Evening Star Newspaper, December 31, 1926, Page 23

Science Scores Some Fine Achievemen 1926 WAS NOTABLE YEAR FROM SCIENCE VIEWPOINT thode Ray and Air Voyages Over Pole But Two of Prominent Events. Invention of Ca HE year cle marked by E in all fields of science and re search. Among the high lights the sciehtific events were the following just notable AERONAUTICS Canstruction of two rigid -8 npproximately 6,000,000 ships of cubic feet capacity both d by ated. Congress but no Norge demonstrated flight technical excel rigid type mi-rigid airship RS-1 A States. in began construction of rships of not less than et capacity, one to T f umin, the other of inless o n construction of new 3,500,000 cubic feet antic use irst_ mets 1 by Aireraft I on, Detroit, for 1 moor masts Mich ott Field, Karachi, India > act p: commer Petrolia, . s future ~supply in airship operation. lumber, made of hard 1 wood and sup- craft construc ship | Corpora erec IiL; : Con- ion. gas of helium needs Rubber sponge ru plemented m on mater Amphibiar use of Rese h deter tribution over data that will & future airships Bral planes were perfe airy A nes developed for and Coast ined pressure Angeles, itly in design of ding wheels of *air- ted. ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHEOLOGY A new Pithecanthropus skull was found in Java at site where original e man of Java remains were un- earthed by Dubois, Portions of the second Neanderthal | skull to be feund brought to light an Englishwoman. Discovery of ancient animal bones and relics of early man reported in Czechoslovakia by Dr. Karel Absolon. Evidences of Neanderthal man were found in Egypt by a British expedi- tion Remains of three nct cuitures, one above the other, »und in the Fisher mounds by George Langford of Joliet. A home of Paleolithic man, 40,000 years old, was unearthed in Germany near Freiburg Ly Dr. Lothar | ¥. Lot | A great temple to Chaldean deities was excav of the British Museum and the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania at Ur, ‘the home of the patriarch Abraham Evidence of a highly civilized Indian race of prehistoric times ered in the marshy baycu region of southern Louisiana by Henry B. Col- ling, jr. ethnologist of the Smith- n TInstitution idence that Western maintained complex trade relations it tribes’ was obtained by Krieger, ethnologist of the Smithsonian Institutibn, who ex- amined graves of prehistoric Indians along the Columbia River. A gre: ners of the Ma 1.500 gears ago, w ruins of the Ma: duras, by at Gib Dais; Itar E were Indian were race more than discovered at the 1 city of Copan, Hon- Jlogists of the Car- negle Institution of Washington Excavation at the sife of the old Philistine stronghold of Beth-Shan, made the joint expedition of the Tniversity of P nia and the British Museur v light on the nd ca of King Saul of the Rible. Gold silver art objects of great sclentific value, the most important #ince Schlfemann unearthed Mycenae, were dug up in Greece by Swedish nreheologists from the University Upsala. A. project of setting up the fallen columns of the Parthenon at Athens wwas undertaken by the Greek govern- nent. The Archeological Tnstitute of America announced plans to exca- vate the civic center of ancient Athens &4 cost of millions of dollars. chain of 5 makf neoklace 4% fect long, was found by Dr. A, V. Kidd nthropologist of h Council, at v Pocos Puchlo, Dr. Guatemala pre-Maya | A temple Gamio, exc found import: story to the plumed rattlesnake Fod of the ancient Maya was discoy- ered under u pyramid of a later date in Yucatan by an expedition from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Which continued its excavations in Maya ruins. . Evidences that the ancient Maya of Yucatan had a great system of well built stone roads radiating from their metropolis at Coba were discovered by Dr. Sylvanus G. Morley, explorer of the Carnegie Institution of Wash ington. Art treasures brought from Turke- tan proved the influence of anclent 2k soulptures on Buddhistic art, according to a report by Dr. Albert ethnologist of Berlin. pueblo was excavated Ariz., by Dr. J. Walter ing -in nt clues to Observahle shown by Dr of space was 1 Hubble of Mount to be a sphere of s' radius, includ- la 1ll of them llar systems rth than ft will come The tempe found to by moon was {ling point when directly on it by Dr. the University It of observatior ory in Arizona. New evidence that our sun is a rinble star was obtained by Dr. Char (. Abbot of th tlon by n devised fo: the change the earth American + traveled to eolipse of the sun on January Somo 000-mile-long largest seen in vears, by Prof. George 11 " Naval Observatory in & An unusual display Jargest belng 4 Donald H of Towa the Lowc of 4 new system he surin s in rom astronomi he sun 1 14. were obs Poters eptember. | “0st not over $8,000,000 for Is- " |in Garrod, | in Illinols | | for sever ted by the joini expedition | s discov- | S | if it is flashed on them for built by astrono- | and recording cnergy reaching expeditions amatra to observe a total sunspots, rved at the| tric Co. by which hydrogen molecules f sunspots, the | to give an intensely hot flame. 