groups that any- body can remember ofthand (though this statement is made without close search of the records). The coalition controlled the Senate. It controlled the making of the tariff bill in the Senate. It did whatever it wanted to do as re- spects practically every rate and com- modity. | Then on March 5, in a vote on sugar, | nine of the Democrats deserted, to- | ether with six of the insurgent Repub- | icans. The coalition was broken. In succeeling votes, on cement and other | tommoatties, roughtly, the same de- | serters from both of the groups went | over to the common enemy with, roughly, the same result. The episode was doubly sensational, | because these particular roll calls were | a repetition of previous roll calls on | the same commodities—that is to say, in Januaary there had been a roll call on sugar and the coalition had held its ranks, as usual, and had been success- ful, as usual. When the second roll call came the action of the deserters was a direct reversal of the way they had pre- viously voted. Party Leaders Acutely Interested. Naturally, the political consequences of the episode became the acute inter-- est of party leaders in both parties and » all factions. Emotionally the immediate result was extreme anger on the part fof the Democrats toward the heretics {from their ranks and, similarly, acute anger on the part of the insurgent Re- publicans toward the deserters from their ranks. | _ This was in accordance with an in- fallible law of human nature. The be- trayed Democrats and the betrayed in- surgent Republicans were certain, for the moment, to hate the deserters from their own ranks more than they hated | the common enemy, the regular Re- publicans. As soon as the vote on sugar was taken and in every one of the similar | roll calls succeeding Senator La Fol- lette of Wisconsin did a thing which was sensational at the time and will be, in some quarters, even more sensa- tional later on. Immediately after each 101l call Senator La Follette inserted in the Conj nal Record the old roll call of weeks before on the same com- tors |10 e | Fall, even if there had been no tariff tarift Senators come who had voted two ways on the same subject. Adopts Father’s Tactics. In doing this Senator La Follette is his sudiences, with appropriate excoria- from him, the records of the Sena- ‘wished to de! . | publican Senators come. Glance at the Future. This more distant viewpoint looks to the election next November of 35 Sena- tors and 435 members of the House— the whole of the House. Still more distant the new viewpoint looks to the presidential election of 1932. In considering these more distant matters, it is not the recent and sen- sational disruption of the coalition that is important—it is the nature of the new tariff bill. This new viewpoint must start, of course. from the nature of the tariff bill. From the nature of it and—what is even more important in ical politics—what the public will the nature of it to be. So long as the Democrats, with their insurgent Repub- ican allies, were in control of the mak- ing of the bill in the Senate, they re- garded their work as good. As soon as they lost control and the regular Re- publicans were able to make some im- portant rates, the Democrats regarded the bill as bad, ‘The Democ: assume that the coun- try will regard the bill as bad—and this is pretty certainly true. What the coun- try may think of any tariff bill may or may not coincide with the accurate Judgment of the bill held by tariff ex- , perts, or business men, or any one else. ‘The public eommonly does not make up its mind, or arrive at a state of feeling about a bill, as a result of in- timate understand of all the rates -and their effects. t usually hap- pens is that the attention of the public becomes focused on some one item. The public comes to think of this one item as bad or as good. Newspaper headlines and newspaper editorials tend to picture the rate on this one commodity as either wicked or beneficent. In accord- ance with that trend the public verdict on the bill is made. Sugar Tariff Leading Tssue. In the present case it is the judg- ment of practically every politician and every newspaper man that the one fea- ture of the pending tariff bill which has achieved this prominence is sugar. (In the tariff bill of 1909 it was wool.) It is equally the judgment of politicians and observers that the ultimate verdict of the public will be adverse, That was settled as long ago as last July. At that tirae, soon after the first tentative ver- sion of the bill was written, the news- papers and the public took Brevlfllnll)’ the line of condemnation. Painstaking examination of newspaper headlines, dispatches and editorials, by the head: quarters of both p to 90 per cent of the press had “thumbs down” on this tariff bill. Assuming that the verdict of the pub- He on this tariff bill will be adverse, the Democrats have begun to cheer up. ‘They are just now at a int where their early anger against the deserters from their ranks is dying down, and they are beginning to think of party advantages to be gained, as against the :n;ug:lc‘m:fic?rext !r':ll and later, They a party will make Ila: ns in both the Senate and m use. In this judgment some Re) leaders do not seriously d:‘.