Evening Star Newspaper, February 12, 1928, Page 41

EDITORIAL SECTION he Swunday Star, FEBRUARY 12, Arz and Artists Reviews of Books‘“ Editorigi Page Special Features D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, 1928. Part 2—8 Pages TON, U. S. OUTBIDS GERMANY FOR TRADE IN AMERICAS Teutonic Merchant s Score Gains, but| Fail to Make Inroads on Well Established Businéss. BY JULIUS KLEIN, (Director Bureau of Foreizn and Domestic Commerce. Y VER since the -Armistice there has been evident in business circles a more or less spasmodic anxiety as to our Latin Amer- ican trade position with regard to European competition, and particu- rly that of Germany. These fears have been especially evi- dent with each recurring outburst of more or less impulsive anti-American Ernpagmda in the Southern republics. very such explosion has renewed th: uncertainties as to our ability to with- stand the consequent capitalization of situation by our European trade whose eagerness to re-establish pre-war pre-eminence. particular- in the richer markets along the southeastern scaboard of South Amer- ica, has been all too evident. Aspects of Situation. It is well to take stock of this situ- ation and to evaluate the more or less emotional aspects of it. which have apparently distorted unduly our calm consideration of the actual facts in- | daily between Puerto Wilches, on the | Magdalena, and varfous inland centers. i During the calendar year 1926, 302.000 miles were flown and 2,116 passengers, 376.730 pounds of passengers, baggage and freight and 58,608 pounds of mail were carried. The company is under German-Austrian management, with German aircraft and personnel, and has a capitalization of about $500,000. | A German Junkers air mission has operated in Argentina for several although recently is suspend- its service botween Buenos | Ares and Montevideo. Another German concern, the Kondor Syn- | dikat. has sent aircraft and person- ! nel to Brazil and has organized a local corporation with a view to selling air- craft and employing German personnel in air services to be developed in south- | ern Brazil. The Compania Lloyd Acro Boliviana was formed in Bolivia by | agents of the Junkers group late in | 1925, following the gift of German air- | craft to the government on the occa- sion of the country's centenary of inde- | pendence. German aircraft and per- | sonnel are engaged in maintaining vari- | ous services in that country. It has years, ed volved. The fear of German trade in- | been reported that the company has a cursions in Latin America has been a | concession for an air service, between persistent bugaboo for some 20 years | Bolivian and’Chilean cities. Other in- or more, and with Latin American | Stances of German efforts to sell air- affairs now so conspicuously in the | Craft and employ trained Germans in foreground of our international rela- | Latin America are numerous. tions, it is by all means desirable thal we regard the position of this one of our two leading rivals dispassionately and without fervid “viewing-with- alarm” on the one hand or flamboyant | patrinteering on the other. Frecisely what is Germany's present status in the Latin American markets? How important are they in her present world trade program as a Whole, par- ticularly as compared with pre-war conditions? What is she doing to ad- vance her campaign in the Southern markets? Are these moves likely to em- barrass the present status and the ex- pansion of our own trade? If o, what can be done about it? What are the elements of strength and weakness on a::r side in the event of such a con- et ? In the first place, there is no doubt about Germany’s . strenuous foreign trade cfforts in general. rding to preliminary estimates, her total exports in 1927 have increased 20 per ceni since 1925 and nearly 62 per cent since the world-wide depression of 1921. And when we remember that this is in the face of a thoroughly stabilized mark exchange on a firm gold value, the increase is all the more impressive. Development of Shipping. An important angle of this post-war German drive in Latin America is the development of shipping, which was, of course, a conspicuous feature of her ac- tivities in that fleld before 1914. In- Bar Association Seeks a Labor Policy BY BEN McKELWAY. HIS week, in New York, hearings will be- gin before the commerce committee of the American Bar Association on a pro- posal that is deeply significant in so far as it shows which way the wind is blow- ing. But because it is only a proposal, and be- cause proposals and what are termed “movements’ have a habit of starting off with a grand rush and ending in a flurry of wind, some of those most Interested in its possibilities are delaying the customary hosannas over the dawn of a new era until they find whether it really is the dawn or_deceptive moonshine. Broadly speaking, the proposal is to lay down a “labor policy” for the United States which will encourage the voluntary arbitration of labor dis- putes; to give a more definite standing in the law to agreements for adjusting disputes and to envision the time when capital and labor, like the lion and the lamb, arc ready to lie down to- gether. This is a large order. It is 'not to be filled In a day. But everything must have a boginning, and the hearings in New York this week may be the beginning of a conscientious endeavor to bring some order out of the chr which now exhibits itself through such periodi outbursts as the mine wars in the coal lelds and the countless other industrial disputes with which the public is only tov familiar. Participation of the American Bar Association in the attempt to formulate a “labor policy” for the United States began some years ago when its commerce committee took under consideration what legislation, if any, could be presented to Congress in the interest of adjustment of labor disputes and the prevention of industrial ccn- troversy. The committee held many hearings, received numerous briefs and suggestions and studied methods now in operation in some of the States and in foreign countries. In its own words, the committee “is convinced that the time has come when the American bar must make some distinctive contribution in this field of American law. The committee is conscious of the fact that before there is law there must be a poiicy. In order to find and establish a distinctively