Evening Star Newspaper, August 15, 1926, Page 45

EDITOR NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPEC Part 2—14 Pages DISSENSION THREATENING VIRGINIA HIGHWAY PLANS Conflict Over Three (‘9sSiOIl May Result in Retarding of Arlington and Fairfax Growth. BY HAROLD K. PHILIPS. 17T of the fevered oratory civic excitement that has all but torn Arlington’ County asunder since the Lee Hi way Association unnounced tte selection of a route for the pro posed lLee Boulevard. the forward looking city planners who are dream- ing of a model system of super boule- vards surrounding the National Capi tal in Maryland and Virginia are look- Ing for the evolution of a program that will sure at least a part of that dream coming true. | The first step toward realization of the idealistic hopes of the city plan- ners would be a federation of all of the varied organizations and societies that are now vigorously seeking en dorsement of projects of more or less individual importance to their particular communities. second would be the creation of a road and parks program designed to meet the needs of all northern Virginia, in stead of selected sections. If the plans for the development of those areas | Maryiand and Vir ginla which are contiguous to Wash- ington are carried to materialization-— and there is every r n 1o be a sured that they will—the question of whether this town or that has a “stralght - to - the - bridge” boulevard running down its main street will be | of little importance 20 vears hence. Both Arlington County and Fairfax | County will be xo laced with beautiful | boulevards that every road will be | “straight-to-the-bridge.” | nd Other Groups May Be Formed. The recently developed project for the construction of a new highway be tween V! shington and Falls Church, 1o be known the Richard Byrd Boulevard. as a compliment to Gov Byrd's brother. who won fame by first crossipg the North Pole by a has impresfed those who are planning the future development of this entire saction more than ever of the need of A general road-building program for Arlington and Fairfax Counties Already sectlonal interests ar ing themselves felt in opp the proposed route of the Richard | Byrd Bonlevard. Just as the “Straight-To-The-Brid; Association™ | and the Richard Byrd Boulevard As sociation came into beip on IlIPi strength of opposition to the so-called southerly route for Lee Boule: | vard. so other societies, it seems cer- tain, are golng to be created to fight the development of the present sug- gested route for the Richard Byrd development No comprehensive program can be developed. competant authorities have declared, while rival societies fight each other for sectional advantages. The civic leaders of all communiti of both counties, it is held, must lay mak ion to | | Falls Church. | program for both Arlington and Fair- IAL PAGE =7 1 IAL F EATURES Projects Under Dis- towns, representing high-speed, through-traffic lane. The engineers recognize that each of these projects has particular merits of its own. The justice of the demand of the people of Clarendon and Ballston for a substantial boule- vard giving them immediate access to the Memorial Bridge is recognized by all persons who have studied the situ- ation. And they also realize that completion of the 200-foot-wide Lee Boulevard will really do much to hasten the development of Arlington and Fairfax Countles. It is further realized that some consideration must be given to the existing Lee Highway, along which thriving business coummunities have grown up. Any effort to construct new highways which would make the pres- ent Lee Highway little more than a country road and which does not pro- vide some method of taking care of the communities will meet with strong opposition. In fact, this op- position is already vstalizing along the Lee Highway S a In such a situation the city plan- ners see a “vicious cycle.” in which the people of both ~Arlington and Fairfax Counties will soon be op. posing each other every time a sug- gestlon for a new boulevard is pre- nted. They can see in a continu- ance of the situation nothing but de- feat for every road project that is brought forward. The only thing that can save the situation, they feel, would be a combination ‘of all forces for the adoption of a general road fax Counties. Byrd Boulevard Fought. as strong opposition sprung up against the so-called ‘“southerly route” for the proposed Lee Boulevard ) strong opposition 1s now being organized against the Richard Byrd project. The residents along the old Lee Highway claim that they have been given “no consideration what. | ever, that the suggested route for the Richard Byrd Boulevard will ruin them if it is definitely designated, and they are preparing to launch a bitter | fight. This feeling even manifested ftself on the tour of inspection made by Maj. Carey H. Brown, chief engineer Just EDITORIAL SECTION Che Sunday Stad WASHINGTON, Wanted: A League Of YOuth BY SIR PHILIP GIBBS PARLIAMENT of youth has been meet- ing ‘in Helsingfors, Finland, in which young men and women of many differ- ent nations spoke in behalf of the younger generation and endeavored to express their ideas on various proglems of social and spiritual life. The ground had already been covered to some extent by reports of the Young Men's Christlan Asgociation, which organized a world-wide inquiry into the mind of modern vouth preparatory to the meeting of this parlia- ment, which it arranged. I have only seen its report or answers to questions addressed to English youth, but they reveal many delights on the psychology of the vounger crowd, ideas stirring perhaps in the minds of youth in other countries besides my own. Not much attention has been paid to them, but they seem to me highly interesting and important. Various assemblies of