Evening Star Newspaper, February 5, 1928, Page 29

" Editorial Page Special Features EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunday Star. W'Art and —Artists Reviews of Part 2—14 Pages WASHINGTON, D. €, SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 5, 1928 Books M’CARL’S VITAL NEED CALLED A More Informal Wor on Expenditures Seen Way to ‘emper the Winds.” BY BEN McKELWAY. what ofes- 1 on that to call a “couns ¢ press ag story of the grea was suffering in its sings that erestng process by road clears its tracks a wreck saving. - were torn ‘epair crews e e the public after the blamed on od. Thirty re dead.” e of the railroad 1o s lar schedule. 10 hos Psychology Suggested. McCarl might apply the same 0l0gY. er words, temper the d the lJambs that he shears by a few bright. kind words, expertly strung ether by some one who knows his public. But he won't. The little an- nouncements from the General Ac- counting Office which cause so much pain o Government emploves and others might be worded. for instance: “The Controller General regretfully an- nounced today that Congress has so framed its laws on the subject as to force him to deny payment f§ one car | token and a ham sandwich % the esti- mable Mr. John Doe, a Government employe, who, on Janexy 23, a fearfully bad day, hac to go to the Capitol. Mr. Mcohal feels the matter deeply and slept 5tfully last night. He believes that Mr. Doe should have had the car token and the ham sandwich, but his strict accountability w0 an unfeeling Congress makes him decide, against his will, that Mr. Doe" should have walked and that he had no Tight to eat.” Instead of this. however, Mr. McCarl writes, “The claim is disallowed,” and lets it go at that. In consequence, the picture of Mr. McCarl in the minds of the public 21ter he has been in office for 6’2 vears or his 15-year term, is not so good ¥e is alluded to as a czar, a shyiock. @ penny-squeezer and a hairesplitter. Be is known as one who defies not only the Attorney General of United States, but the other cabinet members as well. He is reputed to be willing 1o spend a hundred dollars in the pur- suit of a nickel. 5o long as there is a yrinciple involved. Instead of being content with the authority given him oy Congress, he is doing his best 1o enlarge the powers he has. Instead of merely auditing what the Government spends, he wants to'audit every ex- penditure in advance. Instead of auditing money, and if he Secretary of the Treasury a bale of imported goods should be taxed as cotton or as silk, he wants his opinion %o prevail Decides on Expenditures. He is not only a detective who in- vestigates the expenditure of money. but a judge who decides whether 1 should have been spent. He is a bill collector, as well as a credit manager While it is written that “the letter ¥illeth but the spirit giveth " the Controller General reads only the letter ¢« the law and lets the spirit go hang Naturally, such a job iz a hard-botled o5 spd the incumbent will not be nd among the winners or runners up in contests 1 determine who 15 our most popular Government employe ir Washington today But while the office he holds is a Thard-boiled office. the Controlier Gen- eral is not such a 15-minute egg a some would make him out to be. He aises nis voice 1 bellow, and he i 4 be s unassuming and fights sny of pub- city, never allowing himsel! 10 be quoted in an Inte perience when he with an interviewer that e quowed and he was. d thute himsel! ar RS His desi s al for a cleared space lghously ays laden with papers n front of cles frightened rare and declare orgered Gesk 1 the BN © mund 11 be was right 6 1 quite orderly Posted on Business reach Mr. MoCar important. He will ) hie clear-cut knowledy nict <. words fow grts mlaried until and smooth e shov he 3 » det [ But when worry ove Jured som of humsn n bt wre Gevoid worG e dew o he eide, but b Jume 1or e Jew v the legisitare i When e cul off Uik Governm tance W many ¢ Jured Gervice or i b 1hel unger U lew the Ko persation Comnssion 1isd ey Wem, b @0 1ot ssy Save, st it « duwnrig) 16 e fsed it Congress e 1 witer in U by riling Com do b syt Jisve e Cnged 1 1eu0 W 0i0 read 1 LD I sy Ve Alorney Gener Wore Vhan One oo e Liokics Geaerw) a6 Lse AlLorne Genersl the Con pite rubing | f { ding in His Rulings | have locked horns and the Controller G come out on top. The Con- ller Genera) does not regard the At- | r General as a judicial officer of | rnment who ‘may hand down is. He looks upon him as the al lawyer of the Government e an_opinion. But it is ion. The Controller Gen- | however, may not only give an but his decision is conclusive | es of the executive depart- | eral g to abide by decisions he lower courts. His view, however, 12t only one court in the land is pable of finally deciding a question such a vitally important and that is the United ne Court. He has fought case involving an important prin- as far up as he can carry it. One of the most interesting of these court cases went against