Evening Star Newspaper, March 3, 1929, Page 19

1090 PART 2. TIE_SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. €. MARCH HOOVER INTENDS TO RUN U. S. ON BUSINESS LINES i i Expected 1o Tackle Pres Vast Enginc on BY FR¢DERIC WILLIAM WILE. F his fellow countrymen and women will think of Herbert Hoover as Chiet Engineer of the Republic they will come close to compre- hending his idea of the job he's abont to tackle. Hoover likes the word “job.” Everything h> puts his hand to big or little, is a “job." He has spoken of the presidency of the United States times without number as a *“jol He considers it pre-eminently an_ engineer- ing job. Once upon a tim» when some- body chided him with dislike of politics Hoover grabbed a dictionary, and read : “The chider As th v devotion to science in all its forms, h» was com- pelled to recognize that pol is a natural field of cultivation for the Californian 1t can nevertheless be stated author- itatively that it will be the ambition of Herbert Hoover to take the Government as far as possible out of politics as polities is commonly understood. The President-elect believes th re are two things which do not belong in govern- ment. One is business, and the other is politics. The statement requires clarification. Hoover thoroughly be- lieves in conducting government on business lines, but he does not believe | in the government’s going into business excent in highly exceptional emergency cases. He does not, for instance, want government operation of merchant ships, railroads or power plants, but holds it to be necessary for the govern- ment to control and construct great waterways and works like the St. Law- rence Canal and Boulder Dam. Not Blind to Party Rights. The assertion that Hoover wants to banish politics from government does not. mean that he is blind to the rights —in the present case—of the Repub- Jican party. There may have been a time, 8 or 10 years ago, when the Pre: ident-elect held politicians and part organizations in _semi-contempt, but oceans of water have rolled over the| Hoover dam since then. The Californian had not been a member of the Hard- ing administration many moons bafore he came to realize that the United States Government rests irrevocably on the party system. Hoover adapted himself to it. He | proved so successful a politician and political leader than Kansas City was a walkaway and November 6. 1928, a landslide. The presence in the Hoover | cabinet of two dyed-in-the-wool Repub- | lican politicians- im” Good of Iowa' as Secretary of War and Walter F.| Brown of Ohio at Postmaster General— | is an unmistakable sign of the new Hoover philosophy. By allocating ex- actly 20 per cent of his cabinet plums 1o professional party men, Hoover means to show that the incoming ad- | ministration is by no means to be a “Boy Scout” or “Little Lord Fauntle- roy” affair. Even Andrew W. Mellon and James | J. Davis, who are to succced themselves in the portfolios they've held since 1921, can be ranked as strict party | men and G. O. P. politicians. Mellon and Davis were the successive choices of two rigidly regular Republican | Presidents. So it can be said that two- | fifths—4 out of 10—of Hoover cabinet members are politically stalwart. The Chief Engineer signals that helpmates of that breed can be useful in the job he now is about to boss. ' idency ring Joh—Keen cience. as Herbert Hoover yearns as soon possible to put the ‘great big thing we call our Government table of his executive it over. He is a “bug” on charts. For years there hung in his office at the Department. of ~ Commerce huge framed diagram char branchss of the Federal Government Heover has stood in front of the picture for half an hour at a time. pu at a pipe. and thinking. His associates knew what he was thinking about. Often he thought out loud about it W workshop and_do t he said. in effect, was that the ! American ship of state is a craft that recks and creaks with senseless over- lapping in every rook and corner. One | of the earliest and best Hoover stories was his tale of the three bears, He wasn'l in the cabinet six months be- fore he found. to his amusement and amazement. that Uncle Sam's bears are | regulated by no fewer than three Go ernment departments, Hoover discov- ered that polar bears come unde: the Interior Department, brown bears under the Department of Agriculture, and black bears r the War Department The President-clect considers that the three-bears system, or lack of system. is rampant in the Government, or prev- alent at least to an extent that hampers efficioncy. creates unnecessary | duplication and ~involves useless ex-| venditure. Hoover is going hunting for “three bears” soon, and as often as necessary. It is going to be his favorite indoor sport at the White House. His chief assistant huntsman will be in the | cabinet— Walter . Brown, who six vears | ago drew up at President Harding's di- rection a comprehensive plan for re- organizing the executive departments. | Ii_has remained pigeon-holed in the.| White House znd in Congress. Hoover will haul it out and overhaul it. | Based Broadly on Trade. | This_writer foreshadows that the State Department will be one of the very_earliest fields of the chief ingi- neer’s reorganizing activities. Hoover' plans for overhauling our foreign Serv ice are based broadly on the belief that its principal function nowadays is to| develop and safeguard American trade | abroad. That theory is responsible for | | the report that the place the President- | elect has in mind for Dr. Julius Klein, | chief of the Bureau of Foreign and Do-|as strange and picturesque as might | Man-o'-war, the Pandora, in 1790 made mestic Commerce under Hoover's Com- merce secretaryship. is one of the State Department’s four assistant secretary- | ships. It would be the one concerned | with consular affairs—the existing busi- | ness branch of the department. The Commerce Department's system of com- | mercial