000 wtles in duupeter| Methods for liquefying coal and ob (of the spots could be seen with the naked o Great increase in sunspot was marked on earth by aur pla and magnetic storms, caused much disturbance telegraphic communication. Zight comets, two of which were were discovered during the y | One of the new ones was discove in January by an amateur nomer | named Blathy in South Africa o v Dr. J.| Observator: at ovember A new star was found in | nebula in the constellation V Prof. Max Wolf of Heidelberg. A tele: the largest refractor in the world, was ordered by the Russian govern: | ment from the Parsons firm in | lanad | l BIOLOGY | Dr. James B. sumner of Cornen | Medical College isolated and crystal- ne, urease. | whisper,” consisting of | | highly intense “beams” of sound| | waves, too short to be audible, at fre- | | quencies as high as 300,000 per second, | hown by Prof. R. W. Wood and | L. Loomis to be capable of killing | certain small animals and plants and | {to have other strange biological effects. | The human body grows in three dis- | tinet spurts, Dr. Charles B. Davenport activity 1 dis which in radio and spiral z0 by 3ng- A “death ed | cope with a 4l-inch lens, to! | John J. Abel; N THE EVEN NG STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C, FRIDA Is DECEMBER 31, 1 World Moves Farther From War 2 SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO WORLD KNOWLEDGE IN 1926 ry B. Collins, Jr; No. 2, 4, Dr. George L. Stree o. Dr. W. D. Coolidge; No. 10, Dr. A, G. 4 No Dr. Irving Dangmuir; No. 8, Charles W. Gillmor Herbert W. Krieger; N Dr. Charles ter; 5, Luther Burba No. 9, ichelson; No. 11, Dr. D. C. Miller; No. 12, Dr. James Franck; No. 13, Dr. Gustav Hertz |of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington told the National Academy of | ne | | Eyes of an embryo chicken removed | { from the egg and planted in a culture | medium continued to grow and develop | “a surprisingly normal British Fell and T. § | cording to two |Dr. H. B. | way: The theory amins have op- posites, “toxamins,” which occur in certain foods and prevent proper bone formation and cause serious nervous seases, was advanced by Prof. Ed ward Mellanby of Sheffield University in England. An il-dayold human embryo, the! youngest human specimen ever avail- | able for observation, was studied and described by Dr. George L. Streeter, embryologist of the Carnegie Institu- | tion of Washington. The mystery of the giant cells in the | blood, which are present in tubercular conditions and some other pathological cases, was sclved by Dr. W. H. Lewis of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- that vil Dr. Friedrich Bergius and Dr. Franz Fischer, bLoth Germans, und Gen Georges Patart of Paris. A process for making sugar from wood was developed by Prof. Friedrich - | Bergius of Heidelberg University. Tests made by Government chemists showed that a thin film of metallic chromium electroplated upon printing plates of finished steel or copper-nickel would make the plate wear longgr than plates of hardest steel. A Wo famine in rubber by 1930 was predicted by the United States De- partment of Commerce. Commercial application of carbon dioxide ice for refrigeration purposes nas reached the practical stage. The widespread supplanting ton by rayon and s fabric from wood began a American agriculture. A project was set on foot to produce levulose sugar in large quantities from the roots of dahlia A system of zoning was evolved at the International Conference on Ol revolution in ington, who announced that these cells are formed by the fushion of a num-| ber of white blood cells. | An international school of fisheries | ) was inaugurated at the University of | | Washington. | save New England shade trees from | | two insect pests was found to be an | enemy to 92 other insects as wel White pine blister rust, which has 1 ating the | s dis- | | covered threatening the white | pine stands of the West. New corn-harvesting machiner invented to combat the spread of the European corn horer. | pine for as long as two centuries were dis-| covered in ;DS DT MacDougal. | Plants will respond to sirong light | little us} one one-thousandth of a second, Dr.