Evening Star Newspaper, May 16, 1926, Page 91

THE SUNDAY 8 History of Metropolitan Church Associated With Influential Group — Rambler Discovers important Facts About Early Days of Congregation, Whose Develop- ment Was Watched With Interest by Denomination. Nt irst story of Frederick Wid- dows, chimer of the Metrapolitan Memorial M. E. Church, the TRambler told of the dedication of the chime and steeple. told of the inception. of the church nnd ended the story with the statement that in 1866 Righops Simp- He has | | | on and Ames called on the Rev. Dr. | s to undertake the build ng of the church. Tedication serv- ices were held Sunday, February 28, and turning the files of The tar 1 find that e had an advance tory of the dedication, of the churyh and other facts it in The Star, Thursday, February 25, 1869. that old story which miay interest wou, and that being one of the aims of the Rambler, and one of the means by which he earns, or at least gets, his thrice daily bread, he takes from that old issue of The Star the follow- ing “It was about 15 vears ago when the idea of building a Metropolitan Church in this city was conceived, and collections were at once taken up; bhut the war breaking out. the work w suspended, there being-at i urge amounts subscribed at the South which it was impossible to col lect. About three years since the hishops took the enterprise in hand, and a new board of trustees having heen selected, Rev. F. S. DeHaas, D. D.. was appointed general agent and succeeded in raising over $100,000. Thers is at this time a_debt of $60,000 on the church, of which $23,000 is covered by unpaid subscriptions. To finish the spire, with chime of bells, ete.. about $25.000 will be required. addition to its present cost (§225.- 10), making a total cost of a quarter of a million. “The church is of brown stone and 1s in the Gothic style of architecture. Including the buttresses, it covers the 1ot on the southwest corner of ' and Vour-and-a-half streets, fronting feet on the former latter street, and presents an impos ing appearance, even without the tower, whigh is vet to be erected to a height of 240 feet above the pave mer The main entrance is 2 street, and from a tiled floor com modtous stairways with walnut bal ustrades and handrails rise on either and to the vestibul ‘tibule there are three doors to the main_entrance room, which taken al together s probably the handsomest room in the Distr The celling niched and ribbed, resting on six co! umns on each side. There is a gallery 12 feet in width on both sides and so a commodious for the cholrs. In thix gallery there is a_superb organ made by Johnson of Westfleld, Mass. At the south there is a recess behind the pulpit, beau- tifully frescoed, and in the center of the arch above it is a stone from the ruins of Solomon’s Temple with the cription “We Trust in the Lord.’ The pulpi 2 desizn Is of walnut with panels made from wood from the Garden of Geth- semane and in the posts are inserted pieces of cedar of Lebanon. On the front a beautifully arved cross with wreath and twining ivy, in wal- nut, presented by friends in’ Boston. fhe altar posts have inserted in them pieces of wood from the Mount of Olive: “'In the front there isa triple window and on either side are eight long win- dqws, each with stained glass, the fower portions of each hearing inscrip- tions to the memory of some promi- nent personages in the church. * * * The church is lighted with gas, there heing 16 burners over the capitals of the pillars and four on each side of the chancel arch, and it Is said when lighted the effect is very fine. room is 61 by =zallerles will seat 1.200 persons. On | the lower floor is the Sunday school | room or lecture room and on the east side of the hall leading to the main entrance is the infant class room and | on the opposite side a room for the | Bible class. ““The stonework was done by Mr. M. Emery, bricklaving by N. G. Reyn. | carpentering by (. Walker, tering by John Kieler, plaster or. s by L. D. Parker, painting by arker, frescoing by H. Schut- stained glass furnished by Bleur | New York, tiling lald by M rench. There will be set apart pew for each State and Territory, the T'resident and cabinet officers, etc., a the others on the main floor will be vented, leaving the scats in the gallery 1ree, A communion service costing | about $1.400 is about completed and will be presented to the congregation | by Mr. James Foster of New York, and a fountain in bronze (designed by Clark Mills of this city) is being cast in New York for Mr. Foster, who | will present it to the church. The | trustees are U. Grant, P. Chase, M. G. Emery orment, S. Fowler, . A. Lutz, . Howard, T. L. Tullock and D. A. Burr.” | * X ok ¥ | Tlll‘l 1 Evening Star Monday, March 1869, tol” of the dedication of | the church. The Star's story follows: | “Yesterday the new church at the corner of Etreet known as Four-and-a-half and C Methodist Episcor the Metropolitan 1 Church, was dedi- cated in the presence of a very large congregation, every portion of the G. ol pl ter, of T bullding being occupied and numbers | unable to obtain admission. The dedi- catory services were read by Bishop | Stmpson. Rev. Drs. De Haas, Hamilton, Xyrett and Cookman assisting. The choir sang a dedicatory anthem under the lead of Prof. Daniel, Mr. Tasker presiding at the organ. Bishop Simp- &on then preached a most impressive sermon. A collection was taken up and a very large sum of money was yealized. Among the contributors was Mr. Thomas Kelso of Baltimore, who contributed $1,000 in addition to $5,000 previo contributed by him. An effort w made to se $25,000, but the collections fell conside ly short of that amount, only reaching about £10,000. Speaker Colfax contributed CORNELIUS BURLEW. PHOTO- GRAPH BY HENRY ULKE & BRO., 3;;{ PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, IN description | about | There are many things in | the | nd 115 on the | From the ves- | This | 85 feet and with the | MISS EUDORA FOBES. PHOTO- $100 and there were a number of con | tributions of that sum. “Among the prominent gentlemen | present were Gen. Grant., Chief Justice | Chase and Judge Davis of the United States Supreme Court; Hon. N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Speaker Colfax, Senators Har- lan, Cragin, Trumbull, Cole, Doolittle, Howe, Henudric Patterson of New Hampshire, Wilson and Judge Fisher of the District Supreme | Court, Judge Pascall of Texas, Hon. |D. N. Cooley, Representatives Baum, | Cobb, Van Aernam. Clarke of Kansas, |Benton, Clift. Edwards. Mullins, Dawes, Judd, Moorehead, Ferry, Eck- {lay. Humphrey, Churchill, Hubbard of |West Virginia, McKee, Windom, Shanks, Whittem Haisey, Shell. i r. Koontz, Chilcot, Washburn of | Indiana, McCormick. Lough: Moore, Corley, Newcome, Butler of Tennessee, Ross. | Highy, Fields and many others. “In the afterncon Rev. W. Morley | Punshon_delivered a discourse from | the fourth and fifth verses of the sec- | ond chapter of the First Epistle Gen eral of Peter, To whom coming as unto Burleigh, Cullom, \' | a living stone, disallowed, indeed, of | { men. but chosen of God and precious.’ A collection was taken up and about Eallery at the end | $2:300 additional was raised. At night | Rev. Dr. Eddy of Chicago announced (as his text the fourth verse of the !'second chapter of Paul's Epistle to | |the Corinthians, ‘And my sneech and |my preaching was not with enticing | words of men's wisdom. hut in dem. | onstration “of the spirit and of power.’ Three thousand dollars was | lected throughout the day.” In an account of the church pared by pre- ndrew B. Duvall and read by him the celebration twenty-fifth _anniversary of the | church, held November 4, 1894, T find that on the day of the dedication the Sunday school was organized. with david A. Burr as superintendeiy and | “Miss Cornelia A. Pursell, being then, as now, principal of the primary de- partment, George W. Gray its treas urer and Mr. Corneltus Burlew, then, as now, chorister of the school.” xx.% HE RAMBLER assumes " that good many readers will be infer- ested In the debt problem of this church, and he will quote Andrew B. Duvall, thus: “Dr. Newman's first pastorate continued for three vears, the limit of service then allowed by the discipline. He filled the full me: ure of anticipation, and the pulpit of throughout the land, at once exer- cising a mighty influence for right- spicuous. When the church w dedicated there remained a debt of $75,000, the structure having cost In the neighborhood of $200,000. Twenty- five thousand of this indebtedness was a floating debt and $50,000 was repre- sented by bonds secured upon the church property. The fioating in- debtedness was liquidated during Dr. Newman's first pastorate, one of the REV. FRANK HAVENNEA. PHO- TOGRAPH MADE BY W. 0. OGIL- VIE, 905 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, ABOUT 1870. instrumentalities being the national committee, of which Mrs. Grant, wife of Gen, Grant, was chairman. This committee sent out an appeal in the shape of an autograph letter by Mrs. Grant and secured upward of $8.000. “Washington Methodism had far exceeded the utmost limits of expecta- tion in its contributions for the erec- tion of the church. It was never the intention that this bonded debt should fall upon the congregation worship- ing here. The enterprise was in its inception professedly a connectional enterprise for Methodism at large. Accordingly, a memorial was presented !to the General Conference of 1872, re- citing the dedication of the church, its successful operation for three years, and the existence of the bonded debt, provisions for the payment of which, it was claimed, should be made by the General Conference. This was a unique memorial, signed by the Presi- dent of the United States and the Chief Justice of the United States, in connection with the other trustees of the church. The General Conference of May, 1872, adopted a report which states: ‘The action of previous con- ferences is fully recognized—the Met- ropolitan Church is a connectional en- terprise. It has been erected under the highest sanction of the church and for the people of the whole country.’ “At a meeting of the bishops fol- lowing the conference the trustees of the church were advised to communi- cate the facts to the general com- mittee on_church extension, which recommended the boardof church ex- tension to indorse the bonds of the church for §35,000 with a deed of y Sprague; | dge, Pile. | of the | Metropolitan Church became known | eousness and making Methodism con- | as security, f the church punctual pay- trust on the propert provided the trustees would guarantee the ment of inferest on the bonds and that all other indebtedness of the church be removed. The board of church extension, however, declined to Indorse the honds of the church, | because they were advised they had no legal authority under their ter to indorse any bonds. This was a grave disappointment at the time | and seriously imveriled the effort to provide for the debt. mpensa- | tion came, however, s ward, when Chay retary of the same boar his herculean task. declination had heen communicated, and with the hope that relief would thux be afforded, Rev. Otis 1. by the Rev. of Auburn, N. Y. obtained i large subscription in the chu on the Ist of Januar $50,000 deed of trust a new deed of trust to in honds was executed, sume time the trustees entered a personal obli to pay the | terest on these bonds. “In 1876 the matter of the debt wa again laid befol e Genoral Confer. ence, and the hishops were puthor- ized' to appoint an t for the | church. Tn November, they ap- | pointed Dr. Newmuan, 0 was then pastor of the church Newman {in thé midst of his made | an appeal to the church at large and | went out on a lecture te and by | this means secured $4,000. The Gen- eral Conference was again appealed to, and in 1880 it requested the bishops to adopt measures to secure the y ment of the debt. into in- w chaste and beautifyl | Obtained, making nearly $16,000 col- | 1AS.\ P. KNIGHT. PHOTOGRAPH | MADE BY J. GOLDIN OF WASH- NGTON IN 1870. had now reached a deplorable condi | tion. Suit had been brought agninst | the trusices personmally on the bond for pecumulated interest, and a erisis seemed imminent. The bishops re quested and zuthorized Chaplain ¢ C. MeCabe to raise the money. He {was then engrossed with his arduous duties as secretary of the Church Ex tension Society, but without in the least diminishing his labors in that office, he inaugurated an effort to ex tinguish the debt. He proposed to Rev. R. N. Baer, D.D.. then pastor of the church, that if the conzrega | tion would raise $15,000 (in addition | to the $4,000 secured by Dr. Newman {on his lecture tour) he and Bishop | Stmpson would assume the balance of the debt. “The proposition was ded to and | Dr. Bae sisted by Bishop Andrewk, | then resident bishop, secured the re quired amount, while Chaplain M- Cabe, by popular subscriptions | volving an immense amount of per- | sonal “labor, secured the sum of | $30,294.27, making in all the sum of | 1850,204.27, with which the bonded | debt, with fts accrued interest, and | the floating debt were liquidated, and | on the 27th day of January, 1884, ‘Emancipation day’ was celebrated This closed the long and dishearten- | ing chapter of the burdensome and | | crushing debt which had rested upon | | the church for 15 vears. There were | days and yvears when the possibility of relief seemed hopeless. But in ail then pastor of the | s | | D. ancial affairs | | Connell | br. Hattie this time the faithful men and women of the Metropolitan Church were con- tributing liberally of their means to all the connectional enterprises, the collections of the church during the first nine years averaging $20,000." From my notes 1 take these names of Washingtonfans who were connec ed with the Metropolitan Church when it w oung: Mrs. Louts Bag Capt. 8! ackford, Mr. and 3olton Percy M. lliam Van H. Hough- Henkle, Hughes. Arsdale. ton, Hall Havenner, Gilb Robert Stead, a M. Water 5. L. Somers, Fro z Thomas H. Havener, John Matchett, Mrs. Mary I3, McPher James Thoburn,” Edward 8. Lockwood Ensign, Ruter W. ringer, W. I°. Gapen, James M. Holmes, Gen. and Mrs. Cowan, S. S. Bryant, I . Tallmadge, Andrew Thomas J. Perry, pt. A. P. Lacey, C. M enney, i 3. Hen- ht, d David and e Sievenson, Benjamin . L. Corbin, Samuel s ist, Del Covey. Dr. Sumuel Crew. Cal. <, Benjamin and Mrs. Charl Drum, John De Ford, Mr Duvall, Mrs. Kate Eastlack uld, J. Given. Mrs. M. and Mrs. H. L, Godbright } Hall, Wiiliam B. Holt. Mrs. Phil- . Misses Llzzie and Jackson, Michael Keating, Mrs. Knight. Annie Kingsbury, Mr s. James Keene, Thomas H. . Mrs. Nellie H. Lutz, Samuel May, J. H. Mandeville, den, Col Mack, Annie Milans, Robert Moor Mary A. Pomero Ruff. Christina Seiler. Nellle Sheidy, dlie Smith, Judge W. B. Snel . Shiles. Senator Leland St « Thompson, Mrs. Cecil Trembly, Miss Belle Twombly, Jenett Van Dasen. Etta Van Tassell, Egbert L Mrs, br Henry Cutte m, hert e, ton, J. @ P 3 . Mrs. Dolly A, . Mary Wilkinson, Mrs.