elderly pomposits” are belng held to discuss world problems. * ok ok ok In England, Iast week, a British association was in session at Oxford to examine the for- ward march of science. Baldheaded professors, eminent sclentists, with horn-rimmed specta- cles, proclaimed the power and glory of scien- tific discovery without much reference to its applications to the purpose of scientific slaughter in future wars. Next month the League of Nations will meet at Geneva, and correspondents of all nations will flood our newspapers with accounts of new sensations, intrigue, international pacts for the artificial preservation of world peace by scraps of paper signed by diplomats, but not sealed perhaps in the spirit of their peoples. Those assemblies have their importance, but to my mind a parliament of youth would be enormously more interesting and fruitful of knowledge if its debates and conclusions could really let us into the secret of what this mod- ern youth of ours is really thinking. What is it thinking about the future? What is it think- ing about religion, duty, morality, life? What are its secret desires, impulses, ideals? What does it think about us, the old folks at Home who try to impose our laws upon them and hand on our experfence? Bl e e I find everywhere an uneasiness, an anxiety, even alarm, about sin in this younger genera- tion of ours. The other day I was listening to a well known American lady on the subject of American vouth. She deplored their spirit of revolt against authority. their unchecked pursuit of pleasure, their refusal to submit to the old code of obedience, their moral anarchy. And while she talked I smiled behind my hand, having heard all that about English youth. Shortly afterward I reverted to an American D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, AUGUST business man, discussing the character of his boys. They thought of nothing but sport, he said, they learned nothing seriously at their university. They were contemptuous of his business, his sense of discipline, his parental code. They went fooling around at hip-flask parties. And while he talked I smiled again, and in the words of the American song which has just reached England, sald, “Poor Old Poppa.” He was expressing the anxlety of many English fathers and French, German, Swedish, Danish and Turkish fathers. All over the world youth, it seems, is in revolt against authority and social conventions. What is the cause of it? What is it all leading to? What sort of a world 18 being prepared by the youth of today who will be leaders tomorrow? Perhaps the parliament of youth will help us to understand. * k %k X Looking at that English report on answers to questions, I find certain revelations made candidly and without self-consciousness by voung people. They are aware, it seems, of a desire to escape from home Iife and parental authority. Many of them think this is due to the war, which was like a shadow over their childhood and took their fathers away. If father came home again he was rather a stranger. Anyhow, they had learned to do without him. Then there are movies, dances, girls. They meet girls on equal terms without watchful elders. It is good for boys, they think, if a girl is “good and decent” or “the right sort.” In England they spend their evenings away from home because of bad housing conditions, overcrowding in mean streets. There are lots of reasons for this new liberty. They do not accept what the old folks tell them. In the matter of religion, for instance, they are rather doubtful about the truth and sincerity of preachers and teachers. Some of them state frankly that this religious stuff seems hypo- critical because those who profess to be good Christians are pretty poor citizens and quite dishonest. Most answers are rather crude and boyish. Thelr lists of living heroes include Lloyd George, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and professional athletes, jockeys and foot ball captains. None of the answers go very deep. They leave a lot to be explained in the mind of youth. I am not one of the pessimists at the present time, although I confess that for a Tew years after the war I had secret despair on this subject. In Europe, including England, a whole generation of youth was wiped out. One saw awful war and knew that the best had fallen. Could we ever replace the loss? The vounger crowd following on seemed to have lost something—the old quality and spirit of those fun of life scandalized of service. ing along cities. ing part in These boys same spirit thoughts. because of crowd may ternational if youth is boys who fell. Modern girlhood filled one with doubt and anxieties. They were all out for the no discipline. were impatient of any kind of check on their manners and speech was shattering. Well, as far as the English youth s con- cerned. they have stood the test and proved their quality again. these boys and girls volunteered for any kind courage and sense of humor as their elder brothers and youngish fathers, who went sing: humorous in the ditches of death. A.few days ago I went down to a camp in Southeast England. Duke of York at his own cost at this time he gathers together large numbers of boys from the aristocratic schools of Eng- land—Eton, mixes them up with an equal number of boys from the factory and workshop of industrial They play games together, sleep, eat and clean up camp together without distinc. tion of class and with a fine spirit of team work and comradeship. them the duke himself was there, bathing with a crowd of these boys, joining their songs, tak- As T sat among them all, with a boy on one side and a Cockney slum boy on the other, with no sign of class consciousness anywhere, 12 years were wiped out of my mind. 12 years ago marched on that great adventure which led to agony and