him. The Con- troller General came to the conclusion that a good many naval officers were e compensation for dependents ere. as a matter of fact. not de- ' pendent. Previously, it had been the practice of the Navy Department to pt an officer’s statement that his mother. for instance, was dependent udor him for support, Mr. McCarl re- quired prooi of this statement,and in some cases the proof submitted was not satisfactory. He not only stopped the pavment of compensation for de- pendents. but ordered that the officers should refund to the Government what they had been paid. In some‘instances this amount was very large, so the Con- troller General ordered it recouped by docking the officers’ pay 20 per cent a | month. This was, of course, not pleas- | ing to the naval officers, who referred to Mr. McCarl by names which sailors | use when angered. i Obtain Injunction. They did more and obtained an in- junction in the District courts which | prevented Mr. McCarl from reducing their pay. The question at issue, how- ever, was not Mr. McCarl's right to| stop the payment of allowances for de- | pendents, but whether he could reduce | the pay of an officer of the United States in order to collect 2 debt from him. The courts said h® could not. | Other_attempts to compel the Con- troller General to pay funds from the Treasury by obtaining mandatory in- junetion or writs of mandamus have failed, the courts holding that there is no jurisdiction to issue such a writ to compel a payment from the Treasury | involving more than z ministerial duty. | Mr McCarl's job might not have been so conducive to indignant criti- | cism were it not for the fact that it | replaced a system which was working very nicely as far as the executive end of the Government was concerned Little by little Congress had allowed its supervision or audit of expenditures | and receipts to slip from its fingers to | the executive departments. The dis- bursing officers were located in the ex- ecutive departments and the auditors | were under control of an executive de- partment—the Treasurv. Under the old | system a disbursing officer might have been approached by the head of his department. who would say, in effect: | “John. I need a new rug in my office Now, here's $500 in this appropriation | bil! for the eradication of rats. We| have no rats this year, so let's spend | this $500 on a rug, and I'll fix it up if | there are any questions asked.” So the rug would be bought. and if any ques- | tions were asked they would be an-| swered to the satisfaction of the audi- | tors, whose jobs depended upon the good will of their chiefs His Rule is Different. There was nothing strictly dishonest about this. It was rather open and above board. But under the McCarl regime 1t is different. A disbursing officer who is approached by his su- perior with the proposal to buy some fine desks and a new’rug, may furnish the money. But if the appropriation i not specifically worded to include the purchase of the rug and the furniture the disbursing officer is out of luck For if McCarl disallows the expenditure and he will. the disbursing officer must either get it back from the furniture store. and the furniture store must count on Congress to reimburse it; he must go t Congress himsel{ and ob- tain relief. or the controller general will call upon the disbursing officers surety to make good on his bond. That there are many such Instances indicated in the fact that in the st fiscal year the controller general collected over seven millions of money | PRESS AGENT ’ | uvhold BY EDGAR YOUNG. il EN. GEORGE W. GOETHALS is dead. A great engineer and a great American s gone. We old-time canal men have lost a father and a brother. Just a vear or so ago those of us in the vicinity of New York held a re- union at the Hotel Astor. He was with us-——shaking hands. peering into faces, calling men by their first names. “Howdy. Colonel!” “Why, hello, Jim! Remember the time you had that Bucyrus on her side at Dump Six? How's your wife? That boy of yours must be a man by now. Friendly. Democratic. Unostentati- ous. Human. And a very great man. | The same great man we struggled and strained to carry on for in tropical | downpour and burning sun on the canal | job 20 years ago. Down there he knew us by our first names. He was ‘the Colonel” to us. Colonel and not General he shall remain. ] I remember quite well my first sight of him on the Zone. It was during those dark days when predictions were rife that the entire job was doomed to failure. Fever had swooped down. The Jide- wers coming down like glaciers of earth in Culebra Cut. Old Cuca- racha had been particularly nasty and had poured millions of extra yards into the cut and had burried a n(“\l:ork of tracks and steam shovels. A loblolly of mud had been struck in the bottom of Gatun Gash and opinion was preva- lent that such a foundation would not the weight of the concrete when it went into the forms. Black Swamp had been sinking and gossip had it that a