Evening Star Newspaper, October 9, 1927, Page 47

- CHINA NEEDS SANE, LIBERAL MOVEMENT, S ENATOR SAYS Declares U. S Should Help Orientals in Every Way to Emerge From Present Low Standar: Two United States Senators, Bur- Wheeler, Democrat. of Moitan; Note. won nt. o discover by 1 What was wroug there the United States conid ¥ rticle apy Bisgham Y BURTCN K. United States Senator F YOU are one of those sentimental souls who believe the Chinese are like S0 many Americans, wi same ide ind that ex the intereference of fore sov- | ernments they would have ment_patterned after our there! Or if you are one of those who be Heve there is a Bolshevik behind every sage bush and that the Third Interna tionale at Moscow is responsible for all unrest in the world. you should | wisit China During_my visit came to the inevitable cor there at one time elt a_ great | people who had built at nation. But 1 found between 400.000.000 and | £00.000,000 people pover m Montana own, to that country I Tusion that stricken, dis- | them living | day | s it possible for w nation that boasted the | highest civilization to sink to the low- est cegradation reed of Chincse Leaders. Was It the foreism imperi: who exploited them. It couldn't havel been, because there were no foreigners | in China in the days of its glor. Was it the Third Inter h its preachings against imperialism? | No. beacuse there was no Third In-| ternationale in those bygone days. Was it any other foreign intrigue? No. i ) Well, then, what was it? Simply the selfishness and greed of the Chi- nese leaders, who exploited and are exploiting their own people and who have preached the doctrine so familiar to some of us in this country, that we should worship at the shrine of our ancestors, believe what they believed. and do the same things in the same wa Foreizn employers of labor their Chinese employes better the Chinese do. pay them a little work them less. g But to those of you who think the American_business man in China is there to help the Chinese I wish to describe a conversation at a luncheon in_Shanghai. There were present representatives | of several American firms and the con- versation drifted to the Chinese situa- tion. Some of them felt Washington was not pursuing the proper course, that the administration should take a firmer stand against the Nationalists. Relates War Incident. Wishing to learn what these men thought of the Nationalist leaders, I inquired about Chiang Kai-Shek. One man bitterly denounced him and all the other Nationalist lea He said that when they took Shanghai they immediately called upon him and in- sisted he pay his men more, although he was already paying them higher than any one else in the same busi- ness. 1 asked why the Nationalists had sing'ed him out. “I employ Chinamen to work for me,” he answered, “and they in turn buy boys to work for them. They fur- nish the boys chow and a few clothes. The Nationalists included these boys among my employes.” & 1 asked him if he wasn't receiving the benefit of the labor of th boys. He admitted he was, but added: “They would sell these boys to Chinamen, but they wouldn't sell them to me, al- though T would treat them better.” 1 do not believe this would-be slave owner represents the spirit of many American business men. It is an ex- treme case. But nevertheless I am convinced that many Americans in China lose their American idealism and look upon the Chinese as an in- ferior race here, as slaves for those of us fortunate enough to be white. Throughout the Orient, and particu- larly in the Philippines, when you speak of educating the Oriental it is not at all uncommon to hear Euro- peans and Americans say: “To educate them is to spoil them.” I may be termed a sentimentalist, or a pink, but I can’t believe that in the long run any people can be spoiled by the right kind of education. In my judgment, what the Chinese need more than anything is education, not as doctors, lawyers or philoso- phers, but as skilled mechanics, craftsmen, scientific farmers. Effect of Education. Every time you educate an Oriental you raise his standard of living and increase his wants. As fast as they become educated they want American zoods. We are producing more manu- factured articles than we can con- sume. This Nation is bound to develop greater industr , providing we can find a market for o The Orient will furnish it We must become interes educaticn and the welfare of these people whether we want to or not. How can we help the Chinese and at the same time the people of the United States? Surely not by sending to these Oriental countrics either as representatives of business interests or of the Government men who have a_superiority complex and who treat these Orientals as an inferior race. You can't expect to do business with the Oriental if the only time you will #peak to him is when you want a favor. 1 learned from British officials and from many Americans in China who are more pro-British than the British ghemselves that they think the only way to deal with China is for Great Britain, Japan, Italy and the United States to join and send an armed force in to set up the kind of government this combination mizht think Chin should have, collect 211 their revenues and, I presume, tell them what to wear. how to wear it, and what to drink. These pro-Britishers infer we ¢ then do business with the Chin exploit them at will. Armed vention—that's what th are like the fellow who s ‘em young treat 'em rous *em nothing.” Wien we fold them 1l encd with the Americ: the American people for it, they replicd: aid it in 1 icar; on les: How treat | than more, Nonsense 11 and through- out Central 4 Aren’t our liv and _our property in China precious?" You a change the conversation Strong-Arm Policy Fa nd’s strong-arm policy neient has failed. If the United S yotows the advice of some of her pro- British citizens, she will fail. The Chi nese hate the British. They have ef fectively bovcotted Briti dise. The Standard Oil Co. has ben fited by this b s have other i The British don't like it join them, forcing the Chinese to boyc all! This