Evening Star Newspaper, June 27, 1926, Page 39

EDITORIAL PAGE EDITORIAL SECTION NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATUPES Part 2—12 Pages DVENTURE CALLS MEN INTO ARCTIC, SAYS BYRD Scientifie Cons in BY RICHARD E. BYRD. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, HAT is the purpose of ] Polar exploration W can be accomplished by these arduous drives through the Arctic-wastes? Again and : these questions are asked. And they are not easily answered, for dollars and cents are not immediately involved. The things which have made men explore the Arctic and seek the Pole, the incentive which urged ient to the constant at- tempting of in sO many fields of human endeavor are not to analyzed xpl thout diffi culty, with wonder be felt to be understood 2 meaning for pre though it is rot always apparent to those whose r removed from such pion- or But th - flying . pioneering in some day have a in the A ic is pioneer- a field which may distinet value. 1 it is not at all improbable that vears men will fly in the possibly - the Arctic » during the long Aret are definite problems solved fi and such flights been mmde this vear by Wilkins, Amundsen and myself will, 1 hope, help to solve them : But in its immediate prospects 2 fly 1 very doubtful risky proceeding to most people. The fate of most Arctic explorers by air has been unpleasant—some have lost Hheir nearly all have lost the £ and until this vear all had "he common expericnce w 10 meet disaster and go broke. The latter outcome is apparently inevit bie. for there is no money to be made in polar exploration. b and s seems The Last Unknown What, then, the definiite returns in such work? We g a greates knowledge of the magnetic variation of ocean currents. of the es of meteorological -disturbances. and we Yave the great hope of finding land— ¥ t unknown land, if it e; the world. Outside of the ae ained, these ults of Arctic foot or in the t the 1t driving motive wdventure and the cause of st those at home take in it, to a deep-seated instinct in and. onauti- are the explora- ir, but I are due m ire of the unknown has always called him. To enter where no one has been before, to look upon terr where man has never s thinss exercise a powerful and irre- sistible influence upon the human mind. ¥ s men have been try- ing to scale Mount Everest. It is pos- sible that two brave young English- mea reached the top, but they mever returned and we shall not know until a more fortunate explorer finds some | trace of them. Why muke these te ic efforts? Why risk reputation, happiness, even life itself merely to no other man has ever seen? could answer these questions 4 find the secret of that im- in the development of life which from the amoeba which has raised him from a half dumb brute to the intellectual mastery of the earth, and the waters under the earth, and the air above. The ambi- tion which caused man to invent the airplane led inevitably to the fiight to the P It is not probable that Laugley or the Wright brothers had any desire or hope of making money from their inventions. They wanted to fly. From Europe to Japan. But they were building for poster- fiv: they werc bl that _difficult path which the pioneer must always travel. It is so with flylng in_the ons. Some day fying there ure and practicable. The development of the airplane will reach point where multi-motored machines with a tremendous ing radi hina or J . The: 1d the data which for our children to take Summer trips to the Pole—if we may be indulged in slight fantasy. pan_ acros: prelimin object c to find land which for airplanes, les The gr exploration now would serve as a for such bases must be established be- fore flying in the North is practical 1 believe land is there, somewhere be- tween Axel Heiberg Island and Eils- mere Island and Point Barrow, Alaska. To find that would be a sufficient accomplishment, but in seeking it in- formation of tremendous value t6 avi- ation is being obtained which will en- able those who come after us to ex- plore every bit of this tremendous basin. The world will never be satis- any unexplored terri- What is unknown at- a greater fascination in life, whether it icist racts ma than anything e be in the laboratory of the p who steadily extends the limi vision, or in the waste places of the earth. Tt is amazing how gr interest peaple take in such 1 have received hundreds of letters from those who have read of what we have done this v in Green- land, pleasure i Jearning of what we had plished. hey live the adventure with you; it gives them the opportunity to take part in what to them is great sporting event, and t portant to any country. cause it was an indication &pirit of the country itself. But I think its st value at present is to av or we shall never be tharoughly equipped in avi- ation until we know all about flying | in cold regions be very nec- to do and the country which sed fur- thest in that respect may be very fc tunate. We must know how from snow and ice under all condi- tions. That is the reason why avia- tors all over the world have taken so great an interest work this Spring at Spitzbe e No aviator will be sfied until the Arctic is conquered, as it eventually will be. 1 have always wanted to fly to the Pole cver since I first began to be in- ferested in aviation. It seemed prl- marf probiem of navigation, and 1 think that determined to some ex- tent the interest I took in problems of air n ion. 1 #ad worked the navigation problems for the planes on the Transatlantic flight 1 was to have heen assistant nav ing officer of the ill- of the derations Secondary to inct to Conquer the Unknown, Is Opinion of Explorer. them | things must | v hold | ! ing problem from any other part of he Swndiy WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY States. And T was so confident that an airplane could be navisated over the sea as easily as a ship that I wished to make a flight across th Atlantie, acting both as pilot and na |izator, but was dissuaded by Assist- lant Secretary of the Navy Roosevelt. | Then the polar flight bezan to take | definite form. | The Four Previous Efforts. There had been four previous at-| tempts to fly in the Arctic—two with | airplanes, one witha dirigible and one | with a balloon. The balloon was use | by the unfortunate Andre, the {man to take to the air in the N jand his fate 1s still one of the mystel of the polar s ] came Wellman, with his which collapsed before it started. [ flew on the way te the Pole past the places where these he next when he tried to get away from Alaska in a Junker plane, but smashed his land- | ing gear in a trial flight. Alaska seems to have been an unfortunate place for airplanes, Amundsen and Ellsworth made the next attempt with two Dornier-Walx seaplanes from Kings Bay, Spitzber. gen, and came down in a forced land. | | ing about 130 miles from the Pole. | Their long struggle to get off the ice in one plane and their triumphal re {furn from what appeared to be cgr- tain death has written one of the | | epies of the North | Tt was this record which contronted | me when T made my plans. No one | rely -eeded in conquering Arctic. Many were skeptical. The | Amundsen failure and MacMillan's tements had persuaded many peo- ple that the airplane was unsuited for an unjustifiable planes for such ure that, with the | proper machine and with a reason- | ble safety factor, the flight to the | Pole could be made. I had had con- | siderable experience in Arctic flying. | Bennett and 1 had flown 3,000 miles | with the MacMillan expedition to | Greenland, and I had proved to my | own satistaction that airplanes could | meet all Arctic conditiong, provided | there were any bases of ‘peration. The Uncertain Weather. But there was no comparison, 1| knew, between flying from Greenlind and flying from Spitzbergen. Ivery- thing was different. When we reached Greenland we found that it was one | of the worst Summers in many yea One of the perils of Arctic fiying in Greenland is the rapidity with which the weather changes. In an hour sun may disappear and a_cold bring snow; or a fog may slip silently up. enveloping everything in a dim, | cold shroud which makes flying possible with our pres Winds change their direction with | larmine irregularity, for every change from ice to land has an effect upon them. Flying that Summer was at times disconcerting and alarming. We were | caught and buffeted by storms, drop- ping hundreds of feet nging up with a_s in: tossed about like a leaf in an Autumn gale, and | underneath, so far as the. eye could see, not a single place where a plane could land. We could not use skis in Greenland in the Summer because the snow had melted off the ice, leav- ing it rough, and the land was too jagged to land on. But with all these disadvantages, the great lure of possibly finding some land in the unexplored region kept us at our task in Greenland until one misfortune after another made it evi- | dent that we would not be able. to establish a base enough North that year to make a long flight of ex- ploration. The mishaps we had met far from convincing me that airplane: were not suitable for Arctic work, had given us such knowledge of conditions that I was sure the next attempt would be more successful. Taking Off on Skis. Spitzbergen seemed the most logical place from which to take off. It was nearer the Pole than any other place we could reach by ship, and from Amundsen’s experience the year be- fore I felt sure that I would find enough ice in Kings Bay from which to fly. We were disappointed in that, for the ice in the bay was broken into floating cakes and small bergs. It was necessary to take off from the snow ore on skis, something which, s0 fas as I know, had never been done with so large a plane and with so heavy a load—more than four and a half tons, with fuel and equipment aboard. «The Arctic presents a different fly- ir the world, because different types of planes must be used in the various seasons. In the Summer the only type of plane suitable is the flying boat, as the 24-hour sun melts the ice and makes it soft, with stretches of open water in the fjords or sea. We found that was true in Greenland, and we succeeded in landing twice and put- ting down bases in fjords. But in the Spring and Fall, when snow is falling, !l is necessary to use skis, as we did in Spitzbergen, and we found that we could t: in the snow and take off in almost any part of the Arctic from the snow with an average load. When a heavy load is to be lifted, however, special preparations must be made: the snow must be stamped down, for the skis sink in and make heavy go- ing unless this is done. A Ski for Arctic Planes. We were successful with skis, al- though our skis were not perfect by any means. They dished like a barrel stave under the weight of the loaded plane until we strengthened them. On the way to the Pole, during a few mo- of intermission in the work of gation, I found myself puzzling the design of skis for heavy planes. It is not enough to take wide boards and turn them up at the end: the strains and stresses must be carefully calculated and the skis built to meet those strains. Before another flight from snow, I intend to have a ski designed that will prevent such ag- gravating delays as we encountered this year. They should apparentily be built' somewhat after the model of the skis used for traveling on foot over the snow, with a strong center section. In addition to having to take off trom snow instead of