| | . A. F. C. Went of Utrecht. demon- | strated. Suction powers in vegetable growth as high as 500 pounds per square inch | were demonstrated by Dr. A. Ursprung | of the University of Fribourg, Switzer- land. The discovery that plants, as well as animals, have in their cell$ the spe- | cial bits of living matter known as | thé sex ¢hromosomes was announced | by Dr. Kathleen B. Blackburn, British | | botanist The popular idea that big seed ire | better than small ones was exploded | | by the experiments of Dr, Feli Kotowski of the College of Agr ture at Warsaw, who showed tl of seed has no effect on the size of vegetables. The relationship that plants bear to each other as branches of the evolu- tionary family tree was demonstrated by means of serum chemistry by Prof. Karl Mez and Dr. H. Zeigenspeck, German botanists. Luther Burbank died April 11. Plants living for months in hermet- ically sealed glass bulbs were exhibited to the Natlonal Academy of Sciences by Raymond H. Wallace of Columbia University. Antl-evolution bills were defeated in Louisiana and Kentucky. Mississippi enacted an anti-evolution law. Hydrogen was_transmuted _into hellum by Prof. F. Paneth and Dr. Peters of Berlin University. Gold was claimed to have been transmuted to mercury hy Dr. A. Gaschler of the Berlin Technical Iigh chool, Nitrogen is changed to fluorine and then to hydrogen and oxygen when hit by the nucleus of an atom of helium, Dr. William D. Harkins of the University of Chicago told the National Academy of Sciences. Prof. S. B. Hopkins of the Univer- sity of Illinois discovered a new chem- ical element, No. 61, in the periodic table, and named it illinium. ements 75 and 43, reported di covered by Prof. Walter Noddac Berlin in have been relegated to the limbo of still undiscovered metals by experiments at the Plati- num Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which failed to substan- tlate the German results. A synthetic drug called plasmochin, more powarful than quinine, was made in the Elberfelder Farbenfabriken. Compounds analogous to - moogra oll were made in the labora tory by Dr. Roger Adams of the Uni- versity of Illinois and were found to act as an effective germicide against | leprosy The’ valuable constituent of fnsulin was prepared in crystaline form by Dr. John J. Abel of Johns Hopkins University An extract of the y which controls the lim blood, was prepared successfully from animal glands by A. M. Hjort and H. B. North, Detroit chemists. Luminous flames radiate more heat than non-luminot ames, according to tests made by Prof. R. T. Haslam and M. W. Boyer of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. A new method of welding pieces of metal together was announced by Dr. Irving Langmuir, of the General Elec- ithyroid gland, content of the are broken into atoms and recombined Pollution in an attempt to solve the problems arising from the discharge of waste oil by vessels at sea. A set of world standards for gaso- line and other liquid fuels was pro- Chemistry. Prof. Richard University Zsigmondy of the Goettingen, Germany, re- ceived the 1925 Nobel prize for chemis. try, and Prof. Svedberg of the Univer- sity of Upsala, Sweden, was awarded the 1926 prize. Poland elected as its president Prof. in the field of chemical engineering. The American Chemical Society c Individual cells that have lived for | ebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its | discovered by Dr. foundation. A meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry v?ia.; held at Washington September 13-15. INEERING AND INVENTION High steam pressure boilers prom- ised to revolutionize future locomo- tives. Cellulose skins for sausages were perfected at the Mellon Institute. Refrigerators cooled by gas flame and by s m were invented by Euro- pean engineers A machine for automatically coding cipher telegraphic messages was per- fected. Prof. Schwartz of the University of Stellenbosch proposed a scheme for checking the, gradual drying up of South Africa by damming tho Kueno River, Secrets of the long-range German cannon that hombarded Paris from a distance of over 69 miles were re- vealed following the death of the in- ventor, Dr. Fritz Rausenberger of the Krupp firm. Steel sections, formerly used only in skyscrapers, were used in residences and buildings of light construction class. Practically all of the important rail- road lines in the United States declded to establish auxillary motor lines as a result of a meeting of rallroad officlals representing b1 lines. EXPLORATION Lieut. Comdr. R. E. Byrd, U. 8. N,, reached the North Pole May 9 by air- plane from Spitzbergen, making first fiight to Pole, ‘Amundsen crossed the North Pole May 12 in the airship Norge, travers- ing 2,700 miles fn 71 hours. Center of New Guinea, only place where white man has not yet roamed, penetrated by American-Dutch party. An expedition to Greenland to locate the seat of the North Atlantic storms was headed by Dr. Willlam H. Hobbs of the University of Michigan. I GENERAL SCIENC] l Four of the most important scien- gatherings of the year were the A of Plant Sci- Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; the International