attaches would probably be | merged info an all-inclusive State De- | partment agency. To what extent Hoover will consider | “career men” in the foreign service is something about which there is much | speculation, and. among the officials in | that class, no little perturbation. Hoo- ver has seen too many of our ex-| perienced “career men” in meritorious activity all over the world to be minded to throw them out of office wholesale. | On the other hand. the President-elect is not at all keen about men who are! in the foreign service chiefly because ! of its pleasant social opportunities at | home and abroad. Our diplomatic and | consular woods are full of that type of | {men. Their days, under Hoover, are ! indubitably numbered. | (Copright, 1929 Veterans’ Claims Are Basis of Many Filed Against Suits by veterans of the World War, or by their beneficiaries in case of the veteran's decease, have recently become one of the most prolific sources of liti- gation involving the United States Gov- U. S. Government |the Veterans' Bureau refuses to make | public how man/ more have since been threatened, it is reliably known that | | they number approximately 1,000 new ! | cases. on the planning ' ng the countless | fling away | A | Pacific about 2,000 miles south of Ha | thre months ahead, and apparently ernment. The defense of these suits| The prosecution of criminal cases| on behalf of the Government is in from the Veterans’ Bureau is also com- | charge and under the control of As- |mitted to the Department of Justice. | s sistant Attorney General George R. Far- | At the beginning of the present fiscal | num. vear there were 200 cases of this clas There are at present about 800 of demanding attention, and they have' t cases pending against the Govern- been coming in in increasing numbers ment in different districts throughout . Italy Leads World the country. These suiis in the aggre- gate involve claims in excess of $100,- In Ratio of Noble: 000,000 The policies of insurance involved in | most cases are for $10,000 and are pay- able to the veteran if he becomes pe: { e manently and totally disabled, or to his | It is doubtful if any country can designated beneficlary in case of his | boast a larger number of noblemen per | death, 1In either event, they are pay- | 1,000 population than Italy. What con- | able in 240 monthly installments of | Stitutes present-day Italy once was di- 50 a month, making a total payment | Vided in numerous kingdoms and | the Government on each policy of | duchies. French, Spanish and Austrian | aimost $14,000 | Emperors ruled over the land and ecach | Claims on insurance policies are first | Created his aristocracy with heredi- | dealt with in the Veterans’ Bureau, and | tary titles. The Popes have been creat- | it is only in case of a decision against | ing noblemen for centuries. A few | the person claiming the benefit of the | titles such as those conferred by Na- | To show the change of utmosphere: Not | ing Ma; | majority at all. rance by this bureau that the case gets into the courts. These cases in- olve many interesting points and questions over which the Government 2nd the claimants have a difference of opinion. In case the veteran is living, most_of the claims involve the de- termination of the question as to whether or not he is permanently and totally disabled. When the case gets into the courts, it is generally neces- ary to go into the whole history of the veterans' employment since = the war, and usually there is a good deal of medical testimony of physicians. In case the veteran has died and suit is brought to recover the policy, there are sometimes disputes as to who entitled to its benefits. Ofter there is a sharp question as to whether the ) has been kept alive, because, if it has lapsed before the veteran's de- cease, there can, of course, be no re- covery upon it. This is often a more i It question than appears at first ause, while the veteran may have pped paying his premiums, there are various technical rules of law providing that, in case there is any unpaid com- pensation or bonus payments due the veteran which had not been collected these should be automatically applied to keep the insurance alive or to revive it if it has lapsed Recently the United States Supreme has held that under the adjusted compensation act—the law under which the graded bonus was granted to all ldiers of the World War—the de- ions of the director of the Veterans' Bureau are final. This means that no lons arising in connection with ment of the bonus can get be- e Conrts, But amazing actually before still cned, arge as this litigation s has become. uits are threat- fabulous amounts portant that the prevents detailed information During the last fiscal ye ance suils were disposed of 210 insur- resulting | poleon I on his Italian subjects and | the Spanish title of grandee have been canceled, but counts, princes, duke: etc, abound in Italy today. The right to enjoy these titles is sometimes ques- | tionable and the Italian government has therefore been Investigating the aristocracy with a view to tightening | up the ranks. The government recent- | ly published a list of recognized noble | families. It keeps a sharp eye on its | nobles because they are a source of | revenue as well as a band of the elect | whose prestige must be maintained. | What is known as the Consulta Aral. | dica passes upon the authenticity of | titles and collects from those qualified | the following fees: Prince, $3.800: duke, | $3.300; marquis, $1900; count, $1,600; | baron and viscount, $900, and lesser titles as “gentleman” and “lady,” $300. | Persons upon whom the King confers a title with cation motu proprio are v these fee: Those who cannot afford these, for | Italians, vather high taxes, dispense | with the title, but carry the crest be- | neath their name on visiting cards. If | the crest is above the name the be. | holder knows that the count or prince | has paid his fees. I know a marquis | whose erest has just been hoisted from | beneath his name 10 a prominent place | above. His new American wife paid the tax as part of the wedding settle- ment and now enjoys a title her hu: band coul not afford in his bachelor days. The first volume of a 10-volume clopedia of Italian Nobles has just appeared. Edited by Marquis Vittorio Spreti it throws much light on nobles past and present and the way in which noblemen nsed to be made. Cha of Spain, who as ho! was King of Italy. was espe erous with his titles. F good one day in the church Dominic at Bologna, he i his and cried aloud: “You are all nobles! Every one of you' There were 200 present. Similar episodes happened un- der the Bourbons 'n Sicily, where a of St in judgments for the plainiiffs and 140 m“‘; ‘;{{‘“‘{‘,fdn‘.