‘ul:lbllfln Democratic Gains Foreseen. In the Senate the Democrats are wuflwlwmln to make gains next lovember. They would make gains if there had been no tariff bill. will make gains chiefly for an ml!enul reuzn 'z! m.eocn hy ':hu:h rworka some- vantage of one party, etimes the other. - Is Taken on Tariff. to the advantage of the Democrats. Democrats, in_ trying to hold on to 13 seats, are likely to have fewer failures :‘l;n;nz Republicans in trying to hold on But the case of the Democrats. is stronger than that. It happens that of the 13 seats now held by Democrats and to be filled in elections this year, 10 are in Southern States which prac- tically never elect a Republican to the Senate, or to any other office. The Democrats, therefore, are quite certain | to keep 10 of their 13 seats. Only 3 of | their seats are in any degree doubtful. The Republicans are quite differently situated. Of the 22 seats now held by them and to be decided in electtons next Fall, fully 7 are in doubtful States. The net of it is that on the mere law of averages, regardless of the tariff, the Democrats are almost certain to make some gains in the Senate. We are sure to have in the Senate next year substantially what we have had ever since Mr. Hoover was inaugurated —a Senate in which the majority is not regular Republican, in which the ma- Jority is made up of Democrats and in- surgent Republicans. (Unless the re- cent blow-off on sugar should work permanent destruction to the alliance between the Democrats and insurgent Republicans.) House Situation Depicted. Let us now turn to the House and see what are the prospects there. In the House now the Republicans have a very large majority, a majority of 99 in a total membership of 435. Here, in the House also, the Repub- licans are certain to suffer some losses. ‘The present largeness of the Republican majority in the House is due in part bnormal causes. The present House —the whole of it—was elected in the THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 16, 1930—PART TWO, & Destroying Ancient Gods China’s Present Rulers Are Making a Deity of Sun Yat-sen, Which He Would Have Condemned same election and on the same day as President Hoover. Because President Hoover ran very strong he carried to success with'him many Republican can- didates for Congress who would not otherwise have been successful. Espe- clally was this so in some Southern and It is certain that quite a number of these seats will go back to the Democrats this Fall. Moreover, it happens practically always that the party which wins a presidential cam- wins also, on the same day, an abnormally large number of members of the . A larger vote than nor- mal is brought out in a presidential year. In the succeeding year—which in the present discussion means this year Eflu vou‘{l.lil: off. In these . like e present, it very frequentiy—indeed almost always—happens that the party power suffers losses in the House. In short, the Republicans were bound to lose some seats in the House next bill. Assuming this bill becomes the subject of odium from the public, the Re) & qu of how much. Buoyant Claim of Victory. ‘The Democrats when they are in a buoyant mood, claim they will win as many as 50 seats next Fall, which would reverse the Republican majority and give the Democrats a small majority. This seems utterly improbable. But something else may happen which, if it should h.lpgen. ‘would be almost equally uncomfortable to the ublicans. Assume that the Republicans lose 20 of their present seats to the Democrats. That would be a comparatively small loss and could readily happen. If it should happen the next House would consist of 247 Republicans and 188 ocrats. ‘That would look like a safe majority for the Republicans. But in fact it would not be, for under that condition thsn;ould mu’m '.heb!-lmue a fac- tion insurgent Republicans similar to the faction of insurgent Republicans that is now conspicuous in the Senate. There are in the House now and there will be in the House next year at least 30 Republicans of the same shade as the insurgent Republicans in the Sen. ate. These are Republicans in the House from Wisconsin, Minnesota and other Western States, from the same States from which the insurgent Re- * The reader will ask why these in- surgent Republicans in the House have not been a faction, as Senators from Such a faction only arises two main parties are more evenly divided—and when the faction, therefore, by acting as a faction, may exercise the balance of power. If the Republicans as & whole in the House next year should have a majority as low as 50, it could readily happen that 25 or 30 of the Republicans, coming from such States as Wisconsin, could and would set up an insurgent Republi- can faction exercising the balance of power. Republicans Facing Problem. In short, the danger that the Repub- licans run is that they may have in the House next year wh.m already have in the Senate—a ne majority but an actual minority. From the Repub- lican point of view, to have next year a Senate and House both as the Senate has acted this year—from the mubllt‘kun point of lvirz':blthll would e _an uncomfo! le 't And it would be. o From the Democratic point of view it would be a hnppf prospect. The Demo- crats exult over it. Anticipating it they g0 back to an analogy—and then they make a_prophecy. They say that just as the Democrats won the lower House after the passage of the tariff during Mr. Taft's presidency in 1910, so will