Evening Star Newspaper, March 28, 1929, Page 8

THE EVENING STAR o With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. THURSDAY......March 28, 1920 THEODORE W. NOYES. Editor The lvenln:.snr Ne&:pnvu Company | usiness Offce: 8t. and Pennsylvania Ave. fork Office: 110 East 42nd Ghicase Offie: Lake Michi igan Building. uropean Office: 14 3 Ean t St.. London, Rate by Carrier Within e Evening Star e Evening and ¢ 4 Sundays) Evening and Sunda; (when 5 Sun per month | The Sunday Stn 3c per copy Collection made at’ihe ehd of each month. | . Orders may e sent In by mail or telephone | Main 5000, he City. 5c per menth r 60c per month 1 o 0 St Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. {ly and Sunday....1 $10100; 1 mo., B5c Fu_v only .. v, $6.00: 1 mo. 50c | junday only . 34 00; 1 mo., 40c | All Other States a aily and Su 1yr aily _niy nday only ,nd Canada. u Member of the Associated The Associated Pross is exclusiv o the use for republication (f al re or not otherwise n are also reserved Low Cost of the Chest. Not only was Washington's first Com- | munity Chest drive a conspicuous suc- cess in that the National Capital went well over the top in amount of money subscribed for the fifty-seven charitable organizations, but the chest plan of raising funds again proved its efMciency | by the extraordinarily small outlay mr} the big return. More than one miilion | and a half dollars was raised by the chest, yet only two and seven-tenths per cent of this amount, or slightly more | than forty thousand dollars, was re- quired to operate the campaign. It is freely conceded that if the various| agencies involved had succeeded in col- lecting the one million and a half dol- lars after individual drives the cost| would have approximated fifteen per cent, or a total of two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. And while all the expeaditures for this year's chest have not been made, it is a virtual cer- tainty that the mark of six per cent of the total will not be exceeded, and that at least n1x£ per cent, or approximately one hundrad and thirty-five thousand dollars, will be saved to Washingtonians | by the v:hezts.o Some pefsons, unfortunately, in the course of the past drive erroneously be- lieved that the chest method was an ex- travagant means of raising money for | market. made for profit they put out on call loans a large part of the money thus derived. Then when the market broke and prices became attractive to buyers, they called these lodns for the purpose of financing these new purchases. It was this sudden calling of loans by in- vestment trusts, it is stated, that caused the sudden rise in interest rates. The fundamental principle of the in- vestment trust is sound. The individual | buys the stock of the trust and adds his funds to its capital, sharing in its profits. He has no judgment in respect to ‘the buying or selling of securities. The investment grust is like a depart- | ment store, its managors deciding on ! and the stockhoiders taking whatever | comes from ‘earnings. But the basic idea of the investment trust is sup- | posed to be the purchase of securities for | the sake of dividends and not for the | sake of profits through low buying and | | high selling. Furthermore, it was never | contemplated by the public when in- | vestment trusts were established that | | they should enter the banking business | for the lending of money temporarily | avallable through turnovers in the stock | It is evident that this whole question of the investment trust re- quires attention, and it may be that| this new form of syndicate stock own- | ership must be brought under restrictive | legislation. R Secretary Kellogg Departs, Frank B. Kcllogg's place in history is secure. The General Pact for Re- | nunciation of War, which is known | throughout the world by his name,| guarantecs him international fmmor- | tality. Barring alone the Covenant of | the League of Nations, no effort com- parable in significance with the Kel- logg pact has ever been made by a war-accustomed universe to compose its differences in counsel instead of in conflict. As the veteran American statesman | this afternoon bids adieu to the State Department and surrenders its por- tentous responsibilities to Mr. Stimson, he will be able to do so in the con- sciousness of duty well performed. Kel- | logg takes his place worthily in the roster adorned with the names of Hay, Bayard, Blaine, Olney, Root, Knox, Lansing and Hughes. ‘The Minnesotan assumed the Secre- taryship of State after many years of | meritorfous service in other fields. Dure ing the Roosevelt administration, Mr. | Kellogg won national renown as the “trust-busting” special counsel for the ! the local charities. This argument is| clearly refuted by the figures just an- | nounced. Whereas it would have cost | more than two hundred and twenty-five | thousand dollars to raise the one million | and a half, according to the old method, | it will cost only about ninety thousand | dollars by the chest method. This ninety thousand dollars is used to cover the cost of the preliminary organization and preparation in the latter months in 1928—the salary of the director, the necessary expenses of sending acknowl- edgments and statements to contribu- tors, Reeping lists of givers and pro- spective contributors and the year-round operation of the chest. No commissions of any kind were paid to outside indi- viguals or organizations. ‘There appears to be reason to believe that even the low six per cent figure can be reduced in future campaigns. The chest was an experiment this year and the public had to be educated to its merits. Now that it has so conspicu- ously demonstrated its efficiency, con- tributions should be easier to get, and correspondingly less work should fall upon the organization. Also, as the various employes of the chest become familiar with their duties it would seem logical that any confusion or delay which might have appeared in the first campaign would be absent from those following, with direct saving in the op- eration of the chest. So, with the 1929 chest having con- vinced Washingtonians that it is the logical method of raising funds, the community may look forward to other chests in the future with that pleasur- able sensation that comes with the knowledge that the proper means of dealing with the ever-present question of philanthropy has been found and put into operation. Over one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars has gone direct to those who need it by the chest method this year, more than would have been possible under the old arrange- ment, and that fact alone should appeal to the business sense of every one of the generous