subterranean outlet had been forced through to the sea. Were this trud no lake would be formed when Gatun Dam and Gatun Locks completed. Mlm“as rfinmng a steam crane in the bottom of Gatun Gash, loading lh(: mud into cars. It was a hot. greasy job, nmone hotter and few greasier on GEN. GEORGE (Diawn by How Goethals Built the Panama Canal | that's happened several times before.” words of advice. * & ¥ ¥ What was said in that room Was sacred, confidential. He never used i to pump information from one man about another. He knew that much trouble is imaginary and that a safety valve was needed for the thousa working in the sun and rain wher: nerves zre raw and troubles magnify. If a man really worker he had a friend in Col. Goethals, no matter what his other failings. ice men off the Zone for molesting those who had made some little slip in the States, but who were making good on _the Zone. But when there was cause for stern- ness, the colonel was steel. A man was once laid off for an infraction of thc rules. The next day his co-workers did not report for work. Their leader tele- phoned the colonel: ‘Put that man back to work or we will tie up the job, colonel.” ‘The colonel's answer was to the point: “There will be a boat at Cristobal to- morrow morning at 9. Each and every one who doesn’t show up for work wiil make that boat. Good by.” And bang went the receiver. Not a man was at the dock: they were working double speed to make up for lost time. The colonel joked with the leader the aext time he saw him. He never held a grudge against any man for an hour. xa What the colonel said he meant What he asked for, he got. It didn't take us long to find that out. One day he ordered that a house be built by a certain date. Later he heard that_construction was moving along sc slowly that it would never be completed on time. His eyes flashed. Hopping intc his vellow car. he drove over to the site of the house. T want this house done by September he said to the foreman. A cories ¢f excuses and expianations were interrupted by the colonel. W. GOETHALS. 3. Wolte ) the Zone. At noon we boiled up out ¢ (hete and hurried to the eang that the best way out of trouble was house, barely pausing at the Quarters (o own up when we were at fault. to wash up. The cllckx;k‘! l':%l:gxc‘fu{n;r; S X on their < ;::g &z};f;?s‘?n ours. Six of us ate at In the colonel’s office at Culebra the a table, sitting down in the order that light burned until 11 pm. Dashing we came in. from place to place in his motor car, 1 had been working in the Gash about | plowing through mud and climbing a week when a man in spattered khaki over slides, rain or shine, he was out on sat down with us. The others knew the job throughout the morning and | Wim @nd talked with him all through part of the afternoon. The office work The talk was of the job. he did after hours. Night after night hine was doing. and that | I saw that light burning. And morning was. Shrewd | after morning I saw the yellow motor hurried away car buzz down the siding at 7 am. Few men could have stood the amount | of work he put on himself. Men broke !down, mien went crazy, men took to drink. The colone! kept as keen as a s " The man at my elbow briar. e a2t me and grunted. He thought v‘m\:«'ltlxa:hnr:xa:“wmntfifmwfl express the v i or ACTOSS | as h e e o e learned | instilled in us? _The job ran from the table augnce o had eaten with us | ocean to ocean—47 miles. The Culebra lp“.m; '(‘;.oelhal! One of them ex- Cut was a hell's gorge with the heat e o ane that no matter where he and the earth glaciers we were fight- P'.n t lunch time. he ate with the Ing. A 9-mile canyon through the hos g‘erl the dinky skinners, the backbone of the mountains. gaping open e runners. the cranemen and the & mile wide at the top. The rains and hoisting engineers’—-the biack bunch” the sun beat down on us in that gorge PO e & on “who were doing the actual Blacks from the West Indies stoked our igging of the dirt d;dungy times after that I sat at the table with him He learned m§ name and used to ask me how my machine was making out. ‘There ‘:fs a time when Col. Goethals | knew the majority of the white men on the Zone by their first names and knew precisely what work they were doing. He had a prodigious memory for such things. This was once put 10 a test when he was sailing for the States and several hundred workers were going on vacations. He knew every one of them. the meal. what this mac! one. What the outlook questions. Answers. He before we finished - . * * In my ignorance 1 asked: “Who Spaniards struggled and strained in gangs about the machines and along the tracks. Culebra Cut brings up a score of memories to an old canal worker. So do Pedro Miguel, Miraflores. Dump Six. Bas Obispo. Empire, Las Cascades, Old and New Frijoles, Lion Hill and Tiger Hill, Gatun Dam, Gatun Locks, the old French Canal. We carried on from end to end of the canal. And the man who knew the details of all the jobs was “the colonel.” Also, he knew every detail of the| il work. 1 remember once when a train| on Sundays he held court in his of empties, coming down into Culebra gmce on the hill in Culebra. Any man. Cut at Tower R. bumped into a stalled plack or white, could see him personally train. There was an investigaton.