Evening Star Newspaper, December 31, 1926, Page 17

EVENTS OF YEAR BUSINESS SURVEY WASHINGTON, D. .("., he gntning : %iaf FRIDAY, DECEMBER 31‘, 1926. Tinge American Prosperity of 1926, With Europe Slowly Recovering | a Disasters OLD WORLD DOING BEST TO CONQUER ADVERSITY U. S. HOME AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS SUFFER LITTLE FIGURES IN YEAR’S MARCH OF EVENTS THROUGHOUT WORLD Mexico and Weather Convulsions Cas Only Shadows of Any Seriousness Over Tranquil Conditions. Mussolini in Center of Stage Abroad as Crippled Powers Try to Restore Domestic and Foreign Peace. | for embassy buildings in foreign cap- itals. Jongress also passed the bill abolishing the Raflway Labor Board and creating means for settlement of rail disputes by arbitration: the measures providing for assistant secretaries In charge of aviation in three departments, and a bill carry- ling $75,000,000 for Federal ald road construction. In March the Senate unseated Brookhart of Jowa in favor of Steck, Democrat, and in June Brookhart was nominated by the Re- publicans of his State to succeed | Cummins. tive of 1te and property, and weather conditions were abnormal in most countries. Most disastrous of all in the United States was the troplcal tornado that swept across southern Florida on September 17-18. About 300 persons were killed, thousands injured and a property loss of mofs than $100,000,000 sustained. Heitef measures wers swiftly taken and fMs- toration of that part of the country's Winter playground was begun &c once. Other disasters were: In January—Great flobds in Mexi co and western Europe; #oal mine €x- plosion near Wilburtori, Okla., 31 killed: mine explosion, Helena, Mont., 27 killed. In February Ind., $1,200,000 Io explosion at Horning, near Bingham, Utah, killed 70; torna- | she had been admitted to the League | of | of ions, she must be given full | United | confidence and independence. In this readmis- | connection may be mentioned the fact of great |that Germany paid $291,000,000 in establish. | reparations as the second annuity of st state in |the Dawes plan payments. Of this| g sum France received about one-half. | Agent General Gilbert reported t when European stabilization becomes | made by |Beneral it will be necessary to reor- | “ffort to | 8anize the whole reparations scheme. | ble con- | French Debt Pending. g oRefunding agreements with all our | 1¢ i |debtors were completed except with | > il: . : 4 A ¢ : S 's, both of the wheat and In the | France. 1. Berenger, sent to Wash- | A ! : i o f : gc,,f,,?r{)‘ms'nnq of the cotton States, fhie | o0 a8 Abassaton) tokmeRotate | p ; : : ; | continued their demand for relief leg- considar. | Settlement, succeeded so far as the 3 S ) N | islation, but the economic doctors i | Uni ates was concerned, but the | | could not agree on either the diagnosis aa himseif | French rovernment was halted in | or the remedy, so nothing of moment disastrous | Svery ”’ Y‘”l ";‘: e ""“' b I‘:":"';‘;‘ was done for agriculture by Congress cepted by the Parliame subject s & sue in ance arranged a_settle- e e euto | 20 awen€ ‘A slkunses and Misslasipil her debt to G Britain. | with prohibition enforcement and| In March—Thirty burned to death ughput the year there was an in modification. As the result of the bal- | in Siberian motion picture house; | ereasing though unofficial demand in loting the Republicans almost lost con- | Shakespeare Memoris Stratford ity trol of the Senate of the Seventieth |on-Avon burned: furnace explosion at | i 3 el ‘ongress and their majority in the | Birmingham, Ala., killed 22. o0 S By AEhorleadcr OF Ll Rt D iy THeICIGIA], T ADEL . Biltsensitliion el [ ines oot sl bs e ntane S kRNt | on the upper house was retained only | fire in -oil tank fields at Obispo and e renaien SPnlEnAn Murgttn by the election on November 28 of | Brea, Calif.; 40 killed by explosion on B ihiias aewta e titat S e el Gould in Maine to succeed Fernald, | tankers at New Orleans and 25 at captured, he ~ surrendered . to the | deceased, and the expected adhesior | port Arthur, Tex French, by whom he was later sent of Shipstead of Minnesota, Wwhose | In May—Cyclon fle. o Farmer-Labor party had dissoived. Burma fatal to i aj. Gen. William Lassiter took Campaign Scandals. I Jutie —Great storms. and. flcods lioves Mnonnaaby e D rlir in Illinois, Towa, Mexico and Ge | anuary 0 S e v Vare in e