givers who provide the where- withal to make the wheels of charity go round. — Every effort is being made to suppress | stock market gambling. The thecu'.f bowever, that vice may be suppressed | by making it expensive has not always | ‘worked out. R Investment Trusts and Market. Attention has been called in con- nection with the recent violent fluctua- tions in the stock market to a factor| which is of comparatively recent devel- opment and which has unmeasured po- tentialities for affecting the trend of financial affairs. This is the invest- ment trust. ' ‘This form of collective stock-buying for, as the name implies, | investment purposes is only a few years old. There are now thousands of these organizations of varying sizes. Some of | the older and largest ones have re- sources of many millions. Collectively, they have the greatest buying power in the market. If they were all to move simultaneously in buying they could send the market up to & high point, but, on the other hand, if they were| all to move on the selling side, they | could break the strongest market. For- tunately they are not co-ordinated. | They are not themselves pooled. Can-: sequently they are merely acting as 5o many individuals, though of greatly | magnified proportions. | 1t is felt that the investment trusts| have been @ potent cause of the pro- nounced and protracted bull market, | which, despite recent spasmodic de- | clines, still prevails. But at the same time, it is stated with authority, some of the largest of these investment trusts have recently taken advantage of the high prices to sell for profit, thus break- ing the market and then rebuying at the lower levels. If that is true, the in- vestment trusts have become specu- lators. Another phase of the investment trust situation calls for consideration. 1t is averred that recently when these Federal Government in the oil and railroad prosecutions. His home State clected him to the United States Sen- ate, where he sat from 1917 to 1923, serving with noteworthy distinction as & member of the foreign relations com- mittee. Pollowing his Senate career, Mr. Kellogg represented the United States at the fifth Pan-American Con- ference, in Chile, and then became American Ambassador to Great Britain. Modest and unobtrusive, an attorney of the studious counselor type rather than of the flamboyant “jury lawyer” pattern, Secretary Kellegg quietly but steadily built up an amazingly con- structive reputation at the State De- partment, to which President Coolidge called him in March, 1925. He was destined to belie all predictions that he would be a colorless foreign min- ister. None of his predecessors was so industrious. To Mf. Kellogg's credit stand no fewer than eighty-one negoti- ated and signed treaties with other governments—an unprecedented record. Many of these “Kellogg pacts” refer to relatively minor matters, like the last one to bear his signature—a con- vention with Canada regulating sal- mon fishing. But very many of them deal with issues momentous in the extreme. Probably the departing Sec- retary of State will desire to rest his fame upon three outstanding achieve- ments—the stabilization of our rela- tions with Mexico, the regularization of our position in Nationalist China and the organization of cur general attitude toward world peace, as ex- pressed in the treaty to outlaw war. ‘That i& a trinity of “foreign affairs” sufficlent to hallow any statesman’s name with renown. Grateful for the industry and capacity with which Frank Billings Kellogg applied himself to their accomplishment, his fellow-Ameri- cans wish him Godspeed in the leisured afternoon of & frpitful life, so generous a portion of which has been spent In the unselfish service of his country. ‘Wall Street lambs are permitted to entertain the pleasures of hope, Every year_they can grow & new coat of wool in trustful expectation that they will benefit by it. — e Investing and Investigating. When lambs cease to gambol and begin gambling, no one sheds many tears when the shearing season arrives, as it arrived on Tuesday in Wall Street and will arrive again. The unwritten laws of gambling require one to drain the bitter dregs of loss as often as one tastes the sweetness of quick gain, and buying on margin comes within thei purview of these lews. 1 But & great deal of sympathy is due, | although it may be wasted sympathy, for the thousands of men and women, in Washington and elsewhere, who are too careful to indulge in the risky sport of buying on margins but are ready enough to hand over their savings, sometimes their jewklry, to the first| slick salesman who offers them an op- | portunity to get in on the ground floor and purchase stocks and bonds of questionable value. No exact estimate can be made of the annual losses suf- fered by these careless investors in worthiess paper, although the Better Business Bureaus can mention figures that sound like the national debt. But one doubts if the bedrs and wolves of Wall Street hold a candle to the havoc in savings wrought by the deal- ers in worthless securities. Here in Washington the situation is aggravated by the fallure of Congress to enact legislation requiring some of- ficial scrutiny of securities salesmen | and the stuff they sell. Such legisla- tion has been enacted in many of the States, but the District of Columbia re- mains a sort of haven for the smooth- tongued gentlemen who cannot operate with safety in other communities. So long as they steer clear of actual mis- representation which can be proved in . THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 1929. ! quantity, is s matter of common knowledge. Any man who could lay down & set | of rules by which an investor would be assured of gain and guaranteed against loss would keep that set of {rules a strict secret, and given time lhe would gain world-wide recognition 'as a financlal genius possessing the | business acumen of the houses of | Rothschild, Ford, Rockefeller and Mor- ,gan combined. There i8 no such set | of rules, and there never will be. But the warning, “Before You Invest—In- vestigate,” is neither hard to remember nor difficult to undersiand. . If %that warning were observed, the pickings for lines of goods to be bought and sold vould | | the trresponsible securities deater would | 07 &Heer, o8 506, BPUTR. 