‘f Aneny '”“,’"k bioc terminating in favor ‘of the Govern- | M05 CeSTencants are locally known ment. These suits involved a total of IS0 AR, upproximately two million dollars, whil the cases on hand at the close of the fiscal year involved mers *han $5.000.- €00. The judgments recovered by plain- 1iffs amounted to a total of $342360.41 = Norwe, | | gians Willing to Marry to Get Job although the inurances involved and may be payable in future in-i Conditions cannot ¢ be char- stallments totals $650983. The suits acterized as flouri hing Norwiy resulting favorably to the Government | when, mstead of seeking enp involved insurance to the amount of in order to be able to mai 1,267 8 wife, men are willing to mary AL inning of the fiscal y {to obtain a job This actually wa July 927, there were on h the situation when organizatlon ) ce cases: 425 were received dur- | concerned with the of Nor- ing the year. Of these 210 were dis- Dosed of, leaving 583 at the beginning In addition <f the present fiscal year wegian seamen adveri take charge of the for sailors in Now man to me malntained York. But a ling pretty | Yo the U. Samoa, Which Offici BY JOHN WALKER HARRINGTON. exotic thrill comes with the | news that American Samoa. isles of delight in the sea< of romance, now become: uinclally a part of the United States. An era_of adventure and turmoil, the memory of Robert Lonis Stevenson, who lived his last vears near Apia; the recol- lection of that triple naval disaster which shocked the world; all belong to Samoa. | A strange paradox of politics s | that which now brings to the spot- light of the news this our “oldest col- ony"—our “first insular possession,” as | though it were some undiscovered | country. Much like running after a car | one already has caught is this formal | action. It recalls, too, that for decades | the United States has ruled her section | of Samoa under a form of government | 1l have found in it a comic opera | theme. So hidden has been Samoa | in the shadows of the South Seas, that | this recent call for annexation intro- | duces her to the America of today. Lies South of Hawaii. Samoa is really a group of 14 islands of varied shapes and sizes lying in th | waii, another share of America’s in- | sular holdings, and approximately 4.200 miles southwest of San Prancisco. The islands are of volcanic origin, ex cepting one coral atoll. All are sur- | rounded more or less by reefs built by the busy polyps. Samoa is a realm of lush vegetation, tropical fruits, and it is kept from being a land of lotus eaters by th visits of earthquakes and hurricanes. The islands can be sighted by navi- gators at great distances, for from the !larger ones rise | California coast to Australia can easily |of frigates and corvettes. ‘1&:\9 was_cruising in the Antipodes as | The first United States consular agent The Story the Week Has Told S. Isles of Deligfi_t | ‘ ally Becomes Part of Uncle Sam’s Realm. Has Had Interesting History | | | | U. S. NAVAL ATION AT PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA, Island of Tutuila and is bowl-like in form, as it is actually the crater of a burned-out volcano. In time something official came of Meade's overtures. The next year the Grant administration sent to Samoa the highly alert Col. A R. Steinberger of the United States Army as a special agent. By this time certain commercial interests had awak- ened to the possibilities of Samoa in trade and they must have been wel thought of. as they are referred to in the records as “highly respectable per- sons.” The Island of Tutuila had no king and no centralized government. Col Steinberger entered into an agreement whereby the principal chiefs of 10 houses, or clans, ceded the use of the harbor of Pago Pago to the United States as a coaling station, the infe ence being given that this was an ex- clusive concession. The final agreement was forwarded in 1874 to Hamilton Fish, then Secretary of State, by Col. Steinberger. . Several parcels of land were acquired. For one of these holdings $214 was paid. the highest priced parcel being $2.350. The United States thus came into control of the best harbor in the | islands. It is well protected by moun- tains on all sides, with 36 fathoms of water at its entrance, which is about three-quarters of a miie in width. Ves- sels anchored there are protected from This country came into the Samoan | even the worst storms, and the port is picture in 1872, when Comdr. Richard incomparably superior to accommoda- W. Meade arrived in the U. S. S. Nar- | tions at Apia, the largest city of the ragansett. ~On his own motion he|islands. Steam had come to the Navy ade an offer to the chief Mauga for |long before these early overtures. and n exclusive right of the United Sfates|the United States at once started her to have a coaling station at the har- | coaling station at Pago Pago. The first bor of Pago Pago. | appropriation was $100,000. At this This harbor is dented far into theltime the harbor can be used by the ! largest vessels, as there are 30 fect of water alongside the pricipal naval pier. Col. Steinberger was popular with the natives, but he soon