|on that day. He sent for those he The engineer said he applied the emer- wanted to see about some little thing gency and then reversed. The colonel lor other. Women came also to_settle grinned and asked, shrewdly: “Why their troubles. Hour after hour he sat did you reverse after ‘big-holing’ her?” | there, smoking cigarettes, advising, lis- That question pinned two errors on the |tening. He had a surprise in store for | engineer. The occasion demanded a | those who thought to fool him. It was heavy application of air. sand under amazing what a mass of information | the drivers and the “big hole” or emer- he had |gency as she slackened. He sent the| Men who do not know him say he | offending “hogger” back to work with was a cold czar. He was not. He was !a wave of the hand. We got to know 'a czar in power, it is true, but he was HOOVER'S FLOOD WORK EARLY STARTED PRESIDENTIAL TALK Commerce Secretary Often 'Embarrassed by At tempts of Valley Sufferers to Acclaim Him. Held Strictly to Relief. egally expended by the Executive De- | runent—§148 781 the Treasury Department alone prevent these illegal expenditures in the future, Mr. McCarl wants two things done. He wants a pre-audit of all expenditures, Before money s spent the controlier general 15 often upon for an opinlon as o the 1 iegality of spending it This advice i wher atked for. Mr. McCarl the pre-audit mandatory, so that penny will be spent until pass- ipon by a proper auditing body in- of the spending agency. ve tme, expense and ef- 1t back if wrongly used nhe does not believe 3 stem of having more 1000 disbursing officers making of 1t being from ¢ expenses incurred by their | lor ofivers only U whom they are re- for thelr advance- ntion in_ thelr pos- He wants & substitute 50 officers more dishursing of- ants them 0 be be- the control of the Execulive De artine| heads and a) under the retary of the Treasury Attacks Irregularity Carl frowns upon any Hregu money although it been condonead by e Presigent of the United 5 dmarlt When the Florida real e s 6} whom were farn iwcken by he hurricsne and i 1926 1L whe necessary that the vernment cxwnd some ald But I there was no money W expend 1t with | fur Congress wiss not I sesslon 1t wa found however, that the Department o [ Agriculture had some money for th ippression of foot-and-mouth diseus: und there was 1o foot-and-mouth dis | e Uy Buppres 1 With the asuthorization of the Pres- et snd Gen Lord, money was made " svaleble out of this fund W the farm- of Flonds under the seed loan ucl was Mr McCarl ssked for & pre- o ke expendiiure? He was not pectly avoided vuuld have forbiddes 3t When et 3 wuthorized the payment of e gnoney betore e vouchers reachica Mr McCarl for sudit The controller yeneral does nel deny the humane mo Dves wetiugting such expenditiures but ne makes o bones about calling them (Continued on ‘Fhird Page ) . y n To ! BY REX COLLIER. When the White House tongue, sub- consciously or otherwise, let slip a ref- erence to the Secretary of Commerce as “President Hoover,” it was only| | following a precedent established during | Hoover’s travels through the Mississipp! | flood country. ‘This precedent, which grew almost into a custom, proved most embarrass- !ing to the flood relief chief on more than one occasion, despite the fact that Hoover realized that in most instances the term was used in the honest be- Iief that he actually was the President, or “Uncle Sam"” some other per- ¢ phan- of the There was the amusing episode down in Vicksburg, Miss., when a white-haired patriarch of the cotton plantations hob- bled into the National Park Hotel, where Hoover was in conference with local re- lief officials, and asked, quite deferen- tially, to see “the President.” “I've always wanted to see what a | President looks like,” the venerable old | planter confided to newspaper men in was not the lobby. [, Advised that the President there, but that Mr. Hoover was, the old { man scratched his head for a ‘moment {and said: “Well, they're all the same, lu.n the: The newspaper men agreed there was not a whole lot of difference, 5o far as | looks apart | cabinet went, between Presidents and members, and the visitol a el shinglon v from the stmilarly embarrasing char- | fefuree from & Wus County acterizations of Hoover as “our next | plaiation, sat down to get his President” volced by more enlightened | ":'r::; ".";’. flll‘fl'll;""fl.': :.:'a ol :_’:‘::; s i ; remarke e ‘i o ciisensiorabe NiAsslonl Vatley { through the lobby. "And he's the first Avoids Politics | President 1 ever saw!" 2 : | Hoover wus more amused than em- As matter of fact, Hoover found It | ppgsned, however, at a little Incident simost s dicull o aquelch tiene | DAITASSED, BOWEXe, AL L IS Inciden poradic and spontaneous outbursts of | K o , gidlelessness, on the one hand, or en- of his later reconstruction surveys, i thusieem. on the other, us he did the | Which an aged colored politician d- task of stumping out the specter of dressed hhin as “Mistah Lowden,” and Vunger, diseane wnd destitution among | 014 him he was golng o vote for him the fiood vietms for President Harvey Couch, reconstruction divector Hoover was determined. at all costs, | ror Arkansas, hustened Lo correct the old '“‘:lr"x» lr‘lllm:"':;: «;l. g:m -lrl::ll‘ de. 1 DekTO mistake, .