Evening Star Newspaper, July 28, 1929, Page 18

18 wviw UNITED EUROPE" U IDEA GAINS GROUND Project, Years Ago, Was Held Impractical. By Radio .0 The Star. BERLIN, July 27.—Three years ago next Oclober a young Austrian noble- | man named Count Richard Couden- hove-Kalersi summoned tNe first pan- Furopean Congress to meet at Vienna. At that time ths idea of forming the “United States of Europe” was generally dismissed as an impractical Utopla ex- dsting only in the dreams of some vis- ionary schemers. ort space of three years, how- idea of & pan-Europea has al- ready taken a firm hold on the imagi- mations of vast numbers ef citizens in avery country on thiz continent, and Wit the announcement that the French foreign minister, Aristide Briand, intends to bring forward a project for “a United States of Europe” at the next meeting of the League of National A: & mbly at Geneva in September, 1t al ready becomes practical politics. Customs Union First Step. lis ot the plan Briand has in what has been ‘given out in the Paris ress, it may be assumed that tae French forcign ministry proposes to create first a customs union with a re- duction or abolition of tariff barriers throughout the continent of Europe, to be followed later by the formation of political ties. Judging by statements made by Dr. Stresemann in his last Reichstag speech on June 24, the French foreign minister may count en 1he support of his German colleague in his ambitious undertaking. Dr. Stresemann rather puzzled public opinion in this country by one passags in his Reichstag address, but a certain light has since been thrown upon it by the revelation of Briand's pan-Euro- pean intentions. Dr. Stresemann from the tribune of the Reichstag said: “1 believe that the time wi horn_out of economic necessf the French, German and perhaps other Furopean industries will have to seex A common way against the competition which hits them all hard. But you can- not expect that the Ruhr industrialists will find this way gladly so long as the Rhineland ocupation continues. know verv many men of surpassing in- fluence in Prance who think on this: question precisely what I am saying ere." Present Moment Is Favorable. When the German foreign minister | nittered that extraordinary statememt he had just returned from Madrid 2nd Paris, in both of which cities he had prolonged discussions with Briand. 1n many respects. the present moment is favorable for a discussion of the pan- European idea. First, the character of the French foreign minister eommlnd.li the confidence of Germany, possessed by few, if any other, French statesmen. As far back as the Cannes conference in 1921, Briand was working for a rap- prochement with Germany after the war, but at that u2riod he was too far in advance of the fimes and he was sup- planted by the more narrow-visioned Poincare. . Four years later at Lake Maggiore. Briand collaborated with Dr. Strese- mann and Chamberlain in bridging th gap between the war foes through the Locarno treaties. The next vear, at Geneva, Briand welcomed Germany into the League of Nations with a mag- nificent oration, wherein he pleaded that in the future Germany and Francc should be rivalz in the arts and scences and not on the battlefield. where both had already obtained all the glory and prowess they required. Britain Now Ruled by Labor. Great Britain at the present hour is ruled by a Labor governmsnt headea by a pacifist prime minister, Germany, too, is led by a socialist chancellor and her foreign minister is a man who for the last five years worked unremittingly for peace in Europe. The United States also must be men- tioned as a factor in bringing the na- tions of the Old World closer together. First of all, our country is a notable example of what can done when free trade principles are applied to a whole continent. It is indeed a re- markable paradox that the nation which has the highest protective tariff is at the same time the most convincing Justification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and Richard Cobden. Meanwhile, the efforts of protection- ists in the United States rase the tariff wall still higher, bringing the rations of Europe closer together. Every great couniry on this continent has iodged a protest with the State Depart- ment against the proposed new tariff bili. Fearing that unless they stand together they will be crushed by the eolossus of American industry. business leaders in Europe gradually are coming together and the steel and potash car- be regarded as pro- tests of even greater European economic combinatior:s still to come. The debt policy pursued by the United Rtates also has a tendency to unite Europeans, for victorious sHies and the defeated Germans find themselves in the position today alike of having to pay money to the United States. though n one case the money is called inter- allied debts and in another reparations. Copyright, 1929.) \ PLAN TOUR OF ENGLAND Performances Will Be Given in Churches and on Village Greens. LONDON (N.AAN.A).—A new dra- matic_enterprise has been started by the Pilbrim Players, a band of amateurs who have decided to tour England in a motor caravan to give a repertoire -of plays portraying “The Creative Ad- venture in Human Dramatics.” ‘These players made their debut last year in a morality play at St. Peter's Church, Piccadilly, and they hope to give their present performances in churches and on village greens. They have made all their own stage Prop- erties, costumes and scenery. One play, “Lot's Wife,” is a modern version of the famous tragedy of Mrs. Lot. In this piece Mr. Lot is a modern business man in the frozen meat trade. The business fails, but Mrs. Lot insists upon retaining her position and pos- sessions and looks back on what has happened instead of forward on what i to be. In the play she is dressed in light gray and eventually when she “becomes rigid, she takes on the &p- punncemor lc:ull‘l{ having been turned into a pillar of salt. < Anntr?er play, “The Defeated Pawn- broker,” is intended to show the prog- ress of human evolution. In one :cene earth is portrayed as a pawnbroker’s shop in which a fat man (the world) hands out masks and skins (to one a cat mask, to another a donkey, to a other a snake and so on) to the who bring him shimmering white rol 10 be exchanged for something that will make them more successful on earth. (Copyright, 1929.) le “Prob; ty” of Avalanches.’ Though avalanches in different parts of the world_continue to take their toll of human life, scientific rescarch is busy Jowering the loss. Glaciologists ow at work on “probability” tables. G me, the meteorological ‘characi cs of the periods that pre- cede the starting of avalanchesare used in compiling the tables. The “proba- bility” table assists the sclentist in pre- dicting the time an avalanche may break from its moorings and start on . dits downward plunge. Launched Threei &re not vel divulged, but from THE I[SPECTACULAR RECORD OF WAR " BEHIND RED Pledged to Free Proletarians of World After 1920°s Triumphs. and Given Important Command. BY SAMUEL CAHAN. Fifteen years ago a peasant, Semion lage of Polotovsk, Russian province of Voronezh, received official notice to report for military duty. For months there had been rumors that there was but now with the arrival of the ;imposing looking document ordering {Semion Michallovich to the colors, the j war became a reality in Polotovsk, It was & sad day in the village when Semion Michallovich had to . away. { Three years before that he ished eight vears of acrvice in the alry. Upon his discharge from the il-u_- returned home to his family and 3 | Now he had to go away again. “Aye, it was hard to live in Russia. A man can't till his few acres in peace.” So everybody eried, drank na proschanie for his safe return, farewell and for- giveness and saw him off. That was toward the end of 1914. Six years later, in 1920, while states- men in Europe were stunned by the | series of catastrophes that befell the | anti-bolshevik forces under Deniken, | Wrangel, Kolchak and the Poles, the Russian people were joyfully acclaiming a new national hero, a red commander jnamed Semion Michailovich Budenny. { His name was written in the song and {story of the revolution. Military ex- perts in Europe were puzzled as to the |identity of the “Red Napoleon.” Had {it not been for him and his motley jarmy of reckless fighters on horseback { there would be no Soviet government ‘in Russia today. 'my +| At a time in the late Sun@ner of 1919 when the end of the red regime seemed [ to be & matter of days he came out of | the steppes of the Kuban region at the head of a ragged army of riders and struck the enemies of bolshevism. So fatal was the blow that the whole anti- Soviet structure wavered and collapsed. Champions Proletarians. Within a year, by the Fall of 1920, he | had annihilated Denikin. driven Wran- | | gel into the Black Sea and turned back {the Polish armies which penetrated ;desp into Russa. Then he led his squadrons beyond the boundaries of the Soviet Union, and before attacking i Lemberg, formerly Austrian Poland, he stood up on the back of his horse and spoke to his followers: “We will make war until ti tarians of the world are free! In response his army shouted: “Give us Warsaw! Surrender Berlin!"” ‘That was no empty threat. It was the vague expression of the world revo- lution which the red leaders promised the Russian people. Soon leader and h's men were hammering away at the gates of Warsaw, their line | extending toward the German border. At the head of his ragged, grotesque force he moved like a Colossus and cast a red shadow over Europe. In the Spring of 1920 Budenny turned his mobile force and attacked prole- { had invaded Russia from the south and had occupied nearly all of Uktania, in- cluding the capital, Kief. By the end of September of the same year the Polish_dream of an empre atretching | from East Prussia to the Black Sea was ! shattered. In November Budenny stood | 8 miles from Warsaw, with French and | Po troops in desperate defense of th pital. At this point Trotsky of- fered peace terms. The Poles accepted. Caught Lenin's Eve. 1920, history could have repeated itself with remarkable precision. The ob- scure peasant, Semion Michailovitch Budenny might have emulated the ex- ampie of the Corsican who rose from obscurity to rule France. But the peas- ant, Semion, did not know the Cor- sican’s example, although the leaders in the Kremlin feared that might happen. Budenny had no such intentions. ppe But n The civil war over, he led his squad- rons of freebooters into the Red Square the obscurity from which he came. The Red leaders—Trotsky, then commissar | of war, and Lenin, at the head of the government—did not permit that. Bu- denny was now the symbol of revolu- tionary sacrifice and unexampled hero- ism. He must not go back to the | village. | Lenin put him In command of all | the mounted forces of the Soviet Union. He gave him a free hand in reorganiz- |ing that branch of the service and drew him in close to the government. Lenin saw clearly that a time might come when the government would need | Budenny again. The time came within | the last three weeks, with dispatches from Moscow telling that the Soviet | government_had placed Budenny in | command of the armies that the union | of republics was mobilizing for conflict | with China. Budenny Favors Cavalry. Should the present erisis develop into war, with Budenny in