they—or they together with the insur- gxfit Republicans—win the House this From this they pass to a ros prophecy of what happened in 1912— which was the defeat of Mr. Taft after serving only one term, and the election of & Democrat, Woodrow Wilson. In this prophecy—cheerful to the Democrats, otherwise to the Republi- cans—there are some defects. That is, there are defects in the analogy on which the prophecy is based. One suf- ficient defect is—there is no Theodore velt now, as there was in 1912, to split the Republicans give the Democrats their opening.. And there is always the chance that the public by next Fall may forget the tariff, or take it for granted and think nothing about it. The congerssional elections in November may be fought on utterly different, issues. And it is & possibility that the Republicans may Wwin a handsome majority in the House— not as large as now, 5 Soctant rge ow, but quite com: Beer Advertisement Aids Italian Brewers Beer barons in Italy are a busy lot these days. Italians are true lovers of beer, but no sooner does Winter come zha.nd the mu(;’r of the house gives strict orders regarding of table wines. Climate nummnm.hln( to do with brown ale, argue producers, but natives turn A deaf ear. Came the in th- line of advertising and news- paper generously extolled the merits of malt. They paid eulogies to the Italian race, which must ot “dress Eng- lish, drink ‘American or dance Negro' becal of “glorious which poison the system. Let and lemonade at dinner table. We will be like thl s { by . Of the 35 Senate seats to be filled i November 22 are now held by Re- g\‘xbnum and 13 by Democrats. iblicans should lose more. It is | Pel Y | chancellor of the exchequer refused to last straw | ho e ish attitude toward Turkey) no longer Anglo- ¥ Baxons covet the habit of sipping tes m-r‘u’fna-mplknmffl yo h’: BY EDGAR SNOW. HEN the victorious Nationalist Army entered the city of in the Spring of things had been accompl . The middle kingdom was united under a single government for the first time since the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in 1911. And Sun Yat-sen, “father of the Chinese Republic,” was established in the hearts of his countrymen as & na- tlomlfiherzl» dl{l time he was to become a national delty. In Nanking the Nationalists erected tle sloj of ., the broad sweep of the mighty Yangtse- kiang. Here t.heiowok the body of Sun Yet-sen, upon whom was bestowed the thumous title of “Chung Shan,” or quil Mountain. In Clnw‘l,’l“ Enfiaguinmprfilve monu- ment was It 's memory, a cost of $2,000,000. And at Peki (which the Nationalists have rmml:s i) ) the Lama Temple, where Sun’s had tain while awaiting the com- pletion of the tomb at Nanking, was memorialized in honor of the revolu- tion's greatest martyr. Elsewhere througflout the land fitting memorials were built; libraries, hospitals and tem- ples were erected in Sun Yat-sen's honor. Sun’s Name Is Sacred. His has become a sacred name wher- ever patriots gather. The homage him is something beyond x:'m ero BY HENRY W. BUNN, HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 15: BRITISH EMPIRE.—On March 11 a Conservative amendment to the govern- ment’s coal bill was passed, 282 to 274, the Conservatives and Liberals combin- ing. A clause of the bill pi general levy on coal mined, to a subsidy for coal export. ment proposed elimination of clause. Mr. Baldwin, leader of the op- position, now asked the premier, Mr. Macdonald, whether he proposed to pro- ceed with the bill. This was the same as asking whether he considered the government’s defeat on the amendment equivalent to a vote of censure and would, therefore, resign. To which Mr. Macdonald replied: “I am amazed at the question. The right honorable gentleman will have an opportunity, two days from now, to move a vote of censure. I shall be very glad to accommodate him by suggesting that he make his vote of censure gen- eral, and we will accept the decision. But so far as the provision of the coal bill which has just been defeated is con- cerned, it was an optional clause in the measure. No essential change has been made, so the government will ask the House to go on with its work.” ‘The government won by comfortable majorities in ensuing votes on provisions of the bill. Having no desire to overthrow the government at the present time, only wishing to keep it worried and to dis- credit it in detail, Mr. Baldwin did not take up the premier’s challenge, but on March 18 he moved a resolution of censure against the government as re- sponsible for existing trade uncertainty and consequent depression, in that the disclose in advance of his budget (to be presented in mid-April) what he pro- posed ing the McKenna and “safegua " duties. Chancellor Snowden, in fine fettle, pointed out that only 3 per cent of British were employed in industries protected by the duties in question, and continued: “There are three main causes of the nt abnormal unemployment, for none of which the government is re- sponsible. First, the overproduction of primary commodities. Second, the American crash. Third, the late gov- ernment, which in five years' inaction | dammed u reconstruction.” ‘The resolution was defeated, 308 to 2 35. The world will watch with great in- terest the process of the campaign of civil disobedience proclaimed by Mahatma Gandhi in India. It will be recalled how in 