| William and Cornel M. Weeks, W. M .0 K. Wollard, Ida Wollard Q. Wilson these names entered the and John I have girls who in 1869: C; MeK Britton of and Ida Ribnitski, Minnie Bord, Maggle Lillie Roche, Leah McGuaggan, Nellie Willlams, Hattie Wilkinson, Minnie Hughes, Annie Belle Laura treeter lora and Jennie Emma Myrtie nith. Mamie Somer wroughs, Lizzl Johnnie Wilson 1 Lare, Walker Chaunc Fred Tasker. orge Atkinson ce Tarker, Victor Harry Milans, Alovsius ¢ Williams, Walter Dodg: Percy Hughes Wiiliam Baldwin, Chaves., Charles Hensey, die Davidson. wler Johnnie ord canier, Frank Alexander and Hugh Dow i \Farmers’ Waste BY UTHAI VINCENT WILCOX. T IS becoming increasingly ap- parent that the various co-opera- tive associations, when rightly managed, are able greatly to benefit the farmers by finding new products to merchandise. Fre- quently these new products are from what has hitherto been merely waste growth, Getting better prices for the farmer is largely a matter of utilizing waste, and some of the producers’ co-opera: tive associations are making splendid headway in turning unmarketable waste products into profitable mer: chandise. The laboratories of several of the associations have brought forth new products that the sale depart- ments are now marketing. R. H. Ellsworth, in discussing this subject recently. said that the prog- ress made has been appreciable and that it promises much for the future. Mr. Ellsworth is now engaged in col- lecting statistics and material regard- ing the various co-operative organiza- tions with the Bureau of Agricuitural Sconomics. He pointed out that even some of the small co-operatives have turned their attention to solving the problem of how to turn the farmer's enormous waste into a profitable re- tut " He said, “the Georgia Peach Growers’ Iixchange, one of the relatively smaller associations, re- ported that it had employed a re- search chemist to develop uses for peaches other than as fresh fruit. It has seldom paid to harvest small, blemished peaches, and these have al- ‘ways constituted a large waste to the growers, but already the exchange has pronounced that it has developed a by-product which has good merchan- dising possibilities. “The Walnut Growers' Association has a regular by-product department which has proved an excellent invest- ment. By utilizing one product alone, this department has salvaged millions of dollars for the farmer. Only a short time ago, the nuts culled on ac- count of poor appearance and other defects were not considered market- able, or were sold at a very low price, but last year, acording to a recent re- port from the association, 6,500,000 pounds of imperfect nuts were cracked and converted into several grades of walnut meats and were profitably marketed by the by-prod- ucts department. “For years the shells of the nuts were not only wasted by-product, but they entalled an expense, because they had to be hauled away from the nut-cracking and packing plants. But the by-products department found a Products ' Are Being Made Valuable way to utilize them, and the shells are now converted into a high-grade charcoal which is readily salable at a good profit.” Such lines of work as Mr. Ells- worth pointed out in the reports are of a kind that no individual farmer would be able to carry through suc- cessfully, but a mroup of farmers working together has found such ef- forts highly successful. Another report related to the e: perience of the Florida Citrus change is salvaging the culls of grape- fruit. Previously, blemished, or small, or misshapen fruit was a loss, but six of the local associations of the exchange began, after experiments, to operate a canning plant which handles nothing but the transformed product, Preparations are also under way among the Florida asociations to ex- tract the essential oils. A report from the California Fruit Growers' Exchange for the year end- ing October 31, 1924, contained the in- formation that the year's program included a greater variety and volume of research work than of any pre- vious year. This organization has been co-operating with the lemon- products group on a number of prob- lems arising in the production of pec- tin. The special method of obtaining this chemical has been patented