quake in Sumatra Killed tlon of president of Tacna-Arica nary camp:§gn for ‘I‘;l"‘ in | many; earthqua Plebiscitary Commission, and was no el €2 3 more successful than his predecessor, had created such a m:\ndg b'xa, ; In July—United Gen. Pershing, in settling the old con’ senatorial committee, heade: Reed | munition _depot troversy between Peru and Chile. So of Missouri, spent much time "“(‘Sll' N. J., struck by lightning and de- in June the whole plebiscite plan was gating the charges of corruption and | g 5vad, 21 men killed und property abandoned. _Secretary of State Kel- slush funds, and the Democrats prom- { ;,q; ¢ $100,000,000; another Sumatran logg late in November offered another ised to try to keep Vare and Smith | ., ¢pquake fatal to about 400 scheme that seemed more promising. | from taking their seats when the new | 1, "4 o uat—Three thousand drown- This was for Chile and Peru to cede Congress should assemble. ed by floods in Hupeh Provin the disputed provinces to Bolivia for Both wets and drys claimed victo- | oo 0% oform in Louisiana killed 2 certain monetary considerations and ries in the election. The question of mine explosion in Clymer, Pa., fatel with the condition that they be main- : ; : _ : . . | prohibition, in the form of a referen | S, RN, iores 24 illod. tained forever as a demilitarized zone £ » L | : " i 2 | um, was on the ballots in elght|™®;," goptember—Destructive floods with the city of Arica a free port. Ie - ; ] States, the question varying, InNew |, 5, S0P GOCTGEC iin wreek also proposed that the Morro prom- [ Tosk i Hitno'as Yyisconsin, Nevade S0 | iear | Leaville, s Colo; dead; hur- ontory be established under interna- Mosiann Jie N b In Missourh: | ricane at Encarnacion, Paraguay, 150 | Smith was re-elected Governor of New | hurricane. 1tes, BWEDWARD W. NPRECEDENTED f industries in the Germany's 1 to the family powers, Mussolini ment of the complete Ttaly, inau tween the Mexic the Roman Cathol republic, the great headway n the he d h Pole by stained by ur may b2 nding features of event wer Pilsudsk >oland. the organized Iab o South Bend, 16 killed by mine Pa.; snowslide Fire, able impor which Ma an, he anr TR threats of a rupture of ¢ lations betwe th United Sta laws, the decision of the imperia ference that the British dominions shall hereafter he autonomous and equal communities within the empire, the breakdown of the efforts to settle the Tacna-Arica dispute between Peru and Chile by a plebiscite and the de- vising of a more helpful plan, the ter- rific ado that swept across south- ern Florida and the tour of Queen Marie of Rumania through the United States and Capada. and tidal wave | 200 1 The pr | Pennsylvania and Smith naval &w- Denmark, States Lake WORLD AFFAIRS Germany’s admission to membership in the I gue of Nations at the Sep- tembe »n, with a permanent seat in the Council, generally recognized gs a necessity in the regeneration of Eu- rope, was not accomplished without bitter wrangling, and resulted in the loss to the League of Spain and Brazil Those nations and Poland had de- manded that the Council be enlarged and that they, too, be given perma- nent seats. This Great Britain would not permit, but Poland was pacified by the device of creating ‘‘semi-perma- nent” scats, one of which was given her. Spain and Brazil both gave for- mal notice of their withdrawal from the League, In the election of mem- bers of the Council there were some surprises. Poland, Chile and Ru- mania were given the three-vear seats and Poland was declared_re-eligible. Colombia, Holland and China wers elected for two years, and single-year s were given to Czechoslovakia, Uruguay had been considered a certain choice, but six Central American states combined against her and her candidacy was|be severed if American properties withdrawn. The application of Tur- |should be confiscated. key for membership in the League{ Months-of work in China by an in- Wwas received, but action was post- | ternational’ commission, headed by poned for a year. Silas Strawn of Chicago, failed to clear up the matter of extraterritoriality in that distracted country. The com mission reported on November 28 that | the powers should hold onto their ex- traterritorial rights for the present, owing to the failure of justice, and that they should be progressively abolished only as changing conditions warrant. From time to time