death. same mirthfulness, the same comradeship, the Their outlook on life s not the same changed world and because of some forward movement in the soul of humanity. like to see a world-wide league of youth and a permanent parliament of youth in every coun- try, expressing the new idea, whatever it may be, debating problems which for the younger Are they for peace or war? human brotherhood? their fathers whose authority much, or subject to the same stupidities, pas- slons and fetishes? be more important than the League of Nations parliament of yvouth will let us know. 15, 1926. regardless of the risk. There was They scoffed at conventions, Their sport frocks Their free liberties. the eyes of old age. * %k Kk ¥ In the general strike all They showed the same spirit of the roads of Flanders and were It Is organized by the nd once & year Harrow, Rugby, and so on—and When I went among their practical jokes. * ok ok % Harrow were of the same stuff as those who They had tige and yet they are thinking different that war behind them and the I would mean a question of life or death. Are they for in- some new dpirit of Are they less foolish than they deny so hatreds or A league of youth might wiser than old age. Perhaps this (Copyright. 1926.) of ‘the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, and members of the subcommittee appointed by | sov. Byrd to work with this commis- sion for the development of northern Virginia, several days ago. In the | group that accompanied the inspectors we veral who openly voiced their feclings against the route on this basis. Those who understand the develop- | ment that is planned for Arlington | and Fairfax Counties under the pro- | gram for the beautification of all! aside personal and community inter. ests and get together around the peace table with disinterested nee:’s Wl lay down a pro i will the szreatest henefii 1'nt that as done. they hold catl and wy p of money oy resulis that will road bailding that is Present Highway Busy. Here is the uation as engineers mee it: At the present time the exist- | Ing lee ilighway. an improved but| narrow road which connects Wash- ington with the new Shenandoah Na tlonal Park. takes a route out through | Rosslyn on Village, through Cherrydale s Church, Fairfs and Warrenton on to its ultimate de: tination highway is one of th husiest in northern Virginia | now | Propor of the Richard Byrd | e selected w which wor mile distant from the Highway and at some | t to within 300 or 400 | This project, it is con will start from the \Vir ginia side of the new Columbia Is- land and cut s stralght course through Clarendon. Ballston and on out through that country to Falls Church, giving to residents of those communities a “straight - to - the bridge” route. And finally sociation has engi- that | to all dupli- ave the recrue from any attempred route Hd nowh tor this hizhwa) be more than existing Lee points would « vards of it templated the Lee Highway A announced a route fc the proposed Lee Boulevard which would never be more than a_ mile distant from the Richard Byrd Boule- | vard. nor more than 2 miles fr the present Lee Highw points it would swing or 400 vards of the Richard Byrd Roulevard. This highway would pur. posely avoid the busy sections of { eventually | stroction. areas around Washington realize that there will be a need for | all three of these boulevards, and | many more. But they know, too, that | f sectional antagonism is permitted | 10 go further it may put materializa. | tion of the beautification of these | counties ars behind their right- | ful time, not destroy the plans This danger, it is held, altogetk ar imaginary, but a most men. is not acing one. Such a however, leaders Countles gather be if calamity can it is declared. of Arlington and Iairfax will pool their interests, around the peace table and agree on a general boulevard pro- gram for all of Arlington and rfax Counties which will give every com. munity the consideration it needs and still fit into the broader development prozram that is in the course of con. | averted, the civic a in in It is almost certain 4 rapprochement ¢ a hi:county commi receive the hearty Byrd's reglonal that if such n be attained and | ion formed it will support of Gov. planning commission and the Natlonal Capital Park and Planning Commission. ~With these three organizations working together Arlington and Fairfax Counties might easily become the finest suburban dis- tricts of Washington. But if the existing policy of each community setting out to attain its individual needs, without regard to the needs of its nelghbors is con- tinued, those who have watched the situatlon with unbiased interest de- clare they can see nothing but civic | chaos and complete defeat of the very things these communities are striving to achieve. Realization of the dreams of all will come in due | time, it is held, if harmonious action can be attained ev is OLD RIVALRIES SEEN VANISHING IN PARISBERLIN TRADE TREATY BY GEORGE E. ROBERTS. Wica President. The National City Bank o Now York The announcement t and France have completed a com- merclal treaty by which important | concessions from existing customs | tariffs are made on both sides. is | good news. The announcement has | heen accompanied hoth in Paris and | Berlin by what we believe are ‘zen uine expressions of satisfaction and | of hope that the two peoples may | draw more closely together and that | the old antagonisms may be ex- tinguished in a common prosperity. The French and Germans have set | a good example rope has been almost strangled by artificial reslrk‘—l tlons upon trade. Recovery from the {ndustrial prostration resulting in the first place from the war has heen | creatly retarded by the tariffs which | the countries have raised azainst each other in their anxiety to