in the name of the exchange. Both the Florida and California co- operative associations are doing in- tensive work in experimenting with and finding a market for the various by-products of the citrus farmers. Preparations are under way to market an orange product in combination with lime and grapefruit. Powdered lemon juice, needing only water, al- ready has been perfected and the as- sociations are experimenting on a similar process for preserving orange Juice. There are at least 12 citrus by-prod- ucts of the Florida Citrus Exchange alone. One plant at Abraham Park is turning out 100,000 pounds of candied peel annually. Marmalade and jellies also are becoming increas- ingly profitable, Mr. Ellsworth noted that while it was a comparatively recent develop- ment—the utilization of waste prod- ucts—it has proved that many mil- lions of dollars may be saved by the farmers, and that a growing number of farmers’ organizations consider- this a necessary part of their work. The farmer thus benefits, for, with the same amount of effort, he can, ;I:roug‘l'; hlstmn org‘z;flzam:thr;,,4 p;::lt long lines previously had been AR, WASHINGTON, .| ence which the, " |taking him v 1 the D. C, MAY 16, BY GEORGE PORTER. ! LTHOUGH the outstanding | 150th anniversary of 1926 is | that of the signing of the | Declaration of Independence, | that remarkable stroke of | statesmanship long since would have been forgotten had it not been for the militaryopcrations which occurred during the same year, and which, to- gether with the events of the years immediately following, made it impos- sible for the world, or any country, to tre document as a mere ' ‘ap of pay During their fight for the independ- o boldly proclai:-sd as one of their “inalienable rights the Americans, although frequently defeated by superior numbers on the field of battle, usually exhibited on such occasfons qualities of bravery and military ability which in a com- paratively short time won the respect of their opponents and eventually led to victory. In March, 1776, Boston never to return. An effort to carry the war to the South w promptly repulsed when the English were unsuccesstul in their effort to capture Charleston, S. C. he month after the colonies became “free,” at least in their own| estimation. their army was severely | beaten in the Batte of Long Island. | Before four weeks more had passed | an American spy was captured with- | in the British lines and met his death | 5o gallantly that he immediately med as o martyr to the All during the Fall Continental Army did nothing but | retreat before a more powerful foe. | But the vear closed with better luck for the forces voung nation, | aho celebrated stmi ssing the ice-caked Delaware River handily defeating the enemy smpletely by surpris Ever since the Rattle of Runker | Hill in June, 1775, the American Army had kepi the British “bottled up Boston. Month by month the lines of thé Colonial troops had drawn « bout the town until finally itish _were faced with the ive of either fighting or evacuating. n. Howe, the English commander. felt that honor compelled | fight. The Amgricans had constructed | strong earthwdrks and were also will ing to settle the issue by force arms. But the day of the propos British attack was ormy one, and | it was impossible for ships to convey | the sold near the besiegers’ lines Similar weather conditions prevailed the following day, %o that Gen. Howé was at length forced to abandon the idea of fighting. He was reluctantly | compelled to order an evacuation. Hake LANS were made to leave the town | on the 15th und the inhabitants | were remain indo on | that day so that they would not annoy soldiers they departed n contrary winds inte with m. The delay also m, who feared that bim. and rcements which Imizht be expected ime | Acec ¢ he went preparations, posiiions th nd keepit the British left the worried W the enemy waiting anded the diness for [ Feari { longer merc | British | boats that if they waited much eiv ships would be at the the Americans’ guns, the zan filing down to their morning, March 16 z.ng that the lor slege of (11 months w: t an end. More than a thousund refugees sailed away with | the soldier Led by E | the color: i der the Kly t of [ ving ! ps, un gn Richards the American tro command of n. Putnam, poured into the city, taking “in the name of the thir I feen United Colonies of North Amer fca_of all the fortresses of that large 1 once flourishing metropolis. which the flower of the British army. head sperienced general and sup- | a_formidable fleet of men- | 1 but an hour hefore evac- | | vated in’ the most precipitous and | | cowardly manue; The smallpox epidemic annoyed the Engl in which was had | still | he A 1926—PART Heroism, Statesmanship and Ge | eapture | an | the d. | whe 5. THE DE RATION SHERMAN OF CONNECTICUT, B STON