Con: gress of Physlologlsts, held at Stock- holm; the First International Congress on Sexual Research, at Berlin, and the Pan-Pacific Sclence Conference, at Tokio. Germany was admitted to the Inter- national Research Councll. The first volume of the Interna- tional Critical Tables, comprising an invaluable collection of statistical in- formation for the use of scientists generally, was ed by the National R rch Council, An institution for popularizing sci- cnce, 1'Office dInformation Sclenti- fique et Technique, similar to Science Service, opencd in Parls under the patronage of the Duc de Gramont. GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY Thick vast beds of potash in Texas and New Mexico were discovered, and promise to free America from German nd the largest group 160,000 miles|taining motor fuel and other valuable long, were obsesved ta O . Sowe s products fom coal wee erfected by potash monopoly. A gold ore deposit of importance was discovered at Boliden, near the Arctic (il . by Swedish engineers, |using electrical prospecting methods. | Prehistoric reptile footprints in san | stone, 25,000,000 years old, brought to the United States tional Museum by their d Charles W. Gilmore | A 400,000,000-year-old fo found in Norv was presented to | Princeton Uniy : While the U, . Maryland made a trip to Australia a chart of the sea | bottom along the route was made by kept a continuous record throughout the long voyage. Iceberg predictions were unde taken by the International Ice Patrol. Partial immunization to measles, by means of injections of blood serum from persons who have had the dis- ease and recovered, was claimed in a report to the League of Nations health committee. The germ of oroya fever, or Peru- | posed at the meeting of the Interna.|Vian fever, was isolated at the Rocke- A fly imported from Europe to help | tional Union of Pure and Applied | feller Institute by Drs. Noguchi and T. Battistini. Dr. E. B. Krumbhaar of Philadel- | phia announced the discovery t the spleen is an important source of | the anti-bodies in the blood, which atd in resisting bacterial infection. | A skin test for susceptibility to | infantile paralysis was originated by Hideyo vas | Ignatz Moscicki, well known scientist | Dr. Edward C. Rosenow of the Mayo Foundation Bacteriophage, the enemy of germs, . d'Herelle, was | declared by him to be a living para- site of parasites and not just a chemi- cal factor. Cause of creeping eruption was found to be a small parasitic thread worm by experts at U. S. Bureau of Entomology. ¢ Mrs. Margaret R. Lewis of the Carnegle Institute and Howard B. Andervont, Johns Hopkins Unives sity graduate student, discovered that a form of cancer occurring in chick- jens is the result of the white blood cells running wild. Experiments on 50,000 mice by Dr. Maud Slye of the Unliversity of Chicago showed that resistence as well as susceptibility to cancer in mice is hereditary. Virus from chicken found to bhe absolutely rays by a worker | search Laboratory England. Rat bite fever was found to be an effective cure for general paralysis or_paresis. The Pasteur Institute claimed that bables may be protected from tetanus infectlon by glving prenatal doses of tetanus anatoxin to mothers. Indications were found that tra- choma, a disease of the eye for which immigrants have been barred from entering the United States, i due to a deficlent diet, by Dr. B. Frankiin Royer, medical director of the national committee for the prevention of blind- ness. . Two Prague scientists discovered a way of using washed animal blood in human transtusions. By coating them with gold, Prof. H. Bechold, German scientist, made visible minute bacteria formerly be- yond the power of mictoscope. Polonfum, the radloactive eloment isolated by Mme. Curie, was declared to be of possible use in treating syphllis as a result of preliminary tests made at the Pasteur Institute. The theory that some discases may be the result of a partnership of two kinds of germs was advanced by Dr. Aldo Castelluni, Internationally known for his studies of tropical diseases. Protection against typhoid fever by swallowing vaccine was trled out experimentally in bacterlological lab- oratories at the State College of Washington, Discovery of the chemical com- pound in tuberculin that causes the skin reaction in persons that have tuberculosis was announced by Dr. Florence B. Seibert of the University of Chicago as a new step toward understanding the chtmistry of tuberculosis. ‘The belief that the adrenal glands play an fmportant part in the pro- duction of body heat was advanced by Dr. Charles ~Sajous, professor of endocrinology at the University of Pennsylvania. It was shown that ultra-violet light is necessary for the formation of vitamin B, ‘which prevents beri-ber! and stmilar diseases, and of the growth-promoting