pre- serve their home markets to their own industries 1t Germany | Value of Protection The policy of protection is not new and there can be no.question that where judiciously aplied to aid in the development of new industries for which economic conditions are nat- urally favorable it often produces good results. New countries almost inevitably resort to . On the ather hand, if blindly applied. the ob- etacles to trade may far more than | offset the stimulus to domestic pro- duction | Can anyvhody helleve that the peo- | Pla of the United States would be | more prosperous if every one of the States was independent nation | and undertnok o elf dustrially self-sufficient” There can he no question that one of the reacons for the higher produc- | tion of wealth per capita in the| T'nited £tates nver Europe, and the | higher standard of living hera. is tn be feund in the great area for un- | | { an make in- obstructed trade which exists.within park boundasies. { enables every part of the country to | resources any | marvel at the equipment, | possibility | more advantageo: the boundarfes of this country. It 3 share in all advantages which by rea- son of climate, soil or other natural section may possess. | It tends to concentrate every kind of production where it can be carried on to the best advantage, and besides that it enables production to be car- ried on upon a scale of operations which makes possible the greatest economy. Visits by Foreign Experts. This country has been visited in the last two or three years by dele- gations of industrialists from all principal countries in Europe, who came for the purpose of discovering the secret of our prosperity. They methods and svstem of our great industries and at the results of mass produc- tion, but shake their heads over the of Inftlating them at home. They say their market fields are too small. They cou'd not find | an outlet for such production Doubtless it is out of the question | for them to have the free inter- change throughout Europe which exists within the United States. but they might reduce the artificial bar- riers to a great extent. by mutual ar- rangements such as are effected in the new treaty between France and Germany. Such treaties do not In- jure the industries as a whole. but enable industry to be carried on Iv. and besides that by bringing the peoples of the several countries into advantageous relations are likely to promote last- ing peace. la a pr Easterners “Tote” Guns. Yellowstone Park officials find that nearly all the gun-toting visitors are | from the sedate East. says the Dear. born Independent. Regulations pro. | hibit the carrving of zun’; within the m: sa for thousands of miles in every di- rection, nurtured by re the envy of the world, and that env, 8T by natural boundaries. motor way system stands as 4 monumental work tion, and with the onward | the with increasing ntil and roads and automobiles as a civilizing force planet bullding program. Persia, in Australia, in Germany, in France and the United Kingdom new roads are being built and old ones reconditioned, and that list of states merely reports from practically every corner of the globe tell a stor construction, of the laying out of a new network of connecting links, of the bringing heretofore isolated spots. estimating movement, | the world at There thrilling about ous and romantic, thing of significance. say that the world is now witnessing rable—and, perhaps, it—to the time, ago, when the raflroads began pok- | ing inquisitive noses into the wilder- nesses of the world, bringing prog- ress. going material wake. knows no limitations and which has no bounds other than complete im- passability ment need: through the woods to afford it pas- across plains or steppes. today are constructing for the future. Far from the ends of the earth come advices telling of broad plans for solidly | that crews are even on new fine roads through inacces- sible regions. gauge benefit which will accrue to the world | as & whole as a direct result of this great ment now dare hazard a gues tmagination to work in even a con- servative fashion, changed surface of things vears resent movement And it may be accepted that it will be and that, in addition, the develop- | ment force. gain 'ENTIRE WORLD 1S AFFECTED BY ERA OF ROAD-BUILDING Ripping Through Ancient Prejudices, Highw gineers Are Duplicating “Iron Horse.” BY WILLIAM ULLMAN. Superb American roads, extending such as to The far- born of the automobile and its increasing demands, | pushed int is belng translated into pro- ive and constructive action in score of countries widely separated because of far now slumb Built up as a direct result ot the | 12 &I vention and widespread use of the vehicle, the American high- | flourishes u civiliza- | places, weep of United States-made automobile various parts of the world, coupled ion of all types makes of machines. splendid are being constructed atmost erywhere, And the power of roads of twentieth centu These and viewed, an will come t builder layi growing mightily. Apparently, not a portion of this is exempt from the road- In Siam, in where it is ern tip of New York something skims the surfa Officlal progress, a| the econom of highway | i tields, of proximity the of of new closer piercing tnto. Every mental gres one, or nea keness There 1s to Early Railroad Days. no po: ble way of over- the importance of this so universal throughout the present moment. is something sweeping and it, something glorl- as well as some first_economic not fanciful to the sun is d from the province. the power pride and the very It is It is not from intra perfod and development compa.