Ameri- can policy in this important field the committee has tried to ascertain the points upon which agreement might be reached and to adopt thos~ points of agreement as a basis for a constructive recommendation.” * k% deed, the Hamburg-American Line and the chain of German branch ba formed the spearhead of the pre- German trade offensive. That great shlpglnl organization was just at the height of a most vigorous spurt, par- ticularly in the River Plate, at Panama, the Virgin Islands and other Caribbean points, when the war broke out. Today German shipping has well over 3,500,000 tons. Although this is still some 30 per cent below her pre-war to- tal, the present fleet is almost entirely new, much of it equipped with Diesel engines and with a wide range of spe- cialized installations for tropical traffic, notably refrigerator space for meats and | fruits, comfortable passenger accommo- dations, etc. It has, therefore, a dis- | tinct advantage over many of its Brit- | ish and American rivals in this trade. Better communication facilities with | Latin America—more cables and better | mail services—are also being stressed. After many exchanges and conferences between the commerce committee of the American Bar Association and a committee representing the American Federation of Labor, composed of Mat- thew Woll, one of its vice presidents, as chal man; John P. Frey and Victor A. Olander, and after hearing the views of “business men of vision and grasp of affairs,” the following declaration of policy, or platform, was adopted: “To promote good will between those invest- ing capital, those participating in management and those who render service in industry, and to facilitate the moving of commerce without waste- ful interruption of industry, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States in the field of interstate commerce and (or) foreign com- merce (and in so far as it may lawfully do so in the field of intrastate commerce) to promote the’ peaceful adjustment and prevention of industrial sontroversy by encouraging the making and main- tenance inviolate by responsible organizations of employes and responsible organizations of work- ing men and (or) women of contracts for the ad- justment of their relations through negotiation is declared further to be part of sald policy to encourage the peaceable and orderly ascertain- ment of the true facts in all industrial situations coming within Federal cognizance and thus to promote the use of rational and lawful methods in the scttlement of controversies arising out of such industrial situations. “Tq that end and with that objective, provision 18 herein made for the legal effectuation of agree- ments containing provisions for arbitration and for the establishment of a national industrial council constituted as hereinafter provided and having the duties hereinafter enumerated.” * % ok ok In order to nii in ihe “manner hereinafter pro- vided” portions of the platform, the committee of the American Bar Association will open hearings in New York next Wednesday, and at these hear- ings there are expected to appear representatives of such organizations as the Chamber of Com- merce of the United States, the National Assocla- tion of Manufacturers, National Industrial Coun- cil, as well as representatives of the various big labor organizations. So far as the platform as a whole s concerned, not much trouble is antici- pated. In fact, the American Bar Association is to be commended for its strategy In thus seicct- ing common ground, upon which there is littlc or no disagreement, and from it to procecd siowly toward more treacherous territory which is noted for the quicksand and other hazards that it con- tains. Another point to be remembered is that the platform has been formulated by the Amer- ican Bar Assoclation and was not nailed together either in the offices of the American Federaion of Labor or in the dens of the capitalists in Wall Street, or wherever it is that capitalists have their dens. While the American Bar Association may be more representative of the employ<r gro':p than of the organized workers, it can be set down as a neutral body, so far as its present proposals are concerned, and it offers them with no uiterior motives. Both the representatives of labor and of capital may come before it harboring no sus- picion or distrust of being made the victims in some new game. It can be set down as generally accepted by both labor and capital that compulsory arbitra- tion, in addition to the fact that it has not worked satisfactorily where tried. is un-American in principle and opposed to the American con- ception of freedom of contracts and of free in- dustrial relations. Compulsory arbitration means what it says—it applies compulsion both to em- ployer and _to employe, and is wanted by neither of them. On the other hand, arbitration, accord- ing to all persons of sane mind, is a more intelli- gent method of settling disputes than that which lies in strikes and walkouts and injunctions and company unions and all the other paraphernalia of force which settle nothing except that there is waste and bad feeling as a result. Now, if neither side wants compulsory arbitration, and if there is is nothing in the wide world to prevent voluntary arbitration at present, what does the American Bar Association hope to accomplish through its program? * ok ok K The meat of the matter les in the proposal to give collective agreements to adjust disputes roncubly a more clearly defined standing in the aw and to make them enforceable without all of the tiresome litigation and delays which now stand as such great obstacles in the way of arbi- tration. Heretofore, and at present, the law ot trade agreements Is so vaguely written by the decisions of the courts that they have little force. numberless facets to every issue. But there are only two known ways of settling a dispute. One 15 by agreement, the other is through force. When there 80 many obstacles in the way of agreements, it 1s not surprising that thege is such frequent resort to force. According to Mr. Woll, who was in Washington last week, the chief aim of the bar association plan is to give definite standing in law to collec- tive agreements for the scttlement of disputes. It is not intended, however, that the contraccs or agreements should be referred to the courts in the event that there are