found himself in a nest of intrigue. The British and the Germans were gaining footholds, and there were factions in the American colony. Steinberger, accused of advanc- ing the interests of a clique and also those of his own pocketbook, was finally removed from office. Whatever may have been the merits of this controvers; there is no doubt that he was one of the ablest, administrators sent to “our first colony.” After the colonel's forced departure the Army rule ceased at Pago Pago and the Navy took control entirely. It was not very smooth sailing for the smail | Samoan sloop of state in these islands of the navigators. The native politicians and chieftains were cheerful and smil- ing, but not dependable. and strangely enough there were Europeans and Americans who added to the complica- tions. Among the white element and also the balf castes were descendants of British convicts who had escaped about 1850 from the penal colonies in Aus. tralia. Some of the ticket-of-leave men who had beea sailors had gained great influence and had started a new religion with them- selves as priests, and a ritual consisting of frankly indecent chanties. “I never saw such a place as Apia,” Stevenson makes one of the “Trader Horns” of that day remark. “You can get into a new conspiracy every day.” It was one of the chief aims of the | factions to stir up trouble in the Ameri- can concession. The old chiefs about Pago Pago began to ask questions. They (Continued on Fourth Page.) the lofty peaks of mountains which are extinct volcanoes The value of Samoa, however, is due to its being on important trade routes or near them, as ships bound from the touch there. It is not far off the main ocean pathway between the Panama Canal and the Far East. Its importance | as a naval station, both in peace and war, has been recognized since the days The United States was not the first country to recognize Samoa as a naval tation. The Dutch landed there in 1721, and a French ship commanded | by De Bougainville appeared in 1768. Seeing many large canoes filled with natives being steered among the reefs, De Bougainville named the archipelago the Navigators' Islands, a title which they had for many years. A British a brief survey of the larger islands. Probably the fullest report concerning | them was that made by Lieut. Charles | Wilkes of the American Navy, who in head of the United States exploring ex- pedition. He was one of the earliest to recognize the strategy of having in Samoa a foothold in the far Pacific. went to Samoa in 1853, but, as trade then was slight, his real mission was that of waiting for the development | of concesstons. BY HENRY W. BUNN. (The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the week ending March 2): > | GREAT BRITAIN—The Conservatives are very much worried about the elections 1 | with sufficient reason. In the last gen- eral elections of five years ago the Con ervatives won 413 seats; the Laborites, 151; the Liberals, 40; and others, only does no one expect. any such ma- | jority for the Conservatives in .ne com- but a great many even of the | Conservatives doubt they will have a| The Liberals are staging a revival: they propose to contest at least 500 of the 615 seats: but the net effect prom- ises to be more damaging to the Con- servatives than directly beneficial to themselves. There have been 50 bye- elections in the last five years, with net result of loss of 11 seats by the Con- servatives and gain of 10 by Labor. The results of the last four bye-elections have been distressing to the Conserva- tives. In the North Midlothian constit- uency the Conservatives’ majority of | 2,147 in 1924 was changed into a Labor | majority of 925. In Battersea the Con- | servative majority of 5217 in 1924 was changed into a Labor majority of 576. | In Bishop Auckland the Labor majority | | of 2918 in 1924 was increased to & La- bor majority of 7.072; and at Wansbeck the Labor majority of 2,284 in 1924 was increased to 10,786. | Now observe the peculiarity signifi- | cant and distressing feature. In the | elections og 1924 the Liberals did not | contest the North Midiothian and Bat- | tersea seats. By contesting them the | other day they drew enough votes away | from the Conservative candidates to | cause their defeat. It is feared that | this sort of thing will take place on the | grand scale in the coming May. The Liberals are attcking the Con- servatives chiefly on the issue of free trade versus protection. They claim that the Conservative “safeguarding of in- dustries” policy is being insidiously de- | veloped toward Simon-pure protection and they cry out uopn the alleged dishon- est “camouflage.” The Laborites (many of hom are not at all unfriendly to| safeguarding”) are making their chief attack on the issues of unemployment and foreign poli To be sure, the Conservatives have arguments “calcu- lated” to clear them of blame for un- employment_ which strongly appeal to | the head; but there it is, the awful | unemployment, and Labor appeals | to the heart and the “sacred fount of | | sympathetic tears" are apt to be more | cffective. A good many (including this | writer) think that the attacks on Con- servative foreign policy are disingenu- ous: but nothing could be easier than to make the Conservatives appear silly in that connection. The Liberals are also attacking the Conservatives on the issues of unemployment and foreign | olicy: but their main direction of at- | k is as stated above. | The Conservatives are playing up the | personal prestige of Mr. Baldwin and the danger of Radical, Socialist, even Muscovite, dvelopments, should .abor | be installed in the power. ‘That danger is made to seem ail the more hideous by | | the ‘method of suggestion and allusion | | rather than precise definition. Not that | this method is disingenuous, for precise | definition Is not possible. The Laborites retort that this sort of thing is flog- ging a dead monkey: that the bolshevist