7 grow slim, and there would be imore savings accounts left intact. Neither banks, brokers nor Better Business Bureaus want the task of judg- ing the potential value of all securities that are offered. But reputable banks nd brokers and the Washington Bet- ter Business Bureau are in a position to tell the prospective purchaser of securities whether the paper in ques- tion represents an cut-and-out specula. tion, a business venture, a conservative invesiment or whether it is tinged by the hint of fraud. And careful in- uiries will usually elicit valuable in- formation regarding the reputation of the house or salesman offering the securities. It is simple to take a few precautions before investing. So simple, in fact, that such a step is more often dis- regarded. e i “Mr. Hoover Speaking.” White House innovations have been so numerous since the installation of the new executive as to cause decreas- ing comment. The latest departure by the installation of a telephone on his desk, is only likely to evoke surprise that this has not been done before. All the Presidents since the invention of the telephone have, of course, used that means of speedy direct communi- cation. But up to this time they have only done so in seclusion, so to speak. They have had their own private tele- phones, of course, but in other rooms than those used for the daily transac- tion of exccutive business. Mr. Hoover prefers to have his telephonic accom- modations immediately at hand, at the place where he does his work. The fact that the President has placed a telephone at his elbow does not, of ccurse, mean that he can be any more readily reached by phone than before for a personal conversation. The safeguards of the past will still be thrown about him to prevent trespass upon his time. Only those can get through to him on the wire whose voices he wishes to hear directly. He will probably do his own calling, or have his own calling done for him. And this is the important point of the matter, namely, that the innovation probably means that Mr. Hoover will do more direct conferring than his predecessors have done as a result of this facility made, so readily avallable. Of course, the utmost safeguards against eavesdropping are exercised in the case of presidential telephoning. It can be safely assumed that there will be no listening in on this line that runs to the executive desk. -And any- body who Yor purposes of self-exploita- tion or personal advantage claims to have inside information derived from a telephonic leakage becomes & pre- ferred candidate for the Ananias Club of earlier White House memory. S It is asserted that President Hoover will not undertake to tell-Congress what to do. This will not prevent a large element of legislative talent from doing some polite guessing. —— et Much is told of the lifelike apfar- ance of the late Lenin. So long as he remains a center of glorifications, there should be a word of compliment for the embalmer. Polonius advised against being either a lender or a borrower. But Polonius was not supposed to speak in terms comprehensible to Wall Street. . ‘The retirement of the Mayflower need not be regretted unless it should lead to a sudden taste for the canoe on the | President Hoover from past gcustoms, [ isprawly climbing rose to put on Writers have attempted since time | {mmemorial to describe the coming of | the first leaves to the roscbushes in the Spring, but the best of their de- scriptions are pale in comparison with the real thing. How ‘can words take the place of the divine greenery with which Nature clothes Jawns, bushes, shrubs and plants 2t this season of the year! To those of curious minds no plant is quite as interesting in this respect as the rosebush. The first faint flush of green on the Spirea Van Houtte but the real “Bridal Wreath" is Spirea Pruni- folla) seems uninteresting as compared with the coming of the leaves to the rosebushes. Even the gradual greening of the California privet (Ligistrum ovalifollum) the nature lover to the process whereby their first green mantles. Fairylike is the appearance of many March has recently known cause some its tracerfes of greenery. The process is so gradual that one is surprised some morning to find the transformation completed. But those 1Who follow such changes carefully are able to watch the coming of the green step by step. * kK k Such rosebushes as the two Radi- ances have offered beautiful changes to the eyes of the garden observer. Let it be said that such changes come about none the less surely because no one observes them, but it cannot be gainsaid that he has a gain thereby which the whole- sale consumer of the season misses. ‘There are two ways, in the main, of taking the coming of Spring, either to see it wholesale or bit by bit. By the wholesale method the observer wakes up to the actual coming of Spring only because the air is warm and the sun ot. ‘Whole stretches of lawn must get green before he is willing to admit that Winter is gone. Bushes every- where must take on their new leaves. shrubs brighten up, flowering fruit trees come into bloom. He who selfishly attempts to wring the last mental pleasure from the com- ing of Spring will do it bit by bit, as if unwilling to miss a single change. He is like the house cat which washes its face after drinking milk, not par- ticularly in order to be clean, but more to be sure of getting every drop. EE I You will hear rose enthusiasts declare that no other plant (the rose is really & hardy shrub) offers such interesting formation. When the fresh new leaves come on the Radiances, for instance, they are a beautiful tinge of bronzy green, with some portions almost carmine. The curl the new leaves possess is interest- ing, too. They poke themselves right out from the stalks, by a visible process of swelling into heini. ‘The appearance of the new leaves on the rosebushes gives the speculative & chance to consider how little he knows about the sclence of pruning, so es- sential to all plant growth, but particu- larly so to the roses. ‘The newcomer to the garden fleld plunges in ruthlessly with a great pair of lnipKen. blindly trusting to luck to prune his bushes properly. If he cuts off last season’s growth from his THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. must take second place in the eyes of | the climbing and bush roses take on | o bare fence when such werm days as | who does see them | | mediately after flowering, but should changes, especlally in regard to leaf| climbers, and thereby deprives himself of most of his flowers, often enough he is blindly ignorant of it, and swears that there must have been somethin faulty in the stock. Pruning the various teas and hybrid perpetuals is to the newcomer a com- plete mystery. The more he reads about the process the more confused he be- comes. Afier he has cut away at bushes for several years he begins to see some reason in it, but it is only after at least five years of experience that he begins to really grasp the true principles of pruning. Let no dmateur gardener despalr, therefore, if