claims of violation on either side. On the contrary, it is intended that contracting parties, at the time of making a col- lective agreement, should not only provide their own agency or method of adjusting disputes arising during the life of the agreement, but that they should likewise stipulate the obligations im- posed, the procedure to be followed and the safe- guards conferred upon the contracting parties who may feel that the agreement has been vio- lated In any regard. SR “What really is sought to be accomplished,” said Mr. Woll, “is the’ encouragement of voluntary wbitration under such direction as will give valid- iwv and enforcement to the method of adjusting disputes outlined in, and during the existence of, the 2greement. In instances where there are no collective agreements, or when agreements tor- minate and differences arise in the terms which are to prevail in the new agreements, the em- ployer and the employes would be left free to fol- low the course of their own choice. To be helpful in such instances the American Bar Assoclation proposal contemplates the setting up of a national industrial council, non-poiitical, but economic, in character, and representing employers, employes and the public's interest, which would be helpful in encouraging the development of collective re- lations and In reducing strife and friction in the determination of terms for contracts. In the event of industrial disputes it would, further, put into force the power of public opinion and public fudgment by presenting the actual facts and factors involved.” ‘It is intended further” said Mr. Woll, “that this board will be purely a fact-finding body, to be continuous in character. maintained by the Federal Government, and that it shall carry on investigations of industrial facts, beforc and dur- ing controversies. in order that it may be helrful to industry, employers, employes and encourage them to enter into agreements. It is believed that proceedings in this direction will result in a distinctive American labor policy. But thus for the American Bar Association has not made any pronouncement beyond declaring that such a policy is now seeking the test of inteiligent judg- ment. In giving more concrete expression o ap- plication of the proposed labor policy, important correlative questions involved require careful con- sideration and discussion. It is too early to speak of these auestions until the underlying principle has been thoroughly discussed and demonstrated as being desirable Whatever else may be said. the American Bar Assocfation is to be commended for the interest manifested in trying to find some constructive method where industry, emplover:, employes and the public may all prosper by en- couraging collective agreement and understendina end by attempting to lessen industrial stiife and friction.” "B ‘The underlying principle of the American Bar The 1927 total is very slightly above that of 1913 in value, which means that, with proper allowance for price | Summer is but one example. changes, the total volume of her ex-| There has been a widespread renewal ports today is short of the quantity | of the old pre-war shipped in the last pre-war year by about 22 per cent. She is still a long | way from her total pre-war volume but at the present rate of advamcs should not take her long o regain that | position. Distribat | theless, the already dis- TraGe. H 3 There M;.X'ummre that | Piaying unusual ingenuity in this fleld s sro e Tt sAnietioan Hamts | S0, 1o SHASNGHEE o CPE LRI soicie O Garan traders hold s special sp- | °f he betier American exainples, eal foc: themmnll HASY . me;’lnlmmmmuodmlmlnlme S eniets a5 time goes oo. But | 93 flow of Latin American suidents to American the schools and colleges of Latin mma’ s;;d" Latin Germany. It frankly may be doubted, topics however, whether this is likely to occur hold upon the public tion that | in any volume for many years o come. the current belief seems 10 be TNAT | There are now some 2.000 such students these Southern trade areas BSOS, © | in the United States, and the number is very large part of Germanys | increasing steadily, particularly as the overseas effort. As a matter of t: | realization _spreads throughout Latin this is far from being the case. B | pmerica that the technical problems in- far the greater part of her export o | volved in the exploitation of her vast European neighbors, Whe | jqtent resources are strikingly similar to took nearly three-fourths of her | those which have been but recently en- sales abroad last year—735 per cent, as| i " compared with 76 per cent in 1913, | " “This applies, of course, especially 1o} There 15 no lkelihood of any SUb-T.p.. ohergtion of oil wells and mines, the stantial change in this situation. Latin | .00 SPUELTE B ey ways, the explojta- America will probably continue Ior yon of timber lands and the develop- yeers to_take a relatively very small | peng of yeclamation and drainage proj- part of Germany's export trade. If | ects Bave for certain highly specialized + all of the regions to the south of | rieniific refinements of work in these Cnited Btates bought, in 1027, 1655 | falds iy ‘may be frankly questioned n 73 per cent of Germany's W'l | yheifier even the highest German tech- shipments abroad, which 15 almost X-| nicq) gchools could compete with the at- y the same as their share in 1913 | tractions available for Latin American (72 per cent) | students in dozens of American institu- Indeed, the Netherlands alone NOW | yion, sk er half again as much of Ger- "A feature of this German drive, which manys export trade ss the whole of | i)l become increasingly conspicuous as 1 America, although mueh of thit | (ime goes on, is the cohesion among the Duten trade involves goods in transit. | various elements interested in her over- | I may be noted also that Czechoslo- | seas economic effort. This was, of vekia and Hungary together take 6 Der | course, an outstanding characteristic of cent of the exports of thelr northern | her pre-war actvities—the close col- neighbor. which is only slightly below | Jaboration and, in fact, actually unified the share of all of the 20 Latin Rl-f direction of the branch banks, shipping publics of the New World. agencies, industrial groups and trade In other words, it is quite bsurd 10| bodies, all working In close contact with Aepict the entire German