taint, such as it was (and it was never very important), has been purged out of | | the Labor party: that the danger to | { the commonwealth from “novelizing tendencies of Labor is not comparable danger from old Bourbonism Nevertheless, that uncertainty regarding | Labor exists and is effectively played up by the Conservatives. As five years ago, 50 toda y are appealing for Liberal | votes by pointing to the sky and hint- | ing_to_djinni No doubt the elections will be decided | by the votes of 5,000,000 newly enfran- eacli of them, the Prince of Wales wit-| of greatest political intelligence, but it | win past this phase; seldom has the nessed the auctioning off of 12 of his | tragically fails to produce outstanding, republic succeeding an autocratic mon- 13 hunters, the which yielded him about | talent. archy escaped such an experience. But $20,700. The prince’s salad days are| German parliamentarism prior to the | unhappily it has to be noted (i. e., if over. Now for grim work. | republic was a grotesque and menda- | the dispatches say true) that the psy- * X *x * | cious travesty of genuine parliamentar- | chology of the genuine Republicans GERMANY.—The domestic political | ism; and, of course, there has not been | tehds to be that of defeat rather than situation of Germany is very unsatis- | time since institution of the republic to | that of confidence. factory. The present coalition govern- |develop a genuine parliamentarism The other day there was a caucus of ment is a mere shadow one: its mem- adapted to the genius of the nation.|the People's party. As I intimated bers have no mandates {rom their re- | The reactionaries are not neglecting | above, the complexion of that party is spective parties. Since last Summer | their opportunity. They denounce and | questionable; but its leader, Dr. Stres maneuvers and parleyings have been in | ridicule the new order and clamor for mann, seems to be a genuine cham- constant process looking to formation | return to the old. The Republicans are | pion of the republic. He urged a pledge of a genuine coalition government; but | not showing address. Instead of com-|of hearty participation of the party in intra-party dissensions have spoiled all. | bining to defend the new system and a real government, to include the par- ‘The right and left wings of th: Centrist | promote its proper evolution they d ties embraced in the present shadow party are very widely at odds, and the | pate their energies in squabbles among | government. His eloquence was vair complexion of the People’s party (the themselves. The miasma of defeatism | the pledge was refused. Wherefore the party of big business) is questionable: | crecps through their lines; vou can friends of the German republ ts professions of loyalty to the Weimar | smell it. Everywhere among them you | perturbed. constitution are suspect. The Socialist | hear the word “dictator” whispered; | S leaders have to move most circumspect- | and that whisper is more ominous thani ) 1y s0 s to prevent secession of left ele- | the shout of the word from the Na-| ITALY.—The Fascist Grand Council ments of &e party to the Soclalists. | tionalist ranks. | has published the list of the names of The small Democratic party is the party | Presumably the German republic will | the 400 Fascist candidates for the new Have You Ceased to Study? If So, Good Night. BY BRUCE BARTON. MAN named Brown and Lord Campbell a man named Black | father, graduated from high | ¢ school and entered busi- in New York at the same | mitted to the limited electorate at the | so-called general elections on March 24. | The voters will signify “yes” or “no” as | to the entire 1list, and there will be no other candidates. Of the 400 candi- | dates 195 were members of the late | Chamber, which numbered 535. The | lucky* 400 were mostly chosen by the | council from about 1,000 whose names | were submitted by organizations of the right Fascist complexion, representing labor, capital, the universities, the war veterans, government employes, ete. Among them are a son of the late Marshal Diaz, a son of D'Annunzio and a grandson of Garibaldi. Practically wrote to his | | as an excuse for ng home over the holidays: “To have any chance of suc- cess, | must be more steady than and in present good standing are in- X other men, | must be in cham- | | cluded, except those otherwise provided Both made rapid progress. bers when: they are at the by senatorial seats or positions in At 25 each of them was drawing theater:” | must study when slomatic or consular services. $2,500 a year. they are asleep: | must, above e business is interesting enough to 1500 a SR " -agle | justify the following detail. Organiza- Goming = men” asid theie | ol ranwin in tows whew they | |00 LF SOREE Senl. Sugatian- friends. “If they are so far are in the country. | foows: The Professional and Artistic along at 25, where will they be He worked: p ) | Confederation, 82; the Agricultural Con- at 507" - “I have worked.” said Daniel federation, 46; the National Association Biack went on. At 50 he is | Waebster, “for more than 12 | of Ex-Combatants, 40; the Industrial e amipany FWItH: | inaeels iayiPariS0ft chiir Confederation, 31: the Syndicate of e o s emiferkn by | Farm Laborers, the Syndicate of Industrial Workers, 26; the Commercial But something happened to Federation Brown. He never fulfilled the large promise of his youth: at 50 he had hardly advanced be- yond his 30 mark. Vice President Henry Wilson was born in the direst poverty. “Want sat by my cradle,” he says. “l know what it is to ask my mother for bread when she 16: the universities, 15; the | National Association of War Wounded, | 14; the Confederation of Land Tran: | port and Internal Confederation, | Syndicate of Seamen and Airmen, 11; i | the Commercial Syndicate and Nation- What was it happsned to | had noneite give. |lsfe home I} LyS, OTEEIS B CUREERIE And ations s sbittaio)man Tof lscusiiadiicas * |1 whens 101 yases' afi tane: and L ] : ! Bankers' Federation, 10; the Confede tion and—so far as the world | served an apprenticeship of 11 ation of Maritime and Aerial Trans could judge—equal ability? years, receiving one month's | | portation, 10; the secondary school I will tell you. Brown became satisfied. He ed to study: which means that he ceased to grow. Black has told me that when he reached $5,000 a year he said to himself: “lI have made a 5; the primary schools, the national Olympic committee, 1; the Touring Club of Italy, 1; the Dante Alighieri Society, 1. schooling each year, and at the end of 11 years of hard work a yoke of oxen and six sheep, which brought me $84." Yet in those 11 years of gruel- ing labor he found time to read and study more than 100 books. * ok ok ok | AFGHANISTAN.