the pruning shears worry him. There is many an experienced gardener When one recalls that entire books—and very lengthy ones, too—are devoted to the theory and practice of pruning, it is not to be wondered at that this art and science seem perplexing to the new- comer, Sk who will confess as much. | ‘Watching the leaves come to the rose- | ushes, an observer will begin to see | something of the necessity for pruning | her, in order to keep them from be- | coming “leggy,” or bare at the earth,! and too top-heavy. | Yet in contemplating the bush he will still be puzzled at the ramification | of the branches, and the necessity for | choosing, out of so many, the exact ones which should have been cut away early in March, for the pruning of bush roses in this locality should be done ordinarily the last of February or early in_the present month. ‘There is no time quite so good as the present to study the growth of leaves, especially in relation to the necessity for careful and consclentious _pruning. | Shortly now, if this weather keeps up. many of the early blooming shrubs will be in fiower. This includes the lilacs and the spireas. Forsythia is blooming at this writing, The forsythia should be pruned im- never be cut back at the ends of the twigs, s many amateurs attempt to do. The older stems should be cut back to ! the ground. The same procedure goes for the spireas. To cut off the ends of twigs tends to spoil the symmetry of the bush, which constitutes one of its main charms. What is prettier in Spring than a spirea with its load of white blossoms? The proper way to prune them is to wait until the florets turn brown, then cut back the older canes from the group, or “stool” as it called. Unless this annual pruning is done the bush will become crowded at the bottom and there will not be enough nourishment avallable to provide good hlossoms. This is the theory. It must be confessed that every one knows spirea bushes which, aithough never pruned, nevertheless appear bright and beautiful beneath their blanket of blos- soms year after year. So much for theory and practice. No doubt they would do better properly pruned. One important thing to keep in mind at this season of the year is the neces- sity for keeping one’s eyes open to the seasonal changes. It will not do simply to accept Spring as Spring. This is so Joyous & season that one may well in- cline to be somewhat piggish in rela- tion to it. We who rejoice in the season want to watch it bit by bit, as the| changes appear, and we want to un- derstand them as well as we may and to appreciate them to their full as they come along, one after another, in the world’s most beautiful and interesting pageant—Spring. American Press In eulogizing Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the American press recognizes the su- preme military genius of France's great soldier and voices this country's appre- clation of the Statesmanship and per- sonal characteristics, including an ex- traordinary modesty, of the man who commanded the mightiest armies the world has ever seen. “The mighty little man lives on in history,” says the Albany Evening News. “He was the man for the time. He had prepared for that time all his years, He was ready. He did not be- jong to France alone. He was one of the world’s great, a master of men, & modest, humble, unassuming man with that rare quality of leadership that could save a world, despairing after four years of war.” “Foch could set souls afire as well as trenches,” declares the Portland Oregon Journal, paying tribute also to “his con- summate knowledge of warfare and his mastery of strategy,” and recaliing that “at the Foch headquarters there was no fuss and feathers—no orderlies gal- loping upon smoking steeds; no mud- splashed riders arriving on snorting motor cycles. A single sentry,” con- tinues that paper, “stood at the gate. The great center where mighty de- cisions were made was as quiet as & farmhouse in the hills in June.” “Fate singled him out as the weapon with which the allies should defeat Germany,” the St. Paul Pioneer Press upper Potomac. B SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Spring Syncopations. Springtime is smilin® ‘With manners beguilin’. ‘The mockin’ bird carols his lay. And even the crow bird Has summoned the snow bird, A trio to make with the jay. 8o, each has his duty. Some songs have small beauty. We're happy to hear ‘em again. Discords that go with ‘em ‘Will help out theé rhythm ©Of Spring, in a jazzy refrain! Element of Comedy. “Do you ever lose your temper when you make a speech?” “Never,” answered Senator Sorghum. ‘An audience always prefers comedy and I have been careful not to estab- lish & reputation for funny exhibitions,” Jud Tunkins says woman has again demonstrated her superiority. A danc- ing girl is graceful, but a dancing man looks foolish. Promises. A campaign promise is forgot. Statesmen regret it. But office seekers, like as not, Never forget it. . From the Heart. “The bend is playing ‘Home, Sweet Home."” “And, no doubt, from the heart,” an- swered Miss Cayenne. “Nobody seems to realize that a band is entitled to some rest.” “Power,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown, “is often easily gained and relinquished only with difficulty.” Blue, The Summertime 1s drawing nigh. This color, blue, is something worth. The violets send £ to the sky And then they coax it back to earth. “It's hard to understand,” said Uncle a court, they are as free as the winds to sell what they please. That they .plaxge-scale investment trust sales were do sell what Lr please, and in great he is good company.” .3 Eben, “why a man dat keeps tellin’ his troubles allus imagines, somehow, dat A believes. “The chances of international diplomacy called this retired warrior, whose days of active fighting were thought to be ended, back into armor to lead the mightiest army the world has ever seen.” The Hartford Times attests that he “was so distinctly qualy fled for this position, both in terms of his training and his ability on the ficld of battle and in respect td*his more per- sonal attributes, that the demand of the hour for a supreme commander found its complete answer in him."” * ke “Nature made him for the part he layed,” avers the New York Evening orld, recording the fact that “his death is deeply regretted in America, and with a sense of personal loss sel- dom, if ever, felt before in the passing of a foreigner, unless it was with the death of Lafayette.” Enthusiastic estimates of his com- manding place- in history come from many papers: The Atlanta Journal— “If the significance of battles is to be gauged by their eflect upon the for- tunes of humankind, the victories won by the allied arms under Foch, will tower among the tall events of our century, if not of all ages.” The Day- ton Daily News—“His last campaign closes in physical defeat. His moral victory, immortality for his name and his deeds, and the love in the hearts of the people he led, he won lon% since.” The Toledo Blade—"He joins the small company of warrior immortals.” Of his death the Savannah Press re- marks that “he faced the inevitable with the unflinching courage with which he had confronted the enemy'’s legions and the enemy’s cannon.” ‘The Hamilton, Ontario, Spectator asserts that “by his superb leadership of the allied armies— his indomitable courage and faith—he has laid democracy under an everlasting debt of gratitude.” “A wise and tactful leader, a diplomat of parts, a statesman in arms,” is the tribute of the Charleston Evening Post, while the Raleigh News and Observer holds that “he won world respect as well as world renown” and that “he was pos. sessed of statesmanship and humanity.’ “There was great faith in the man. Great faith makes great men. And only great men can be great soldiers,” reasons the Worcester Telegram, while the Roanoke World-News thinks he “is best described as one who was full of plans for attack while other leaders were wondering merely how to stop the enemy advance,” recalling also that he was “a sincere patriot, a lifelong student of military tactics and a born leader of men.” The Passaic Daily Herald views him as one who “knew the theory of successful war and was able to put theory into practice.” * K ok X “He deserved the title of military genius,” states the Schenectady Ga- zatte, pointing out that “as an author and lecturer in France’s war schools he Foch, Great Christian Soldier {the enforcement of New Zealand's | Blouse Company, Mare Street, Hackney, Pays Tribute to nd that “he was a bril- | liant thinker, capable of quick and cor- | rect decisions.” Comparing him with | another great general, the Flint Daily | Journal suggests: “The star of Napoleon | shone brigntly when he was wi victories; it dimmed when the fortunes of war turned against him. Foch had the imagination to discard the accepted rules of strategy by refusing to admit himself beaten.” “He had brilliant conceptions of war policy, but he was not the slave of any theory or tradition,” according to the Chicago Daily News, while the Terre | Haute Star finds significance in his career: “He was a boy of 18 when he saw his country humbled in the Franco- Prussian War and he devoted his entire life to the problem of whipping Ger- many. Never had a general been better trained for a particular task; never had any man been better schooled for a na- tional crisis such as this, and never did a man accomplish his task more thor- | oughly.” had no equal,” * K K % Foch's famous message about the two | wings and center of his army, in which | he reported an advance, although one | section was broken and another in re- treat, inspires many American com- ments. The Milwaukee Journal ob- serves: “It was one of the lessons of his lifetime that when you have worn out & man’s body you can still make | one more call upon his soul. He knew that when men have given all they can still give a little more. But he knew, too, that they have to believe that giv- ing will count.” The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin believes that * famous depigtion of the situation that led him to take the offensive at the first Battle of the Marne will be cited as long as high courage and fine spirit are loved of mankind.” “The stubborn resistance which he offered to the complication of diseases, recognized by his physicians as surely | fatal,” in the words of the Omaha ‘World-Herald, “was & reminder of the vigor of his counter-offensive against an enemy that seemed for the moment | to have overwhelmed him. He seemed to have issued this paraphrase of his famous message: ‘My lungs are crushed. My heart is in retreat. I am attacking with my spirif i 4 “It was Foch,” concludes the Detroit News, “who insisted on stopping the war when many of the political leaders wanted to carry it across the Rhine; and for this humanity he will always be gratefully remembered.” Workmen’sCompensation Laws Are Contrasted T> the Editor of The Star: Employers in the District of Colum- bia who regarded with disfavor the en- actment of the present workmen's com- pensation law should be. thankful that its provisions are not as drastic as simi- lar laws in other countries. A recent issue of the Draper and Draper Times, published in Wellington, New Zealand, contains the following item regarding workmen's compensation act: “Factories and First-Aid Boxes. “Fines Imposed. “Isidore Porter, trading as the Oxford was summoned at North London Police ! Court last week for two breaches of the Workmen's Compensation Acts in mot having on his manufacturing premises a standard first-ald box and not ex- hibiting a notice stating where the first-aid box was kept. Miss Johnson, an Inspector of Factories, said that a number of women were employed on the premises, and the defendant had been warned as to the requirements of the Acts. She called at, the factory and asked to see the first-afd box. She was shown a cigar box which contained a bandage and a little lodine. ‘This did not comply with the order of the Secre- tary of State, and no notice was ex- hibited as to where the box could be found. The defendant admitted the offences and said that the matter had | ditional amount for charity. CHARLES Jefferson Is Quoted ‘On Rights of States To the Editor of The Star: * In your issue of March 25, a corre- spondent. attempts to justify the legal sophistry of Mr. Elihu Root in his ef- fort to undermine the “validity” (what- ever that may mean to these legal- | of the eighteenth | minded gentlemen) emendment. May I be permitted the '8 | use of your columns to ask him a ques- tion? If, as Mr. Lanier contends, a Btate has a right to reject the rule of three- quarters of the other States in any matter in which it has not freely dele- gated that right to rule to the central government, has it not. by the same token, ‘the right to withdraw any or, indeed, all powers which it may have already delegated? Does Mr. Lanier (or Mr. Root) wish to contend that this issue as to the possession of extra-con- itutional rights by these just now iculously sanctified artifices called “States” was not settled by our Civil War? A democratic system of government which does not prevent war fails, though generally not so much through the fault of the system as through the failure of a minority to realize that after all they may be on the wrong side of the argument, and that the safest way to determine this