business world | the government. For a time after the a5 sitting up nights In grave concern | war this well knit, unified operation over a trade which, after all, represents | was, of course, disrupted, but we are only about one-sixteenth of their total | now beginning to see evidences of its overseas markets. This trade was val- | revival, even though the large elements ued in 1927, according to preliminary | involved have not developed that de- figures, at about $190,000000, whereas | gree of closely interlocked direction the sales of the United States in the | Which was 80 noteworthy a feature of same markets. if estimated on figures Germany's economic policy before 1914 i for 11 months, showed 1n 1927 & Wotal Oiionn Camsaln, value of 8435000000 'Y In recent months there have been of Germany's evident in different Latin American American trade centers a varlely of organized | teresting facts German banking and snipping cam- 1ing 15 B palgns, involving increasing credits, freight rate reductions, lowering of dis- | counts on forelgn bills, negotiation of new commercis) treaties and the estuh- lishment of German chambers of com- merce. Literature and motlon plctures on German industries were being dis- tributed, especially by one active “float- ing exhibit” which also carried quan- titles of samples, These features ure mentioned not in | the least us in Justification of alarm, because, ax will be shown below, there is ws yel no Indication whatever of serl- | ous mroads upon American trade. Nev- | erthelens, 1L is well o be informed of | the trend of new developments in order | ) take Care of wny more serious con- tngency which might arise ! “The consolidation of German indus- | tries and the remifications of the cartel or trust movement on internationsl | The opening of radiotelephone service between Berlin and Buenos Afres last America. It 4t | standards of fl;eu publi o and ‘magazines. Never- true lications are still le American tmportance s leading Latin s brings out rome in- the first place, Ar- conspicuously her major as, indeed. I was in i nany's sales in that market | in 1927 approximately $70,000 900 s compured with our total of about | $164000,000. Brazl came second, with | wivat $39.000.000 (our sales there last | year were approximately $90,000,000) wnd Colombia third with shout $16.-| 00000 (7 comparison with our Co- | Jombian saies of 848000000 in 1927) Incidentally, this position of Colombia | 1ig tecarse she has risen since o seventh place to third in ! Jean markets, | e zien, Cuba and Colomblan Market e Colomil Biorng B Faph sare of Gevman offort in recent years Likewise, WL BOLbOTUE meikel of ey conepleaous German particl Venwnscin his rien very subetantally | pagion s mnother outstanding festure | U the esteemn of German merchante | o6 v newer developments in the Wik veler there were valued at but | German Latin American program. ‘The Jistie nuore vhin 82000000 31 1918 WL | pgvement for Bortwontel “trustification Bpprowchied $6,000000 1 1921, Chile, |y, Germany hus been guthering which was the tiird Lutin American | oosiderable momentum; the percentage Imarket for German products before \he | oe'coon idustry which s now consoli- war, s now fullen o fourth pluce, 101 | duted i very substantisl: Potash, OB Lowed by Mexioo wnd Gulsm per cent; chemicals (mumtly dyes), 96.3 S Germun arive i Colombis s va- | 50 “000 Colectrien) industry, 87 per ther Anteresting, beckuse NGty W pepy o coul mining, 93 per cent; Irom g tms benefiled cubstintislly by e pres- | oeel yndustry, 80 per cent: insurance, vige of (b German-Austian VRN 07 e cent, et In other words, e Canpany, U Soelitets Cojomie e e wmalgamation of Uiese various Pt Qe 'l aniportes Aci BTy of economic Germuny hus heen S vt diids, WH L bins oler@Uons WL Deceeding pace and has resulted i e o ervioec wie wnowa g6 Ly of coulidetion quite beyond the iy Comniercially profiiie ones 3 U | gl of Anericen Jaw vorid Seapisics proade tiree ser S Caeny et men e vanantia on |10 e Internutional cartel movement e Caribbean, wid Giraraot, whoul 65 | e Genman pRrticipation W, of course, e up Liw Migdulena Fiver, whene | 1omt wctive, Dotably i rew sleel, -.lu., cuny connectione sre made W the caps- | bes, - wluminum, enamel ware, glue, T Rty wervite e movided by | 18¥0n, electric bailba, @lass bottles wnd wire. 1n ench of tiese Latin Americe | Bondholders catimates that $60,000,000 and arbitration, such contracts, when freely and voluntarily made, to be in all respects lawful and binding. and the provisions for settlement of dif- ferences by arbitration to be irrevocable and en- forccable in the manner hereinafter They are violated with a free and unimpeded provided: 1t i NEW U. S. TREATIES~EXPECTED TO REVIVE FOREIGN DEBT ROWS A court will hold that an employer has a right to flow of labor. court will decide that labor has a right to a free and unimpeded flow of employment. There are impunity on boti sides. ~ Association’s Another platform is not new. It has already heen demonstrated in the rallroad labor act, end those familiar with the bar association movement interpret it as an effort. long considered, to ex- (Continued on Sixth Page.) |AIR EXPERTS IN WAR ON OCEAN FLIGHTS BY PUBLICITY- SEEKERS British May Press for Repayment of Civil War Oppose Hops Over Water With Single-Engined Land Planes—Engineers Aim at Perfection of Safe and Fast Craft. Loans—French Likely to Seek Money Sent to Colonies. BY DREW PEARSON, The conclusion of new arbitration treaties with France and Great Britain is expected to revive the age-old but still rankling questions of the secession States' Civil War debt to British bond- holders and the unpaid loan which Louts XVI advanced to the Colonies Under the terms of the old Root arbitration treatles with France and Great Britain, these questions were excluded, under the broad and ambigu- ous provision of the treaties which exempted from arbitration matters of “national honor and vital interest.” Creditors to Renew Claims. But the new arbitration treaty just signed with France and to be signed with Great Britain before June 23, on which date the old treaty expires, con- tains no such exemptions. It excludes | from arbitration questions of domestic | concern, or involving a third party, or involving the Monroe Doctrine or the League of Nations. 