Government should send most trustworthy men to the Or to make an intensive study of po +al and economic conditions. The tim~ s at hand. It isn’t a question of ment, but of hard- 1 husine: We have not heen as actively con ecrned about the Orient as G Brit pin s, heranze Great Britain has to egonsider Ind It China wakes up, - s R Do fie g gagar s o1 jus E nt | China is by helping him. | resemble: | dia |the cause of the People.” in the | " wom enti | ds of Living. | Great Britain's Oriental poss { What ahout the opium trade: ¢ | One Britisher said to me: “You can’t | Philippines their independ- | ence. If you do Great Bri Japan will take them. We ¢ ford to see the Philippines ha independence bes 1se of the effect it | weuld have upon India.” | The United States has no India. We re not as andent upon the Orient | : but it is coming. Now iz the time to prepare, not by treat- |ing these people rough and telling | them nothing, but by treating them | kindly and telling them everything. Chiang Tso-Lin, the Northern dicta believes the only way to help He would have you believe he seeks to save all i from the bolshevik. He a type—the old-time West. frontier gambler—slick, suave. cunning, Insincere. When T told him the sensible peo ple of the United States were not wor- much about the bolsheviks be- > our farmers had a good crop of t and our workers had automo he didn't seem to like it par- zive the ' outhern general, Chiang Kai Shek, was mora honest. thouzh he not seem big enough for his stupendous ta Dr. Wu. Nationalist fore ister, is extremely friendly to our people, and wants our aid. He is one of the most sensible and conscientious Chinese T met. He is not anti-foreign. He is not a red. Line-up of Factions. Every Southern general may sell out, the Southern army may be forced hack. but the struggle between the orth and the South, between the old. autocratic. conservative regime and gn min- liberal for The_issue privilege against national sov- ereignty and democracy. On one side are the war lords; on the other side re students, teachers, the merchants —often intimidated into silence—and the Christian population in an over- whelming majority. The slogan of the Northern armies is “Destroy the reds,” and the watch- word of the Southern forces is “For The Na- tionalist movement has been discred- ited in the minds of many by exces: and crimes. But the whole movement nnot be damned by calling it red.” Those delud>d souls asking us to join Great Britain and Japan in armed intervention entirely overlook the fact that even though we conceded these nations would exercise benevolent dic- tatorship over China, this would prob- ably lead to a conflict between or among the nations themselves. Our interests in China and our ideals are so far different from those of the countries named that such a combina- tion must prove disastrous to us, if not to all concerned. It we fail to help in every way a sane and liberal Chinese movement, and sit idly by, we shall see China pass absolutely under the domination of Russia. You can't stamp out the seed of bolshevism by shouting “Red,” nor can you stamp it out with armies. You can’ eradicate it only by making conditions so much better that the vast majority of the articulate peo- ple won't want it. Causes of Radicalism. Tt isn't the preaching of Carl Marx, or Lenine or Debs that makes radical —it's the short-sightedness and ig- norance of those who call themselves smart among the ruling classes that permit conditions to become so de- plorable that in desperation a slumber- ing mass of people wake up tem- porarily, act like wild men, and take the government into their own desper- ate hands. Take your choice—help a Chinese moderate government, or accept a bolshevist china. (Copyright. 1027.) ‘What Does Europe Think of Us? (Continued from First Page.) learned only fairly recently and latest among European communities. Having learned, however, Geneva 1ooks upon the United States with dif- ferent eyes. No longer to be consid- ered a future convert, we have become a dangerous enemy. Always an oppo- nent of the League, may we not be- come a danger to all Europe? Reject- ing the League spirit, shall we not presently embody the spirit which in Iurope the League was created to combat? Thus, in a curious way Geneva is becoming the center of suspicion of the political purposes of the United States, Having failed to bring us into the League, not a few of the servants of the LeaZue are coming to believe that we are, in fact, becoming mili- taristic, that Uncle Sam is tending to put on the Prussian helmet instead of the more familiar headdress. There is a great shaking of heads over us, not in bitterness, but in sorrow. Not threats, but mournful warnings are being uttered. And, since Geneva is a European center, from it there is slowly, but ely, spreading the new interpreta- tion of America. Concomitantly there is being preached the doctrine that Europe must combine to save itself from the American peril, to check the expansion of the new imperialism. In any event, the fact which I set out to record is plain. Uncle Shylock has lived his hour in the international cinema. The American peril remains, but it is now a peril of imperialism. And while all Europe suspects us, it is at ‘Geneva and within the League at the latest interpretation of the n menace is taking form. a’s contribution to Europe to the old continent from itself, is coming the rallying point of the old continent resolved to protect itself from the menace of the new. (Cobyright. 