is to test the | merits of their case through an ‘effort to peaceably convert the Jority to their point of view. What does Mr. Lanier think of the ! of that great defender of | Thomas Jefferson, | opinion State rights, Mr. who_said: “When any one State in the American Union refuses obedience to the confed- eration to which they have bound them- selves, the rest have the natural right to compel it to do obedience.” Ford, “Writings of Thomas Jefferson,” Vol. 4, p. 147) Government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed—the majority of the governed—and not from some individual's pet theory of sover- eignty or of right and wrong. ALDEN A. POTTER. Writer Says Borah Overlooked Decision To the Editor of The Star: This letter has nothing to do with the merits or the demerits of the eight- eenth amendment. The writer was, however, interested in reading an edi- torial entitled “Eighteenth Amendment Questions” published in The Star sev- eral days ago. In this editorial you quote Senator Borah as having sald ig | that the opponents of the eighteenth amendment had in effect overlooked a bet in not challenging the constitution- | ality of the amendment on the ground that Congress had imposed a seven- year time limit for ratification, whereas the Constitution did not provide that Congress could impose such time limit. I beg to_invite your attention to the case of Dillon vs. Gloss, reported in the 256th volume of the United States Supreme Court Reports, in which the Supreme Court specifically passed on the question as to whether the eight- eentk amendment was invalid because carryimg a seven-year time limit. The court in that case said: “Of the power of Congress keeping within .reasonable limits to fix a defi- | nite pericd for the ratification we en- tertain no doubt. As a rule the Con- stitutfon speaks in general terms, leav- ing Congress to deal with subsidiary matters of detail as the public interest and changing conditions may require, and article 5 is no exception to the fule. Whether a definite period for ratification shall be fixed so that all ay know what it is and speculation on what is a reasonable time may be avoided is in our opinion a matter of detail, which Congress may determine | as an incident of its power to desig- nate the mode of ratification.” It is obvious, therefore, that, instead of the opponents of the prohibition amendment overlooking a bet, Senator Borah has overlooked a decision of the Supreme Court if he is correctly quoted. JOHN C. GALL. Sees Patients Helping Pay for Charity Cases To the Editor of ‘The Btar: The question of hospital expense re- | ferred to in a recent article in your paper summarizing a preliminary study of the question of hospitalization in Washington is illuminating, but still leaves many things unanswered. The report states. Yor instance, that the Episcopal Eye, Ear and Thoat Hos- pital does 45 per cent charity work and receives 79 per cent of its income from pay patients. ‘The Garfleld Hospital does 30 per cent of charity work and receives 90 per _cent of its income from pay patients. ‘The Emergency Hospital does 65 per cent of charity work and receives 85 per cent of its income from pay patients. In the first case, the income other than from pay patients would provide 21 per cent of the cost of operation, and if we take that from the 45 per cent of charity work, it would mean that the pay patients not only pay for themselv, but practically for more than one-half of the charity work. At the Garfleld Hospital they pay for themselves and two-thirds of the charity work. At the Emergency Hospital they pay for themselves and approximately 90 per cent of the charity work. We k of the “charity work” of speal | the hospital, but it looks as if the ordinary man who to the hospital, in addition to the heavy burden which comes with sickness, is taxed an ad- CATLETT. —o——— Fight of Attorneys On Jones Law Scored From the Houston Chronicle. If those New York attorneys who have organized to defeat the effectiveness of the new Jones prohibition law in that city and State think they are doing ! anything to the detriment of the prohi- bition cause in general, they are sadly mistaken. It is just such psychological mistakes as theirs that have done more to strengthen prohibitionists in their de- termination to see that the law is made effective than anything else. Violation of law, open deflance of law, will not in- flusnce any friend of a law to change it. It is only going to influence him to strengthen it—and to see that it is enforced. Most of the excessive zeal for heavy prohibition penalties undoubtedly is merely a reaction to the open and arro- gant defiance of the law in some centers. The Jones law merely gives greater discretion to the trial judge. It does not impose any heavier minimum pen- alty. But it gives the judge the oppor- tunity of assessing & heavy penalty against the big violator of the law the first time he is brought into court, just as it now makes it possible for him to assess heavy penalties against old offenders. Certainly the master boot- Jegger shouldn’t get off with a small fine, simply because he has been caught only once. ‘The merits of the law aside, however, any one who sets about deliberately to nullify it, or any other law, is an open enemy of his country—and America doesn't deal with rebels in a concllia- tory manner. -—or—s. “Created,”” Not “Born,” Used by Jefferson To the Editor of The Star: It was a good editorial, all right, but it was premised on something untrue. ‘Thomas Jefferson did not say it, nor is it in the Declaration of Independence, that “All men are born free and equal.” The glittering generality to which Jefferson did give utterance was, “We hold these truths to the self-evident, that all men are created equal, that now been righted. Mr. Basil Watson fined him 208, in each case.” JULIAN P they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights * * * ISTBEL WORRELL BALL McELROY. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS | The answers to questions printed here | each day are specimens picked from the mass of inquiries handled by our great Information Bureau maintained in |Washington, D. C. This valuable service is for the free use of the public. Ask any question of fact you may want to know and you will get an immediate (reply. Write plainly, inclose 2 cents in | coin or stamps for return postage and address The Evening Star Information | Bureau, Prederic J. Haskin, director, | Washington, D. C. Q. What was the real name of the | man who was known to rallfoad men as “Father Coffin"?