water, there was an extraordinary contrast in weather at Spitzbergen. The storms and fogs which had been continuous in Green- land were almost altogether absent, although we were wonderfully fortu- nate in having .a stretch of perfect weather, which ended about a week after we returned from the Pole. > British ship which broke in two and was burned In England just before it ‘was to make the flight to the United N There was some wind, a little_snow, (Continued on Fourth Paged WHAT THE DOLE MEANS HE Independent Labor Party has been having a jolly time criticizing their par- liamentary leaders—who are going too slow, they think, for ardent socialistic youth. One of the new “slogans” which is likely to be very popular among those who use their hearts instead of their heads to solve our so- cal problems is “a living wage for all.” This “living wage for all” seems an inno- cent principle—even a righteous proclamation of elementary justice—until one studies its probable effect upon the economic condition of a country like ours and upon the character of the individual and the nation, It means, of course, in the minds of Social- ists a living waga for every individual of adult age, whether he is employed or unemployed, and whatever the financial condition of indus- try may be. That is to say, the individual must get his three or four pounds a week, with allowances for his wife and children, free edu- cation, free doctoring and so on, even if for eign countries cannot afford to buy our coal or our manufactured goods, even if rich people have to be taxed out of existence, even if the whole capitalistic system has to be destroyed, which, indeed, is another plank in the Social program ke I happen to have seen that theory put into practice. It was the theory of Russian Com munism, and it broke down utterly because, with the extinetion of capital, there were no wages for anyhody, and the tickets which were used instead of wages, printed on the govern- ment presses and promising the bearer food, clothes and other necessities of life in return for his service to the state, were not cashed at their face value. There was not enough food to go around There was not enough clothes to go around, The ssities of life had somehow failed in their supply. Death was cheaper than life, and it was the wage paid to many millions hefore Lenin's “new economic law” restored the capi talistic system in a crippled way. That Russian experiment. if ngland, would fail more rapidly because we are not so self-contained as Russia. We do not grow our own food to anything like the same extent. We are dependent for our very life on international trade, and if that failed we should die of starvation. ok k% A living wage for all depends, therefore, on our ability to provide work for all, which will applied to MORNING, our guods and able to afford them. At the present time that is not the case. There are a million men out of employment supported on the dole. If there happened to be a new wave of industrial stagnation there might be another million and a dead loss in national revenue owing to their lack of output. But if our national revenue dropped below a certain point it would not be a question of a lving wage for all, but & more pressing prob- lem of how to feed our population of unem- ployed. Nationally, therefore, this question of a liv- ing wage depends utterly on trade prosperity. But there is a moral aspect of the problem which is equally impertant. If a man is to be guaranteed a living wage whether he works or not, it 1s highly probable that large numbers of men will not work, or work slackly, or not be at all keen to find work. That is no insult to the working classes. It is a common quality of human nature in all classes of society and through all the ages. ‘Work is not a natural instinct, especially hard, physical work. It needs self-discipline, some spur of necessity behind one, some strong drivisg impulse, which Is generally the urgent need to provide food and house room for wife and children. * K k% Over and over again 1 have seen men of brilliant promise fade out into futility because they have just enough income to lack the spur of hard necessity. They become dawdlers and dilettanti. They waste time. They have no urgent and immediate purpose. They become demoralized, weak and without ambition. Stevedores at the docks are not going to work until their backs ache if there is a living wage for those who can dodge it. Coal miners would be fools to take the risk and suffer the ardships of their toil if uneconomical pits were shut down because of high wages, which would be paid all the same to those who ceased work and went on the dole. In every Industry in the country there would be an unconscious conspiracy to force up wages or limit output until there could be no profit, when all the workers would be dis- missed and enjoy a leisured life on a living wage, guaranteed by a Socialistic state. That, I am afraid, is the idea back of this sal—not in the hearts of those who are nd sentimental, men thinking in terms of abstract justice and not thi..king very much —in the minds of men who know perfectly well what would be the actual result of such a prin JUNE Star 27, 1926. BY SIR PHILIP GIBBS Svery move of those political theorists on the Socialistic side 1s in the direction of further pauperization, and further demoralization of the nation by the extension of doles and the support of idleness. Surely, there is a better alternative than that? Surely, our people who have a decent pride and natural honesty and rather splendid traditions are not going to be satisfied by this weak and dishonest philosophy of life? * ok kK There i3 something better than a living wage without work, or very little work. It is