the naval forces of the powers were in conflict with the Chinese forces engaged in the civil warfare, and it was necessary to land parties to protect foreigners, but actual intervention was avoided. China demanded of the League of Na- tions council the abolition of all un- equal treaties between that nation and valor of both Chile and Peru, with a monument on the headland commemo- rating the friendly settlement of the question. Before the close of the year both Bolivia and Chile had expressed their approval of this scheme. Mexican Relations Straimed. Relations between Washington and Mexico City were not very friendly | during the year owing to our Govern- ment’s repeated protests against the retroactive features of the Mexican land and oil laws, which were due to go into effect on January 1, 1927. President Calles' government was firm in its refusal to modify the laws. and Secretary Kellogg warned it on Octo- ber 30 that diplomatic relations would In October—Mine explosions at Rockwood, Tenn, killed 28, and at Durban, South Africa, 119; hurricane in Cuba killed 600 and did ‘:n.!:. d‘\\m- | on December 6 and next day President [ age to property; earthquake in Ar- Coolidge’s message was }end to it. | menia destroyed several towns ond Conceding that there would be time | took about 600 lives. for little more than the necessary ap- In November—Cave-in of fron mn, | propriation legislation, he vet made |at Ishpeming, Mich., fatal to 51 men; many recommendations. The more | typhoon in the Philippines Killed . important were: Tax relief by reduc- | eral hundred natives; storms took tion of income tax payments due in [lives at La Plata, Md., and about S0 March and June, 1927; relief for the |in Loulstana, Arkansas and Missis- farmers without attempting to fix | sippi. ‘| prices; early transfer of the Philip- pines from' the military to the civil branch of the Government; branch banking legislation; putting radio con- trol under Department of Commerce; enactment of such prohibition en- | forcement legislation as the Treasury | might ask; development of reclama- | tion projects, Muscle Shoals, rivers | and harbors generally and a lakes-to- | the-sea waterway; railroad consolida- | tion and coal control legislation. Mr. Coolidge made no mention of the World Court, but one of the first measures introduced in the Senate, by Trammell of Florida, was a resolution for repeal of the Senate’s ratification of the World Court protocol. Philippine Conditions. | Concerning the Philippines, it should | be recorded that Carmi Thompson had | spent much of the year in the islands | Investigating for the President the York and thereby made good his posi- tion as a potential Democratic nomi- | nee for the presidency in 1928, Congress opened its short session Sports of all varleties flourished, | despite much unseasonable weather, The St. Loule Cardinals won the Na- tional League pennant in base ball, and the New York Yankees that of the American League. In the world's championship series the Cardinals won four of seven games and the title. The American tennis experts defeated the French team for the Davis cup, but Rene Lacoste of France took American championship away from Tilden. A team of Ame an women went to England and won the Wight- | man cup. Suzanne Lenglen, the un- beatable French player, after defeat- ing Helen Wills and every one else in Europe, turned professional and came to America for exhibition pk Vin- | cent Richards and several other crack Begin Peace Agreement. A speciul meeting of the League was held in March for the purpose of re- ceiving Germany’s application, but the ‘hi'.hl over the constitution of the Council was so determined that the whole matter was postponed until the regular meeting. After it had been settled, as related above, Foreign Min- isters Briand and Stresemann slipped away to the village of Thoiry and began important negotiations for the restoration of full amity between and Germany. Briand’s peace | was later attacked in the ch chamber, but he had a major- | - ity behind him, and c d it forward with good prospects of succe: All this time Stresemann was pres: : an early and complete evacu on of the Rhineland by the allies and he also demanded that the allied commission for the control of German armament turn over its duties to the League of Nations. He also sought the restoration of the Saar and the return