-ulm-mmu that 1t s whole id soul was de- | Mr. Hoover with whom he was voted 1o the greal emergency confront- | Suking hands S [tug the inhabitants of the delta U0 U0 Cyaus, s was o time to talk polities or think ' ooied the darky politics or W allow personalities to enter | g1 i GV |into the smmediate job at hand, 1f} ¢ M0 AIWYWAY there was ever & tme for politiclans Lo Declines Mass Meet! | crawl Into their shells and stay there, | o Every time Hoover mingled with the | Htoover Soontuided. “ihaY Visme had | owds on station platforms, outside o | town halls where conferences were to be . r oot L e osals ot wel) | Deld oF 1 other public places he faced eaniig Boutherss friends and ad- & tepeution of the pledge of loyalty iirers S Houver testimonial meet. | voleed by the Kudora colored man. Al- g and " booater demonstrations- | WAYS 1o sought o cut short such ex- uid other gathertngs of % “personal |Presions, without injuring the feclngs it i o those who winhed him well e g y oming lnk- | Time after time Hoover declined fnvi- ,,,““':f‘,,','[,'_y _’,‘.'y“l',’,‘,“,'f",‘,,:m‘,,:"" T align | (atlons 10 address mass meetings o T Work for flond refugees: with one | Aher gatherings when he scented som Dalitlus) Darty or ahether plan to focus the attention of the peo- 1 ¥0et there were times when even |Dle away fram the exigencies Bf "the Hooyer himself, or his ahle assistant, [food disaster and onto himaell, as | Geofge Akerson. or hin other aldes were | lender of the yeliet work oweriesn tn prevent the occasonal | He adopted. furthermore, & rigld rute vueugiigs of exuberance, (Continued on Third Page.) tasmal to the minds of some valley natives. Buch references were entirely dat’s all right, suh “Ah'm gwine t' vote roaring machines and with shouting Please understand me,” he declared “I said I want this house done by Sep- tember 15." “Well, we'll do the best we can,” came the surly answer. Tapping the man gently on the shoul- der, the colonel looked him straight in the eye. | “I am afraid that you have not un- derstood me vet. I said that I wanted this house finished on September 15.” It was completed on time. B Among many worrles that beset the colonel as he began to see the comple- tion of the ditch were the visiting dele- gations of Congressmen, who were in- clined to expect special privileges One committee made an appointment to meet the colonel in a special train at the Panama depot at 8 am. Now, the colonel was a crank on promptness rg» prompt'y at 8 o'clock he turned to the conductor and ordered - ve the bell!" - “But. colonel, there isn't a ul on board." the conductor begar A “Give the bell!" About to comply. the conductor espied two Represeintatives and their wives coming down the hill from the hotel _‘Here they come now.” he said. “Give the beil!” repeated the colonel. And this time the conductor obeved It was not until three hours later that the congressional party caught up with kind and forgiving—sending men back time after time for another try. { “I'm guilty, colonel. Haven't got a| leg to stand on." | | “That's too bad. Jim. Third time vou've been here about that. I ought to deport you. You know that your- sell “1 shore do. colonel.” “Well, go back to Gatun. Il fix it up with your supervisor. Make an- other try and see how you come out.” | Another cigarette, lit on the stump of the old one. (The desk was charred from end to end.) Another face. An- other case. Another decision Not much time for the man who sought to fool him. Maybe a bawling out. Maybe an order to take the next boat for the States. A few words to quiet a feud between two wives who lived in the “Ame house. Perhaps a scribbled note to a quartermaster to move one of them. Sunday. when he should have been resting, the colonel heard the troubles of the Zone. Sunday after Sunday. month after month. year after year Men who had been up there tipped off the ones on the way Better tell the colonel the whole truth. He'll you shore if you try to fool him." ko x I remember a case he handled in very short order. A man had written him an anonymous letter from Gorgona. The the colonel at Gatun locks. They had letter went by ratlroad mail and there 'taken a regular train. One look at the was no postmark on it. But in some | colonel's face and none of the Rep- way the colofiel knew who wrote it. He | resentatives said anything about the in. told the man to come see him Sunday. | cident. And