more than a living wage, very much more than a living wage—ein return for harder work. That is a practical possibility within their reach now. In the United States it is the source of pros- perity astounding to us. It is the instinctive purpose in the mind of the American Nation and all its individuals. They scorn the idea of a living wage, an invalid’s cushion to lie back on in miserable idleness and the state- supported wretchedness. They don't despise capital; they want more of it for each man. They want to raise the standard of life all around, not by the lowes common denominator of public charity, but b high wages for every man who will put his back into his job, and not lie down on it. They know the secret of it, which is very simple. It is to increase output by mass pro- duction, by saving costs, efficient machinery and a ceaseless competition, to think out new ideas in every branch of an industry or trade. Labor-saving devices, not to make men lazy, but to make them quicker, a share of the profits so t ¢ man is keen to get more out of his job. A combination of brains, as well as muscles, so that more goods are pro- duced, more markets gained, more wages paid. That spirit is the only thing to my mind that can help England now. It may not be the highest form of spirituality. It may lead, as it does, to inequalities of wealth, a type of civilization which is, in many respects, hard and unbeautiful; but it is a great deal better anyhow that this creepjng, crawling, philc phy of weakness which is put out by Sc tic theories who would like to se subsidized by the state, the poor living com fortably at the expense of the rich, the un- profitable trades at the expense of those which pay, and no need to worry, work or no work They fail to say what is going to happen when 1he state—you and I—are bankrupt, and when the rich poor and on the dole. Are | route of the ti i the steps which led up to passage.| be paid for mainly by foreign natio ns wanting they fools ciple applied to this social system of ours. little theorists? 19261 or liars, th (Copyright HOOVER TO CRISS-CROSS |STRONG FIGHT PLANNED NATION WITH AIR LINES| TO EM Program Eventually Will Congress Has Defeated Recent Moves Ambitious Place U. S. in Front Ranks of Commercial Aviation. BY WALTER R. McCALLUM. OVING swiftly toward full of man’s newest st gethod of an- ihiliating ti nd the United n the threshold of a commercial | aircraft development that may in a relativel » of years equal the ase in use of air- craft in t Britain and on the con- tinent of Europe. Within a few days the Commerce Department will take the initial in an ambitious Government program that will uitimately cri g vast areas of the Natlon with a verit- able network of airways for commer- cial craft, established and maintained by the Government, with houriy weather forecasts available for the intrepid men who will pilot airplanes far above the older me s of t il and water. )ects to announce the t national commercial airway within a few days, to I ground work for an all-inclusiv tem of national airways that will guide the commercial fiyer of future years in his aerial way across the continent. At the same time the Secretary of Commerce is authorized by the law passed on May 20 last to recommend the appointment of an additional assistant secretary to be in charge of the newly created Bureau of Civil Aeroneautics which will be- come a part of the Department of Commerce. portation by tary Hoover e Bureau Created Recently. The organic act of 1913 creating the Department of Commerce author- ized the Secretary to foster and pro- mote development of aircraft trans- portation in the United States. Con- gress went further only a little more than a month ago, creating within the department a bureau whose specific purpose Is to establish and maintain system of alrways for commercial and private use, apait from the ai ways now used by the air mail ser: ices of the Post Office Department and the Army. The bureau is created, but it cai not exist without funds. ' A deficienc: appropriation of $550,000 to enable it to carry on its first yvear's work is now pending before Congress. Commerce Department officials, headed by Assistant Secretary J. Walter Drake, who was in charge of of the bill creating the new bureau, have been in conference for several weeks past with authorities in the Post Office and War Departments, re- garding the routes of the new na- tional commercial airways. Mr. Hoover has made it plain that the commercial aerial routes will in- corporate not only the routes now used by the Post Office Department’s air mail, but may also use the Army airws The time may come also when air routes established by the Army will be used almost Wholly by commercial aviators in peace times, but #f time of war when mobilization plans call for swift passage of Army planes, the airways will revert to the military. D. C. Fields Inadequate. Although the Department of Com- merce is authorized to establish and maintain air routes, it may not lay out and maintain air ports. In this nautics in the Department of Com- merce, with power: 1. To r e civil air navigation in the United States . To license pilots and inspect and or take and maintuin air routes and air ation facilities. . To administer international air ation regulations as they affect United States. . To encourage and promote civil air transport and the aircraft in- dustry and trade. The committee urged recognition qf the public right of free air navigation, and recommended correlation of the rules of water navigation with air navigation. Government Is Restricted. Regarding a Government policy for civil and industrial uses of aircraft, the committee urged that the Govern- ment do not engage in non-military