command of the Russtan army. the world is likely to see a strong blending of the military | tactics of the nineteenth century with some of the most up-to-date methods of warfare. One thing is a certainty— | the war, should it come to that, will be fought in “the open.” Trench war- fare as employed on the Western front in France during the World War will play an insignificant part in the Far Eastern struggle. It will be China’s infantry millions against Russian cav- alry supported by a powerful air force. Budenny favors cavalry action above all other methods of warfare. In his campaign against Denikin, Wrangel and the Poles he flung military science to the winds. It is true, of course, that he knew little of the modern science and tactics of warfare at that time. Dash and courage. the Robin Hood way, were most effective in the revolutionary conflict. Lenin loved Budenny for his ex- traordinary daring, but he insisted that the peasant leader should familiarize himself with the most modern meth- ods of warfare. Accordingly, Budenny studied the military science of Western Furope, but he was not converted to it. except for his recognition of the value of a large air force as an auxiliary to cavalry action, led by himself, not by telephone from the rear, but at the head of mounted workers and peasants inspired with the revolutionary ideal. Foresaw Peace in Far East. He Is one of the few men in high ofice I met in Russia who did not burst out in a flow of warlike senti- ments when the ibility of war was tioned. He not deny that such D but re did not his country, but as to the Chinese peo= | the ple he declared: “They are oppressed and plundered by the great European wers and betrayed by their own war roord.!. ‘There is absolutely no reason for friction between two peoples both of whom are to cast off the yoke of capitalism.” He did not foresee the events of the last few weeks. “England is responsible for most of our troubles,” he said, “and might incite the smaller powers of Europe against us. But even ‘in that event war can be avoided, depending upon the desire for peace of our neighbors.” " He conceded that the armies of West- ern powers were in some respects su- perior to the Russian forces in skill L Loved by Lenin for Daring.‘ Michailovich Budenny, in the small vil- | the new | the Polish armies at Poltava. The Poles | CHIEF BUDENNY GEN. BUDENNY. | and technique, but Soviet Union was unconquerable. Here is the way he put it: | “For every blow aimed as us we have he was sure the | & counter-blow. Our enemies have | artillery. We also have artillery. They have airplanes. We also have airplanes. m. | Our infantry is as good and in some | respects superior to theirs. Even if the {alr forces of our possible enemies are | superior they cannot do us any great harm. They cannot interfere with operations on land in Russia. Whatever we lack in military technique we make up by other advantages. Our adver- saries can put in the flield millions of well trained men. We can put into the fleld millions of inspired men, who will know what they are nfihung for. “No strategy a foreign power might concelve for a campaign against us can be carried out in Russia. Let them come in and they will be smothered as in a huge feather bed. On our own territory we can overcome any army that might invade our country, and beyond the borders of the Union we {do not expect to fight. We will not | make war upon our neighbors, and we | will take to arms only when we are | forced to defend ourselves. We have | too much to do to undertake wars of | aggression. Remember also that im- perialistic wars have no place in the program of the workers and peasants republics.” Grips Popular Mind. What sort of a man is Budenny? How did he rise from the drab existence | of & peasant to one of the highest places in the republics? What are the facts in his remarkable career? While traveling in Russia in the Fall of 1927 I tried to find answers to these | questions. ~ But the truth about the national hero of a simple, naive people | like the Russians is hard to get from | the people themselves. The embellish- | menis and the legends that make up the Budenny saga expressions are of the longing of the revolutionary mass mind for a hero. Russian history since Peter the Great is notably lacking in dramatic figures. There were indesd many heroic figures who gave their lives in the long struggle against ab- solutism, but none of them had ecap- tured the national imagination. It is the man on horseback that grips the popular mind, and Budenny to the Russians is the traditional hero; a | peasant, poor, but brave, victorious and Just. So fantastic is the Bundenny sags | that the traveler in Russia must be cautious in mccepting even simple and plausible statements from secondary sources. On that score 1 have been warned by Budenny himself. Conclud- ing a three-hour interview at his office in the Revoen-Soviet (war department) at Znamenka 3, Moscow, he said: “Most, of the things you have heard about me in vour travels and- which you ask me fo verify are absolutely absurd. How, for example. could I have ridden my army 120 miles in ons day? It is not true, that's ; but I suppese it satisfles the imagination of the simple eountry folk like those of my | village of Polotovsk. Ninety-nine per have no bacis in fact.” For this reason | I shall relate some of the facts of his | life as he told them to me himself. Not even in Russia is the humble origin of Budenny generally known. The country folk sing about Budenny the Cossack Hetman (head chief of Cossacks). But Budenny denied even that. He stated a fact, well known to me, that no one in old Russia could be- come a Cossack, as Cossacks are a hereditary caste. “Cossacks