—Planes | British Ro of the al Air Force have evacuated good gtart. Nothing can stop Really big men check them- ?l!l‘,m‘lj\",m,"l“"‘:fl‘“ f{g([';)"t"*",:fw"r"‘r“","gf me if | keep my health and | celves up each Autumn, at the | | " 00t o ot o O ALt Alto- " gether, the British planes have evacuat- {ed from Kabul to Peshawar, India, about 600 persons, including 320 British | Indians, 54 Germans, 49 Turks and 2 | Persians, besides sundry French. Ital- (lans and other foreigners. About 80 round trips were made, with loss of only one plane (the passengers, how- ever, being saved by marvelous ai | manship) and without the loss of a keep growing. | must study, study, study: | must be the best informed man on our business in the United States.” There is the difference. One stayed in school: one did not. The position you attain before you .are 25 years old is of no beginning of a new business year. “This year they say, “I am going to master one new sub- ject. 1 am going to pursue such and such studies, which will in- crease my earning power.” The bigger they are, the particular credit to you. You longer they keep themselves in ip) gained that simply on the edu- | school. Gladstone took up a | |single life. The flights were Tande-at cation your parents gave you— new language after he had ;‘;‘ ;":?f,:lffp‘;;& eathar e ol education that cost you no | passed 70. most superb episodes in the history of sacrifice. Have you left school? aeronautics But the progress you make inh | As a matter of fact, did you * % % the world after 25—that is ; grow mentally last year at all? CHINA—No one should regret to progress that you make by edu- cating yourself. It will be in proportion to the amount of study you give to your work in excees of the amount the other man gives. Analyze any successful man and you will find these three What definite subject are you planning to devote your eve- nings this year? “As a rule,” said Disraeli, the most successful man in life is the man who has the most in- formation.” How much will you increase effort of Marshal Chang formerly Tuchun of ver his Tuchunate. | has not been successful. Some 26,000 former followers rallied to him on his arrival in Shantung from Dairen, where he took refuge after the Na- tionalist triumph of last year. But these heroes lack organization and are hear that th }‘r ang-Chang, Shantung, to ITACNA-ARICA DISPUTE HINGES ON PLEBISCITE Chile and Peru Have Been at Sword’s nce War o All Peace Point BY GASTON NERVAL, thority on Latin Amer can Affairs. 10SE who had the occasion to obs the hostile manifest tlons displaved in the capital Peru at the time the Preside of the United States. as arbiter Tacna-Arica controversy, ordered (ne final status of these two prov- . or those who were in Santiago. Chile, several months later. when Gen Lassiter declared the impracticability of the plebiscite. indeed would have go0d reasons to marvel at the recent steps faken to amicably settle the con- flict When the news of the arbitral deci- <lon of March, 1925, ordering that the fate of the provinces be submitted to the will of their people, thereby com- plving with the demands of the Chilean | Republic, reached the capital of Peru the nation as a whole lost no time in | denouncing the decision of the Presi- dent of the United Siates and in con- demning the plebiscite as an unjust move, for it ignored the demands of the | Peruvian government and denied its right to claim the devolution of the ter- ritory under dispute, which was lost to Chile during the War of the Pacific. Soon afier these demonstrations of hostility and dissatisfaction were repro- duced on the streets of Santiago, when Gen. Lassiter, intrusted with the duty of carrying out the decision of Pre: dent Coolidge. declared that a plebi- scite “under existing conditions was im- ! practicable,” which action. in the judg- ment of Peru, amounted to a_recogni- | tion of the truth of her accusations and condemned the practices followed by Chile in the plebiscite zone. Vivid Proof of Ardor. This is vivid proof of the p and ardor to which the old dispu been subjected by both parties. And it is a tvpical example of the rare | course, full of unexpected changes and surprises, that has been the main char- acteristic of this international contro- | versy. perhaps by far the most difficult of solution in Latin America. Thus, while in 1925 Chile was exalting the | justice of the arbiter and boasted of { having secured a_decision favorable to her demands. and Peru was lamenting her misfortune, the following year. | when the plebiscite was found to ba | impracticable and so declared by the |arbitral representative, the condition of | things was reversed. | Peru then was highly elated over | what she considered to be a moral vic- ion has tory for her cause, while Chile vehe- mently was- protesting against the final | nearly 30 years Peru had been asserting | concerning the improper and unjust | manner in which the Chilean authori- | ties were endeavoring to nationalize | the provinces. by deporting the Pern- | vian population” and filling in with | Chilean citizens, so that in case the plebiscite was