flying activities that could properly be performed by private operation. Congress, in its law setting up the bureau recommended by the commit- tee, declared, “It shall be the duty of the Secretary of Commerce to foster air commerce; to encourage the establishment of airports, civil air- ways and other air navigation facli- ties; to make recommendations to the Secretary of Agriculture as to the necessary meteorological service; to study the possibilities for the develop- ment of air commerce and the aero- nautical industry and trade in the United States and to collect and dis- seminate information relative thereto and also as regards the existing state of air transportation.” As outlined in the committee re- port, Congress authorized the Secre- tary of Commerce to provide for the granting of registration to aircraft eligible for registration; to provide for the rating of aircraft in the United States as to their airworthiness, and to provide for the periodic examina- tion and rating of airmen serving in connection with aircraft of the United States as to their qualifications for such service. The Secretary is also authorized to establish air rules for the navigation, protection and identi- fication of aircraft, including rules as to safe altitudes of flight and rules for the prevention of collisions be- tween vessels and aircraft. Other Powers Conferred. In addition, the Commerce Depart- ment head is empowered to designate and establish clvil airways (the mat- ter now under consideration) and to establish, operate and maintain along such airways all necessary air navi- gation facilities except air ports: to chart such airways and arrange for publication of maps of such airways, using the facilities and assistance of existing agencies of the Government so far as practicable. Under these broad powers, Mr. Hoover plans to proceed with creation of a system of national airways, to be laid down in accordance with prac- tices already used by the air mail service and the Army aerial service, and proven both by the test of time and actual flying conditions. Further, the time may come in the not dis tant future when all the airways and landing flelds now under the control of the Post Office Department will pass to the control of the Commerce Department, for the act provides for such transfer whenever the heads of connection Mr. Hoover deplores the fact that Washington today has no commercial aircraft landing field of sufficient size and equipment to handle the air needs of the Capital City of the Nation. Congress has_taken almost wholly the recommendations of the Jjoint committees of civil aviation of the Department of Commerce and the American Engineering Council, ap- pointed in June, 1925, which made its report last Spring. This commit- tee, headed by Assistant Secretary Drake, made the following recommen- the two departments may so direct, by joint order. This is in direct line with the recommendations of the joint aeronautics committee, which urged that the Post Office Department ac- tively encourage the establishment tand extension of air malil services and that, as rapidly as it is possible to contract with private operators. the Post Office Department retire from the ownership and operation of such air mail routes, turning its air- way equipment over to the Bureau of Civil Aeronautics. dations: That Congress enact a civil aeronautics law providing for estab- lishment of & Bureau of Clyil Aero- N America, even though the airplane was _developed here a little more than ued on Third Paged ~ (B} ANCIPATE INDIANS to Deny Aborigines’ Rights and May Go VEN EMERSON, Distinguished Physician and Public Authority. Health HE long down-hill road of the American Indians has become an_ up-hill road leading to sun- light. citizens in 1924. But the mained wards of the Governmen the Indian Bureau has even tried to increase its arbitrary power over their lives and lands. Until this session of Congress, few white people realized that the Indian reservations, 110,000 square miles In area, were similar to ill-conducted prison compounds, ruled and virtually owned by a bureaucracy appropriate to the dark ages, whose actions are not accountable even to the courts. At this - writing still true: Indians cannot make legally bind- ing contracts. They are forbidden to make legall; binding wills, disposing of their prop: erty to their children. When covetous white men want an Indian's farm lands the Indian Bureau is free to declare the Indian “incapa- ble,” and thereupon to eviot the In- dian and rent the land to white men secretly, without competition and even without collecting rent. The Indlan parents are not free to insist what religion their children shall be taught. Have No Trial Rights. Indians have not the right of jury trial or any form of due process of law except where eight crimes men- tioned in certain Federal statutes are charged. For all other matters they may be seized, jailed, placed in man- acles, worked on the roads as convicts or worked as virtual slaves to the In- dian Bureau employes. They have no appeal and no court review and are essentlally slaves. Today 24,500 Indian children are crowded into boarding schools whose capacity is 14,500. Medical neglect is extreme and infections rage. More than 50,000 Indians suffer from tra- choma, an infectious disease produc- ing blindness, and the boarding school trachoma rate is much higher than that of the general Indian population. Any missionary or scientist, social investigator or journalist who goes on the reservations may be sefzed, forci- bly evicted and, if he returns, is liable to a heavy penalty and a jail sen- tence. He has no court review of the Indian Bureau's ruling, which de- clares him undesirable. These are some of