there were no explanations ‘When he came in Col. Goethals had the | or apologies from the colonel. letter lying in front of him. st e e sign your name o i And he. vaved | 1 EVTIY i life the colonel had shown the man out the door. | th.; sp;{lk of genius that was to flare The difficulties he had to solve, the | 5o bShUY during those seven vears at complaints he had to answer varied with ‘;‘“‘“I‘ e rooklyn in 1848, the ach new case Sheh Dromiss In the sebils st v One Sunday an Irish ditch digger his prineipal urged his appointment o came to the court. He was working at » ) P v foamn he | the United States Military Academy. salary beyond anything he could hope to T vis ana it B ol earn in the States. All the privileges of & canal employes were his, including the At West Point. completed a special ridiculously low-priced meals at the COUrse in engineering and began a rapid government hotels and restaurants ;1;; which carried him quickly to the 2 Gats oplalned aff the Teod ek Soon he was considered the engineer- “What seems to be the trouble>" the N brains of the Army general staff oGlaral saked and in 1907, when President Roosevelt “Well" drawled the Irishman, “they | Called upon Secretary of War Taft to gave me A porterhouse steak there last NOminate & man to take charge of the night that = was tough—and, colonel (Continyed on Third Page.) catch the IGNING OF NEW ARBITRATION TREATY TO MARK ANNIVERSARY Agreement Tomorrow Will Recall 150 Years of American Diplomacy Since Franklin Was in France. BY DREW PEARSON. One hundred: and fifty years of American treaty-making will be com- memorated tomorrow when Ambassador Claudel and Undersecretary of State Olds affix their signatures to the new [arbitration treaty between France and | the nite Lates. A X Just 150 years before, to the exact :;:'lbi‘.“:‘s"g «:'}:;"nl;«r::“m? o day, Benjamin Franklin, atter long and | (& 1 08 8 CHEEE 8 SR B0 discouraging negotiations in Paris, con- ' ¢ SIS so cluded the first treaties between the | "O¥ thirteen Colonles and any other state an alilance with France and a treaty of amity and commerce. These first {two treaties proved the turning point in the Revolutionary War | ‘The ceremony of treaty-signing to- I morrow has not only w sentimental [but an tmportant political signiticance. The new treaty sets a precedent, in | that its terms will be followed in the renewal of the Unlted States arbitration [ treaties, most of which expire this year and next. Moreover, it will be the first treaty ever o be slgned which formally | recognizes the Montoe Doctrine. Fi- nally, the preamble of the treaty which condemns” war s considered by the French (o be In a mensure a substitute for the Briand proposal o outlaw war two treaties signed by Benjamin Franklin still rest in the dust-proof files of the State Department, and al- though somewhat faded, it ts still pos- sible to read the parailel columns of English New Treaty Printed. The new arbitration treaty printed and it will be incased i a leather cover. Two coples will be signed by Ambassador Claudel and Undersectetary Olds. one of which will be retained by the United States and the other sent to France The old treaty of alliance states that It 15 between “the most Christiag King and the 13 United States of North Amerie and provides that “if war should break out between France and Greal Britaln durtig the continuance of the present war between the United States and England. His Majesty and the United States shall make It a com- |mon cause and aid each other mu- tually The alllance is followed by an “Act Separate and Secrel’- samething which will not be included in the pact to be signed Monday--by which “His Catholick Mafesty” the King of Spain may enter the alllance 1f he desires The new arbitration treaty provides in brief for the arbitration of il dis- will be Many Interesting Contrasts. O hundred and Aty years have brought some Interesting and tmportant contrasts i the technique of treaty- making. Franklin landed in France on December 22,1776, and in_company | with Silus Deane of Connecticut and | Arthur Lee wpent over 13 months negotiating the treaty. Ho could not [ Communicate with the - Contimental Congress except by mail, which was excoedingly slow In those days The Monroe Duotrine, domestic affairs, and | negotlation largely was a personal one | questions involving third parties. The | The present American Ambassador (reaty replaces the Root to France, Myron T. Herrick, on the pact of 1908 and is part of the State The Irishman got a few well chosen | He ran secret serv- | ! very steadily hand-written text in both French and | The signature of Louis XVI| |1s especially faded. but his tremendous | instead of written longhand. | morocco | the ultimate ruin of any o putes between France and the United | tates except those which involve the | arbitration | AS SEEKING Continent Pictured 'EUROPE SEES AMERICA WORLD RULE as Believing U. S. Deliberately Plans Conquest—Debht and BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ENEVA: “Uncle Sam, Imperial- ist.” It was under this title that I found the familiar gentleman whom we all accept as sym- bolical of our nation. masquerading, when 1 first arrived in Europe more than five months ago. And it is as an imperialist, conscious, deliberate and determined, that I have been forced to héar him described in many coun- tries and by the representatives of many nations not only constantly but | increasingly since that time. From Moscow to London, Europe is, at the present time, discussing Amer- |ican policy as the revelation of definite 1and matured purpose to obtain world hegemony. American ambition. inter- pret-d European comment, aims at no less than threefold mastery: we are “out” to combine financial domination of the universe with naval supremacy on the seven seas and political and even territorial control and expansion {in both Americas. What the United States is now do- ing. in Europe’s mind. constitutese a strikingly close parallel to what Spain. France and Germany tried to do in Europe and what the British have been able to do on the seas and in distant continents in the past two centuries. Goes Back to Debts. If one might summarize the Euro- pean conclusion. it would be stated something like this “America is the richest. the strongest. the most power- ful country on this planet Since the | Roman Empire no nation has been comparably irresistible. But no coun- | rv has possessed even a fraction of {the power now in American hands 1"izhou: setting out to rule the world. +The question is not whether America will make one more of the experiments in imperialism with which European histor; is filled. but how I. will under- take it Europe, the American visitor will be told, first became aware of American | imperialism, when, after repudiating | the League of Nations and relapsing |into traditional isolation. the United | States promulgated its debt policy. No European will argue that his own coun- try t him such a statement would seem too absurd. What he says is that we did what any European country would have ! done under the circumstances. and thus our motives must have been similar. Put down briefly. our debt policy was the starting point of our imperial- ism. It represented the deliberate pur- | pose. by taking advantage of the war borrowings of our associates. not mer: to acquire financial supremacs in world but to hold the financial industrial. the economic life each debtor nation under our control. Hold- ing our debtors to account. we pur- pose to turn their payments into con- trolling interests in their railways. pub- lic_utilities and other similar lines. The very Dawes plan, welcomed on this side of the Atlantic at the moment when it was framed as a supreme con- tribution to European reconstruction. has now come to appear as a convenient circumstance in the broad program of . American imperialism. It was regarded as a lifebelt at the moment it was cre- ated: it now seems a noose of strangu- | lation. For, in recent times. we have | squarely advocated the proposal to fix the amount Germany is to pay by naming the number of payments to be i required. This means, in fact. reduc- !ing the sum of reparations from the | astronomical proportions of the Ver- | sailles Treaty. But at the same time | we repeat our assertion that we shall ne the ! not consider any similar reduction of | the war debts This couw says Europe. di our purpose. Having lent many bil to Germany. we protect this investment | oy bringing about a vast reduction what Germany is to pay her conquerors They will get enough. perhaps. to pav their debts to us. We will sured of ou claims. same time by the reduct tions we shall be equ maay will pay back loses | barrowed. uch an interpretation of A may and doubdtiess wi to the American nt even consideration fact is thy reader But 1t is a general conception ¥ propagated not merely by those journals and public men who represent the nationalistic elements i various countries and who might be fa w aval Polic es Cited. | question the magnituce contribution to entered the wa is that Germany wou 1914-1917, while we v for the British fleet. and established our right to parity the battlefleet, Europe was ked very wisel: approaching American-Japan which would so cr: challenge to tl pear automat of the - then part , B received a shock from which it never wholly T d. Prom hour dates the steadily growing co i belief in the decline of Gr ain as a wor world power. quite obv United States was pres ately respo our program for na al expas ls ma tude and proposed e took European brea: it was instantly ac- cepted as thkemf‘.r.u demonstration that We were seeking naval supremacy, that he had been deliberately ssekzng it from the Washingion Conference onward and that we were now going to realize our amb: . The ird major circumstance of what Europe regards as our imperialism is our alleged purpose to dominate the American continents. To understand this phase of Eu- ropean thought, it