of Eupen and Malmedy to Ger- many, proposing to pay $2,000,000,000 for these benefits, the money to be ob- tained by marketing the railroad and industrial debentures authorized by the Dawes commission. The success of the plan, it was admitted, depended on the willingness of the American amount, and the Government | #t Washington' let it be known that | he French debt settlement must be | ratified before more large bond sales | ed ¥ 27 the United States Senate voted for American adherence to the World Court, but with five res- ervations. The most important, the fifth, read: That the court shall not render any advisory opinion, except publicly after iue notice to all states adhering the court and to all interested | tates, wnd after public hearing or op- ortunity for hearing given to any| tate cuncerned; nor shall it without | corsent of the United States en- | n eny request for an advisor opinion touching any dispute or que tion in which the United States ha claims an interest.” Withdrawal Gains Favor. The 48 nations mer of the| court were notified and during the | imer seven of the wlest accept.- | d the reservations. conference of the members was to m a September 1, the United lIning to participate, and strong ion developed to this fifth re ation. A committee studied the | question and recommended that all he reserv cepted, but put pon the tation that President did not meet tha nate, | Meanwh senti- | ment ators | e resolution | | devoted | empt to formu- | plenary conference. 18 it was almost | blocs, one led | the' United | - France, The | will be con | nce | signed we ny and Russia, ce and Rumania between Gre: ending their dis- 1 region by com- oppos L an in equiren were wi g the American f rescinding th D! declared of « ut mam: uch time ate plans for a on most the Summe a nt commissio to the a questi y Gres States and the opinions of idered » group 1t the confer th Britain and pute over the prom concil mann the Wl among the none too bri the Len othe spects for ete restoration of amity nations of Kurope were ht and Nations assembled for meetin 3 still curit her and conditi ind & insisting on e an aggress| dlies to the acuation of the Rhine- irrender of allled con- maments, and Ger. Ger her | Byrd, U. S. | preserve the peace. | | it wa when the Council of | Western powers. The aeronautical conquest Vorth Pole should be classed as : international event. On May Italian-built dirigible Norge reached | Spitzbergen ready to carry Capt. Amundsen and his expedition over the Pole. But two days later, before it started, Lieut. Comdr. Richard E. N., and Floyd Bennett hopped off from Spitzbergen in an airplane and flew to the top of the world. They located the Pole, but finding no landing place, circled about it thrice and returned. On May 11 the Norge started, next day it passed over the Pole, and on May 13 it landed safely at Teller, Alaska. With Amund- sen were Lincoln Ellsworth of the United States, who helped finance the expedition, and Col. Umberto Nobile of Italy, the pilot of the dirigible. The most important geographic result was the determination of the fact that no large land mass exists at or near the Pole. | FOREIGN AFFAIRS l Progress toward economic nor- mality in Great Britain was sadly in- terrupted by the general strike of or- ganized labor, undertaken in behalf of the striking coal miners, who had quit work on May 1 rather than ac cept reduced wages. At midnight, May 3, nearly 3,000,000 skilled workmen obeyed the order to strike. Imme- diately the government put into oper- ation the elaborate vrganization which it had prepared for the emergency to carry on the services essential to the | life and health of the people and \ui Prime Minister Baldwin declared the general strike was a challenge to the constitutional rights and freedom of the nation and he would consider no compromise. Thousands of volun- teers assisted in the distribution of food and fuel in the cities, which were most affected, and troops and warships were stationed at critical points. Of course industry in general s paralyzed, but the British people arried on,” and the labor leader: soon realized that they were beaten. On May 12 the Trade Union Council terminated the general strike with the problems of the coal industry as far as ever from solution. Not only did the strike cost the nation huge sums, but the new trade agreements that fol- lowed