the facts sur- rounding the extravagant, even melo- dramatic Indian administration, and though the Indians are full citizens they have no escape from what is, to all practical purposes, & peonage, even a slavery. Meantime, the Indian Bu- reau, absolute master over their prop- erty, worth $1,600,000,000, and their funds of $90,000,000, empowered to defy the courts and able to control Congress through the use of Indian funds among the constituencies, con- tinues to destroy the physical tissue of the Indians, to stamp out their ra- clal life and spirit and to support it- self to the amount of millions yearly out of the dwindling principal of the Indian estate. No Denial Made. In the session just closing all of these facts were proclaimed by mem- bers of Congress, as well as by the Indian welfare bodies, and the Indian Bureau made no effort to deny the more serfous charges. Indeed, the bureau was busy trying to force through Congress a bill giving it re- newéd legal authority to jail Indians without trial, and was engaged in a huge maneuver intended to make the Indians pay a 37% per cent income tax from their oil and to destroy their claim of ownership to about three- fifths of all their undivided lands. The oil bill was defeated and the Senate has now passed a bill drafted by the friends of the Indians leaving all oll revenue with the Indians and permanently safeguarding their claim of ownership to their lands. No such sweeplng defeat af any-Indian Bureau the following is All Indians became full | Further. depredation has taken place in Indian history. Indian affairs are no longer viewed by the public as a choice between a decent and an indecent funeral, but as a cholce between a continued peon- age, slavery and race slaughter, which the present system insures, and x program of emancipation and Amer- icanism which is sought through the abolition of the Indian Bureau and the granting of the substance, as well all Indians. It is proposed to continue the Fed- eral trusteeship over Indian propert but to abolish all guardianship over the personal life of the Indians, en- abling the Indians to bear their re- sponsibilities and claim their advan- tages as the first Ameri It is proposed to turn the Federal appro- priations for Indian education, health and social welfare over to the to be a red through the Sta are serving white proposed alsp to ates Department of Agriculture, the Children's Bureau and the Public Health Service into action for Indlans. The trusteeship over property would logically go un- der the Federal courts. The Indians would be permitted to organize, to form co-operative socleties, credit banks and corporations _as white farmers and stockmen are now allowed to do. Such is the program of the American Indian Defense Association, the General Federation of Women's Clubs and the Indians themselves, who are now organized into the Na- tional Council of American Indians. (Copyright. 1826.) bring the United § Community Enslaved By Regency Counc During the World War the regency council of the Jodhpur state passed a law making a small community of about 50,000 people called Raona Rajputs practically slaves. In July, 1916, the law was promulgated under which the master of the Raonas has the absolute right of maintaining them and extracting work from them; of setting them free and calling them back; of giving away the daughters of Raonas or whole families. A meeting of the All-Indian Raona Rajput conference sent a resolution of protest to the Maharajah of Jodhpur, who recently returned from Europe, stating: “We hope that in view of your recent visit to Edrope with its mod- ern institutions and activities, a wider vision and a spirit of equality must have influenced you to bring about this change in the gruesome practice of slavery in Marwar state.”” The Italian Daily Mail of Bombay says that it is a disgrace to Jodhpur and calls upon the maharajah to abolish the system. Soviet Bar to Earg End of All Pasports There is now only one reason why passports cannot be generally abol- ished and people cannot travel freely again from one country to another as they did before the war, That reason is Soviet Russia, with its international revolutionary plotting and propa- ganda. Such—not publicly, but in executive session—was the finding of the second international passport con- ference, which has just been held in Geneva under auspices of the League of Nations. Thirty-eight governments and nu- merous international economic organ- izations attended. The conference pecommended a handy general type of passport, to be valld several years without renewal; abolition of exit visas; two years’ va- lidity of entrance visas at a single fee, :;lt'to etxhc:ed Szfi:{ld the simplification ron con %0 as to minimize slelaya, . as the shadow, of citizenship rights to | Nations With BY FRANK H. SIMON HE formal notice which Brazil has served upon the League of Natlons, setting forth her intention to retire from that body, and a less definite, but not less minatory notice served by Spain, combine to demonstrate the utter failure of the league up to date to solve or accommodate the most serfous crisis which has so far arisen in its brief history. One can, I believe, quite justly term it the most serous cris has arisen within the league 1t failure in such a matter as the limi- tation of armaments, however humili- ating, cannot in all fairness be | charged exclusively or mainly to the door of the league. The failure there is no more than a disclosure of the fact that the league c the sentiment of its member nations does not favor action But the crisis which has culminated | in the Brazilian withdrawal, or wptice | of intended withdrawal, is a purely | domestic crisis within the leagus, a trouble which