is essential to know 3t at all times the Kellogg-Briand conversations over the famous project 1o outlaw war were invariab! military operations in Nicaragua. Thus the Amerncan gesture. the proposal to expanc the Briand fo: eral renunciation of as 3 moral cloak actimns. But far more important i oyes were the reservations we sought o appenc to the specific arbi w1 Prance. and particularly ase reservations which concerned the Mon- without sil . beyond any ceivable irterference. the whole So American and Centrsl American regw: as the field for our territorial and Britain has done in the Mediterranean. Our purpose to hold the Carbbean seems no more than a repetition of the policy by which the Bntish acquired Gibraltar, Malta and Cyprus. We assert mastery at the isthmus as 3ri- ain has asserted control Sues: Panams is our Egypt. All this is simply the disclosure that for us the Panama Canal wh he Suex Canal is for British imperialim the Lfe lne of xpected to look with dismay upon the ¥ disproportionate growth of the United ™ States as a world power. but even more industriously circulated dy the press and leaders of Soctalist and Communist sroups in all countries. Scans Own Naval Record. Uncle Sam ts. th * for finan- cial dommation of the world. That | assertion s, in & sense. old. since the ndictment of “Uncle Sam” as Uncle Shylock has been going forward with a varying degree of intensity for several o vears His appearance as the aspirant 10T sea SUpPremAcY IS, bY COnErast some- what more recent. Nevertheless, the conception has been developing in Europe ever since the Washington Con- ference of 1931-2 For several centuries Europe has deen accustomed to British naval dumimas tion 1t has been accustomed also b who ventured to challenge this 3 the seas On the Continent 3 the conviction that the World W came because Germany decided to b a fleet and In the same way that Ger- man defeat was due prima British fleet. There is no disposition o Tomahawk of French-Indian Wa fmportant fact i Euro Europe can &0 no othing without us. ancial prodiems 1 cannot arran r Returns to America From Britain The war club of an tmportant Indian of the ol Troguols tribe i & new prise acquired from England by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda- tionn, New York From marks on the Weapon museunm experts have been able 0 reconstruct a good deal of 118 past career, even though any reoords or stories attached o 1t have lang since been lost. The handle of the clud s carved with the words “Ogdehtague lo camara de Jeanson,” which, translated. means “Ogqdentague, the friend of Johnson ™ {other hand, had lNttle to do with the [ Department's stop to rovise all of ity acording o Arthur Woodward of the nogotiation of the treaty which will b: arbitration agreements. slgned on Monday. It was negotlated | Of the 22 Root treaties ance in foree by cuble and radio during a pertod of | 1 have been allowed (0 lapse. ano less than two months The full lnll‘rl‘lclh‘lllv all of those remalning in of the treaty, suggestod revisions and|force will explve within the next two tengthy diplomatic arguments were ex- | yvears. While the United States has anged almost dally 1t was prac- [ allowed ita arbitration treaties to lapse. teally a personal conversation between | 73 arbitration treaties have been nhe- Hocretary Kellogg and Forelgn Minister | gotiated between European countries Hriand. Which g0 much further than aay | The formality of slgning Amerioan pact For this veason, | treaty on Monday also offe speolal significance is placed upan the | trast ta the diplomatic new arbitration Wealy W be signed on 120 yeur ago, Mo - the new Ide con- pocedure of The orlglnals of the | musewm staft On the other side of the handle s engraved a strange-look- | Ing word “Warraghiyagey.” whivh & the name the Iroquuls gave to Sir Wits llam Johnson, the Brithh superintend- ent of Indian affairs, sahartly before the American Revalution “The rematuder of the clearsd space on the handle s flled with & series of explut marks” says My Woadward “There are war belts denottng the num- ber of times the warrior had set out upon the war trail and the mumber of mimee VNES DO Was WOURGEA b showd There, ihe autocrel of Dadtaa adtaen” \ Nd-time roquoss Sghimg There are ab T weapon recalls that o the French and Indmn JAER WAITRr Was Sa® enemy, and S Wilam Joha- ATy revanvad s death This lndian duwe the name of OdQuenanda- gehte, Which very nearly name an the war ol knife cartied by this Indlan dwe the same words-Iviedd of Johnson - that are found on e oud “IE would seem that the kaite and clud dath delwged W the same wan MY Woodward says, “and that the clud, belng A well exevuiad pieve of work and more muNutant than the Rutfe, was taken s IS of war by the Indman o Frenchman who sew s owner Later the clud may have deent capiured dy sune British fghter. and so % found s WAY 0 England 88 & curiaity 1t we seom that the olud delonged 3:' TR man of the Droguols wha stast mowell with S Wilam, Whea .