its collapse were on the whole advantageous to the employers, and demonstrated that even if a general strike were not illegal, was contended by emi it was a futile and even dangerous weapon for the unions to use. Though no settlement of the miners’ strike was reached, thousands of the men, unable longer to endure the un- employment, returned to the pits un | der separate wage agreements. Asquith Quit in Row. | An ancillary effect of the great strike was the crisis in the Liberal | party with the ige of bitter statements by those old rivals, Lloyd George and Lord Oxford and Asquith. This led to the resignation of Asquith { from the leadership of the party, which position he had held since 1908. No. 18, Edward Herriot; No. 19, 29, President Machado; 35, Chamorro of Nic: its deliberations and decisions, espe- clally in its declaration that hence- forth the dominions are in theory as well as in fact autonomous units of the empire, equal in all respects. Discussions of national defense re- vealed that the dominjons, while ready to do their part in the matter of land forces, were not willing to share the expenses of the navy, and in par- ticular they declined to help pay for the creation of the great naval base planned for Singapore. The dominijons hereafter will make their own treaties with foreign nations, and those that desire it will have their own diplomatic representatives abroad. Canada al- ready has named Vincent Massey ity Minister to Washington. Mackenzie King's Liberal govern- ment in Canada resigned in June be- cause Gov. Gen. Byng would not dis- solve Parliament, and Arthur Meighan, Conservative, headed the new cabinet. The Parliament was then dissolved and on September 14 general elections were held which resulted in a crush- ing defeat for the Liberals and the re- turn of Mr. King to power. Baron Byng was succeeded by Lord Willing- don as governor general. On December 1 the Province of On- tario voted overwhelmingly in favor of abandoning its prohibition law and substituting a system of liquor sales under government control. This left New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island the only dry Canadian provinces. Scheming Ousts Cabinets. France had her usual succession of governmgnts during the year, each trying to settle the country’s financial and economic problems, and most of them being the victims of political scheming. Briand tried several times, Herriot once and finally Raymon Poin- cafre was made premier in July and formed a cabinet containing six ex- premiers and with _strong parloa- mentary backing. He put through legislation for raising funds by addl- tional taxes and the sale of govern- ) ment monopolies, and Parliament, sit- iting as a national assembly, passed | constitutional amendments embodying | his project for a sinking fund to re deem the floating debt. He also in- |augurated national economic m, beginning with food restrictions. rmany made considerable prog: :limbing back to her old eco- ition, but was disturbed con- by political disputes, the Roy- especially troublesorne. Luther, who was reappoint- ncellor in January, resigned in May because he was censured by the Reichstag on a minor issue. Dr. Wil- The ninth imperial conference, which opened in London on October 19 stent that, since and lasted =ix weeks, was epochal in 4 helm Marx succeeded him and carried on his policies. In June a referendum was held as to the confiscation of the 0. 30, Gen. Gomes da Costa; No. raragua; No. 36, Senator Brookhart; No. 37, Senator-elect Vare; Coolidge; No. 41, Maj. Gen. William Lassiter. 20, Dr. Wilhelm Marx: ékrzml;lf No. 26, property of the former Kalser and princes, but the people largely re- frained from voting and the proposi- tion was thus defeated. In October the Prussian Diet settled the claims of the Hohenzollerns by giving the | family a castle, 167,000 acres of land and $8,000,000. Gen von Seeckt, com- mander of the reichswehr, was forced to resign because he permitted the son of the former Crown Prince to par- ticipate in ‘army maneuvers, and Gen. ‘Wilhelm Heye succeeded him. Ramek’s ‘government in Austria went out in October after a wrangle with state employes over higher wages, and Mgr. Seipel, the Catholic prelate, again became premler. Keeps Italy in Limelight. Premier Mussolinl for another year kept himself and Italy largely in the public eye, and the strongest oppo- nents