1927.) . Chinese Women IIrged To Seek Independence Chinese women and their remarried ters were the subject of earnest consideration at a meeting of the Shanghai Young People’s Association, composed of leading Chines: women. It was pointed out that, according to the traditional conception, a woman, when she remarried, should be looked down upon. Such a mistaken and ob- solete idea, the chalrman sald, must be corrected. An app was made to those present to work among the 3 en of all classes of Chinese so- fciety so that “many of the age-worn | customs which have now hecome the Londage on Chinese womanhood may be discarded.” The meeting alsb dis- | cussed the status of women in indus- try and decided that something be done to enable them to achieve eco- “enmin and snntal indapendence. THE SUNDAY ote: In the fifth installment of his of Civilization.” to be published nday, Dr. Durant will tell what m is and will bring the stoyy of civilization down to the présent St next Buddhi: India’ day. BEFORE BUDDHA. BRE s a Hindu. eves, Look first at his dr important; he h ing robes of his ancestos dull conformity of pantaloons. still the turban el s him, around his head with the generosity of a mag cian unfurling endless silk. folds a dark skin; not black, brown—the finest complexion in delicately ¢l into his eyes. s black as his hair; And now look brown as his alw; dark and b reflecting a crater's glow. here once, as there were tribal W dom. there eyes in them tha and ending in defeat, and an infinite gentle at knows the anity of victors into those eye: What is the soul that hides behind them soft as these One could look for velop? Why is it that this man, talks, reveals of profundity and thought that makes us so cons vouth? Perhaps we shall lea we let him speak. cious of ou * sk * of its own; the Hindus had no such word a India, n cal unity. But the Persians applied to northern part the Hindu word for sindhu—since it was a land of rivers; sand states that make and divide the nation. Europe west of Russia; meaning. It is a continent rather than a coun! every variety of climate and physf loftiest mountains in the world. from cast to west for 1,500 miles. run the Brahmaputra and the Ganges. drove down from the north. Icopards, wolves and snakes t! and New York. Every year the lords of th, * k% ok South of the river valleys the sun rules | an unchecked despot, and heat makes the re Hindu. is quite tolerable in the Winter months.” Eng. they have not remained there long enough. of the Hindu, as they tend to take on superstitions. tells of centuries spent in effor Do not look at his for they will hold you too long. ss, which is least abandoned the flow- and descended to the But wound Under those white but deep rich the world. And features (if he is not of the lower castes eled and refined; it is the face not soiled with greed and not <) They are as but . like lakes at night There was passion s in India, but now the fire burns low, like India’s free- Only among the women of the West ary a certain weariness e t rharity of strife and r How. did this fine and subtle human type de- when he delicacy of 5 n sopcthing if His country, it scems, has not even a name s any name at all for their vast penin- sula, which was not till our own time a politi- the river— the Greeks changed the word to India, and the English adopted it as applying to all the thou- The vast peninsula contains a -million and three-quarters of square miles—as much as it is 3,000 miles from north to south, and in it are 360,000,000 people, each a soul that secs the universe revolving about it as the center of all movement and with 1 feature. In the north the snow-crowned Himalavas, across On_those heights great river systems form—the Indus, Among the mountains dwell Mongol tribes that form an ethic transition to Tibet and China; in the river valleys nearly 200,000,000 “Aryans” dwell, and in the Deccan, or lower half of the great tri- angle, are the black-skinned Dravidians, rem- nants of the race which the invading Aryans Here and there (constituting one-fifth of the land) the primitive jungle remains, breeding place of.lions, tigers, make life as dangerous in India as in the streets of Chicago jungle soothe their hunger with 50,000 Hindus. ligion, the history and the character of the One traveler assures us that “the heat lishmen cannot stay there much more than five years at a time, and if a hundred thousand of them rule 300,000,000 Hindus it is because Let them stay, and they will take on the quietude his STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. OCTOBER The Story of Civilization The history of India is far more obscure than that of China. The, Hindus loved poetry more than history, and before Buddha we have hardly anything but legend. The Rig-Veda is a vast collection of folklore dating from 1400 B.C., and telling, with Orlental color and imagi- nation, the story of the Aryan conquest of India. We know nothing of these origins ex- cept that they were a fair-skinned, warlike and nomadic people, who came from central Asia over the Himalayas into India, conquered the Dravidians, and established themselves as the ruling caste of the land. Their high birth- vate forced them to seck new pastures; their word for war meant “‘a desire for more cows' which is a sincerer name than our idealidtic phrase for incorporated homicide. Their lan- guage, Sanskrit, became the speech of most of the people of India, and formed the origin of those “Indo-European” tongues to which our own English, like Greek and Latin and their derivatives, belongs. That process of the north sweeping down with irresistible violence upon the settled and casy-going south has been the main stream of history, on which cach civilization has risen and fallen like cpochal undulations. The Mon- gols pourcd down upon Peking, the Aryans upon the Dravidians, the Achaeans and Dorians upon the Cretans and Aegeans, the Latins upon the aborigines of Italy, the Romans upon the Carthaginians, the Germans upon the Romans, the Lombards upon the Italians, the French upon the Spanish, the English upon the world. Forever the north produces warriors, and the south produces saints, and the weak inherit— Heaven. L So the conquered matives retreated into the Deccan, and tilled the soil, and as long as they paid the tithe their conquerors left them in peace. There was little slavery in the vil- lage and little serfdom; each famlly held and bequeathed its land in common, and partook, through its head, in the village rule. Great distances and primitive transport left more iocal autonomy and freedom under ancient despotisms than our narrow world, crossed and bound with rails and