—J. J. B. A. He was Lorenzo 8. Coffin. He | became interested in safety devices for ;ranmad trains, and was instrumental | in getting the safety appliance act | passed in Towa. Later he carried on | a Natlon-wide propaganda, finally tak-| !ing his “safety appliance bill” to Con- | | gress, where he labored for four years | | for its passage. The bill was finally| ‘pa.ued and signed by President Harri- | | som, March 3, 1893 . How far north is the Gulf Stream | | distinguishable?-—G. H. C. A. The Guif Stream is distinguish- | able until it reaches the southern end | of the banks of Newfoundiand, in Sum- mer in latitude <42!2° north and in Winter in 4%2° north. Here it is no longer considered an ocean current, but a drift. The central part of the Guif Stream drift makes its way toward the western shores of Europe and one E:n enters Davis Strait. Another passes into Denmark Strait between Iceland and Greenland, but soon sinks into the depths of the sea. . What is Ganna Walska's height and weight?—L. M. Q. A. She is 5 feet 5 inches tall and | weighs 140 pound: Q. How many co-operative marketing associations are there in the United States>—H. T. A. The Co-operative Marketing Di- vision of the Department of Agricul- ture has record of 11,400 associations engaged in m-rkeun, and purchasing. More than 2,000,000 farmers are mem- | bers of one or more of them. Q. What kind of dogs bark the most? E. C. 8. | TA. 1t is tmpossible to say what breed 1of dogs bark most. It depends gener- | able crop in this country BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. Pomeranians are generally more high- strung than most dogs and Lherel'ore would be apt to bark more, Q. Please give Buenos Aires—T. G. A. Buenos Aires, Argentina, is fre. quently called the “Paris of South Amer- ica.” It is noted for its beautiful ave- nues, parks and public buildings. The chief avenue is the Avenida de Mayo. which is 98.5 feet wide, and the chief square is the Plaza, 25 de Mayo, 1,200 feet long and 650 feet wide. The ca- thedral, Hall of Congress, Episcopal Palace, exchange, post office, Govern- ment Palace, Palace of Justice, Munici- pal Building, Department of Police and Hotel Argentina surround this square, in the middle of which stands a statue of Liberty, while in front of the Govern- ment Palace there is an equestrian statue of Gen. Belgrano. The cathedral, begun in 1752, is fashioned after the Madeleine in Paris. The race track, aquarium, zco and public gardens of Buenos Alres are quite noted. The city has a large number of factories and large amounts of wool, shecp and cattle are exported. some facts about Q. Is wheat or corn the more valu- B. W. 8. A. Corn is the more uable crop, the value in 1927 being $2,014,725,000. The value of the wheat crop for the same year was $974,604,000. Q. Where is the Star Spangled Ban- ner?—R. F. W. A. The flag which inspired the writ- ing of “The Star Spangled Banner” is on display in the old National Museum, Washington, D. C. Q. Is a clerk instructed to ask the contents of parcel post packages offered for insurance?—M. F. S. A. Postal employes accepting domes- tic mail matter for insurance are re- quired to make inquiry as to what arti- cles the parcels contain in order to de- termine whether the contents are mall- able, properly packed and whether the parcels should bear any special indorse- ment, such as “Fragile” or “Perishable.” General statements such as “Merchan- dise,” etc., do not convey the necessary information and are not acceptable. However, postal employes are expected to exercise good judgment in the ac- ceptance of parcels for insurance, and it parcels contain clothing exclusively ally on the temperament of the breed. | Individuals in breeds vary. Terriersand it 18 not necessary to have each article of clothing described. BACKGROUND OF EVENTS BY PAUL V. COLLINS. A $4-a-weck messenger boy Was clected last Tuesday to the presidency of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. | at a salary of $200,000 a year—that is, he was a’ $4-a-week boy when he wi a boy, fresh from the grade schools of Brooklyn seeking a JOb' But that bo; rew, after he had left the grade school; e worked during the days and went to ight school. He never graduated from h school or college; he missed cul- | tural education and “the team,” but he ! studied and became the surest authorit; on New York real estate values and life insurance problems. No one questions his qualifications to earn the great sal- ary. + Not very long ago there was a mem- ber of a presidential cabinet who had never E:me to any kind of educa- | tlonal institution except for two years to a one-room country school; but he grew after he had gotten through those two years of “education,” so that he be- came famous and an honor to America, esteemed among all civilized nations. One of the most successful diplomats of the United States—one who waited on table to work his way through col- lege—was such a clown when he got his diploma and received appointment as professor of literature in a Far West | college that his students laughed him iout of his job. Later, without solicita- {tion or backing, President Cleveland ! made him Minister Plenipotentiary to {an Oriental country and later he re- ceived $1,000 & month and e: as war correspondent, and after successful | service as Minister to South American nations he declined the choice of am- bassadorship to either Russia or Italy, because he had a bigger opportunity elsewhere. There have been many Presidents, like Garfield and Lincoln, | with little regular schooling. How much college did Gen. Goethals ever have—he who “made the dirt fly” and built the Panama Canal? * ok % x On the same day that Frederick H. Ecker, the $4 messenger boy, was given the $200,000-a-year job in practical business Dr. James N. Kiernan was in- stalled the third president of Hunter College,*New York City. In his in- augural address he discussed the ideals of education as he conceived them and sald disposed | | “Our present civilization is to overemphasize the material aspects of progress. In fact, it goes further. It assumes that material expansion is progress. Misled by popular opinion, education may easily subscribe to this error. - The college should be, above all, the bulwark against the tide of these false ideals. Exceptional are its op- portunities to give to a large group of our citizens an ‘intellectual grasp of the realities of _life’ Neglect on 1ts part is not merfly a defeat—it is a serious social fault.” Another speaker on the same pro- gram, President McKee of the board of aldermen, took issue with Dr. Har- old F. Clarke, professor of education in the Teachers' College of Columbia University, who had recently declared that college education was a detriment to one’s earning capacity, and that it robs men and women of