8ince the Civil War loans and the Louls XVI Revolutionary War lJoan were plainly transactions be- tween nationals of a forelgn country and nationals of the United States, it ;.:lt:)vlounly 1s not exempted from arbitra- n. ‘The descendants of the British in- terests who invested in bonds of the Bouthern Btates have organized the British Corporation of Foreign Bond- holgers, and have made known their Intention of renewing their claims for payment. A circular letter setting forth the claims of this organization has been sent to every member of Congress. ‘The British Corporation of Foreign I5 due its clients from the Southern Btates, divided among them as follows ' Alabama, an indefinite amount: Arkan- sus, $8,700,000; Florid, $7,000,000; Georgln, $12,700,000; Loulstana, $6,000,- 000; Mississippi, 87,000,000 North Caro- link, $12.600,000, and South Carolina, $6.000,000. e Treasury Department of the United Btates, which has already con- cluded a very thorough investigation of the Civil War indebtedness, estimates that interest on thiy debt now totals about $180,000,000. Ktutes Repudiate Debt. In addition o the debts of the Bouth “rn Btates, both Michigan and Minn sota have repudiated debts which were held largely by British interests. In 1837 the first Blate Leghlature of | Michigan authorized a loan of $5,000,- | 000, part of which was lost with the | fallure of the United Blates Bank of | Pennsylvania, Michigan subsequently repudinted ahout $2,500,000 of her deht and puid the balance. ‘The Btate of Minnesots In 1858 s sued $2,275,000 in 7 per cent bonds for rallway development. Later the rallway companies defuulted, und the Btate ye- pudinted 60 per cent of the debt or 81,137,600 plus 60 per cent of the ne- tual Interest, which amounted to ahout $1.7151,780. As Brituin was the credifor nation of the world at that time and s Brit- sh eapital bullt most of the rallwsys of the United Btates, British investory ware the ehlef losers I all of these Hlute repudiations Heretofore they hiave heen prevented from taking sny action i the courty of the United Btates by the eleventl) wnd fowteenth amendments (o the Constitution. ‘The eleventh amendment wan adopted I order Lo prevent indi- viduals from subng Btates Tt reads e Juridical 'mwu of the United Btates shall not he construed 1o extend 1o any sull In law or squity commeneed or prosecuted against one of the United Hiates hy citivens of another Slate or ¢ wplenes belween Barranguills end ieneventure. on the Pacific, with stops | Presents 8 w"mhl", field, ana we may expect before long 1hat the markeling Chree pointe wong e AUalo and Lo dues Wivere Land plenes opernts (Continued o l'uuflh Page,) > { ates its debts, it cannot be sued either by an American bondholder or by a foreign bondholder. Debts Held lllegal. The fourteenth amendment made it impossible for the British to collect the Civil War debts. It reads: “Neither the | United States nor any State shall as- | sume or pay any debt or obligation in- curred in ald of Insurection or rebel- lion against the United States, but all | nu;:d debts shall be held tllegal and | vold.” Thus British bondholders were pre- vented from any means of collecting through international, arbitration, and the international arbitration treaty then in effect between the United States and Great Britain was worded In such a way as to bar such collection, If the United States had submitted the question of 8t debts to arbitra- tion and had lost, recognized Interna- tonal law would have required the | Federal Government to carry out the | verdict of the arbitration courts no matter how it conflicted with the Con- stitution or States’ rights. It was there- fore necessary for the Government to kaer out of such a predicament by avolding the risk of arbitration. This it 8o far has successfully done. But under the wording of the treaty already signed with France and already sent to London for negotiation the debt question is open to arbitration and it Is probable that opposition will develop in the Benate either to the treaty itself on this score or to Individual cases of debt arbitration when brought before the Senate for review. French War Loan. The only arbitral debt between the | United States and French nationals s | the sum of $1.815,000 which Louls XVI | sdvanced to the United States batween 1776 and 1781 and which was never re paid, due, in part, no doubt, to the fact that the unfortunate King was beheaded shortly after the payments were made. His heirs, however, are stll llving and the question could be brought up rrnlll- mately by them under the terms of the new treaty. e dents See Women Less Grouchy Than Men It's a sadder world for men than women -1If 168 Canadian college stu- dents who have taken a test of emo- tlonu) stability are falr samples of the sexens The students answered a long lat of questions, such as “"Can you do work while people are looking ol tdeas run in your head so that you cannot sleep?” and “Is It easy Lo get you cross and grouchy?" Men appear to more serlous and unhappy than women, according (o Dr. J. W, Brigges, psychologiat of Mo~ Gl Oniversity, who conducted the in- vestigation, and who has just reported his results. Contrary popular no- ton, men are more troubled by hearts thumping fre excitement and ner vousness than women On the other hand, Dr. Bridges vo- POrts that women are more subjeo drenming and daydicsming, are more rmal In thelr sex have more fearn wnd worries, we undecided, more sensitive 1o nd other un- rlmnmnl o . 