wires and winged speech, can know again under the shibboleths of liberf But though there was no slavery there was ste. The white-skinned handsome conquerors refused to marry with the almost negroid Dravidians; caste meant color; it meant purity of blood. fidelity to one's ancestors and to their traditional occupations. The Inwest of the black and simple Sudr: propertyless peasantry; above them the Vaisyas —owners of land and other wealth; above these the Kshatryas—s ors. and at the pinnacle the Brahmans—priests. It was a civilization, or a form of sa ¢, not all the world unlike the partition of classes in Plato’s ideal state, And to this day the mystery remains how the man of war and the man of wealth could have been for so many centuries subject to the priest. Who were these omnipotent Brahmans? They were, first of all, the only literate class among the Hindus, and essentially they are that now. It was they who had carried down hy J generations, the s a ce; they who had nitted those terrible epics, the Maha- bharata and the Ramayana, which run to a million words; they who bad put together the Upanishads (or secret conferences) in which t time in history the problems of nd theology were elaborated into a system of cosmic thought. * Long hefore Parmenides and Plato these Srahman priests played with delight the game of philosophy. Gradually, under their hands, the faith of the Hindus had developed from simple animism to the subtlest theology. Their acred boks, the Vedas 1l a primitive pantheon of nature gods—sun, fire, light, wind, water, trees, sex—all were divine, and all were worshiped; in the end there were 30,000,000 #ods. Here in this congested metropolis of deities most of our Western gods took their origin; even Zeus (Jupiter, Dios. Deus, deity. divinity) was originally the Sanskrit Dyaus, god o 9. 1927—PART BY WILL DURANT, Ph.,D., Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” of the sky—at first, it seems, the sky itself, worshiped directly as the most divine of all things. Slowly the priests reduced this maze to order by naming Brahma as chief and source of all the gods, First Cause, Soul of the World. ultimate and only reality. He (or it, for Brahma was impartially neuter) was a formless deity, more closely resembling nothing than anything else; recall the Brahman who, to ex plain the essence of the soul, removed the bark from a tree, then peeled off layer aftet layer of the trunk until nothing remained, and then said, “That thou art” This vague pantheism merged with the ancient animism in the doctrine that a soul was hidden in everything and in_every man as part of the world-soul; the individual had, so to speak, a borrowed life, as a passing form of the infinite spirit: his separate individuality was only a delusion— Maya. If he lived virtuously his soul would, at his death, pass through a suture in his skull and become part of the world-soul, losing its narrow personality, but if he sinned his soul would pass into another body, and suffer through one transmigration after another till the law of justice (Karma) should be fulfilled and every sin atoned for. ok This simple theology did not content the Hindu people, in whose warm imagination myths muiltiplied with the fertility of India’s jungle. Vishnu the Preserver was finally taken over by the Brahmans and made the second person of a trinity, of which the third person was the terrible Siva, god of evil and destruction, of birth and death. Superstition and magic rites flourished in the worship of Siva; fkons (the lingam and the yoni) were made in great quantiees to represent the repro- ductive structures; to this day these amulets are worm to secure fertility, and phallic wor ship remains a part of one of the oldest rc- ligions in the world. No other faith could equal popular Brahman ism in the abundance of its superstitions ard the ‘complexity of its ritual. To wash in the Ganges is to cleanse the soul of all sin; to die in the holy city of Benares is to pass directly to union with Brahma; to wear the sacred thread and repeat the name of a god many times a day is to win protection against every evil. Add to this, oblations, charms, exorcisms astrology, incantations, oracles, vows, palmis divination (from signs in the sky, from eams, from holes caten into cloth by mice) 812 priests, a million fortune-tellers, yo s and holy thugs. * K ok ok The Thug, like a medieval Christian, unbelievers as an act of piety to lay up tr ures for himself in Heaven. The vogi sits in motionless contemplation, seeking to find Brahma in his navel. The fakir may be only a nomad beggar, extorting food and favors un- der threat of a blasting curse, or he may be a sincere ascetic, torturing himself to mortify the flesh and please the gods, clenching the hands till the nails pass through the paln keeping arms or face raised till the mu. atrophy. contorting himself incredibly, lying on 4 bed of nails, eating offal. letting himself be roasted with fire or starved or buried alive— consider what scorn of life must come from this feverish climate to stic in the soul such hostility to the flesh! 1f the Hindus had remained unanimously slaves to this animistic creed, this stupefying ritual, thi insane asceticism and stagnant superstittion, they would deserve short shrift in a survey of civilization. But while they were sowing the seeds of a score of supernatural religions that were destined to sweep over every continent, they were also finding perilous pathways in speculation and morals. Strange- Iy enough it was in the sixth century, when Confucius was inventing wisdom in China, and Thales was fathering philosophy in Greece. that the Hindus experienced a great awaken- ing of spiritual life, a maturing out of their intellectual infancy. The soul of India revolted against mere ceremony and mere belief; Maha- vira founded the Jain sect to practice a more sincere asceticism, and skeptical thinkers ap- (Continued on Eleventh Page) * les BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE foilowing is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended October §: Tlre British Empire.