of his theories and policies could not deny that the country was pros- pering under his regime, at least for the time being. He completed the suppression of the Mafia in Sicily; he put through a law forbidding strikes and giving the Fascist labor unions a monopoly; he decreed a nine-hour working day and prohibited various luxuries; he abolished the election of municipal officlals, and finally on May 19 he proclaimed the inauguration of the complete Fascist syndicallst form of government for Italy. He' quarreled with Germany over the Tyrol, with France because anti- Fascist plotters did their plotting there, and stopped other Balkan na- tions from helping revolutionists in Albania by signing a treaty with Achmed Zogu's government and issu- ing a “hands off” warning. Between times the Duce was attacked several times by assassins, but suffered no in- Jury save a slight wound in the nose. Though the young Republic of Po- land was making undoubted economic progress under Premier Skrzynsie, he was forced to resign in May be- cause he proposed to reduce the mili- tary establishment and the personnel |on the state railways. - Witos became | premier but announced no change of policies. Thereupon Marshal Pilsud- ski with the aid of part of the army staged a coup d'etat and occupied Warsaw and the government offices afer a three-day battle. Rataj be- came acting president and Bartel premier, but the marshal was the actual dictator. Moscicki was elected president soon after. In September the parliament cut down the govern- ment budget, 5o the cabinet stepped out and Pilsudski took the premier- ship. There were rumors that the marshal intended to make himself king and the idea was not unpleasing to a large element of the Polish peo- ple, though the Socialists, who had No. 15, Mackenzie King; Gen. T. H. Prince Michael of Ri 1, President Coolidge; No. 2, Marshal Pilsudski of Poland; No. 3, Foreign Minister Briand; No. 4, Foreign Minister Stresemann; No. 5, M. bd-el-Krim; No. 7, Secretary Kellogg; No. 8, President Calles; No. 9, Silas Strawn; No. 10, Lieut. Comdr. Lincoln Ellsworth; No. 13, Lloyd George; No. 14, Lord Oxford and Asquith Dr. Hans Luther; No. Mussolini; No. 24, Achmed Zogu; No. 25; Premier R. E. No. 21, Pangale anis 0. 38, Senator-elect Smith; No. 39, von Seeck 0. 22 0. 27; Alex Zaimis; No. 28, supperted his revolution, were deeply offended. Greece Has Turmoil. Gen. T. H. Pandalos proclaimed himself dictator of Greece on Jan- uary 3 and was elected president three months later, but in August the Liberals, under the leadership of Gen. Condylis, overthrew him. In Septem- ber a military revolt against the Con- dylis regime was suppressed after a sangulnary battle. After the elec- tions in November Alexander Zaimis was appointed premier. Dictator de Rivera and the royal dynasty of Spain survived several plots for their destruction, the most serious of which was planned also for the establishment of an independent Catalonian state and was exposed' by the French police. Portgual had her share of attempted revolts, too. Comdr, Cabecadas took control in May, President Machado resigning. On June 17 Gen. Gomes da Costa. de- clared himself head of the govern- ment, and on July 9 he was sup- planted by Gen. Carmona, who as- sumed the presidency late in Novem- ber. Rumania was in the limelight sev- eral times in the year. Farly in Jan- uary the four-year-old Prince Michael was proclaimed heir apparent in place of his father, Prince Carol, the latter having abandoned his wife, renounced his rights and gone to Paris with an- other woman. A regency s named to serve in the event of King Ferdi- nan's death. The whole incident was replete with romanég and sensational- ism, centering on rol's love affairs and political quarrels with Premier Bratiano. In October Queen Marie made an extended tour through the United States and Canada, bringing® Prince Nicolas and Princess Ileana with her. Reports of the king's serious {llness reaching her, she hur- ried home to forestall a rumored plot to put Carol on the throne. Trotsky Is Squelched. Stalin, the strong man of Soviet Russia, entirely squelched Trotsky | and his associates, who were opposed | to the government's policies, compe ling their submission by threats of expulsion from the party and even of exile to Siberia. Stalin’s policies of moderation and increasing concilia- j ton of other natons were continued, a campaign against waste and ineffi- clency was started, and genuine ef- forts to satisfy the demands of the peasants were made. Russia lost two of her most efficient men in the deaths of Dzerkinski, president of the eco- nomio council and former head of the terrible cheka, and Krassin, Soviet representative in England. The struggle hetween state and No. 16, Arthur Meighan; Chancellor Seipel of Austria; No. 23, Benito No. 32, King Ferdinand; No. 33, Queen Marie; Berenger; Byrd; No. 11, Roald Amundsen; No. 12, No. 17, Raymond Poincare; Dictator Primo de Rivera of Spain; No. No. 34, Krassin; No. Carmi Thompson; . 