are born, | not made,” he said. He admitted that oscow, swore loyalty to the gov- |10 be a Cossack had been his childhood | :)t'm’:em and was l!i’om to return to drcam as it had been the ambition of | most children in old Russia. But that { could never be, as his father was a Voronezh peasant. | Simple and Unaffected Leader. | It is not difficult to understand why men followed him. “to battle, to glory | and to death,” as the men of the Kras- naya Konitsa, red cavalry, sing about im. The commonplace phrase and unaffected” fits him perfectly. T sunburn of many years behind the | plow still is in his cheeks. His blue eyes look out from a good natured face that _changes thoughts that run through his min Hear him talk about the bravery and devotion of the “Budennevtsy” (Buden- ny's men, as his cavalry was known.) and his face beams with the naive hlt‘pmm of a boy. but when he re- | calls that his black colt was stabbed in death. the fury in his heart is visible | through his eyes. Memories of Polotovsk, the suffering 61 the people in the civil war, the death ofsa comrade in battle, spread melan- | choly over his face and his eyes sink | deep under his forehead. The mention of a possible attack upon Russia on the part of its small neighbors curls his lips in a sardonic smile. “Yes, if they wish to commit national suicide,” he says calmly. He was 45 years old when I saw. him, but there was not a touch of gray in his soft black hair, Of medium height, he carries himself with a quiet dignity and poise. A Kaiser Wilhelm moustache makes his face look stern in a picture, but his cheeks are cleanly shaven and he is dressed in a neat, plain uniform of a cavalryman. ‘The story of his life is the story of a Cincinnatus, except that in his case the Red leaders did not permit him to | return to the plow, but elevated him | to high office in the republic. At the age of 21, like hundreds of thousands | of other youths, he was drafted into | the army ‘and assigned to the cavalry. His native intelligence and alertness won for him a place as orderly to the general of the division and the stripes of a sergeant. He remained in the | service eight years. Being close to the divisional commander, he had an op- portunity to observe and study the rudi- | ments of military tactics and science. | Upon his discharge he returned home. Four months after the outbreak of the World War he was sent to the German front, There he saw_his mounted comrades led into the Mas- surian swamps. It was Hindenburg's rrut.;‘ab vl&‘wry in the wh:x&s::mdny saw_how_the army was e feated. 1In his heart there Was help- less rage. Found Home Had Been Burned. that remote corner of Asia Minor Bu- d&nnr did what several million other Russian soldiers did at that time; he left the front without going through the tormality of being demobilized. ‘The armies of his country were de- moralized, led to slaughter and defeat | by their own generals. ~Holy ther | Russia was humiliated, degraded: “A: what could & man do?” A gesture of 'helplessness. “What was the use fight- ing more? Evel was lost." SUNDAY | men abandoned much f¢ he found neither home nof peace. The village was in ruins. ‘The army of had been_ there. Civil strife, hru'-‘ncue was laying the country waste. Several days after his return he was wandering through a forest in his na- tive Voronezh, with six other men who al d deserted. On a hillside they ob- served a_detachment of Gen. Denikin's troops. Budenny and his companions had one rifle, four oa: , One re- volver, seven bullets and one sword. Thus armed, and with followin; six men, he waited unt! night and attacked Denikin's men while they slept. So bewildered were the sleep- ing men by the unexpected assault that they ran. t night Budenny came into - session of the following supplies, v'm:h he quoted from a much ',wom mbo:}o T bullets and 8 men of the routed outfit, who joined him after their comrades fled. In addition, the fleeing lood. Budenny g;rrud everything back to and his men the village. “Proletarians, o Horse.” He was now in & pscuiiar position. He had much valuable ammunicion and equipment, but he had only 14 men, a force not even sufficiént to care for the captured horses. Then in the remoce village of Polotovak he issued a call that soon became a watchword in Rus- sia: “Proletarians, to horse,” was his jcommand. Before nightfall that day. February 26, 1918, he had 60 men, all armed and equipped with the supplies he had captured the night before. That was the beginning of the famous Budennevskaya Konarmia (Budenny's Horsemen), which broke the backbone of counter-revolution and foreign in- i vasion. From villages surrounding his own men came and offered themselves in his service. By the end of the week he commanded a force of 250 men. As the leader of this band he fought everybody who came his way. He lived in the forests and would emerge from there at night, fall upon detachments of Denikin’s army. or upon freebooting bands similar to his own, disperse them and capture their ammunition, When he had 350 men to command he de- cided upon a bold stroke, a night at- tack on a detachment of 3,000 men of Denikin's army. ‘That engagement probably decided the fate of the Bolshevist regime in Russia, although the Communist lead- ers in the Kremlin knew nothing about it at the time. Budenny said to me: “1 staked all upon tnat fight. If I won I would gather around me thou- sands of men and organize a powerful army. If I lost there would be-no ob- ject in living any more.” He won. {'nflfl cover of darkness he attacked the Denikin troops and de- feated them. Then something happened that even Budenny had not expected. Many of Denikin’s soldiers fled. A con- iderable number perished in the