—The British Labor party meets in annual confer- ence. Ramsay MacDonald challenges the premier to general election. “They have been delayed too long,” he de- clares. “The Labor party is deter- mined to present to the nation definite pledges of workable reforms rather than vague propaganda for a distant Socialist state.” Some say that in this statement Mr. MacDonald had in mind not only the votes of the electo- rate but also a rapprochement with the Liberal party. The entire body riscs to its fect for a minute’s silence in honor of “‘Our two great comrades, Sacco and Van- Zetti. Evidently Lord Arnold, the Labor peer, does not find his noble asso- ciates entirely to’his liking. “I tell you,” he exclaims, “as one within it, that the House of Lords will never give Labor a fair deal. The House of Lords is blind to the signs of the times. It is callous, selfish, cynical, inconsistent, factious, obstructive, un- scrupulous and utterly reactionary.” The conferees are delighted to hear their lordships’ peculiarities hit off so0 neatly, but their joy is too great to bear when the famous Jack Jones shouts, “The only reform I am willing to give the House of Lords is chloro- form.” The ambulance corps is in requisition—many ribs are burst. The lower house of the Indian Par- liament has gone on record as in favor of legislation for abolishing child marriage in India. Abolition of that hideous custom would be, per- haps, the greatest boon India could know. It cannot be abolished in face of fanatic prejudice? Oh, yes, it can; but the British authorities are fully aware that infinite tact is “indicated.” * K Kk France.—The exchange of notes be- tween the French and American gov- crnments on the issue created by the French government decree of August 30 continues. In the latest of the series the French government stands firm in its refusal to grant the ‘‘un- conditional most-favored nation treat- ment” demanded by us, but protests a strong desire for an accommodation. It suggests that the authority vested in the President by the Fordney-Mc- Cumber act to lower as well as raise duties to a limit of 50 per cent be ex- ercised toward such an accommoda- tion. It is an extremely interesting controversy. Possibly it will have im- portant effects on our coming presi- dential campaign. Just conceivably it will cause the tariff to be made the main issue of that campaign. The Democratic contention, in such case, would be (to summarize a recent state- ment by a Democratic bigwig) that our tariff policy is choking our export trade, that it has provoked the menace of combined economic action against us, that it is responsible for our agri- cultural problem of overproduction, ete., etc. Le Temps of Paris elegantly sets forth its view of what is deemed the nub of the Franco-American con- troversy, as follows: “It would seem that the conclusion of a Franco-German accord has of- fered the Government of the United States an occasion to affirm principles and formulate demands which reflect the present aspirations of America. For France and for other countries their importance is very great. “After having, thanks to her pro- tective and often prohibitive tariff, de- veloped her industrial production to enormous proportions, and after hav ing created, thanks to increases wages and salaries, a vast internal market, the United States now feels the need of developing her foreign trade; she is sezking (without making corresponding concessions) to obtgini all the advantages which European countries give each other in exchange for reciprocal advantages. With th she would be able to enter successful- ly the European markets, thanks to the formidable power and develop- ment of her industries, Thus the con- | versation of these notes r puts forward the whole problem of the economic relation of Europe and America.” * ok % ¥ Russiz.—The Moscow government has been advised that M. Rakowsky Soviet Ambassador to France, is per sona non grata to the French govern- ment. Moscow is usked to replace him. Trotsky, leader of the Russian op- position, and M. Vuyovitch, his chief henchman, have been expelled from the executive body of the Communist International by unanimous vote of the presidium of the International, be- cause of operating _‘“underground” printing plants for opposition propa- ganda, “organizing illegal centers, ma- licious slander.” Summoned before the presidium, Trotsky put no curb on his tongue. He declared the men in chief power, especially Stalin and Bukharin, to be “Bonapartist dicta- denying derivation of their au- thority from the masses, wielding an arbitrary power he would not acknowl- edge. Every little while Trotsky gets knocked on the head, but soon bobs up serenely again. * K K K China.—There is a new development of greater importance in the Chinese situation. Atter long wavering, at last Yen Hsi.Shan, the “model” governor of Shansi, has definitely joined up with the Nationalists. Shansi forces are moving on Peking in two directions. The fun hegan with an attack, on the railroad southwest of Kalgan, on Man- churian forces of Chang Tso-Lin. super-tuchun of Manchuria, present master of Peking, and head of the so-called “Northern Alliance” (Chang Teo-Lin, Chang Tsung-Chang, tuchun of Shantung, and Sun Chuan-Feng, adventurer at large). After bitter fighting, the Manchurians were thrashed, and apparently Shansi troops now hold all that region up to the passes northwest of Peking. It is, however, doubtful that the passes can be forced. Other Shansi forces, ad- vancing northeast from Taiyuan, have veached Chengting, on the Peking- Hankow Railroad. (The report that they had reached Paoting and that this important point had been evacuated by the Manchurians would seem in- correct.) Feng Yu-Ssiang, whose headquar- ters is, T understand, at Chenchow in northeast Honan, has announced the intention of moving forward at once with his “Kuominchun” in several | columns to co-operate with Yen in an attempt to capture Peking, and co- operation by the tgoops at the imme- diate disposition of the Nanking gov- ernment _is to be, expected. The rela- tion of Feng to the Nanking govern- ment is, however, not clear. Reports differ as to the seriousness of the menace to Chang Tso-Lin. It is suggested with some plausibil- ity that Yen's hand was forced by subordinates. It is to be noted that Borodin went back to Moscow via Shanei and his fine Muscovite hand is seen in that connection, Iresh Communist activities in South China, directed by agents newly ar- rived from Moscow, are rumored. * ok ok K Mexico.