1922, the Mahatma, in- vested by the Indian National Congress with powers to that end, launched & campaign of “non-violent resistance,” which manifested itself by way of an economic boycott on British goods and in non-participation in the Indian gov- ernment service, in the legislative coun- cils, and in the courts (the popular name for the movement being “non- co-operation”) ; how, on March 10, 1922, the Mahatma was planted in quod by the British government authorities and w the movement languished and , the Mahatma (very well treated) released after qu:h ""i ye;’u. Conditions today seem rather less fa- vorable to success than those 5 . ‘The old alliance between and Hindus (due to the Brit- exists, use ha vanished; the mmér}"of“m Amrisar affair has ; economic conditions have bet- at {'on the 12th ; by O little army of whence he led forth a (’:onmh-y. 1t is proposed to challenge the the process of post-war | 3. of two | has bee) rs for a march to the Guilf of | tion, i ‘ £ S ‘There is a_ reverent hush about the mention of his name, a kind of super- stitious awe not unlike which accom- panfed supplications to Shang-ti and thle great Jade Emperor of the Taoist religion. Even rebellion is now launched in # name of E“f?ie Y“.llmhn (R Preued upon the people been the efficacy of the San Min Chu I it is doubtful any new aspirant to power in China today could hope to succeed without giving at least nominal assent to Sun’s doctrines. War lords no longer accuse their rivals merely of Com- munism and corruption in their efforts to instigate new rebellions. The cen- tral theme of all rebel manifestos to the people now is contained in the charge that the government is failing to carry out the “people’s three prin- ciples,” or that it is misinterpreting the political wnoeflh of “Chung Shan.” Apparent to all is the fact that this name is constantly being used and abused by politicians and militarists who have not the faintest sympathy with the high ethics or dogma of the idealist that was Sun Yat-sen. ‘The nation-wide prestige now enjoyed by the deceased leader has become the bulwark of the National government, which is tightly controlled by the one- party rules of the Kuomintang founded by Sun. Now the Kuomintang avers that it is embarked upon the realization of Sun's plans for a great, prosperous United States of China. His San Min Chu I—the “People’s Three Princi- ples—has become the Bible of the Kuo- mintang officials. Nationalism, democ- racy and soclo-economy—a brief defi- nition of those “three principles”—have government’s monopoly. The govern- ment will or will not arrest the Mahatma. Should he be arrested, “the Indian people,” so he exhorts them, “‘must preserve peace and carry out the instructions of the National Congress working committee.” * % ok ok FRANCE.—The new Tardieu govern- ment is having hard digging. Within a week of its institution it was defeated | el{lhb times on provisions of the budget | bill, but, not having made an issue of confidence in any of these cases, it did | not feel constrained to resign. The | matter in issue on the eighth vote was whether or not the state pledge itself to large extension of free secondary education. The premier was favorable to appropriation of the equivalent of $2,000,000 for immediate extension of secondary education, but was unwilling that the clause carrying such appro- priation should also carry a statement declaring it to be an accepted principle that the state should greatly enlarge its system of free secular secondary education. Battle was joined flercely for hours between the advocates of such extension and those who prefer the prevailing type of secondary school. that directed by priests. Gambetta's slogan of 50 years syne was heard once more, “Clericalism is the enemy.” ‘The defeat was certainly a serious mat- ter and, the importance of the issue considered, those who contend that Tardieu should have resigned do not lack reason. It is clear enough any- way that his political lease of life is exceedingly precarious. On the cleri- lcll question the country is certainly | left. However, on March 13, the budget bill was passed. | * ok kX GERMANY —Three pieces of good news come to us from Germany this week: Ratification (265 to 192) by the Reichstag of the Young plan, prac- Mennyuu.mn\mm ratification by the Reichstag of the German-American debt settlement, and the appointment of Dr. Hans Luther, formerly chancel- lor of the Reich, to succeed Dr. Hjalmar Schacht_as president of the Reichs- bank. Germany has evidently deter- mined to do her part handsomely toward “liquidation” of the war. It will be recalled that on March 7 Dr. Schacht resigned as president of the Reichsbank, giving for reason that, having concluded that Germany could not fullfill her obligations under the | ‘oung plan in its final form, he could not undertake responsibility for -ful- fillment by the Reichsbank of the role contemplated for it by the plan. Dr. Schacht’s resignation was the logical juel to his strange perform- ance lt’flqle Hague, and to his refusal at a recent meeting in Rome of the governors of the central banks of the countries which are to participate in the Bank of International Settlements, the name of the German representatives for the board of the bank, so threaten- | ing postponement of the opening of the bank’s offices. The Paris press charged the doctor with “a deliberate policy of obstruction with the intention of wreck- g e Young plan.” The German general pooh-poohed con- | tention that The Hague protocol “rep- | Tesents a perversion of the Young plan as framed by the experts of Paris,” and gairene chacge i k. ot presdential cl bee buzzing wildly in his net, he N maneuvering for Nationalist support. The doctor protests motives of peculiar nobility, but has failed to | ¢mundtrtclh';m. = ite, for (Whatever rea- Yo t home at Baroda, en route, g m‘:‘nmu::cmrm salt in deflance of the he is not sympdthetic to the plan; and l!