vitamin A, at least to a certain extent. Nickel and cobalt were shown to be necessary to the proper function- ing of the pancreas, which prevents diabetes, by Gabriel Bertrand, of the Pasteur_ Institute of Paris. The Health Organization of the League of Nations Medicine built up an epldemiological service to check the spread of infectious diseases be- tween_ countries, A drive for full birth and_death registration throughout the United States was inaugurated by the American Medical Assoclation. Tetraethyl lead “anti-knock” gaso- line was declared not unduly danger- ous to health by the U. 8. Public Health Service, A movement to secure uniform milk ordinances for all the States was in- stigated by the U. S. Publlc Health Service at a conference of health authorities from the different States. sardoma was resistant to at Cancer Re- at Middlesex, No. 6, Dr. } ltllP automatic depth sounder, which | | Berlin established a matrimonial | bureau, where candidates for mar- | riage can receive medical and geneti- | cal advice. | _The first meeting of the American Health Congress was held at Atlantic ! Cit; i i | Dr. W. D. Coolidge of the General Slectric Co. demonstrated a new cath- | ode ray tube, with which these rays | are for the first time obtained in quan- | tity outside the tube. The effect of | the tube is estimated to be equivalent | to a ton of radium Prof. A. A. Michelson of the Univer- | sity of Chicago announced his new determination of the speed of light | as 299,786 km. or 186,284 miles per second. | Helium was prepared in solid form | at a temperature of 457 degrees below | zero Fahrenheit by Prof. W. H. Kee- {son of the University of Leyden, Hol- | | 1ana. | Magnetism of hydrogen atom was measured by Drs. J. B. Taylor and T. E. Phipps of the University of Illinois. The penetrating cosmic rays vary ily with the aspect of the heavens, Werner Kolhoerster, German ysicist, found. xperiments made by means of midnight balloon ascensions in Bel- gium showed no ether drift, thus sub- stantiating the Einstein relativity Roy J. Kennedy of the Cali- Institute of Technology re- | peated the Michelson-Morley experi- ment nd obtained no evidence of | eth ft Experiments by Dr. Carl T. Chase of the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics at Pasadena gave strong sup- port to the Einstein theory of relativ- ity, quite in opposition to Dr. Dayton C. Miller’s results antagonistic to the famous theory. Experiments by Dr. Rudolph Tom- aschek of the University of Heidel- berg. Germany, fall to confirm the ether drift said to have been indicated by experiments of Dr. Daytdn C. Mililer at Mount Wilson, Calif. Dr. G. M. B. Dobson and Prof. F. A. Lindemann of Oxford University showed that the temperature 50 miles above the earth is as high as that of a warm Summer day. A vacuum switeh which stops im- mense electrical currents safely was devised in the new high-tension lab- oratory of the Californfa Institute of Teehnology. A new kind of vacuum tube with which electric currents can be ampli- fied two million times was developed by Dr. Albert W. Hull and 1I. N. Wil- llams working in the research labora- tary of the General Electric Co. The sound of a single atom of ra- dium was made audible to radio broad- cast listeners when Dr. IL P. Cady, chemist of the University of Kansas, amplified minute electric currents 700 billion times. The proposition that beats of a master pendulum of great precision might be signaled _fhinughout the world by radlo, so that all telegraphic, astronomical and radio instruments would be in exact tune with each other, was urged by Albert Einstein before the League of Nation's com- mittee on intellectual co-operation. Dr. James Franck of the University of Goettingen and Dr. Gustav THertz of the University of Halle divided the 1925 Nobel physics prize, and Prof. Jean Baptiste Perrin of the Sorbonne, Paris, was awarded the 1926 prize. Prof. Neils Bohr, physicist, received Frankiin medal from Franklin Insti- tute for his work on the structure of the atom. Dr. W. D. Coolidge, inventor of the type of X-ray tube now almost uni- versally used in hospitals and labora- torfes, was awarded the Howard N. Potts medal of the French Institute for his Invention which “has simplified and revolutionized the production of Xrays.” PSYCHOLOGY Intelligence tests given to 301 gen- fuses of history by Dr. Catherine M. Cox of Stanford University gave John Stuart Mill first place. Intelligence tests given to 5,500 New England school children of foreign pa- rents were found by Dr. Nathaniel Hirsch to show that there is 'no con- nection between high intelligence and any one particular.racial type. Tests made with 100 young children showed that a two-year-old child that can scarcely talk is already developed into a personality (ype, with charac- fornia teristic emotional reactions, it was reported by Dr. Leslie Marston of the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station { *The mind of a person is organized i and mental attitudes d Dr, Stewart University de- important termined before birth, Paton of Princeton clared. i by mental tests of a gorilla, made Dr. Robert M. Yerkes of Yale | University revealed high intelligence. | The Yale psycho-clinic started on | program of studying the mental de- velopment of normal children, in { which the mental growth of individual children is to be followed for a num ber of years, through pre-school ages and later childhood. 