OF NEW YORK AND JOHN ADA) ford the hest likelihood of beinz quick iy conquered. To win the enti ony it was only thought necessary to the town of Charleston. Dut ts of the province, knowing was imminent, rushed to Af their capital city. Upon ich comimands the mouth < built a fortifl the 1 attack ense an isiand w of the harhor out of exrthworks and palm that later became known Moultrie. in honor of the that name who so gallantly ed it Fort colonel by defend A THE Rritish fleet approached from the front. at the same time dis patching a large land force. unde Gens. Clinton and Cornwallis, to point from which it was believed the Ameriean fort could be attacked from the rear. However, the intervening water proved unfordable, and the i lish troops were uscless in the that ensued en in a ha 1 about June opened <pon n of ment the morning the British boats hombardment. The colonists ed with telilng effect. at the time sustaining but few casualties from the enes wuns. Afte the artillery 1e fort became silent and the British. surmisi that the soldiers had munition. considered thy torious. But a means of ¢ tion was established between the fort and the mainland by which the p triots brought new suppiies and shell the ain renew nued until 7 o'clock . when the English, realiz furility of thel k. retired. Tt was during this hattle that sper wrote his name in larg T 1 ) con |ters amonz the heroes of the Revolu rescuing the American flag h had been cut from its pole by Jon ball: attaching the colors to ammer. jnmping to the b ks while the it and re tion by ng the stand had been that in reirospect or some time the colon ticing an_inconsist pears almost In Tous They were dispensing justice in the name of the King of England. praving in their churches for the well being overeign, and at the same elying their words w ey time retions ation | | the resolution v { mittee | down the ap-| | Heights | Coats FRANKLIN OF PENNS' OF MASSACHUSETTS. JAMIN Year the Declaration W;s_Signed AlsoOne of Military Achievements nius in Strategy Displayed by Colonists as Revolutionary Struggle Developed. COMMITTEE—LEFT TO RIGHT: THOMAS JEFFERSON OF VIRGINIA. ROGER YLVANIA. ROBERT R. LIVING. From an old Currier & [ves print became manifest in the individual colonies, almost all of which drew up formal resolutions declaring such ac tion to be necessary. On June 17 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia intro duced a measure into the Continental Congress Philadelphia which de- ared th these united colonies are. and by right ought to be, free and independent.” A long and heated de- bate followed, in which the proposed policy was attacked by the deputies of Pennsylvania and New k. John Dickinson of the former colony de liverad an especially vigorous argument nst it. Nevertheless. on July 1 passed, New York alone witholding its approval. A com vas then appointed to draw jon, its member: of Virginia, 1 the dec rhomas Jefferson Adams of M chusetts. Ben, Franklin of Pennsylvania Sherman of Connecticut and Robert R Livingston of New York. The articles a5 submitied we work mainly of Thon Jefferson. and were adopt ed on July 4 by 12 of the colonies line on the 9th £ did not take place until 2. News of the decls independence received with thusiasm throughout the colonies. " Army. then stationed in the vicinity of New York. was officially notified of the action of Congress on the 11th, and in the celeb of the which dr; tue of King Geo Bowery, and converted to musket balls. e min e the in the likene: n. Howe, with -shed troops. had N the meanwhile ¢ his somewhat ref arrived in the harbc On July 2 they 1 landed on ten Island where they were received with friend liness by the natives. The British general remained there over a month 1. veceiving reinfo ents tity. until his army numbered 30,000 men Washinst took adv mmandi tsiand The latte biective of the Br was begun on August 27. It was well conceived and executed. The Red dvanced in three columns, One under Gen. Clinton discov of to with his army of the delay = positions such as and l‘u'n.rk"\n point becime the sh_attack which of th THE EXECUTION OF CAPT. NATHAN HALE, HERO MARTYR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. . the crown policies. Gradually they'llnes and occupied it unknown to the issued specifying just who should and who should not be permitted to enter the town. The English fleet lingered 10 days in Nantasket Sound. destroying the fortifications in the neighborhood. On the 27th the larger part of it sailed for, Halifax. Washington dispatched several regiments from time to time to New York, belng ignorant of the destination of the enemy and fearing an attack upon that port. On the 4th of April, having satisfied himself that the militia was sufiiclent to defend the State of Massachusetts, he left Cambridge himself for Manhattan. But