grows out of the league itself and not out of conditions which have long existed. It is the conse- quence of vital weaknesses in the structure of the league, and is, if one may use the term, not a world ail- ment, but a league disease, pure and simple. It is an eas) method to dispose sode by rebuking Brazilian ambition or assailing Spanish policy, just as it ively easy to dispose of the s at Geneva by alleging il was no more than a pup- actually France or Italy or some other wicked great power pulled the strings from behind the scene: One nfust add, however, that this al legation seems to fall to the ground as a consequence of Brazil's persist- ence. Their Concern in Peace Treaties. In reality, however, to get even an inkling of the true sitvation one must o back to two fundamental facts. The league was the creagion of the victors of the war, whose main con- was to preserve the victory; having arranged the world, yncern in the peace treaties to preserve peace and thereby the status quo which these treaties had created. It was also the work of the great powers among the vie- tors, who paid little attention to the | wishes of the vanquished or the ideas {of the neutrals of the conflict, and even of their s ler allies. The United States, Great Britain and France, through their representa i Paris, made the peace Z ly, which counts as treated as a minor These three states rearranged | the world, assigned territo) as they | chose, accepted or rejected the claims of the small powers as they saw fit, refused to listen to the expostulations of the vanquished and utterly ignored | the neutrals. They excluded Germany from the league altogether and they admitted the neutral states only gruds- | ingly and to places of insignificance. ! In its original Pa conception the | league_was to be a partnership | Great Britain, France and the United | States—with France in a relatively re. strained position—to order the world. This was the conception which broke down when we went home and our Senate rejected the league and the treaty together. In its second phase the league was to be controlled by France and Brit- aln, supported, to be sure, by a cer- tain number of states still belongin, to the camp of the victors. But this stage was brief in the extreme, because | France and Britain promptly fell out { completely, and for three vears, cul- minating in the occupation of the Ruhr, played the small states against each other. The perfect illustration {of this phase was the Genoa con- ference in 1922, when Poincare stayed away and beat Lloyd George by marshalling the votes of the succes- sion states, which stood with France. Alignment of Forces. So far the league was the battle- ground between French and British policies, with Italy standing mainly with Britain and the little entente, Belgium and Poland backing France. The enemy states were still luded and the neutral states, like veden, Spain and Holland, while actually members and obviously chafing at the | bit, were unable to accomplish any- thing of real importance. It was not until Poincare and Lloyd George had both vanished from power and France and Britain returned to a course of co-operation that real progress began to be made within the league. But, unluckily, this progress was expressed in the protocol, which was a real treaty of mutual guarantee. All members of the league bound themselves to defend any member at- tacked without provocation. This made the league a living reality, but it also bound it hand and foot to the defense of the status quo and the guarantor of the status quo. The protocoi was satisfactory to all the victorous continental states whose single aim was to keep what they had, whose only anxiety was lest what they had should be taken from them by those to whom it had belonged when the World Whr broke out. But it was also satisfactory to the neutrals, who had no desire to extend their territories and were only concerned with the prospect that they might be involved in a new war, or, although neutral, forced to repeat the suffering which they had undergone during the still recent struggle. The protocol was naturally unsat- isfactory to the defeated states which hoped to regain lost territories, but it was done to death by the British, who were totally unwilling to guar- antee any frontlers save those which concerned them directly and had no | interegt in receiving a guarantee of their ®wn territories from any one. In principle, the British threw over the idea that there could be peace while the existing frontiers continued unchanged. On the contrary, they indicated their belief that some fron- tiers would have to be changed and that they were not going to be in- volved in any unpleasantness, not to say hostilitles, when these changes were up. Paris Structure Demolished. The rejection of the protocol by the British, which, of course, doomed it, at least temporarily, finally demol- ished the whole structure of the league as it had been planned at Paris and constructed at Geneva. It actually smashed the edifice which the French with their continental allles had been building, alding in- creasingly by the neutrals, who want- ed peace, as dld the victorious allled continentals. Broadly speaking, the itish. threw- ghe whole league-mas if ra t power, W nnot act when | sec; her cavalier| of the whole epi- | of | BRAZIL’S ACTION FORCED BY INTRIGUE OF POWERS Threat of Withdrawal Faces League of Most Serious Crisis in Its History. chinery out of gear and the troubles which have followed have been a di rect consequence. The protocol represented a league creation, it has been accepted by the representatives of most, if not all, of the nations belonging fo the league, and it had been made by the leagus in session. Now the