5 A closs systematic study of the de- { velopment of six normal children in a normal home environment was start- ed by three scientists in New York City. { Children whose characters become | warped so that they steal and commit | sex offenses as a result of sleeping | sickness ling in good habits, according to re- | sults obtained by Halvi Haahti, Fin- | nish psychiatrist at the Institute of | Juvenila Research. of Tilinois. | developed cause much less strain on | the eves than black and white pic- tures, according to experiments made Two-way radio communication was established for considerable lengths of time between New York and London. Directed “beam” radio transmission was begun on a large scale by sev- eral stations in the British Empire. Radio broadcasting in the United States has been under due to fallure of Congress to enact legislation. New 80,000-watt radio transmitter was installed by United States Navy at Chollas Heights, near San Diego. Practical television was claimed by several inventors In France and the United States. SEISMOLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY Ten severe earthquakes in or near North America were reported by seim- mological stations co-operating with Science Service, the United States Coast and Gicological Survey and the Jesuit Selsmological Assoclation. Plans were completed by the Sels- mological Soclety of America, in co- operation with the Carnegie Institu- tlon of Washington, for the establish- ment of a chain of seismograph sta- tions around San Francisco Bay, to deteot microscopic earth tremors and 80 to more adequately warn of future quakes. Karthquake on west coast of Su- matra_cost 400 lives. Earthquakes devastated portions of Armenia. ; Volcanic eruption in 'Tokachi, Japan, cost 900 lives. Three hitherto unknown volcanoes were discovered in Alaska by R. 1. Sargent of the United States Geologi- cal Survey. The largest is six and a quarter miles in diameter, An eastern section of tho Selsmo- logical Soclety of America was es- tablished for the particular study of earthquake phenomena, in the eastern part of the United States. (Covyright. 1926.) MOMENTUM IS STRONG. Present Pace to Carry Business Through Next Half Year. The momentum which business at- tained in 1926 will carry the Nation's business as a whole through the first half of 1927, as there are no visible signs of any serious.depression or re- action, according to reports from bank executives to the Kardex Institute. The most optimistic statements came from the bankers in the bitumi- nous coal flelds of West Virginia, Illi- nois and Kentucky. While business throughout the county in November and early December was “spotty,” there is today a preponderant feeling of confidence. While admitting that the agricultural situation universally is not healthy, only 8 per cent of the bankers who replied to the special question; ‘were pessimistic about 1927. Them® was also a noticeable im- may be re-educated by train- | Colored moving pictures now being | & by Dr. Leonard Troland, psychologist | {of Harvard University. poor control | PROGRESS TO BY WILLIAM BIRD The year 1926 has seen greater progress toward the comsolidation of peace in Europe than any year since | the war. Four principal progress are as follows: 1. € o n ciliation | between Fran ce and Germany by | the development | and_extension of the Locarno polic { and the admission | of Germany to the | League of *Na tion: 2. The finan- cial recovery of the three Western European nations, | France, Italy and Belgium, and the pro | tion of their currencles, become permanent | 3. The lusion of { covering practically all the outstand- EIRD. sional stabiliza- which may ing war debts, g 4. Evolution of Russia | more normal regime. All these events are of capital im- portance, and with the exception of | the first, none of them could been predicted with confidence | beginning of the year. cen to- | gether, they justify the greatly in- creased feeling of security that per vades all of Europe today as com- pared with 12 months ago. Four Major Calamities These positive accomplishments “ more than offset the year" | of which four were particu | 1. The mining strike | Britain. The French | panic_in July. |7 3. Disturbed Balkan relations