1Aps Not w shioe they are more hushful and ha: Wreater dimenlty in ng friends, Hludents who are superior In aca- .7 citizens or subjects of any forelgn alate 1u other words, when a Blate repudi- demic work have more wynhn-mu'l ratle symptoma than average and in- ferlor students, he found. L) |against the development of sea flying, BY FREDERICK R. NEELY. Guardians of the future of aeronau- tics are beginning to marshal their forces for a fight against publicity- secking dare-devils, who are willing to Jeopardize the present good standing of aeronautics—acquired after 24 years of toil and life-giving—for personal glory. In anticipation of another epidemic of ocean flying this Spring and Sum- mer, those charged with the advance- ment of aviation have registered ex- pressions that indicate a Nation-wide effort to Influence public opinion against such exploits At the same time, however, they are | bending every effort to encourage the aspiring transoceanic flyer who con- templates employing equipment that will contribute to the advancement of alr traffic over water. Constant repeti- tion of last year's adventures. by per- sons using last year's plans and planes, will not help the cause, but will work | it Is emphasized. Opposes Single Motors. Alrmen here are unanimous on one phase of ocean flying and that is they are opposed to flight projects calling for jumps between America and Europe and the West Coast and Hawall in single-engined land planes. If would-be Lindberghs flock to the consts this year with carbon coples last year's successful ocean-flying plans, or as Willlam P. MacCracken, Jr., As- sistant Becretary of Commerce for Aes nautics, describes it, with “last year's bird-nest,” their troubles will be nu- merous. Instead of encouragement, the aspiring heroes will be deluged with sound advice ngainst such propositions unless it can be shown they have im- proved upon last year's equipment- demonstrated their ability to get heavy londs oft the ground; prove they can fly long distances with & reasonable de- gree of necuracy and, lastly, set forth a useful object to be accomplished. Perhaps the most outspoken Indi- vidual againat publicity-seeking fghts Is Porter Adams, prosident of the Na- tional Aeronautic Assoctation, who told the writer his policy for the coming fNying season. It s “The Aeronautic Assoclation will not sanction any trans-oceanie fight which does not possess the most modern equipment, with every safety precau- Uon, and demonatrates an object to be gnined commensurate with the viak. Aa long as I am president, no barographs will be sealed by the ussoctation’s cons test committee In planes not living up o these requirements ™ Bhould a record over-water flight bo made by a plane not meeting the approval of the asso- clatlon, no record would be honored, because an oMclally-sealed barogry would be lacking % i b Little Regret Neen, When alrmen like Col. Charles adndbergh, Mr. MacOracken, LIeul:. Lester J. Maltland and Oapt. H. O, Rich- ardson of the Nnvr'n 1010 NO trans- atlantle Might advise againat aslngle- englned land planes for ocean fiylng, and when, I the face of thin advice, some alrman hops off and never more leard from, no tears will be shed Bhould he succeed I, say, & hon-stop flght from New York to Parls i plane almost identioal with the Spleit of Bt Louts, he will not be a hero, be- cause he merely vepeated what samobody el roved conld be done. In - discouraging mwuu-nrluu with Iand planes, partioulurly the single- engined Lype, + MaoUracken, lzui, Maitland Richardson, v Adams and many othey u-muanllvl' authorities Olltmlll'lfc employment o seaworthy — amphiblans —and ilying boata, My, MacOracken slvesses the amphiblan because of the better op- portunity offered to get into the air from land with a heavy load. Mr. MacCracken has not the police authority to “pinch” a flyer who acts contrary to what the civil aviation head belleves is sound advice. He can only advise. Lieut. Maitland, who plloted a three- engined land plane in the longest flight yet made above water, looks to the fly- ing boat for the future of safe flying Lieut. Maitland has confidence in the three-engined land plane to accom- plish again and again what he and his companion, Lieut. Albert F. Hegen- berger, did. but he admits he would not fly that distance again in the big Fokker monoplane land plane “just for the fun of it." Profits by First Trip. “If T were ordered to rush serum to a stricken group of people on the fis- lands, or were detailed to carry out strategic misston of vital importance, he told the writer, “I would go in a minute. Profiting by a few things we learned on our trip. such as putting ‘stoves’ on the engines to keep the molsture In the carburetor from freez- Ing. I know I could make it." Lieut. Maitland stresses the use ot the flying boat to overcome obstacles that write “finis” on every land plane over the ocean—engine trouble and ice on the wings. Added to this are pos- sibilities of failure In auxiliary equip- ment, temporary defects in ignition, & broken gasoline or ofl Itme and many other failures that could be repaired if but a safe forced landing could be made With a flying noa’, L'eut. Maitland explains, a landing could Lo made on the surface should ice form on the wings. Likewise, Lieut. Maitland ex- plains, many opportunities are offered to make repairs while resting on the water —opportunities that never come to & land plane. Another flying boat enthusiast s Cupt. Richardson, chief of the design and material section of the Bureau of Aeronautics, pilot of the NC-3 of 1919 Forced to land on the ocean as a re- sult of a terrific storm, the flying boat battled the waves and a second storm for two and a hailf days before reach- ing port. ‘The late Comdr. John Rodgers and his crew, it will be called. spent nine days on the surface of the Pucific Larger Ones Built, There was a time when It was gen- erully believed that the big fiying boat always would be limited I its crutsing radiua to 1,000 miles or so because of the weight and sige of the hull and the two heavy engines. Hince that time, however, the alr-cooled ongine, with ita veduced welght, has arvived, refine- menta in design have heen made and lighter materials are used tn construes tlon. Mence the welght of the ne has been reduced aeveral hundred pounds, and this saved ht can be used i fuel, According to Oapt. Richardson, the Navy now has two types of ‘\r\u ho that are papable of sustal Might of 3,000 to 3,500 miles. One is the PN-11, similar to the type used by Oamdr. Rodgers, but ot all-metal oon- struction and - Atted with alr-cooled engines. ‘The other s the Boelng lu 1ol, originally bullt to participate tn he Navy's Oallfornia-Hawall — fighy, which has been fitted with atv-cooled engines and undergone an - operation for the removal of excess welght. Huoh n tr.;n boat an\nlu,v- o8 1.000-mile fAlght between Newfoundland [ My, | and Burope would have capacity useful lond, elther In persona or cal or, It the flght were undretaken pllat and_ navigator, there would (©ontinued on Third Page) > | EUROPE IS AWAKENING TO LEADERSHIP OF U. S. Nations Abroad Aided in Conclusion By Havana Conferen ce and American Stand of Individuality. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ENEVA.