—They've been at it again in Mexico in the good old way. On Mon- a military revolt with political aims broke out in Mexico City and some other places, ecngineered in chief, it would seem, by Gens. Serrano and Gomez, both candidates for the dency in opposition to Gen. Obre- . candidate for another term as resident and favored by President alles. Some units of the Mexico City garrison marched out of the city at midnight Sunday-Monday and were joined by Gen. Serrapo and his chief henchmen, military or ex-military men and civilians of some note. Ap- parently these gentlemen expected ad- herents to flock to them, but were dis- appointed. They had planned badly or their plans went “agley.” Within hours loyal troops, guided by air- plane reconnaissance, overtook and overpowered the little body, and Gen. Serrano and 13 of his chief support- ers, including three generals, were ndemned by a court-martial of sorts and shot. A revolting battalion of Torreon was similarly dealt with, and all the officers of the battalion were executed. Apparently there was an emeute at Vera Cruz, with similar re- sults, but the accounts thereof are foggy. Under circumstances not clear 13 members of the legislature of the State of Morelos were sent before fir- ing squads. Other petty affairs here and there throughout the country are reported, all, apparently, resulting dis- astrously to the insurrectos. According to the government only two_insurgent roups remain in the ficld, totaling not more than 1,500 men, under Gens. Gomeg and Alamda, respectively. Says President Calles: “The rising is suffocated.” There are, however, reports or rumors in a con- trary sense. The war cry of the insurrectos was “No re-election, i.e. of Gen. Obregon.” We have here a revival, even more sordid than usual, of the wretched old Mexican drama of insurrection. * ok ok K United States of America.—The fol- lowing is a little faded as news, but important: Secretary Wilbur has ap- proved the report of the airship com- petitive board awarding first prize to the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. of Akron in a competition of designs for a Navy dirigible of gas capacity of 6,500,000 cubic feet. The proposed dirigible would be the largest in the world. It would be equipped to carry five airplanes for its pretection (be- sides gun batteries) and to launch them and pick them up. Its cruising range (inflated with helium) would be about 12,500 miles; its crew comple- ment, 45 officers and men: its maxi- mum speed, 80 miles an hour. The Goodyear Zeppelin Co., however, has declined to submit a fixed bid for con- struction of the craft designed by it, the project being so’vast and in a new fleld. It proposed to do the work on a cost-plus basis. Apparently the Navy Department will have to ask for a larger appropriation or for per- mission to contract on a cost-plus basis. The two airships for the Brit- ish government now approaching com- pletion have each a capacity of 5,000, 000 cubic feet; the Germans are build- ing one with a capacity of 3,750,000 cubic feet. Thirty-seven designs were submitted for the competition. In an article In Foreign Affairs, Isaiah Bowman, director of the American Geographical Society, observes: “The total farming population upon the 24 national irrigation projects of the West after 25 years of Government aid and generosity is but 137,000, a pop ulation equal to that of the city of Hartford, Conn., or Grand Rapids, Mich.” 1t is good news that Franconia Notch is about to be purchased jointly by the State of New Hampshire and the Society for the Preservation of New Hampshire Forests, and so will escape ruin. The Old Man of the Mountain will continue to enjoy his forest domain. * ok Kok Notes—A spicy item from Spain. Four republican leaders have been ar- rested charged with planning sedition and five generals have been arrested for petitioning the King to restore the old parliamentary regime and revoke the decree announcing a national as- sembly for October 10. At Willendorf in Lower Austria, here not so long ago the so-called “Venus of Willendorf,” was brought to light, an antiquarian has just dis- covered a.set of toilet materials once, no doubt, the dear possession of some prehistoric Nordic beauty. It includes sticks of graphite, lumps of ochre and rouge in a receptacle. The graph- ite pencils show signs of much use. The graphite was applied along with the reindeer fat to make it stick. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good. The Mississippi flood has had as one result an increase of demand for Egyptian cotton, thus restoring prosperity to the daughter of the Nile, reoqyering her from the doleful dumps. A respectable authority Informs us that there are still at least 4,000,000 human beings in slavery, mostly in Africa. {League Aids Undergo Stiff Examinations ‘Whatever can be said for or against the League of Nations, all persons ad- mit that its secretariat is a well- organized institution, a model for all |- conferences, One of .the valuable features is a corps of very efficient stenographers, typists and secretaries. In the selection of these assistants the examination is severe, a thorough, knowledge of shorthand and typewrit- ing being required as well as the knowledge of several languages. Be- sides, the candidates are supposed to have much general konwledge. Dur- ing a recent test a British girl was asked to organize a theoretical voy- age to Persia. The girl hardly knew where Persia was. After much thought and near the time limit she fgund her answer—“apply to & touristage 1 anality made by instrumental means. ANTI-SALOON Candidate Long BY