as a | result of the Italo-Albanian treaty. | 4. T feeling between France and | Italy. which is as vet unappeased and |In fact threatens to become more |acute as the revelations of interna- | tional intrigue continue in the hear | ings of the Garibaldi affair. i Grave Effects of Coal Strike. | The British miners’ strike, only a few weeks ago after lasting | more than six months, created a pro- found disturbance in the economic | structure of Europe. England, nor- mally an exporter of nearly 100,000,- 000 tons of coal annuall lost this item of her trade | was obliged to import coal for domes tic purposes at fantasti . As a result of the stoppage of British coal production, coal prices went e high everywhere in Europe that {tal industries were obliged to cu production, and in some count notably Sweden, the cessation of man- | ufacturing reached the proportions of a national disaster. On the o her hand, of course, continental coal pro- ducers, particularly the Germa; rof- ited hugely at the expense their British rivals, thus getting long awaited revenge for Britain's profit- tf;k:i«"g during the Ruhr occupation in | 1923. British national economy weathsred the strike, thanks largely to the con- sequent in freight rates, dus to the demand for ships to transport val. The drop in cotton prices was precious, and timely aié to tain's trade balance. coal strike in preceded by a general pathy, but it lasted only a little raore {than a week. The British people had the satisfaction of discovering in that | brief but uncomfortable period that a revolutionary spirit is almost wholly lacking among the English laboring classes. All efforts by excited propa- gandists to transform the movement into a class war proved futile, and pressure of public opinion, with effi- | caclous government action, brought | the general strike to an end without | serious disturbance of public orde Poincare Saves France. The French in July th ened more dire consequences. v eral cabinents had been overthrown because of their failure to remed; desperate situation of Z and the apparent hopelessness stabilizing the franc turned prac tically the whole French nation in a few ‘weeks Into speculators agminst thelr own currency. A rout similar to the “flight from the mark” in Ger- many a few vears ago was in full progress, and it was evident that un less a government capable of restor- ing public confidence could be estab- lished not only would the frane perish as the mark had done, but the re publican form of go nment would be swept out to make om for a dic: tatorship, whether of the red flag or the black shirt. Almost solel; toward a At the in Great politico-financial settled of England was trike of sym- panic care the situation was French finances for the saved, st and ime agreements | have | not only | by the hard work and | personal prestige of Raymond Poin- | WARD PEACE NOTABLE DURING YEAR Conciliation of France and Germanvy Debt Funding and Stabilization in Nations Among Outstanding Events. 2 D] [ since the bey hive been pli n a fo | promises solid. The actl stabilization of the frane has not yet N accom; hed, and there bridges to cross fact, bhut £ re confidence in the government and its promises, has been taken Italo-Albanian Treat, and Jugoslav apy Italo-Albanian t cloud in treaty Ttalian amendment Greek the raised one I sky. Th | nia. under the Flatt States the guare just_as the Unite cised shmilar pow Domingo wi thorization, her nship of Cub; d 3 so Ital. Adriatie policy upy Albania wheneve banian_situation - threatened trol « the Adriatic, | treaty, The new a | a situation though it na | pride, just {in 2 would t trea ement simply that_already exi urally wounds Ju s American Interventic aragua wounds Mexico's pride, France and Italy at Odds. | Franco-Italian friction is the only other considerable cloud on the dipl matic horizon today. The condi has been latent e ince the | | ning of the Mussolini ¢ |idea of which is rem ] h love of liberalism | mentary for Mus: | doubedly fou that f to wnd pa s. lini eir minds and the d him at s which in unple, at- France responsibie numerous attempts | off their domestic grievances pursitt of this pe | various ti have been France. He tempted to © some of n his life. On the other es 1o m stron hold the side, the Garfbaldi affair seems to indicate that the I'a | cist_government has not always ke its feet scrupulously on its own ie the frontier. Col. Riccioth Gari- { baldi, grandson of the great Italian liberator, has always posed 1 ex poner of liberal ide: N er jof ascism, but the evidence tends to | show that he has in reality been act- ling as an “agent provoca | Mussolini government tions have profound] { opinton. England Holds Whip Hand. The result is that steps toward the hoped-for combination of the ‘“big four” powers in E > can hardly taken until this fee present