—Not since the height of the resentment roused by two years ago, has there been any such explosion of criti- cism of the United States as has ac- ence at Havana. Why this meeting should have had any large importance for Europe it is difficult to see; never- it with something like general unanim- ity and used it as the opportunity to denounce the United States. the debt question, more than companied the Pan-American Confer- theless the European press seized upon Actually the Havana aflair came as a climax to the serics of American in- | cidents which have attracted general | European attention. Within a single month we had proclaimed a naval pro- gram which, for Europe, was the prom- ise of American supremacy: in our discussions with France over a treaty to outlaw war we had conducted an operation judged by Europe to be attack upon the League of Nations, which to the European mind was as dangerous as it was direct: finally, at Havana, we were—so Europe assumed— undertaking to demonstrate our he- gemony in the three Americas. Hit “New” Monroe Doctrine. As a result, all European journals turned suddenly to the discussion of the American phenomenon. What were we after and what, beyond all else, | the United States over South America. | The weapons would be those of propa- | ganda, not of milltary character. But ihence!onh one could and can expect that Latin and even Anglo-Saxon Eu- rope, the Tritish quitc as :uch as the French, the Spanish and the Italians, will seek to awaken Latin American lands to the imminent peril of Yankee invasion. | | ¢ Feels American Power. | In the post-war years Europe has 2gain and again been brought face to | face with the negative consequences of | our actions, our refusals to join the League, to accept European responsi- bilities. It has felt increasingly the power of our wealth. But what it has not even dreamed of is that along with the clements of power went the puf- pos> to use them. Suddenly our naval program. the Brian-Kellogg discus- slons. the Havana Conference, com- | bined to reproduce comething like a | revolution in European conception. European visitors have been writing friendly if mordant books about the United States, speculating on whether or not we have come of age, accepting the idea that probably we have reached cur majority in matters of finance and of industry. But in political flelds. and particularly in the field of internation- al relations, we have been set down as still in the kindergarten. Today. on the contrary, all Europe was this Monroe Doctrine of which | Is speculating upon what we are doing we had so much to say? It had been, Paris newspapers solemnly explained, a proclamation designed to forbid Euro- pean powers from conducting colonial enterprises in America, to prohibit the holy alliance from assisting in the reconquest of Spanish colonies. It was, then, a century ago a doctrine of America for the Americans. But it was that no longer. On the contrary, as the United States now proclaimed it, the Monroe Doctrine was a policy which operated to enable the United States. without European inter- ference, to exploit and direct all three Americas. It was the wall by which we were seeking to shut Europe and the world out of South America. Our policy was not the old Monroe Doc- trine, “America for the Americans.” but the new “All the Americas for the Yankees." And what were we doing down there? Every important newspaper in Europe, in London as in Paris and in Rome, managed to set the news of the fight- ing coming from Nicaragua alongside | with the power it is patent that we | have and clear that we mean to use. | If one were to take as a sign of the | times the mere volume of American | comment appearing in the | press, as contrasted with the amount of comment printed ordinarily, I feel | sure the fact would be established that | never, and certainly never in peace time, has the present volume ever been | approximated. | Use Different Methods. | No one could pretend that any con- | siderable amount of the comment printed at the present ume is friendly. There is an infinite difference between | the ways the British, French and | Italian writers undertake to deal with { the American phenomenon. British | journalism still, as a whole, preserves |8 tone of well bred aloofness, only &t | moments dissolved by a temporary ac- cess of irritation. The French press criticises with a keen, biting sarcasm. | The Italian press coldlly dismisses such | things as the American proposal to out- the expressions of American idealism law war as chil it uttered by the President of the United | Amertean determinates "o o o States and echoed by the American great Navy as a vindication of the press and public opinion. Hypocrisy Charged. Nicarazua, for Europe. was the sign that we intended to do America what Great Britain, France. Germany, all the colonial powers, had done In Asia and in Africa. terferencés' . in various directions. Panama, in Hait} carefully collected were going in to protect our TS, Inevitably, all American protesta- tions of high purposs were regarded onmtelzl side of the Atlantic as hypo- critical. “We all have little Nicaraguas of our | the Morning Post in/ own," sneered London. “American imperialism is rens in Latin America the achievements of French imperialism in Morocco and British in India" declared the Com- munistic Humanite of Paris. “The United States has two stand- ards for the great pri democratic peace policy,’ semi-official Temps, in an article which the London Times significantly re- printed, “according as it applies them universally or on the American Con- tinent. where they are subservient to t:e hegemony it has already acquired there.” Equally definite were the charges that we were seeking to establish an American league of nations which should be a rival to the Geneva insti- tution, but in which other member na- tions would be subservient to us. We were seeking in part to force, in part to persuade, the Latin American States. | members of the Geneva body. to leave it. Like our attack upon the League in our Briand-Kellogg negotiations of A& peace pact, the Havana episode was aimed at the League of Nations. Hope of Failure Seen. And, from the outset, Europe hoped that Havana would fail. Day after day the press forecast the protests which were to be made by varying South American countries against our Nica- an action, against our other in- terferences of a similar sort, whic! were