‘yll M—:mm to right functioning of the plan that the Rel | Dr. Schacht | you please—was replaced in importance the traditional “Conduct of Life,” by Confucius, in government schools. Perilous Day for Gods. This is a perilous day for those fierce- eyed, walrus-mustached, evil-grinning gods who have dominated spiritual thought in China for so long. Through- out the land idols are in disrepute. ‘Temple roofs are tumbling in and the ribbon of joss smoke grows faint and dimmer and expires before many an archaic altar where incense had burned for centuries. The people are losing faith in the old genii. But while the dignity of numerous heretofore om- nipotents has suffered, Sun Yat-sen has been made the victim of mass emo- tionalism and the only half-suppressed credulity of his people. He is rapidly undergoing an apotheosis. They have not made images of him. but his portrait hangs from the walls of hundreds of village shrines. For thou- sands of old-fashioned god-loving Chi- nese he has replaced the “Northern Em- peror,” or Kwannon, or Kuan-ti, or which ever lord of heaven happened to be in high repute in their vicinities. And for the more determined youth he has become the “model man.” ~His pic~ ture is prominently displayed in the schools, in the theaters, in the tea houses. In the text books his counte- nance nowadays is more often seen than that of the venerable “Prince of Learn- ing.” And in the primers, stories of the youth of Mencius, Lao-tse and Con- fucius are being crowded out by narra- tives depicting events in the early life of Sun Yat-sen in Kwang-tung and Honolulu. ‘bou;rs president should be sympathetic The selection of Dr. Luther as his successor is generally welcomed. Dr. Luther played important in the stabilization of the mark, the insti- tution of the Dawes plan and in the | Ariz. framing of the Locarno accords. He | has had very extensive political, busi- | g ness and banking experience and has | been minister of finance. Finally, he is conciliatory, and, whatever his virtues, is not that. He claims descent from the great reformer. | It is to be hoped that our Congress | will promptly ratify the German-Amer- | ican debt agreement. On March 11 the Reichstag ratified, | though by a very narrow margin, the | 1mp'orunt German-Polish “liquidation | pact.” EE HAITI—On March 9 the im!-} ing commission sent by ent | Hoover to Haiti issued, with President Hoover's approval, the following state- | ment to the press: “The President’s commission has sug- gested that the various elements com- | posing the opposition to the present | Haitian government should organize a | group of delegates satisfactory to them- selves and designafe some neutral and non-political candidate satisfactory also to President Borno, and who should then recelve their votes and also be elected regularly. “The President thus chosen will call a popular election at the earliest pos- | sible date and present his resignation | to the new Legislature, so that it will elect the President for the regular term. “This plan has the approval of Presi- | dent Hoover, and has been accepted, in Erl.nc!ple, by both Haitian sides. Details ave to be worked out. The commis- sion has no candidate to present.” | The nrrmdure above suggested is said | to conform to the Haitian constitution. The abolition of the office of American high commissioner in Haiti seems a | possibility, and the negotiation of a new treaty between the United States and Haiti a probability. The commis- sioners, whose early popular reception in Haitl was scarcely one of enthusi- astic approval, are now being acclaimed wherever they go. But latest reports show President | Borno making culties. W % UNITED STATES.—On March '8 Willlam Howard Taft, former President and former Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, died at the age of 73. He was unique among Ameri- cans in that he had held both the chief executive and the chief judicial post in the country. He also rendered notable service as Secretary of War and governor general of the Philippines. He was born in Cincinnati and grad- uated from Yale in the class of 1878 Few men have died so well beloved. Supreme Court Justice Edward Terry Sanford died suddenly on March 8 at the age of 64. He had been on the Supreme Court bench for seven years. He was born in Tennessee and grad- uated from Harvard in of 1885. ©On March 10 the City of and the Eleanor Bolling Dunedin Harbor, New Zealand, carrying Admiral Byrd and his gallant com) of 41, escorted by many vessels which had gone out to welcome them. From Dunedin, which now boasts a tion of 85,000, many an expedition has set forth, questing toward the pole. * k¥ x NAVAL CONFERENCE.