- |country even exceeding not so many years of the worl and in 1926 prosperity and well-being thorough- in their The road-builder of this vear is ving the ties for an element which | that some ments whic] of pathwa This ele- only a narrow clearing are passed the people enactment. Battles, which dupl in a pod. given exalt geway, and requires none at all But the world's road-builders of of the fact now working built highwa: movements, pressure No mathematician lives who urately the actual material jare ignoreé | often quickl. ) highway construction move- | under way. nor is there | statistician anywhere who would | significance But it is not hard, putting the importance visualize the say 50 from now—that s, If the is uninterrupted to 1 “Era ot DI gain momentum. gain |ing them a power and gain univer. |fore—wide, with the passage of time. will lity Where Is It to Lead. edifice. |ing ones, vet their basic subject i in the years immediately ahead, roads now stagnant wastes, often beauti- ful and just as often utter] He can see broad highways stretching into prosperous and lands where now tucked deep in the heart of roadless forgotten and quiet wasteful peace of a thousand years. gressing the fact, viewed with a surety that they sure forward march of the lusty road- that tireless emissary, the automobile. Each new plece of road, no matter oasis in the Sahara, or on the south- world’s wealth and from the moment it Is opened becomes a factor in its Power Lies In Highways. one recognizes understands that a country's place in can be gauged by its highways. Rome conquered—and Seven Hills to the newest Roads were the pride and state today. highways, American roads to a network of such highways in every nak and cranny himself in the midst of a virile devel- opment destined to take its place in history as one of the most important ever recorded by the pen of man. It is a fact, and a sad one, perhaps, significant movements of all, develop- of human destiny and shape the tides of animate endeavor, ant notice in the history books and clopedias of slowly, can ith imperceptible sliding of a glacier, Era Important to History. Let there be no mistaking the full “The Era of Road Building” will yet be written as a chapter bf paramount become, unquestionabl point for broader and more enlight- ened politics will rank as a fitting successor to the The world is building roads, build- Of | ing headiong {that muech there appears to be def |nesses, tearing through the moss of nite certainty. ' |a new standard upon which coming What will be the result of all this | generations may construct a newer. in 50, 0r even 25 vears> What will it{a - more efficient, a more beautiful ean. and where s it likely to lead? Lazge quastions and. allendoempess (Cofbruens. 1036 En- Days of 50- BY CHESTER L. LONG. Former President American Bar Association Liberty in the United States has been imperiled by the impairment of local self-government. Let the States resume and exercise the powers reserved to them. Restore liberty by restoring State control over local af- fairs. We started on the dual plan. Cer- tain powers were delegated to the National Government and others to the States, and as to the latter the National Government has no concern. The disposition today, however, is to do everything in Washington and as little as possible In the 48 State capitals. 1t has been gradual, almost imperceptible at times, but the drift has been all one way, and it has been done because Congress has been in- duced to exercise certain powers re- served to the States. I do not ask for anw restriction on the National Government in its admin istration of interstate or forelgn com merce, Federal taxation, or those powers that are delegated to it by the Constitution. But in the past 12 years there have been four amend- ments to the Constitution that have materially changed the relations be- tween the National Government and the States. Led to Concentration. This led to a concentration of pow- er in the National Government that went on until the proposed twentieth amendment was submitted. Con- gress in its wisdom thought it best that it should control and regulate what s commonly called ‘“child la- bor.” When it passed the twentieth amendment it evidently assumed that the amendment would be ratified in due course, as all other amendments recently submitted had been. This assumption was wrong. There was a sudden awakening. A few States ratified, but a large majority rejected it. It has been defeated to date. The regulation of child labor will continue, where it is now, with the States. It is an appropriate fleld for local self- government. Conditions in the dif ferent States vary, and legislation that is appropriate in one State may not be applicable in another. Those who opposed the twentieth amend ment did So not because they were against the regulation of child labor. It was because this was the ' most flagrant invasion of local self-govern ment that Congress had so far at- tempted. warrant their proporti {sioned observer can see o reglons and territories v useless inaccessibill! busy lands ering, idle and poor. He ze fat and growing farm rank underbrush indisturbed on fertile soil in the many more things can be d viewed without trans- limits of reality and 0 pass with the slow but ng down the pathway for built, whether on a broad the Argentine, or from to San Francisco, adds to the 'sum total of the n element contributing to fc stability of all the peo- the funda- atness of roads. Every rlv every one at any rate, lependent largely upon and then threw a road of Rome as they are the power of every clvilized such a long stride, then, -country roads to inter- nor from perfect 1d. the careful ol It is simply progress, rver finds of the greatest and most ‘h affect vitally the course receive but ASSUMPTION OF STATI‘E RIGHTS BY GOVERNMENT DANGEROUS Invasion, Specifically in Child Labor Me: 0 Appropriations, Seen as Jeopardizing Liberty. ure and There has heen du vears another