the daring essential to business success. Mr. Mc- Kee offered no logic to back his oppo- sition to Clarke’s criticism, but de- nounced it, and compared Clarke’s idea to “the establishment of educational measures that were the shame of dark- est Russia.” However, 8 speech from the retiring president, Dr. Davis, a] for “greater freedom and independence on the part of the students, that their | education might become less formal, less a matter of tradition and more presently human"—which does not ap- pear exactly to coincide with the idea |of his successor, Dr. Kiernan, that education is in danger of becoming too practical and “material.” * K K K The colleges of the United States never were miore popular than they are | to “material dent Andrew Jackson, who could not married, 18 & familiar educational '1‘“““’1:: :& different, yl century ago, from Wl y are today. That is true; in early days colleges were confined to the “classics” and scorned science, and the masses of people were “educated” with the “three Rs” only— and c'guld o m'.ho - correctly. ve changed thelr educational standards. But— alas!—some colleges fail to ki that fact in mind, and so their leaders prate about the folly of “material progress” and the h‘nporunm ue‘“zl."m: intellectual grasp o Tet of life,” as if the declension of a latin phrase or the nice shading of a Greek sentence constituted the - “realities,” rather than knowledge of radio and of how to harness the powers of Vulcan and make fertilizer out of blue sky. Today is the era of scientific discovery and application, such as the s never dreamed (M‘otg}“s adults mus study the new veries. f‘gne is a serious question todsy- ing. Colleges are alleged to be taking t.hgmng fork of the road, in sneering at the "mle;_l;:"x gxwmu outside mtlr;e 3 colleges may y e i B s pa ge, 1t is & discover that while the total patronage of the American colleges amounts to $35,000,000 a year, the tuition of the mail-order correspondence institutions totals $70,000,000, and while Americe 1 colleges now hat there are 1,500,000 students enrolled home-study courses, 90 per cent devoted progress.” The ‘“corre- spondence school” is distinctively Amer- ican and certainly distinctively modern. * kX * It has come to full recognition as such by the Carnegie Foundation, which has taken it up within the last five years, in an unprecedented manner. cross-section analysis under the direc- tion of the Carnegie closes that of 167,000 home-study stu- traced through 127 correspondence schools, 90 Pe are taking practical vocational and only 10 per cent appear interested in the classics or the alleged college- standard d"mlmu ho’r life"—such as poetry and philosophy. ‘Taki the whole student body of our public schools, the average age of quitting school is 16 years. The aver- 2ge age of enrolling for a home-study course is 10 years older—coming about when the student has had a decade of realization of what he needs and is facing matrimony and the obligations of self-betterment. ‘The old bugaboo, which assumed that only a child could study a school course, has been destroyed by the research of the correspondence schools. It is dis- closed in & book entitled “Adult Learn- ing,” by Thorndike and collaborators of Columbia University, that the ability to learn redches its peak at about the age of 26—ten years after the average age of quitting school—and from that peak declines at the rate of only 1 per cent a year thereafter; yet, even so, the adult of 45 is as capable of learning new knowledge as the child of 16. There are many exceptions to this general age rule; Gladstone learned Greek after he was 70 years old. Adults in study are more likely to make practical applica- tion of what they acquire than are ndolle':cenm hence achieve greater net resul * ok ok % It is not to be assumed that there are really two camps of educational activity—the old style university and the newer correspondence schools; many colleges today maintaid correspondence courses and have more students taking such than they have in their class- rooms. ‘The development of study by mail is today, if they may be judged by what President Kiernan denounces as the misleading “material aspects of prog- ress.” Since the World War they have been overcrowded with students. But so have all other kinds of schools, whether legitimate or fake. “Much learning has made us mad.” It has become the craze of young | Americans to go to college, as if that set them on the high road to wisdom and success in life, or at least gave them a| chance to make the team and enjoy life. College men—and women—cer- tainly have great advantages if they ap- ply themselves to what is offered. But | modern developments raise the ques- | tion whether it is the college or the in- dividual student responsible for the re- sults. In other words, the test is not whether the student sits in a seat lis- tening to lectures or, without the per- sonal presence of the lecturer, he reads, or listens-in at the radio, with determi- nation to get that knowledge—that is an unessential incident. The one and all-important essential is student appli- cation and determination. Perhaps Dr. Clarke had in mind the emasculating effect of the ease and dis- sipation of personal initiative of the college remittance man, in contrast with the of the young chap who hires out at $4 a week and goes to night school. * K x Historical lllustrations might be mule tiplied. of men who rose to great suce cess without a college diploma—Presi- almost wholly within the English-speak- ing peoples, and more especially in the United States—mostly in small cities and rural districts. American institu- tions of that nature maintain branches throughout the world. * ok ok K College extension work began some 50 years ago and was given an impetus by ‘the chautauquas in the decade of the “eighties.” It has developed greatly since the World War. This is attrib- uted to the awakening incident to the war through travel by so many soldiers and to the vocational training given by the Government to the disabled after the war. Not only the veterans have had such a broadening of vision, but, through them, it has aroused their rela- tives and acquaintances to bilities of adult education. Beginning in 1924, the Carnegie Foun- dation has taken an active interest in furthering the movement. After years of investigation it established in Wash- ington a clearing house for the guid- ance of the public to the course most desirable for special pur- poses. There are hundreds of such courses available. This is known as the National Home Study Council, which is now supported. co-operatively, bn the colleges and lence sc] . It er e is presided ove Dr. J. 8. Hof three