—Progress of New York arrived in sorts in the Naval Conference—progress | happened ickian or whatever sense the American delegal :’I’mflnufl that the United States Gov- ernment would not participate in ‘any consultative pact as a feature of or in association with the proposed London ity. naval treaty. .o NEW PLANET SWIMS INTO OUR x:n.—'m: announcement is made of the class | | y | 88 . iage can well remember the old saying MAGN! E! MB ON SLOPE OF PURPLE MOUNTAIN IN WHICH TODAY RESTS THE BODY OF SUN YAT-SEN. LEFT INSET: SUN YAT- ATy THEEN.OBIGHT INSET: DR. HU SHIH, WHOSE “HERESY” ENRAGED THE KUOMINTANG. His photograph, often in flattering enlargements. is seen, of course, in all the official buildings and in all off- clals' residences. It is even painted on the sides of railway cars, in the Nationalist colors of biue and white. In the meanest Chinese hot-water shop or the most elaborate silk bazaar one is apt to encounter it. Cigarettes have been named “Chung Shan” and “Chun Li” and bear his likeness. And a splendid painting of this national hero hangs in a conspicuous place on the walls of the State Council Chamber— the meeting place of China's cabinet— in_Nanking, before which the highest officials in the land make obeisance b:‘lge discussing the solemn affairs of state. Services Honor Sun. Every Monday morning memorial services are held in all institutions under government control hou China—for Sun Yat-sen. I have been present at a number of such meetings. ‘The first procedure is the undraping of Sun’s portrait. Before this all as- sembled make three bows—not to the ground, as was the requirement of one who wished to address the Son of Heaven, but short bows, from respect and from the hips. A national song is then sung. Some one gives a talk, the moral of which is an excerpt from the life of Sun Yat-sen or an expo- sition of one of his teachings. At these gatherings in Nanking, where important members of the Kuomintang are in attendance, patriotic speeches for national consumption are often de- livered. Comment on current affairs (Continued on Fourth Page.) the discovery of a ninth major planet of our solar system, beyond Neptune and forty-five times as far from the earth as the earth is from the sun. The discovery was made on January 21 at the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, in the form of a minute spot on a photographic plate, rewarding a photo- phic search which had been in progress for many years. The planet has since been faintly glimpsed through the great 13-inch telescope. In 1914 or earlier Percival Lowell, brother of the president of Harvard and founder of the FPlagstaff Observatory, inferred from certain irregularities in the motions of Neptune the existence of an unknown planet causing those irregularities, and his computation of its distance fairly appro: ted the figure precisely ascertained for the body now . definitely discovered. Some on happily calls him “the posthumous dis- coverer of the new planet.” It is the most important astronomical discovery (or “location,” if you please) since that of Neptune in 1846, There is much pleasant excitement over the matter of naming this trans-Neptunian prince of the solar family. His size is not yet determined. He is certainly as large as the earth and may be larger than Jupiter, who is 1,200 times as large as the earth. Like Neptune, he is invis- ible to the naked eye. He takes, it is roughly calculated, upward of three years to circle the sun. Only 123 Cases Tried In Japan by Juries Only 123 cases were tried in Ji under the jury system during the first year of its operation, which ended Oc- tober 1. While this number was smaller than expected, the authorities are not disappointed, ascribing fact to the general unfamiliarity of the public with the new system. The willingness and sincerity of chosen were in every case most gratify- ing, this being taken as the most sig- nificant indication that jury trials will eventually be the rule in Japan. Under the new law the defendants in certain specified cases, including murder, rob- bery and arson, have the right choose between a trial by jury or by the old system, whereby the judge alone de. cides. About half of the cases men- tioned were concluded in a day, and in only one did the jury take as much as five days for deliberation. The average cost of a trial was $185, this being borne by the defendant if he was acquitted and by the government if convicted. Thirty-two of the cases were appealed to higher courts. —_— Crime Code Revision Is Under Way in Japan ) fieee juries which were | N pre- | the race from time imme the | scription I cannot give here—t w;ndemke. G of Emerald Isle BY REV. cméummus DWYER, HOUGH Ireland cuts but a small figure in the affairs of the world from a material standpoint, due to the misfortunes of the ages so well known to the world, yet | it is remarkable th#t no national and | religious celebration is so widely held (as hers. And not alone among the | Gaelic race, but by vast numbers of va- | rious nationalities and creeds. Where- . ever the son of St. Patrick makes his | home—and that is about everywhere— | | he celebrates the day and is generally | joined by others. ‘Those of us who have passed middle | that “if the North Pole is ever discov- | ered an Irishman will be found there.” This brings to mind the words of Peary when writing of the North Pole trip. He tells us that Lincoln’s and Wash- ington's birthday anniversaries were celebarted on his successful trip and. as St. Patrick’s