counted up and asserted to num- ber 31. The announcement that Mex- fco would cefrain from making trouble first produced disappointment and then provoked significant hints of pressure exterted from Washington. ‘What Europe hoped for, stll hopes for, is that there will take form in South America some coalition among the greater and more powerful states to resist American influence, Ameri- can financial, commercial and political penetration. Europe itself is conscious hat 1t is helpless It has neither the strength nor the resources to undertake the role of protecting South America against what it describes and believes to be American imperialism. All must depend upon the South Americans themselves, but from Europe every conceivabl> incitation is being despatched to hald, to resist, to stand agalnst Yankee invasion. For all the Latin countries of tumre this incita- tion is at once born of cultural and racial sympathies and of solid material interests. Paris is measurably the in- llrlln-mnl capital of all Latin America. tal, established In the Argentine alone. America Taking Lead. Up to the Word War the bonds be- tween Europe and South America were much closer than those between the Nomghern and Southern Continents. Eu- rope need South America, dominat- ed its markets. But today America is ateadily replacing Cireat Britain both as an exporter and an importer. as a lender. Steadily the commercial and financial influence of the United States mounts, and with this goes the posaibil- ity that America, and not Europe. may be the later plage of pligrim of the gouth American milllonatres whose gold has for two generations fertilieed Euro- Pean capitals. For Kurope the single chance of wrs resting this process must lle in the re- volt of the South Americans them- selves. Were 1t possibie 0 te the Latin - Americans o passian, then might eastly happen that i halt a dosen countriea thore would be an em-« barge agalnst thi coming from the Unil taton, SUCh an embargy as the Ohinese with deadly effeotiveness have Placed ah E Reading and digesting all the Bun- 1 coamment, 1 was difoult to eacape e convietin that, in its own way, Bu. TOPe Was preparing 1o Joln battle with L] our in- at us in Nicaragua, were into a statistical disclosure of American intentions. Our Marines ciples of its observed the | ingte the disagreeable memories left has a full milllon of her emigrants | | Fascist dogmas. | Given this general sense of frrita- tion. and even anxiety. is it conceiva- |ble that there may presently develop in Central federation | some unity of Europe, some of European States allied to resist what they describe as the American invasion? { Under cover, you will hear not a little di of this possibility. but as & reality J do not think it deserves any present consideration. If for no other than that every con- | tinental European country still desires | to borrow money in the United States, (it is extremely unlikely that any will | make the smallest move to promote & | partnership against us. Higher Favor Sought. Moreover, for a good while to come i several European nations will still cling | to the illusion that it is 0 ! make a special with us, to get |or to hold a peculiarly advantageous | special situation. That was what lay behind the Briand gesture, which was designed to revitalize the traditional Franco-American friendship and elim- by debt controversies and Ruhr op- | erations. Even to this day there survives in | Great Britain the conviction that in /the end the world must be regulated {by an Anglo-American p. | Despite the obvious unpleasantness of i!he challenge of the American naval program. nothing is less likely than | that Great Britain will in any present | time undertake to restore the balance |-of power in the world by making such | alliances with continental nations as | those which she made with France and | with Russia before 1914, alliances in | fact. ententes in theory. All this talk about American imperl- {ism has been going the rounds for months, ever since the Geneva confer- ence. probably before it. What was | significant about the Havana-Pan- American meeting was that it suoplied a solid basis in the day's news, ia co- temporary history, for all the things | that people in mmre had been dimly thinking and vaguely saying The re- |sult was the explosion which I have |tried to describe. h | | Mark Dawn of New Era. In my judgment the conference | ftself will be a date and a fact mem- orable hereafter as mark.ng the poirt iat which Europe finally made up fits mind about us, finally ahandoned the comfortable notion that soner or later | we should “go European” and conchuc fed that we were “going 1ative.® which by interpretation means \merican, os, even more exactly, “Yankee ™ No longer does Eurove aity our plicity or condemn the short-sig! greed of our debt pulicy. as it oace | described that policy. Leest of all does I Burope affect to fgnore as as it has been doing. particularly in the press always, save at rare monents. Politt- | cally. internationally. we hLave suddenly | "come of age” and ours fi the greatest | heritance of power of modern tume. 1]'he United States at Havana vas nof one of many American nations m eon- | ference, it was the American colosus, | bestriding two contineats and Kokug yOut upon new continents to conouer, I Hence the general, untversal, Ruropean | outery NTSRTE R | . e D { First Comet of 19 Discovered in Africa { PR ‘The flrst comet of 1938, which will be | Known therefore as oomet 1938, has been found by an astronomer named FIppolt at the French Observatory at Alglers. i northern Africa. Announce- went of this discovery has just reached the Harvard College Obtservatory here, acvording to Dr. Harlow Shapley, @~ rector When discoverad, an January 28 the Nev comet Was i the cnstellatin of P Qeing, the twins, wWhich i3 baw over- head th the late eventngs. It was of | the eleventh magnitude, oo famt w© b [ S2en Without teleacopic all. and Us wo- Fattion, W the astronomival equivalents of Intilude and longiinde, was 8 hours 34 minutes and 38 sectnds Tight aseen- sl i 30 degives 16 mtnutes e declination. T s epareedt as having very slow movement, thus Wndivating WAL 10 15 At & great distance from the sarth. After (wa mare observations have beent made astronamers will be able 'ta compute s orbit and tell whether ar nat 1t W R4, o vialhle 10 tie naked oye,