40, Col. John C. church in Mexico, which has been going on since the middle of the last century, reached a critical stage with the determiriation of President Calles to put into full effect the clauses of the constitution relating to priests and property held by the Catholic Churck. The former were required to register, and the latter, nominally the property of the state, was taken over by civil officials. Al foreign clergy- men were required to cease their ministrations, and all discussion of the controversy in print and criticism of the fundamental law was forbid- den. There were many arrests, some deportations and occasional riots, but in general the church deplored an violence on the part of its supporte Catholics the world over, from t Pope down, joined In denouncing Calles’ policy, but he continued un- moved. The whole subject is too complicated and too controversial for discussion in limited space. The re- ligious clauses of the constitution ap- ply to all religlons, but as the vast majority of the people are Catholics, that church alone is seriously af- fected. Nicaraguan Revolution. Nicaragua had a revolution that lasted through most of the year. In January Solarzano quit the presi- dency and Chamorro took over the office. The Liberals began a revolt | against him in May, and by Septem- | ber the fighting had become so seri- |ous that United States Charge d’Af- faires Dennis and Admiral Latimer undertook to restore peace. Chamor- ro was persuaded to resign and Adolfo Diaz was elected president by Con- gress, but the rebels would have none of him and continued thelr struggle under the leadership of Dr. Juan B. Sacasa, their candidate. They had been recelving help from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Our Gov- ernment by its part in the affair did not increase its prestige in Latin America. There is not much to be said about China’s clvil war except that it con- tinued unceasingly through the 12 | months, with the “Red” armies ‘of Canton steadily pushing to the north |and toward Shanghai. Toward the |end of the year the northern com- manders were getting together for a great effort to stop the Cantonese. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Prosperity of American industries and economies of Government 8o | conditions there and the controversy | between Governor General Wood and a certain element of the native popu | lation. In his message the Presiden: said the islands should not be turned back to the people “‘until they are both politically fitted for self-government and economically independent,” but he suggested that at no time would the United States abandon completely responsibility for their defense. President Coolidge and his family spent the Summer vacation at a camp in the Adirondacks, He delivered pub- lic addresses July 5 at the Sesquicen- tennial Exposition in Philadelphia, at the Red Cross convention In October and in Kansas City on Armistice day. In March his father, Col. John C. Coolidge, died. The American Legion held its con- vention In Philadelphia, elected Howard P. Savage of Chicago com- mander-in-chief and decided to have its 1927 session in France. The na- tional encampment of the G. A. R. was held In Des Moines, Towa, Frank commander-in-chief. Of all the great | gatherings of the year, the most | spectacular was the Eucharistic Con- | gress held in Chicago in June and attended by Catholic prelates from all parts of the world. INDUSTRIAL Anthracite miners and operators settled their differences in February and the | with the signing of a five-vear con- tract, wages not being raised and no mention being made of the disputed | check-off system. There were other strikes of organized labor in the in the textile mills. The A. F. of