impairment in local| self-government which did not in volve an amendment to the Constitu tion 0 appropriations, if ex panded, are the most destructive plan so far devised. Under it Congress says to the States, “We will appropri ate a dollar. You match it by the ap- propriation of another dollar. Then the two dollars shall be spent as the National Government shall designate.’” There are six of these 50.50 appro priation iaws now on the statute books. They have been referred to by different terms. The President calls them “subsidie By others they have been termed the “bribery of the States,” but however named they are viclous in principle, destruc tive of iocal self-government and should not be extended inio other | fields not now oeccupied. Operate as Bribes. Long ago we made grants for edu- cation and internal improvements. The Federal land-grant colleges were founded on subsidies of land and money. Within the past 10 years, however, these grants have taken the form of conditional subsidies. The States must give dollar for dollar. These great sums, running into hun- dreds of millions, have operated as bribes that few States have been able to resist. Shall we go on? Shall we adopt this as a policy? I will not discuss the wisdom of any of the last four amend- ments to the Constitution. They are adopted. T will not discuss any of the laws that have been passed to enforce those amendments. T am calling your attention to amendments that are pro- posed. There are proposals that change the relations between the Natlonal and State Governments. When Congress adfourned a year ago there were pending more than 100 proposals to amend the Constitution of the United States, and most of them were to take power from the States and lodge it in the National Govern- ment. Liberty with government' After the faflures to have liberty with gov ernment in the old world the new world solved the problem. It was done by providing for an independent Jjudicfary with power to declare that a law was not a law because it vio lated the Constitution. by our dual form, the National Gov- ernment supreme in its sphere and the States in their sphere: the one not to interfere with the other. (Copvright. 19263 cing the past 10 It was done| unheeded by a majority of living in the time of their swelling conflicts. wars icate themselves like peas are hailed and analyzed, ed positions in the ency- time. But the quiet those which exert their but inexorably. like How much automobile exhaust gas does a busy traffic policeman inhale in a day? A little too much, accord- ing to tests made on thirty patrol- men stationed at busy corners of Chicago. Results of these tests, which have just been reported to the American Medical Association, are believed to confirm the possibility that such workers might be inhaling enough of the dangerous carbon monoxide gas to affect their bodily condition. The investigation was conducted by Dr. Elizabeth D. Wilson, Dr. H. R. Owen and Miss Irene Gates, all of Philadelphia, and Wilfred T. Dawson of Galveston. They report that after eight hours spent close to automobile | fumes some of the traffic policemen had enough carbon monoxide their blood to cause slight headache land quickened pulse rate. In some | cases” running upstairs afterward was followed by dizziness and dim ness of vision The carbon monoxide taken into the system is usually - eliminated from the blood by the next miorning, they find. But they suggest thht if d cotemporaneously and v passed over by posterity. of what is now going on. in the histories; it will , the starting in every direction; it scovery and Invention.” s it has never done it be- sweeping highways crash into unbroken wilder- ripping through ancient upbuilding and upraising Traffic Policemen on Busy Corners Suffer From Auto Fumes, Tests Show in | the condition should become severe | and troublesome it may be necessary | for police departments to shorten the | hours of duty in crowded sections of a city. The investigators state that in the past few vears a number of traffic officers in Philadelphla have com- plained of headache, slight nausea, and muscular weakness at the end of the day after duty in the most congested mercantile districts of the city, and that these symptoms might be traced to carbon monoxide. Undying Flame. In an ancient inn in England is a peat fire that has been burning con- tinuously for 130 years. The fire was vented. It on hearth and is made up of several | bushels of peat. Evgry night the | | partly burned pleces of peat are cov- | | ered with embers. In the morning | they are raked over, bits of charcoal placed in the center of the hearth and a supply of fresh peat placed around it. By .this means the fire is kept from golug owt. burns A spacious | that the British conceded that | started long hefore matches were in- |3 | GERMAN COLONIAL HOPES CLASHING WITH' ITALY’S Berlin Expectation of League Aid in Getting Back Pre-War Lands Likely to Be Disappointed. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HANKS o the world-wide at- tention which Mussolini has obtained for any utterance of his, the question of. Ttalk: pansion has become ve Iy discussed in recent months, there is a general appreciation in Eu- rope, if not in the United States, of the fact that Italy is definitely and detérminedly setting her face toward a new and great colonial and even im- perial experiment. The similar crys- tallization of a national aspiration in Germany is, on the contrary, far less perceived, although it is also begin- ning to command much thoughtful at- tention in Europe. The war destroyed one German co- lonial empire. This empire was not considerable in the sense that it could be regarded as a rival for British or French overseas possessions. It was not, actually, in population and wealth comparable with the great establish- ment of Holland in the East or in area and possibilities with that of Belgium on the Kongo. Even :he re|- ics of the once great Portuguese em- pire still possessed greater promise, and this was particularly true of the Portuguese possessions in Africa. Germany had come to the table too late to obtain any share in the good things which the nineteenth century saw distributed among the European colonizing countries. Bismarck had looked with unconcealed contempt upon the scramble for African terri- torles. His life had been spent in the creation of a great European Ger. many, he remained to his death re- stricted as to outlook to the European continent in which he had played so great a role, and in which. he had made Germany the supreme state. Encouraged French Alm To push Russia into Asia. to en courage France in her African n‘d- ventures, to avoid any clash with Brit- ain on the seas or beyond them. these were cardinal principles with Bis- marck. As late as the Congress of Berlin he had assented to and even urged French seizure of Tunis, seeing in this operation the double advan- tage of distracting French attention from Alsace - Lorraine and arousing Itallan jealousy of the French. Nevertheless, in the closing decade of the last century and in the flrst vears of the new, Germany began to be consclous of the value of colonles German industry, trade and commerce were expanding, but more and more this expansion was encountering tarift walls, and where tariff walls did not intervene there was still the inevti- able fact that colonies bought of the metropolitan country as a matter of habit and taste. When the century opened Germany had varfous scattered plantations, in- cluding four sections of Africa, to- gether with a few ss conslderable possessions In Asfatic waters. How were these African estates to be trans formed into something which might even remotely compare with the Brit ish and French empires in Africa and the Russlan and British in Asia? All German policy began to concentrate upon this problem. One of the deep est causes of German dissatisfaction in the pre-war years lay in the lack of overseas possessions which might serve to complement German great ness in Europe. Expansion in Africa. In this time there came into exist ence the German aspiration in some fashion to unite three African col onfes, German East and German Southwest Africa and the Kamerun, while the diminutive Togo con sidered rather as having an exchange value. But this aspiration at once ran counter to many obstacles. To join the merun. on the Atlantic coast, with German Fast on the In dian Ocean meant to Insert a corridor between the bulk of French African territories stretching from the Medi terranean to Lake Tchad and the Kongo lands. It meant to take the Belglan Kongo outright and also to interrupt the British Cape-to-Cairo “all red” dream of Cecll Rhodes. Nevertheless, Germany insisted. The liquidation of Morocco gave her a real, If dangerous, opportunity, and from this dispute, beginning w dramatic appearance of the Kaiser at Tangier in 1905 and culminating in the Agadir affair of 1911, Germany har- vested certain territorfal gains at the expense of France, which did actually interrupt the continuity of possessions. As a result of German acquiescence in French control of Morocco Germany did at last reach the Kongo Basin, took contact the Belgian Kongo and thus found her self with only Belgian territory sep arating the Kamerun from German East Africa. In the same time German diplomacy extracted from the British government certaln rather vague concessions in the matter of Portuguese colonfal areas. Britain was, by alliance, the protector and guarantor of Portuguese integrity, a condition suxviving from the Napoleontc times. The German aspiration to acquire Portuguese An- gola, which joined German Southwest Africa. and thus bring her possessions south of the Kongo nearer to those to the north. was humored to the extent if Por- i tugal ever decided to sell her colonial estate, Britain would agree that An gola should fall to Germany. Big Dream of Germans. Broadly speaking, then, it is easy to perceive that what the Germans were dreaming of and actively working for was a vast colonial empire extending straight across Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic and embracing most, fi not all, of the Kongo Basin. A long step had been taken in the Moroccan settlement, a considerable step in the Portuguese proposal. There remained the question of the Belglan Kongo, difficult, but not to the German mind impossible to solve in a German sense. = In this prospective empire there was little promise of new lands for actual colonization. German propa- ganda talked wildly of the German ! necessity for overseas lands in which to settle the rapidly expanding Ger man population, just as Italian propa- ganda urges the same arguments now. But actually what Germany had in Africa was almost wholly un- suited for European colonization and what she hoped to have was equally useless. German masses would not g0 to German Africa and when the World War broke there were not 000 Germans living in German colonies. On the other hand. the world was beginning to appreciate the enormous value of tropical products, the great | possibilit possibilities of wealth in them and the opportunities of development of these tropical colonies as outlets for certain products of the industrial na- tions. If Germany. for example, wers not to be totally depeadent upon Bri- French | with | | of mandate tain, France and the (nited States for many essentials of her home in- dustries, she must have tropical lands of her own. Moreover. the question of prestige, of power, was far from negligible, the ‘imperial dream had quite conquered the German mind War Wrecked Scheme. The