fight- ut the main about 2,000 men had heard of Budenny's valor, went over to him. Overnight he became com- mander of a formidable force. From that day he changed his guerrilla tactics. He engaged superior forces in broad daylight and defeated them. His army kept increasing, but still he owed allegiance to nobody. He was a free- booter at the head of & band of fight- ing men who were willing to battle friend or foe. This was typical of the early period of the civil war. It was Just what has been happening in China during the last decade. Cast His Lot With Seviets. Other bandit chieftains arose in dif- | ferent parts of Russia and proceeded to roam through the country. Such was Machno in the Donetz Coal Basin; Petlura, in the Ukrainia (Petlura was assassinated in Paris a few years ago’. i Zeleni, Attaman Skoropadski, Semionof, in Siberia. (Semionof is the leader who is reporied to be organiz- ing Russian exiles in China for action 1 inst Russia in the event of war). | “Budenny remembered the betrayal of | the Russian cavalry. He had not for- | gotten the humiliation of Russia, which he attributed to Caarist misrule. He | felt that the Denikins, the Kolchaks | and the Ydenitches were no better than | those who had led his squadron into the | Massaurian swamps. He decided to cast | his lot with the Soviet. By the Summer {of 1919 he had command over a lorce | of 15,000 on horseback. He then de- | cided to strike. | Moscow was in danger. ‘The rem- In that eventful month of Novémber, | cent of the stories about my adventurea | nants of Kolchak's army were hovering {on the fringe of tne Ural Mountain:. | Ydeniten was threatening ‘Leningrad. In the south Denikin had conquered all of Ukrainia. Denikin took Kharhov jand was moving {rresistibly against Moscow. August, 1919, found Denikin at the gates of Kursk, about 350 miles from the Red capital. He took Kursk after inflicting a disastrous defeat upon the Red army. In the Kremlin Trotsky was dramat- ising the war with slogans. When Denikin took Kursk and began the one of his famous pronounciamentos: ‘Oreol,” he said, “is the Red Verdun. They (the Monarchists under Denikin) shall not pas: But in less than three weeks Oreol fell, and Deuikin moved up to within little more than 200 miles | of Moscow. i Disaster Comes Suddenly. At this juncture something happened that stunned Europe. An army, the existence of which was not even known to the bolsheviki, struck Denkin at Kursk and drove his forces from that city, thereby cutting off hal army, which centered at Oreol. Soon Denikin's entire line, from the Black Sea to its farthest advanced position beyond Oreol, crumbled under the ham- mering of the mounted army which had emerged so suddenly. Thé army that drove Denikin from reached the public square, the man at the head of the column stood up in i his stirrups snd addressed his fol- lowers: “This war we are going to win." Tt was Budenny speaking. He remem- bered Russia’'s feeble efforts against Germany. His followers replied with a spirited burst of song, “‘Lead us, Bra- tushka (little brother) Budemny. Les us to battle, to glory and to deat) Lead us to struggle, for all our life struggle is.” (These lines are from the “March Budenny.") Budenny's cry, ‘“Proletatians, to horse!” re-echoed wherever he appeared with his riders. Peasants abandoned their farms. their horses and reported to him. Squadrons of Denikin’s Cossacks desert- ed and went over to Budenny. When Budenny took Kharkov, the new capital of Ukrainia, he marched into that city at the head of an army the like of which had never been seen anywhere. It was a grotesque band. clad in rags and evening dress, and armed with weapons that ranged from pitchforks to machine guns captured irom Denikin. A pitchfork stuck into the end of long pole served as & spear. From the sides of the horses danced sabers, many of them without scab- bards. To the backs of the horses were strapped _rifles of all makes, Russian, French, English, taken from the coun- ter-revolutionary armies. Reckless Valor and Daring. The secret of Budenny's success was in his unexampled daring and reckless w:"llm'.s “mnuu—? smug",' of which he little, he ignored altogether. He mwn lvncefi! ‘gl his own. He would appear_with his mabile force in places wgnrhhe was least e: ted and strike his swift, devastating blows, then dash back into the forests. Budcnnl'- front was everywhere. would break He through enemy lines, dash far into the rear, attack and demoralize the enemy reserves, then counter upon the main body. He was never encumbered with provisions or heavy ordnance, but wher- ‘ever he went he lived upon the country. Rumors of the apj h of Budenny horsemen ick terror to the o(_m the‘” hngunl::-nvolumn{ armies. e ev] governmen! capitelized that fear of Budenny. wgne he was fighting the Poles Wran- gel's forces were thrown into panie by reports that the Red commander was advancing against them with a million men. At times they had it that Bu- denny was ting on several fronts eredible swiftness over o STAR, WASHINGTON, Others were Bulak Bulakovich, Hetman | Gen. | movement agalnst Oreol, Trotsky issued. f of_his | Kursk marched into the city. When it | Cab drivers unhitched | tions. D. -C, ‘duLY 28, made 1) background. 