British proposed as a substitute what ultimately ripened into the Locarno pacts. But first of all the British idea led to a conference outside of the leagve altogether. It was not the league. but a_group of powers, one of which. namely, Germany, was not a member of the league at all, which met at Locarno and made ries of agree. ments based upon their own per- sonal and national interests and with hing else but of course not rrangement, the Locarno included the provise that Germany should be admitted to the league and agreed that she should have a seat on the council, the gov erntng bod This, these powers hed no right to promis By doing it they nphy made the league the it of their private agreement, just as theyv made thelr agreement on the assumption that the league would obediently swallow it. It was f o league to decide whether ( ‘many should be admitted or not. It was for the Jeague to fix the conditions, if there e to be conditions. But actually the assembly of the lcague was merely summoned in March to r ter the decisions of the g powe which had met at Locarno with cel in smaller power: Moreover, not only did France | Great Britain re that Germany should come nto the e 1@ and ‘)m\'e a perma on the cil as a great powe | and Britain also more o { that other eats should be to in, Poland, Belgium cas interested in ain. France wa interested in claim. Belgivm had a measure of suppor from both France and Britain. But the league was not consulted, it was expected 3 mply to register t decisions of the great powers. Germany Imposes Conditions. Then Germany, on her side, al- though not yet a member, proceeded to serve notice that she would not come in at all . number of permanent seats was 1o be incre At last France, lialy and B were member nations who cot promise to support a candidate for a permanent seat, but Germany was not even a member and yet she was laying_down conditions. At this point the first sians of re volt on the part of the league came with the notice by Sweden that she would veto all but German claims. Sweden was then on wholly sound ground, because she only prom ised what she her action was within What it amounted to wa tion that she would wholesale distribution seats to suit the interests of the powers and without rd |league or the member nations. | Spain and Brazil then took up the question. . Each had long been a can- didate for a permanent seat and each had very good cliims and a rather impressive array of promises of sup- port. If Germany were not to have a permanent s because it suited French and British wishes, why should Spain and Brazil be denied seats? And if Poland, simply to please France, were to have a seat, then there was a new reason why they hould be rewarded also. Moreover, ch as a temporary member of the | council, had the right of veto. wh Brazil in due course of time exerc The Swedich veto could be dealt with because Sweden proved in prac tice to be reasonable. While opposing any increase in the number of seats, she yielded to the adroit suggestion that Poland might be brought in to fill a vacancy which could be created. But again the whole conception of the league was prostituted to politics. In substance, France prevailed upon her ally, Czechoslovakia, to offer to re sign in favor of her other ally, Poland, thus sacrificing a subservient small power to her own interests. Arouses Violent Protests. But the maneuver of France aroused two violent protests, one from sincere leaguers. who saw the league being turned into a chess board for the great powers, the other from Ru mania and Jugoslavia, members of the little entente and thus the real heirs to the Czechoslovak seat. which in practice had been assigned to one of these states habitually. And as it was Rumania’s next turn, the Rumanian protest was loudest. In the end even this rather inglorious device proved useless, for Brazil stuck to her guns and Germany was not admitted. Now it must be clear from this rapid review of the essential facts that the crisis is due to something more than the selfish ambition of Brazil or the unwarranted ambition of Spain. It was ca not by Brazil- fan or Spanish action, but by the great powers, and in fact France and Britain, who went outside of the league altogether and made a b with Germany for German admission into the league, without any warr from the league. Locarno itself was a very significant and4mportant step in Kuropean pacifi- cation, provided it could be or can be translated into fact. But the fashion in which it was made discloses in- stantly the real attitude of the great powers concerned toward the league. Manifestly, they considered it as not qualified to aid in the making of this important pact and as being no more than & mere registering board, which would follow their decisions unques- tioningly. And if it would obey orders and admit Germany to the council and to a permanent seat thereon, why not make it at the same time admit Poland to please France, Spain to please Italy and Brazil to please itself? Ger- man admission, it being understood, was to please Britain, primarily. / But the league and the small pow- ers have long been sick of the at- titude of the great powers, just as the neutral states have resented the airs of authority of the victor great powers. And the revolt which has been long on the way broke with the Swedish threat, which every one knew would be made good. No one was opposed to the admission of Germany, but many nations were angry that German admission should be brought about in the way it was brought about, and certain states, Brazil and Spain among them, felt that their rights were being vitiated. Now the resignation of Brazil and perhaps that of Spain, followed by th (Continued on Third Raged private, alons