L. held its convention in Detroit in October. It decided to organize the automobile industry, denounced both fascism and sovietism, declared favor of citizens' military training camps and re-elected all its officer: Besides the British strikes previous 1y discussed, there were seriqus labor troubles in Australia, Cuba and Au: tria. In June the permanent home of the international labor organization in Geneva was dedicated. The Interstate Commerce Commis- sion rejected the Van Sweringen plan for a merger of the Nickle Plate, Ches. apeake and Ohio, Erle, Hocking Valley and Pere Marquette railroads, and late in the year the Van Sweringens de- vised another merger plan that was more promising. Eighteen quarry companies in the Indiana limestone re- gion formed a $40.000,000 combination, and flour mills of Missouri and Kansas announced a $15,000,000 merger. Pub- lic utility corporations of the Middle West also combined. In western in trust ‘was created to compete with America. The German-Australian and Kosmos shipping companies combined 1 with the Hamburg American line. filled up the National Treasury that Congress in Feb $887,81 the usual ap- propriaffon bills, $10,000,000 was voted Prophets who foretold grave con- right. Storms, floods and earthquakes were numerous and terribly destrue- | A. Walsh of Milwaukee being chosen »: rike of the miners ended | United States from time to time, but | none general or long continued except ) Burope the steel producers formed a | mighty combination, and an aluminum | players joining the “'p! team. lk.’l;ss S“wro(fiu\r distinguished himself {as the first native-born American to | win the PBritish amateur 13 m- | pionship. Winners of other golf titles were: British open, Bobby Jones of Atlanta; American open, Bobby Jones; Western amateur, F nk Dolp, Port- land, Oreg.; metropolitan open, Mac- Donald Smith; Canadian open, Mac- Donald Smith; Western open, Walter | Hagen: natlonal amateur, Geofge von | Elm of Los Angeles; national profes- | sional, Walter Hagen; women's na- | tional, Mrs. H. G. Stetson of Phila- | delphta. Foot Ball Champlons. Foot ball in the Western Conference resulted in a tie between Michigan and Northwestern for the championship Princeton won the Big Thres title and then severed relations with Harvard: Yale beat Harvard in their annual game. Syracuse was conceded to be the best team in the East and Notrs Dame In the Middle West. The annual ame betwen West Point and An | napolis was played in Chicago and re- | sulted in a tie. Gene Tunney took the heavywelght boxing title from Jack Dempsey in a 10-round battle in Philadelphia; Tiger Flowers won the middleweight cham bionship from Harry Greb, but later lost it to Mickey Walker, who had lost the welterweight title to Pete Latzo the lightweight championship went t Sammy Mandell in a fight with Rocky Kansas Jako Schaefer regained the 18.2 bil- liard title from Horeman, but lost it to, Hagenlacher of Germany; later ho won the 181 championship from Hoppe. Roland Locke of 'Nebraska set new world’s marks of 9.5 seconds for the 100-yard dash and 20.7 seconds for the 220-yard dash. Harold Osborn of Chicago again won the N. A. A. U decathlon. Gertrude Ederle of New York was the first woman to swim the English Channel. Her feat was dupii cated by Mrs. Clemington Corson, also of New York; by Hans Vierkoetter of Germany and by George Michel of Paris. The Kentucky Derby was won by Bubbling Over, owned by E. R. Bradley. A feature of the turf was the opening of the new Lincoln Fields track near Chicago. ECROLOGY Of Americans taken by death dur ing the year perhaps the best known were Joseph G. Cannon of Danville, 1il, former Speuker of the House, enator Albert B. Cummins of Iowa; Senator William B. McKinely of II linois; Joseph Penmell. artis®; Alton B. Parker of New York; John W. Weeks, former Secretary of War, and Dr. Charles W. nd old man” of Harvard. notable petsons y—Maj. Gen. W. H. Har, Queen Mother Margherita Martin Behrman, mayor of New Orleans; Representative John k. Baker of California, Cardinal Mercier of Belgium, Rear Admiral = Albert Ross, Bishop J. S. Gldss of Salt Lake City, Viscount Kato, premier of Japan; W. L. George, English author; Bar- bara La Marr, screen star; George V. cut down taxes | vulsions of nature during 19268 were | Hobart, musical comedy writer. _In February—W. M. Wood, woolen (Continued on Nineteenth Page.)