1 929—PART 1. Dr."Louis Lero; The 59-year-old record of the steamboat Robert E. Lee was beaten by nearly three hours when the speedboat Bogie | run from New Orleans to St. Louls in 87 hours and 31 minutes. by Edwin C. Koenig, commodore of the St. Louis Yacht Club. Harvey Brow (right) is being congratulated —Associated Press Phote. | Plans fo atlas of the United States, “one of the |largest undertakings that American on August 2 and 3 to arrange for the project. Leading American scholars of many universities, including atudents of d lect, lexicographers and phoneticians, Anglicists, Germanists, Romance schol- ars and specialists in general linguistics, plling_the a he work, it is ex- pected, will last about 10 years. ‘While immediate attention will be di- rected to English dialects in this coun- try, the scope will eventually embrace the English language in all parts of North America, and also the foreign | language colonies, such as the Penn- sylvania Dutch, French in Canada and Louisiana, Spanish in the Southwest | Dakota, according to the announcement by Dr. Waldo G. Lelad, permanent sec- | retary of the council. | Dialect as History. The development of habits of speech will be studied in- Telation to the his- | tory of the settlement of the country. | Main dialectic divisions will be traced historically and geographically. Many thousands of phonetic speech records will be compiled in 300 strategic cen- TS. "The material will form the basis for dialectic maps and published analyses. These permanent records will find many important uses in American edu- Shanstic tendencies etic tende: fl‘?‘hu country, it is asserted by schol- ars connected with the project. ‘Among _ploneer surveys of American speech which will serve as the corner stone of the new inclusive undertaking, the most noteworthy are the archives of the American Dialect Society, the material _collected by the te Prof. George Hempel of Stanford University. now in the possession of Prof. ‘william A. Craigie of the University of Chicago, and historical material on the migra [ tions of the early settlers in the libra | 1ies of many institutions throughout country. 3 m"!‘he Modern Language Ap\whu‘on and the Linguistic Society of America [ ¥ co-operate with the American Couneil of Learned Soeleties in prepar- | ing the speech atlas. Prof. ld[lr' 3 | Sturtevant of Yale University. director of the Linguistic Institute ai d of h! Linguistic Soclety. is in charge of the for the conference at Yale. | “There will be present at 'h;fl:'i:;; ence men who have Di l:ctehl study of the English hnzuue.‘ Prof. Hans Kurath of Ohio l:‘lu ld"l‘l- versity, an auchority on American terday. lec"l‘/l:ll.mYl‘;l“bl there who know the ialect atlas of France and others Effi:t :m an intimate knowledge of similar undertakings in Germany, Xulge. Spain_and Switzer] nd. There will specialisis on general problems con nected with the nature and history of human speech, as well as students of our yacial, social and political his- tory.” | preparations Mark Midwesterners. any would mistake a Chica- .o:?':o'x“. )%ew Yorker, or & laborer for an actor or a college professor who:; listening phonograph record ol. their speech, Dr. Kurath pointed (:: in discussing American speech varia- ‘Midwesterner,” he added, “sounds all his ‘r's’ many & New Yorker does not. ‘The former uses one and the same vowel in half and hat, some Bostonians and Virginians do not. The former talks in an even drone, Easterners and wlol::‘r;emm have a cal intonation. mgrmfle nt:ru:l‘\w may be classified within much narrower limits by people ‘who have many con! . An slert Chicago lawyer will know whether the man he talking to is from the southern, cen- tral or morthern part of the State. A e —————————— the civil ulation he punished ruth- hnsll{i I(‘:lpy Il l:u(ul rider pald with s life for stealing. mBudexmy uldom‘spem in public, but ‘when he expresses himself his utterance becomes law among the people. Thus at a meeting of all-Russian central ex- ecutive committee, while discussion cen- tered around the plans for electrifica- tion of the country he arose with this “What is all this talk about electrifi- cation? What we need is not electrifi- cation, but horsification. We haven't enough ‘horses for the -rn&." ‘The horsification statement caught fancy Russia. 1t hinks, is the Seat “The years yo be,” he said. “They take to education like & Cossack to the horse. They eat it D et "okt sits s o chancs and altogether. Just give us a and we will catch up with the rest of the world.” Being in high office, Budenny is a member of the Communist party, but he shys at discussion of Communist theory, probably because it is not a subject that is not an open hook to him. Until he U. S. DIALECT ATLAS TO BE MADE BY SCHOLARS OF MANY KINDS | { | lived in the Tidewater area or in the Valley of Virginia. “A language specialist may be able | scholarship has ever attempted,” were!io make even finer distinctions, but announced yesterday by the American even the specialist has comparatively Councll of Learned Societies, which will | little information on the many dia- ctal differences in the speech of our hold a conference at Yale University | millions, “Most of these differences are not due to internal development, but are linked up with the dialects of England, - | Scotland and Ireland. The settlers of this country imported their speech hab- }m. clinging to them or giving them ) part at least, for the speech it _is proposed w\ll’rwlllhonle in €Om- habits of their new fellows. ‘The Scotch-Irish, whose old home | was in Scotland and Northern England, and Scandinavian in Minnesota and | continued to pronounce all their r's in their new homes in Pennsylvania. Wherever they went they twok the 'r' habit with them and changed this only when they mingled with & numerically or culturally superior group of 'r drop- pers,’ as in certain parts of the South. Scotch-Irish Heritage. “The prevalence of the ‘r' habit throughout the Middle West and the West, is at least in part a Scotch-Irish heritage. The Irish who poured into this country by the hundred thousands beginning with the middle of the nine- teenth century may, however. claim a generous share in fixing the habit