war, of course, wrecked the whole German conception. Before the armistice came the German colonles were practically conquered, although resistance continued in_one corner of German East Africa. The treaties of peace stripped the e of Ger. man overseas posses and dis- tributed them among France, Japan and the British Dominions of South Africa and Australia en more completely than the early French coloniel ventures in America had been swept away in the sreat struggles with Britain. German pos- sessions In Africa were abolished To add to the German bitterness not only was their empire abroad seized, but also the warrant for this ction was set forth ir. statements that German treatment of the natives had been such as to make the seizure of German colonles and their perma nent alienation a matter of morals, and that Germany was manifestly un. fit for colonial enterprises b her brutality. Thus. precisely the matter of war guilt, the Gern people felt that rehabilitation must be had and could only he had through the creation of a new colonial em- pire. From the outset of the postwar period, then, German determination ta become once more a colonial power has been undisguised. It has, more- over, grown steadily. until today it is one of the controlling emotions of a very considerable and influential sec- tion of the German public, which is giving utterance to its wishes, to its demands with ever increasing phasis. No one can make any mate of actual German feelings national purposes without counti the desire of colonfes Hope for British Support. Britaln. too, has taken notice of this sentiment. and there have heen certain rather significant incidents which have, ¥ the least, given the Germans the impression that they would have British support in a new colonial venture. One of the arguments In favor of Locarno and the league has been the belief that. once Germany became a member, she would find it eas; obtaln a mandate for some c reglon, probably for a region which had been hers before the war In point of fact this belief has crystallized in the present German ex- pectation that following German en- trance Into the league she will with little delay have transferred to her the British mandate for German East Africa, become since it passed to Brit. erman East Africa was not only the most promis- ing of her colonial esiates, the best de. veloped. but it w the corner stone of her larger dream and the site of her mial railway. the trans-African, which had alveady ched Lake 1 and was to stended ove ian territory 1o connect with the other German rafl- way starting in the Guif of Guinea. The very definiteness of this Ger- man expectation. however, has latterly had two rather disturbing results. In the first place In Britain there has been an outery against any surrerider of Tangan: and the minister of the colonles, Teo Amery. has been forced to make the categorical denial of any official purpose to retire from this mandate. Moreover, it is a notorious fact that the Union of South Afr will never consent to retrocede (er man Southwest Af Thus for the moment all hope auick recon struction of the empire dis- appears, em- esti and in of African Italy Now in Market. In the same sense Mussolini spoken with characteristic emphasis. Italy is in the market for colonies Her needs for expansion are quite as considerable and respectable as G many's. Moreover, she was an of the nations which inherited Ger- man colonies as a result of the war and she feels that her share was dis proportionate to her deserts. What justice can there be now in any Brit ish plan to give Germany colontes while Italian appetite is unsatisfied? “We come first"—that is the gist of Mussolini’s mi He vetoes all retrogession to Germany or transfer and the Italian veto in the league would suffice It remains posstble that the British may in some fashion revive the old contract about Portguese African colonies and arrange that the Cier. mans should have reversiona right to Angola. Yet amv such at- tempt would instantly arouse general obfection; for the memories of the war are still fresh enough to insure protest against anv German estab. lishment on the flank of Rritish sea lanes to South Africa. In theory tha British may be willing to permit Ger. many to have a new colonial empire, but in practice it is hard to see any place where such an empire would not arouse British apprehensions. Yet In Germany—and in Italy—this hunger for land {s becoming a con- suming passion. Neither country can now believe in the possibility of terri- torlal expansion in Europe. The Italians have laid aside their hops of restoring the Venetian empire along the Dalmatian coast and accepted Southern Slav possession as perma- nent. They have Fiume, but Fiume is an end, not a beginning. Dalmatia. could only be conquered by war and by a war which would be dangerous and costly beyond calculatfon. There- fore, with real statesmanlike vision, Mussolini has made friends with the Jugoslavs. Many Turn to Turkey. But what remains? Will Italy make war upon Britain to regain Malta, to conquer Egypt and replace Britain as the greatest Mediterranean state? Such a thought is absurd. Will she make war upon France to reconquer for Italy Corsica and replace France in Morocco, Algeria and Tunis? If there are hardy Italian patriots whe dream this thing, the obstacles are still almost beyond calculation. Cer- tainly in the present generation the task Is bevond Italian resources and there is good reason to believe that France and Britain are likely to stand together to protect each other and the statrs quo in the Mediterranean. There remains Turkey, but this again envisages a war, not so great u war as that which would be required to conquer Egypt or French North Africa. In this di- gg"nn. if any, Ttaly must now tugn, tinued on Third Page)