WILLIAM P HELM, JR. ORE than $1,750,000 will be “spent by the Anti-Saloon League organizations of the United States during the campaign year of 1928; a supreme effort will be made to elect a bone-dry President; every congres- sional and senatorial candidate will be put under the microscope months in advance of the election. and a finish fight against the candidacies of Gov. Al Smith of New York, Gov. Ritchie of Maryland, Senator Reed of Mis- souri and others is in prospect. Such, in its high lights, is the out- line of dry plans for the coming year as disclosed by Dr. F. Scott McBride, general superintendent of the league, upon whose shoulders has fallen for a time the mantle of the late Wayne B. Wheeler. Program Partly Wheeler's. The program, incidentally, was worked out in part by Wheeler, whose influence with the dry league thus will continue long after his death. On its political side the program in cludes, briefly, the following points: 1. No attempt will be made by the league to write a prohibition plank or even a law enforcement plank, in either the Republican or Democratic party platforms. 2. 'No compromise is to be made In the fight against Smith of New York Ritchie of Maryiand, Keed of Mis souri, Nicholas Murray Butler of New York, and other prominent men to which the league has not as yet an- nounced its opposition. 3. The strongest possible drive is to be made to elect an outand-out bone-dry President. This is regarded as of supreme importance. The next President may be called on to appoint a majority of the Supreme Court of the United States. A Supreme Court majority of wet or even moist con victions is regarded as unthinkable to the league leaders. Hence the inten- tion to elect a bone-dry President at any cost. This intention is strengthened by the realization that the next President also will appoint Federal district judges, a new Attorney General and a new Secretary of the Treasury. To have either post filled by a wet would be a national calamity, as the league views it. Thorough Canvass Planned. A thorough canvass of all candidates for the United ates Senate and House of Representatives also is to be undertaken fay in advance of the com- ing primaries.” This will be done, as in the past, by the State and lesser An saloon League branches, but the co operation and assistance of the na- tional league will be forthcoming wherever and whenever needed. | of even the primary elections the dry organization will know the wet or di convictions of every candidate for na- tional office in the United Si . and with that information in hand will give or withhold its support accord- ingly. Such, in a few bold strok picturo of the leaguc's polit, ties during the coming year, as paint- ed by Dr. McBride. Coupled with the litical program g.es “he financial. its high lights it include: For the national organi Washington a budget of is the a_more or less routine nature and a for political purposes. For the various ets of which the followins imate and typical; Ilinois Ohio Penns New York .. Massachusetts . Massachusetts (special) .... California Wisconsin Michigan Indiana Texas . Louisiana ... Florida Georgla Alabama . Tennessee Kansas Washington . Montana . New Jersey . Budgets Total $1,200,000. Here. in the States lis gets totaling about $1,200,000. In dition there is the national organiza- tion's budget of $500,000 and its spe- cial appropriation of $30.000 to be used purely for political purposes, making I:J grand total of § 000 to be spent in 1928 by the 19 State leagues listed and the parent organization at Wash- ington. It weuld, of course, be erroncous to assume’ that this sum will be thrown by the drys into the political campugn. From 80 to 90 per cent, according to Dr. McBride, Is spent o meet routine expenses covering activi ties that continue from yvear fo yeur regardless of polites. That phase of the work is termed educational by the dry leaders. ¥ In Tllnois, for insance, the edu tional work includes the hiring of speakers every Sunday to make brief addresses, telling of the league's work and generally of its need for funds from the pulpits of as many churches. That is the established practice and the expense of carrving on the work comes under the educational heading. High Schools Visited. Again, in western every high school is visited at I once during the scholastic term by league lecturers. Generally they il 40,000 Pennsylvania Thus weeks, perhaps months, ahead | g educational and co-operative work of $30,000 special fund to be used purely tate leagues budg- are approx- 110,000 175,000 60,000 75,000 125,000 30,000 60,060 45,000 5,000 30,000 10,000 40,000 ed, are bud o o LEAGUE WILL SPEND $1,750,000 Dry Organization to Investigate Every Before Primaries of Next Campaign. lustrate their addresses with lantern slides or moving pictures. Debates in high schools and churches are promot- ed and occasionally the radio is press- ed into service. Such work, entailing considerable expense, is regarded by the dry leaders as a part of their rou- tine educational campaign. At Westerville, Ohio, the league maintains a mammoth printing estab- lishment devoted almost wholly to dry propaganda. A weekly newspaper, The American Issue, is published there not only for the national organi- zation but in special editions for varj- ous States. A stream of propaganda flows out continuously from Wester- ille to every section of the United More often than not the thou- cuiars or pamphlets are sent wholesale to the various State organizations, paid for by them and by them distributed. It would be difficult to say where | the purely political work ends and the | pure propaganda begins. The one | dovetails into the other so neatly that |in a campaign year the pressure of | the entire effort’ makes itself felt in | the campaign. 