throughout these vast regions. “Movements of population have tre- mendous importance in the shaping and spread of dialect. The New York ‘o’ to which the East Side may claim ‘foist’ rights, has been carried to all parts of the city, to Long Island, Jersey {and up the Hudson by business men and working men and commuters have im- understanding of | ported it into the Connecti and developments | along the Sound. o, “This one time vulgar pronounciation is fast becoming respectable with the rise of the ‘oi’ speakers to commercial, political and cultural importance. Not a few professors at Columbia University are using it in a somewhat milder form, EX-Gov. Alfred E. Smith is not the only man of prominence to give it social umfi:ng, d “The spread of dialect by intercom- munication and migration, the forma- tion and spread of class dialects or levels of speech as determined by so- | clal stratification, the rise and fall of | speech habits from one level to anot through the rise and fall of the mem- | bers of a special community from one social Jayer to another, are fascinating problems to the linguist, and doubtless also to the socialogist, the historian and Any man or woman possessed of some degree of intellectual curiosity.” Leaders in the Conference. Among those who will participate in the Yale conference lre:p‘l)rl.p..ltn!l Alken and W. C. Greet and Profs. H. M. Avres and A. V. W. Jackson of Co- lumbia, Prof. Edward C. Armstrong of Princeton, Profs. R. P. Dougherty, Franklin Edgerton, Edward Prokosch, H. B. Richardson, E. H. Sturtevant, Ru. dolph Willard and Karl Young of Yale Dr. Stephen Einarsson, Profs. Frank R. Blake and Kemp Malone of Johns Hop- kins; Profs. G. M. Bolling, Hans Ku- rath and G. Oscar Russell of Ohio | State; Profs. Leonard Bloomficld, T. Atkinson Jenkins and C. E. Parmenter of University of Chicago; Prof. Miles L. Hanley of University of Wisconsin. Also Prof. R. G. Kent of University of Pennsylvania, Prof. S8amuel Moore of University of Michigan, Dr. Dorothy J. Kaucher of University of Missouri, Prof. Milton Metfessel of University of Iowa, Prof. Jess H. Jackson of Uni- versity of Texas, Prof. Walter Peter- sen of University of Florida, Prof. Pound of University of Nebraska, Prof. George M. Stephenson of University of Minnesota, Prof. H. T. Alexander of Queens University, Canada; Prof. George O. Curme of Northwestern Uni , Prof. Joseph Dunn of Catholic University, Prof. Dean 8. Fansler of Brown University. . Also Prof. E..C. Roedder of College of the City of New York, Prof. Ina May Greer of South Dakota State College, Prof. John S. Kenyon of Hiram Col- lege, Prof. Otto Muller of Gettysburg College, Prof. R. E. Saleski of Bethany College, Prof. Mirlam R. Small of m College, Prof. Helen M. Scurr of Ju College of America, Bridgeport, Conn.; Dr. Waldo G. Leland, permanent secre- tary American Council of Learned So- cleties; Mortimer Graves, American Council of Learned Socjeties; Percy W. Long of Springfleld, Mass. DISABLED VETERAN HEAD DEMANDS NAVAL PARITY Commander ‘lm-phy Also Makes Plea for Continued Citizen Soldier Work. A protest against suspension of naval construction until unt{ with the navy of Great Britain is attained, and a plea for continuance of appropriations pro- viding-for the training of citizen sol- diers were voiced yesterday in a atate- ment by William J. M y, national commader of the Disabled American Veterans. Comdr. Murphy of Santa Ana, Calif., issued his statement through the Wash- office of the arganizaten in comment on President Hoover's an-| nouneed intention to reduec the cost of the military establishment and suspend the eruiser 1.5, STRENGTHENS Ten Years Expested to Be Required for| WURH] Ppsm[m Work Conference at Yale Next Month Will Plan. the making of a dialect Virginian ean tell whether a man has Hoover Is Gathering Fruits of Foreign Policy as Deeds Redeem Pledges. i i | BY GERVILLE REACHE. By Cable to The Star. PARIS, July 27.—The new Hoover administration is now gathering the fruits of a foreign policy prugent and full of moderation, which 1is success- ful in nearly everything undertaken. The material and moral position of | the United States of America may be | considered today as'being at its height, | for the President’s deeds have followed | his promises without delay. | Inaugural Address is Recalled. ! _In his inaugural address last March, President Hoover did not hesitate to de- clare that he would uphold the methods of international understanding. Amer- ica, he said, could be proud of having signed, between 1925 and 1929, 19 ar- bitration treaties. 11 reconciliation and 7 friendships treaties and put on foot the Kellogg pact. Today, this pact has became not only | & reallty which modifles, in the best way, international relations but a recon- ciliation of Washington with The Hague Permanent Court “of International! Justice, 1If the problem of the financial liquid- qtlon of war is regarded which last March seemed like an unsurmountable mountain, ene sees, thanks to the as- sistance of two eminent. American eciti rens, Owen D. Young and J. P. Mor- Germany and her creditors agreed on a plan which, although imperfect, leaves the door open for greater possi- bilities than ihe Dawes plan. In any case the plan has just resulted ! happly in France's ratification of the | Mellon-Berenger agreement. It | finally closed the painful chapter of the settlement of inter-allied debts. | In disarmament matters, equally vast | projects are in a fair way of being ac- complished. In April at the prepara- tory disarmament commission meeting at Geneva, the delegate of the Hoover ‘ administration announced that the | United States had ceased to maintain | the thesis of the relative principle of naval disarmament