day came after these festivals, it was the last one celebrated and the nearest to the North Pole. So Peary and his men became Irishmen for that day, probably to prove the veracity of the old saying. As usual, many things will be said about Ireland and her story on this St. Patrick’s day and it is to be regret- ted that many of the speakers will not be likely to bring to our attention the many things that the general public would like to know about the old his- toric land. much that is interesting in Irish his- words on such line may be of value. Ruled by Spanish Descendants. People would like to know what kind of country Ireland was when the saints were alive, as well as some items of former ages in Ireland that might give ?: some idea of what St. Patrick saw ere. Physically the country has changed much since that time on account of the disappearance of the vast forests which were so characteristic of Ireland, but the magnificent coast line, as seen today, must not have altered much, if sea could not have succeeded in chang- Jt.l;n‘x it to any appreciable extent since en. It is admitted by impartial investi- gators that the country was ruled many centuries before Christ by th of the Norman-Welsh invasion in 1170. Hence the Irish are called Milesians. The country was divided into five prov- inces—Leinster, Munster, Ulster, Con- nacht and Meath. The latter province was the property of the head king, or ard-righ (ree). It was necessary for his maintenance, as he had to | port a large army comprising thousands ::‘ n'l:n. Theufixlnls olulrehnd enter- In ly royal magnificence and lived in palaces which at the time were, t0.say the least, the equal of the domiciles of similar dignitaries in Eu- rope north of the Alps. |,, Tara was the residence of the na- | tional monarch, and as its site is seen | today one sees what an inspiring situ- | ation it presents. It would take con- siderable space to describe the magnifi- | cence of the m&ll residence at Tara (where the National Assemblies were held) as given us by Prof. Eugene O'Curry in his most valuable lectures before the Catholic University of Ire- land about the middle of the last century. Bluish-Purple National Color. Suffice it to say that the national monarch of Ireland at that time and his general surroundings were far dif- ferent from misrepresentations so wide- ly spread in modern times, and very often so spread by those who should have known better. For instance, have seen {llustrations of St. Patrick before the court of Leoghaire (Leary), monarch, in which the the national King is represented dressed like a bar- more like a rude club than a sword. The fact is that all the proofs are at hand to show that the King wore gar- ments of the richest kind, his mantle always being a bluish-purple, and it was from this fact that the ancient na- tional color was purple. A correct idea of the court of King Leoghaire may be garnered from the St. Patrick window of the new Boston College, !ac;.‘ton‘ ::g fllll;.'le find the ss of the King as we find m authentic documents so well analyzed by O'Curry. The work was done by Thomas Murphy, who engaged & specialist in Irish archeology to direct ;:een}e'hg: is no {ues;:o{k nor artistic account to lound. O'Curry is simply followed. Magnificent Costumes Worn. As pictures of ‘ancient Irish life are | often presented by Irish-American peri- odicals, it is lamentable to find that the artists know absolutely nothing by which to guide their illustrations. Sin- gularly -enough, it takes persons who are not Irish to present the proper pic- tures. For instance, I have seen & pic- ture of the national hero of Ireland, Cuhullain, representing him as a wild barbarian—this in an Irish-American paper by an Irish artist—while an ac- curate painting of the same hero was | painted by the late Darius Cobb of New- | ton, Mass., for Boston College. It shows the hero in the dress and position de- seribed in the ancient mnuwnfu. In the Century Mz e of some | years ago (January, 1907), there is also | f be seen an illustration’ of Cuhullain and Queen Mabh. The drawings are from Dr. Leyendecker and the article furnished in connection is from the pen of President Roosevelt. The costumes are uuln'glcent in l{hotl;"‘munnuom. eadless say such artists took no chgncle: in Lhe]:.r work. uch remarks will us an idea the court into which St. Patrick was ushered when he first encountered King Leoghaire. Provincial Rulers Wore Red. of garments very similar, but they did not wear the purple. We have the de- scription of the King of Ulster in the first century, given us by O'Curry from the ancient manuscripts. The descrip- tion hkdn about w'mm in “The king, Conaire Mor, red mantle bespangled with e kilt as we see by Scots today a sword which, however, is not to the correct outlines. He w%sun;z lrl.sh’ crown o‘l' gold, | orm of crown is acknowledged in heraldry as the Irish crown. He wears his hair lonfi and falling over his shoulders like all the ancient Celts. mmemirial e 3 e hair is golden, while the eyebrows are dark. So are the pupils of his eyes, making a strikingly beautiful picture, which is not excelled in any of the works of Homer. The complete de- too long He wears the Had Representative Government. Notwithstanding that we have all the proofs that the Irish were a lettered le, even in the times, and numbenmc: great scholars are named ftain