France and | composed thelr diffe the only questions re 1 justed being those of German disarm ament and the terminat of alli occupation in the Rhineland, both near solution. at be wvor of the wliance of powers to Only Italy, broadest possible jarantee peace g four,” r nt moment It should be remembered, however tha v is practically at Englanc mer rtue of the British nav: S nean, and at when ires it the adk Ttaly to the so-called “fou scheme is assured. sion squa Possible Menace to United States. The consolidation of European pe |in this fashion, however, might ha | far-reaching effe America’s | eign relations. i | might mean primarily that Englas { policy of holding the balance of power |in Europe had been abandoned in fa vor of a mew plan of joining forces with a united Continent in world com petition with America. Such a radi cal change in policy ¢ land's part could not bout except afte careful consideration ¢ e cor 3 hotwo would of i the principal world particular! Canada, interests wit those of the United States. American capital and emplre trad are iwo of the largest elements i British prosperity today, and for th | two reasons alene it is unlikely t | England will throw her influence just now in the direction of ecoromic unity {in Europe, however ardently it i be desired by aposties of peac cludin ecretary Hoover. An | nomically united Burope would alm necessarily be to England either roally, and eith way would he a | most equally dangerc Turope has mude ress fn a year. But not yet. wonderful prog the miillennium is (Copsriht. 1 UNIFORM RISE 1 DESPITE FLUCTU (Continued from Twenty-second Page.) gations, and here, too, the ave went higher than at any time since those bonds were dealt in on any large scale in the American market. The influences which produced the rise were also much ame--the pressure of capital employ ment and unsatistied with the returns | obtainable in domestic securities. | There was another factor, however, which did ne ) the home fn’ | % 1 that was the . storation of norma | conditions, interrupted from time to | time, Dbut nevertheless substantial, | that was made in Europe. The results were most conspicuous in connection | with the bonds of the continental par- | ticipants in the World War. There was nothing spectacular about the improvement in the obliga- tions of the northern European coun- tries, neutrals in the war, or in those of Creat Britain. Interest centered rather about those securities affected | by developments in Germany, Bel-| gium, France and Italy. { In this field the outstanding inci- dent ‘was the re-establishment of Ger- man credit in the American market. In the bonds of no other foreign coun- try were such striking gains made as in’ those of Germany. The improve- | ment with these also was more uni-| form than that exhibited anywhere | else in the group. There were prac- tically no setbacks from January to December. New German Offerings. ‘The enhancement of German credit was {llustrated graphically in October, when a $10,000,000 State of Hamburg dollar bond was sold carrying a 6 provement fh conditions in many parts ofl:h- despite the low price of cotton, per cent coupon. This was the first time since the war that Germany or any German state had been able to BONDS PERSISTS ATION OF STOCKS borrow in this country on such favor able terms to the borrower. The honds were offered at a discount of ¢ s points, but nevertheless the success of the offering, which was immediate, represented the greatest ulvancs made along this lino in years. Com parison with the German government international loan floated vart of the Dawes plan brings out this point strongly. The German sgovernment bonds were marketed i 1, almost exactly two the flam burg i wernment bonds d a 7 per cent coupon and the offering pri about the same discount nhurg 6s, In othe , German credit has bettered itself so much in these two years thaf a division of the German government could horrow money ex- ternally 1 per cent cheaper than the government itselt had been able to do at the beginning of the period. Belginm Males Strides. Next Germany the greatest strides in regaining an Investment po- tion were made by Eelglum. The 7 per cent stabilization loan is of so comparatively recent a date that it does not need to be discussed in de- tail here. It is an open seeret, how ever, that the success of this parm ticular bond offering was a surprise even to the bankers. Offered in Oc- tober at 94, they had appreciated more than 6 points and wero selling above par in less than two menths. The case of France rests on a some- what different basis. For most of the year at least confidence in French finances was conspicnous by its a sence, but toward the of year, with the franc rising and the rest of the forcign Lond wmarket ad- vancing, French bonds fell inte Wne. (Covyright. Ly26.) to