snd was no longer opposed to the French viewpoint on lund disarmament questions. Britain also rallled to the n thesis and now the sentatives of the two chief na ers renounce, 50 far as cruisers are concerned, the realization of their great construction programs with which the two countries threatened each other two weeks ago, and they propose con- cluding an international agreement for programs in coming years on account of the existence of the Kellogg pact. Meanwhile. examination of the American budget has revealed that American Army and N: expenses are i less by $300,000,000 than last year. | Results Confirm Woi ‘These spiendid results of a patient and persevering policy themselves con- firm Mr. Hoover's words spoken the beginning of his administration: “We have eontributed with all our | new strength to the ltslilhwninl up and the progress of the World.” Yet that is not the greatest success of the new Government. It was feared at the beginning of this year that after | seven years of extraordinary progreas and American prosperity, a temporary | depression or one even violent might | happen in business. | the case. ‘The United States raction poin, for the world's capital nd yet the rhythms of economic life | have remained powerful and intense. | For Europe, slower in recovering vi- | tality, America is such a fruitful ex- | ample that she does nct rouse any | envy, but rather healthy emulation. It | has been possible on the old continent | to resume the idea, without provoking | too much reaction, of a Peoples’ Fed- | eration and if thit wonderful idea is It has not been is being received with tremendous interest in all countries—so much does American prosperity provide food for | reflection to those who have just fin- | ished tearing each other to pieces in- atead of uniting. opy WESTMINSTER PALACE LONDON (N.AN.A) —Another auc- | tion of quite a different-kind arranged recently was the sale of 30 or 40 tons | of the Palace of ‘Westminster. Restora- | tion of the dacayed fabric has been go- ing on for some time, and the office of works decided that to pay for some | small portion of the work it would have sale of the old stone. - Lots were accordingly on view at the Victoria Tower. Members of Pavliament bought large quantities of the stone, and both Mr. Baldwin and Mr. Mac- Donald u‘:rbd off unusual parliament- ary The catalogug contained 123 items. No. 1, & noble specimen weighing a ton, cupe l: to :M l“l o 1 I:Iw,;: o‘fll‘ ey urret, hexagonal in plan, eu- po?: shaped and decorated in crockets on n:!mlc ribs and lozenge ornament in panels.” Another lot comprised “five erock- etted stonepieces in form of cross” and another “four bird ial It was | su‘uc:d in the catalogue that the lots would be useful for “garden ornaments, seats, birdbaths, center features, bases for statuary, balusirade facades and rockery schemes.” Anyhow, there was something nnltaye in being able tn buy up Pnrlllulem‘ the ton, and the sale great success. T pverions, 1930.) , and Bob Hunter are in the| | mot easily or rapidly realized, at least | STONE IS AUCTIONED HART COMPLETES BYEAR CAREER {Attorney Closes Desk as Dis- triet Official to Enter Law Firm. * Ringgold Hart, principal assistant tion counsel, yesterdny ended his services in the District government where he had buen connected eon- tinuously in various capacities for 23 years. Several weeks ago Mr. Hart sub- mitted his resignation to the Commis- sioners to join & newly organised law firm in which he is to be a member. The resignation does not become effec- tive, however, until September 1, but an accumulated leave of absence en- abled him to wind up his duties yes- terday, but continue on the salary roll u‘nm the effective date of the resigna- tion. Just before Mr. Hart closed his desk |for the last time Commissioner Sidney F. Taliaferro sent him a farewell tribute on behalf of the board of Commission- ers. “'Your resignation as principal as- sistant to the corporation counsel of | the District of CaViymbia has heen re- ceived and accer«3w,” the Commissioner wrote. “You are row about to engage ‘11? the private practice of your profes- | ston. “For 23 years you have been a valued empioye of the District of Columbia, and since October, 1915, you have been in the office of the corporation counsel, having risen from the botiom to the imporiant position of principal assistant 1 that office. Such & record is unique and envigble. Your long period of serv- |ice has been marked by energy, faith- fulness and unusual sability in every position in which you have served. I believe thet every District employe, whether long in the service or a new- comer, is your friend. “I desire 1o express my personal pleasure and satisfaction in my asspci- ation with you. Upon behalf of the board of Commissioners of the Distriet of Columbia, and personaily, T wish te say how much we regret your leaving the District service, and that our best wishes go with you for your ’lmlt happiness and success.” I | Mexico leads all other countries in buying American aircraft this year. St. Mary’s Female Seminary | | | Eatablished 1849 | Southern home boardng. scheal. | AMusie, School and_Junior Colles: ression, Domestic | Science, | Gourse. "Physical Edueajion. Water Strietly non-denominat iocation. not far from Wi more. Modern bulldings, | medern management. T laundry, $400. » ustrated i M. Adele Franc St Marv's g M. AP City. M. Berlitz School of Languages 1113 Conpee Avenue Tel. Dee 308t AESIRy. any € nt Business, Musje and Art lorn Gym- o4 Courses. Mo COLLECIATE Itive, symmine 3.','-1 Fadominent peraite sace . of °347s 80. ”" Co-eduie I & rite for ‘ll Frestdont.’ CLARENCFE A. SHORT. M. Dever. 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