and tory is so little known. Hence a few | any, for it is so rock-ribbed that the |ii barian, and the sword he holds looks | The provincial rulers or kings wore | 8 ST. PATRICK FOUND IRISH WERE PROSPEROUS PEOPLE Phoenicians and Ancient Gl;eeks_Knew Centuries Before Christ, Historians Find. kings and their nobles. The subkings were also elected by their" resp.fiv!; heads of their clans, but held office as long as they were capable of per- forming such offices. They had to be men good character, well ‘educated in all the learning of the time, good swordsmen and leaders, horsemen and swimmers. Any physical or mental defect was a reason for deposing hii t once; hence, as Wells says in his “Genealogy of Amer- ican Families,” the Irish system was a splendid one and one not surpassed anywhere in the choosing of competent leaders. Druids Wise Men. While the ard-righ held su) e power, yet a great amount of y was demanded by the subrighs and from this fact there is no doubt: that many internal wars arose, yet such was also the case among the barons of Europe up to and after the signing of the Magna Charta. That St. Patrick had: % contend against the pagan philosophers who were men of no small merit, is ad- mitted. The druids were the learned men and, through the grace of God, very evidently men of open minds, and so we find that after his disputations with the chief d=ni2 at the court of Leoghaire, tius druid was converted on the spot. It is not to be understood that the It is true, indeed, that so | thr, Savior are mentioned in early Irish manuscripts as druids. Then Prosperous Country. Ireland in those days had the Irish | party in the British House of Commons swept the cause of such poverty out of existence. O’Curry, from whom all writers on the subject ' have drawn extensively, gives descriptions of private residences in the pagan and early Christian, times, ,wh‘llcl;‘;thow“- hl:}lt degree of excellence an ization. It may surprise many to hear that the Brehon (or civil) -laws g ] jon of * appren - mg mbuquenw.&velnpod into a fine art In the time of the saint, and long before and after, chess was known in TIreland and houses of hospitality, which were seen at itnervals all over the coun- try, were obliged to have sets of chess- men for the travelers. (See Walker's “Anecdotes of Chess”.) The hosts were nobles and no doubt the travelers must have been of the same class. That royal feats were indulged in on those occa- sions is well known. Close Bond Between Clan and Chief. From most ancient times up to the time of Queen Elizabeth, the Irish nobles wore gorgeously colored mantles and never were seen without their swords by their side. The chiefs | were always elected by their clan and there is no case on record whetre the clan deposed him. In fact, a bond of affection existed between at_all times. Doubtless this affi tween the chief Dresses of women of the higher classes were often of silk and satin im¢ according to thors, took about 30 yards, pleated and matched. ornaments of gold and silver are mentioned as ting in Ire- land, even in t::nznn times, and many such orna are to be seen in the Dublin museums today. They are of most beautiful workmanship. That gold was mined in the country is acknowledged. So was iron, copper and tin. St. Patrick Demolished Gold Idol. We find that St. Patrick traveled in a charjot. This was an old Ireland. The hero Cuhullain was killed chariot on the cen while leaping from his field of battle in the first ? that e arhed the people. sgainse the WArn e evil of sun 'ouhlp?eq‘f'mt they had idols is also clear from the fact that St. smote the - idol, Crom Cruach, which was covered with gold, and demolished it completely. Commerce was on Ireland and the continent from early age. We find eccentric reporting that the Irish knew about ships, that all they used for travel was the coracle. Now it.is they had the coracle, but that also had fleets of ips no minded student of the question deny. The ship that carried the sain to his home in France was lodded wi the merchandise which the Irish that time usually sent abroad. Nation of Sallors. ‘That there were forel tic ships engaged in !.h':n no doubt. We have many records of large Irish fleets, mostly used in battle. The case of King Niall's in ian and dnze continent in ravaging those visited -is clear enough to o S Bt B 3 “Ames - lumbus”) tells us that o Tre land. was a sailor nation” and who will that it deny it wh;n (n is is an , far out in the Atlantis and the ol 1 colonists as well as other colonists must have been seamen of sl’:o ;mryfmfld“? Y ound a very good rosd system in Ireland—that is, those times. Five great from Tara to as many ferent tions through Ireland, and many roads were also to be seen there. Brehon laws devoted much attent the care of roads these long before the time . The laws, too, regulated mining and the remains of these anclent mines are seen today. Known to Ptolemy of Egypt. Of course, it will be in ilese n ‘noble ci Jocelin in his “Life of This means much, for St. Pa seen the greatest city in the his day. We read in Irish history of towns or cities existing in 3 Ptolemy of Egypt, who wrote about 250 years before the time of St. gve a very accurate eland. He notes 11 cities and gives the rames of rivers, lakes tribes, which has been found correct. note that Ptolemy us J 8 £ : g Milcho. Imcbl{u was not. a chief ¢in