conducted the result would be favorable to Chile, U. S. Prestige at Stake. the prestige of the United at stake, for while in 1925, Peru. was dissatisfled with thy arbitral decision, the following year Chile was volcing her regrets for having accepted their relations were far from being friendly. and that as a result years would " transpire before a satisfactory solution of the problem could be reached. If to this should be added the recent policy adopted by President Leguia of Peru and President Ibanez of Chile, to make of the Tacna-Arica litigation one involving “national honor,” which reached its climax when the latter threatened, not very long ago, with f the Pacific, With teps Futile. the pecessar the nd as to the mann cas and it was ¢ refer them to the Queen of Spoa { itration Althou proved o Chambe by > T undert; In the meantime there a ymmendatic b n” in tha respe f disputes over the method by Chile to govern the pro Tracna-Ar The Peruvian gove ment's protests against the treatment accorded its citizens in the provinces in question bocam: so emphatic that Chile recalled her diplomatic envoy from Lima. In 1905 Chile again appointed & minister to Peru, but not until 1908 were negotiations renewed ance with the terms of treaty. In that year the minister foreign relations of Chile, Puga Borr proposed the signing of scveral conve tions on commerce, merchant marin construction of an international way, realization of the plebiscite and the payment of the indemnity stipu- lated. These five conventions were to be signed at the same time and incor- porated into one. The Peruvian min- ister, Mr. Scoane. declined the proposal of combining the plebiscite protocol with other matters. Memorial Causes Break. Shortly after a new i: | to a severance of diy between the two nation when the Chilean minister in Lima ex- pressed the desire of placiny a bronze tablet in the mausoleum of the Peruvian soldiers who fell during th> War of the Pacific, and because the Peruvian gov- | ernment energetically disapproved of ich action, which she considered in- opportune so long as Chile remained the provinces tem- 3 . the Chilean diplomatic representative had to immediately leat the Peruvian capital. In 1909 Chile proposed the recon- sideration of the plebiscite on the basis of the Billinghurst-Latorre protocol. Peru replied by filing 2 memorandum modifying to a certain extent the Chilean plan. An exchange of notes followed between both governments, the Chilean chancellor maintaining the | theory that plebiscites in international | law amounted to no more than dis- guised formulas of annexation, and that the promise of a plebiscite to decide | the sovereignty of Tacna-Arica was in- serted in the treaty in order not to in- ident gave rise lomatic relations and that was - | decision reached by the arbiter, for in | jure the “Peruvian national pride,” in- ex-prisoners or | itself admitted the claims which for | asmuch as the provinces in question | have, as a matter of fact, become per- | manently part of the Chilean sovereign- | ty. Notwithstanding, ths Chilean min- | ister proposed as a conciliatory means that the plebiscite be carried out, and to that end outlined the conditions un- der which Chile would accept it. Peru, being entirely in disagreement with these terms, did not even reply to the | proposal. Soon after. and as a protest | against the treatment accorded by the Chilean authorities to the Peruvian | citizens in Tacna-Arica. the govern. ment of Lima recalled its representa | tive from Santiago, and thus once more | their diplomatic relations were severed. elegrams were | ex-hanged between San‘iago and Lima whereby an agreement was reached to postpone the plebiscite until 1933. This caused such a reactionary fecling among the Peruvian people that very | shortly a political movement against the President led to the downfall of his | government. The new established gov- jernment refused to recognize such an agreement and later requested the de- portation of Mr. Billinghurst from the provinces of Tacna and Arica. After a long period of diplomatic in- definitely annexing the provinces with- | terregnum, in 1921 the Chilean minis- out regard to future negotiations, the | ter of foreign affairs cabled a proposal reader will indeed be surprised to learn | to the Peruvian government to renew that the late dispatches from Santigao | the negotiations on the basis of the last and Lima, have brought us the startling | projects. It was then that Peru coun- news that the presidents of both re- |tered by asking the submission of the publics, who until now have shown no | Whole controversy of the Pacific to the inclination in acceding to the demands | President of the .United States for ar- of the other, have reached a tentative | bitration. plan whereby the controversy may be | Chile accepted. and several mouths | rettled satisfactorily. later, in July, 1922. the Chilean and | 2 Peruvian representatives signed a pro- Division Seen as Formula. tocol of arbitration at Washington in It now appears from all indications, | which they submitted to the decision of that they will soon tome to an under- | the President of the United States “the standing by adopting a formula which | difficulties that had arisen from the until recently was considered an im- | non-compliance with the third clause possibility to both nations—the divi- | of the treaty of Ancon,” and at Peru's sion of the territory in dispute. Is one | solicitation the arbiter was asked to de- to presume that the principle of pa-|cide first vhether or not the plebiscite cifism no longer is mere theory in!could be conducted then under existing America but a reality; that diplomacy | circumstances. at last definitely has replaced the sword Chile declared that it could be car- as the only means of solving interna- [ried out for the reason that the third all the Fascist leaders of importance | tional conflicts on this side of the world? Or is it