300 Paid Workers. | Between 300 and 500 paid employes of the league will ¢ w regular salaries | from the national and State organiza- | tions during the coming year. Most f these are stationed east of the M | ippi. New York with id work- h 32, Ohio, 25; Pennsyl- ssachusetts, 10: Indiana, e ‘are among the best manned es of the \ornia leads | with a p: id force of about 20 workers | attached to the league and other | age forces about as | 10, | st New Mexico 3; lowa. 10, Minnesota, sin, 8; Michigan, 10 In the South and along the For. the dry line is thinly held. Plans fc 1928 include the employment of § workers in Texas, 2 in Louisiana, 3 fn Arkansas, 10 in M in West Virginia and similarly small numbers in other States. Al told. the plans for 1928 contem- plate a minimum of 200 to 300 field workers on the pay roll during the coming year. In addition. there will be the necessary complement of clerks and other office workers. The fore- zoing figures do not include the force 1 at the printing plant at rville. While the field organizations of the league are throwing into their local political ational headquarters at V | will devote much of its | the coming leg Legislation Is Sought. program has been partially up and the list of measures | Which the drys will ask Consress to enact into law includes the following: | A law providing for the deportation of aliens convicted of dry law viola- tions. . | A law increasinz the penalties for violation of the dry law, designed chiefly fo prevent the imposition of $1 fines and other light sentences by wet | or moist Federal judges. A law to permit the employment of retired officers of the Army. y & Marine Corps in the prohibition en- forcement service. There will be other requests, too, but the forezoing represent the main features of the legisiati | far as it has been v present time. At meeting of the leazu be held in December, this program will be Fight on Ca Reverting to the proposed political activities of the league next year. 3 ve decided azainst a w enforcement plank in party platforms on the theory that “the American people have a'ready sete tled the liquor question” by the adope tion of the eighteenth amendment. Hence, there will be no repetition of such attempts as Bryan and other dry leaders made in the past to have the platform committees at the national conventions again bring prohibition to the fore in the two_conventions. At tne same time. Dr. McBride ase serts. the league will not oppose the placing of law enforcement planks in the party platforms. The fizht next v he sees it. will center over “andidates rather than platforms. Hera is the league's formal declaration of | its position in that respec “It would be incof party standing for law and order to pnt in nomination for President a man whe cannot be relied upon to keep hi oath of office to uphold the Constitu- tion and enforce the law: ttention to tent in any ty will_put ation for President or Vics sident one whose attitude on this question is known to be doubtful or antagonistic. Smith's Record Opposed. zoes without ng 1loon League of America will do | ail in its power to defeat at the poila [any candidate of any party who i | opposed to the broad American pr ciples announced herein.” One zoes away from Dr. MeBr office with the impression that t nothing Gov. Smith or any other p: idential candidate of wet sympath'es to win a al during the eover. an idea “Tt Anti de's e i3 headquarters. that if Gov. nominated he may run on form “What would be the attitude of the drys in that event?” Dr. McBride was asked. *“Would they support Smith He shook his head. “I don’t think $0." was his reply. “Gov. Smith's rece ord is not one to win dry support.” The human tonzue is a better scien- tific instrument than it is usually credited with being, at least so far as the great American dish, ice cream, fs concerned. Recent experiments made by the United States Department of Agriculture indicate a rather close correspondence between the “taste test” of a large number of people and the more precise determinations of The first test involved three ice creams of varying butter fat content. These, containing 18, 15 and cent were fed to_50 daily purchasers for a period of 10 day In each in- stance freezing and hardening condi tions were alike, the consumer chang- ing his choice at will. The result was that 82 per cent of the samplers fa- véred the ice cream of 18 per cent but- ter fat content. ‘The second test proposed to .show whether or not sugar strongly affects the palatability of ice cream. An ex- periment was made with mixes con- taining 19, 16 and 13 per cent of cane sugar. About 90 per cent of the con- sumers preferred the 16 per cent com- position. The third experiment tested the ef- fect ot non-fat milk solids on the pal- atability of ice cream. For a period of s'x weeks, three mixes of 12, 9 and 6 per cent non-fat milk solids were sold. More than 80 per cent of the 1,185 Human Tongue Used in Ice Cream Tests To Determine Best-Liked Ingredients magnates concerns the popularity of ice cream containing gelatin. For years it was used much as a stabilizer, that is, to prevent the ready formation of ice crysta Nowadays iceless re: irigeration eliminates that possibility, S0 many manufacturers do without selatin. Yet some persons prefer the smooth taste gelatin gives to ice cream. In- deed, experiment four showed that some 63 per cent of 394 purchase preferred ice cream with 1 per cent zelatin. Twenty-three por cent wanted iee cream entirely without it and the others jnsisted on a content of .5 per cent. Contrary to the popular belief, the fat content of ice cream has little ef- fect on the quantity a person will eat. A test was e with two common grades of ice cream. one containing 10 per cent fat and the other 15 per cent. It was found that the average person can consume 1.2 pints of the 10 per cent and 1.12 pints of the 15 per cent cream, e T Finland Favors Brides. Finland has a unique customs regu- lation. Duties on imported silks are high and they are one of the chiet sources of revenue to the state. But, strangely enough, those duties do not sales showed a preference for a 9 T'r cent non-fat milk solid rather than the commercial ice cream with but 6 pey cent. A debated point ong ice cream apply to one class of persons—namely, the brides. Any newly - wedde¢ woman entering Finland with s trousseau is duty free. S