simply a solution im- posed by the leaders of both republics, who have deemed it advisable to sacri- fice to present necessities and interna- tional convenience patriotic senti- ments and the of the people of both nations? Only time will tell. In the meantime it must be borne in mind that both Peru and Chile toda: are ruled by an “iron hand"—that is to say, by strong governments, and for them it is very simple to dictate solu- tions even though lacking the actual support and acquiescence of their sub- Jects. ‘The Tacna-Arica controversy arose from the War of the Pacific, during the latter part of the nineteenth century, in which Chile, Peru and Bolivia were the belligerents. Hostilities ceased in 1884, after long and incessant warfare, for the provocation of which Chile was accused. Treaty Covers Territory. The Chilean and Peruvian govern- ments signed a treaty of peace by vir- tve of which the latter ceded to the former, permanently and uncondition- ally, the Province of Tarapaca. The third paragraph of this agreement, otherwise known as the treaty of Ancon, stipulated in addition that the territory comprised in the Provinces of Tacna and Arica, 1lso occupied at the time by the Chileai. forces, would continue to be a Chilean possession and subject to her laws during a period of ten years beginning from the date of the signing of the treaty. “Upon the expiration of this term.” the pact reads, “a plebiscite will decide by means of & popular v if the territory comprising the prov inces referred to is to remain under the domain and sovereignty of Chile or whether it shall continue to be a part 'of the Peruvian territory. That country annexing the provinces shall pay to the ther the sum of 10,000.000 Chilean wi 10-year period, in 1892, the necessary arrangements were made to carry out the plebiscite. However, when the term expired the parties had not as yet come to an agreement, and the progress al- ready accomplished in that respect was wasted in great measure due to a min- isterfal crisis in Chile and to the death of the President of Peru. A renew: of negotiations in 1895 between the chu.! ean plenipotentiary and a government commission established in Peru again failed, due to civil war. The views of both governments were irreconciliable as to the manner of conducting the plebiscite agreed upon. 1898 Protocol Called Plebiscite. Later on the Vice President of Peru, Mr. Billinghurst, was appointed to go clause of the treaty still remained in force, and that even though the pres- | ence ‘of certain dificulties had mpeded | its realization. yet it was not too late | for its compliance. | Peru, on the other hand, contended |that the plebiscite should have been car- | ried out immediately upon the expira- | tion of the 10-vear period agreed upon nd accused Chile of having premedi- | tatedly hampered its realization and of zaving followed a partial and violent policy In the two provinces in question | by deporting the Peruvian residents and bringing in Chileans. who undoubt- | edly would assure Chile the success of the plebiscite. Peru Claims Act Unjust. Under those circumstances, Peru | maintained that a plebiscite after a | period of 30 vears from the date fixed 1 by mutual agreement and after Chile {had completely nationalized the prov- {inces would be unjust. and that there | was no other alternative but to giv jback the territory of Tacna and Ariea, { without_further discussion, to the Pe- { ruvian Republic | In March, 1925, President Coolidge i pronounced "the arbitral decision. de- | claring that the plebiscite should be {carried out, in view of the fact that the provisions of the treaty of Ancon Istill were in effect, and further because | Chile could not be held responsible for 1 the failure to carry it out on the date {agreed upon. This decision. as pre- viously stated, was unfavorable to the Peruvian people, but nevertheless they {accepted it and appointed their repre= sentatives to make all necessary ar- { rangements to conduct the plebiscite in { the city of Arica, in collaboration with the United States and Chilean dele= gates. Clashes between Peruvians and | Chileans were unavoidable, specially in | the plebiscite zone. And finally Gen. | Lassiter, delegate of the United States, | declared that the plebiscite “under existing conditions” was impracticable and consequently ordered the adjourn= ment of the Plebiscite Commission in Thus terminated the attempt at {a plebiscite, the Peruvians being quite satisfied with the turn of events, while the Chileans expressed their disap- proval, so certain were the latter of the ultimate success of the unders | taking. U. S. State Department Enters. The plebiscite having utterly failed, { negotiations were renewed directly by !the good offices of the State Dee |partment of the United States, | Various formulas were proposed for the solution of the controves by Secretary Kellogg. but they met. with_difficulties until 1926, after a close study of the situ: new and final formula was tra to that large number more than 900 | woman was also nerded as co-director, | chised women (between 21 and 30), and| | grest fact your stock of useful information | |but indifferently armed and equipped, to the Peruvian and Chilean threatened cases were considered dur- ing the vear, almost half of which were brought over into this fiscal year. While and many applicants married on condition forthcoming. offered to get the post was to them the several party machines are feverishly addressing themselves. After bidding a tender farewell to and we hear that in a two-day battle, February 21 and 22, they were defeated (Continued on Fifth Page) A He had an aim: in the next business year? (Copyright, 1920.) e to Santiago, and as a result of his mis- sion the Billinghurst-Latorre protocol was signed in 1898. In this pact Chile and Peru agreed in all points save two— ments for their consideration, posal which he—like all impart| (Continued on Fourth