the British were in no condi- tlon to undertake a new campaign, and were glad to rest a few months in Halifax. While there they planned a new campaign which involved three separate military movements. The ob- jective of the first was to capture the city of Philadelphia, capital of the colonies; the second proposed to apply the “divide and conquer” principle by obtaining control of the Hudson Val- ley and thereby isolating New kng- land; and the third called for the in- vasion of the Southern colonies, The last plan was attempted first. An English fleet under the command of Admiral Parker and carrying Gen. Cornwallis arrived on the American coast: about the 1st of May. It was became conscious of these extraordi-| colonial forces. nary conditions. Their list of griev- ances against their monarch, at first not considered sufficient to justify separation from the mother country to which there was a strong tra- ditional attachment, had grown to such proportions as to incite a strong sentiment for independence. Aside from the attempts at coercion that had led to the first bloodshed at Lexington over a year previous, incidents were continually occurring that further estranged the once loyal colonies. The decision to use Hessian troops In America was deeply re- sented, and led many to renounce all loyalty to King George. A plot to assassinate Gen. Washington and burn the city of New York, in which two of the officers on the Colonial commander’s staff were arrested, was discovered, and sald to have been financed by the English government. This affair helped strengthen the party which demanded separation from a king who would back such a scheme. A widely circulated pamphlet entitled “Common Sense,” published by Thomas Paine, strongly recom- mendeg separation from Great Britain, and proved very influential in bring- ing matters to a crisis. The desire for independence first- When the fighting began several detachments of the pa- triots found themselves attacked simul- taneously from front and rear, and could consequently do little but mo- mentarily delay the enemy. Under such conditions the British had little difficulty in capturing the American positions. The colonial losses of the day in killed, wounded and taken prisoners amounted to more than 3.000, while the English lost less than 400. Among the American casualties were Gens. Sullivan and _Sterling, the former being captured and the latter killed during the fighting. The defeat left the Army in & critical position on Long Island. It was faced with a vastly superior force in front and in danger of having its retreat cut off any moment by the British fleet moving up the Bast River. At a council of war on Au- gust 29 it was decided to evacuate the position. The decision was carried out with orderliness and precision, a heavy fog preventing the enemy from know- ing anything of the operation, and a favorable breeze making it possible for ships to take the soldiers quickly and quietly to New York City. It is said that Washington remained on Lon Island until all of his 9,000 men were aboard the transports, being | John | the | | Following this action the fort | the American forces reached i lo bb. The men were ill fed. poorly out fitted and armed and mans | openly discour Desertions were frequent. Washington was weighed down with problems. He had to do his best toward keeping up the mor of his army and the prepare for an attuck by In September it became evident that | he could not hold Manhattan and he retired from the city hortly thereafter | formation concerning and intentions of the called for a spy to enter lines. Nathan Hale. a Yale University and a 1 the Infantry volunteered. Disgui s a Dutch schoolmaster. he visited z tthe English camps in New York and on Long Isla / having been in the enemy’s ter nearly two and having ined all the desived information. he was about to return when recognized in the tavern of Widow Chichester, a Tory rendez vous. fle that there was a hoat approaching. Believing it to be a_vessel coming to take him back to his friends, the patriot rushed to the river only to be greeted by a line of led muskets and commanded render were he desired in the strength enemy and the British aduate of utenant & itory weeks o immediately sent of Gen. Howe. who was the accuracy and compre of the drawings of the fortifications found in the n’'s shoe Howe was so im pressed by the vouth's wplish ments that he offered him full p nter the crown s e was wasted on 4 man of liber and there wias no course left to the British commander but to order the captive to he executed The world learned and acclaimed the last words of the spy. delivered just before his death on September “My_oni vet is that T have one life to lose for my country.” 7T sentence alone made the man al. endeared him to posterity brought forth renewed ardor his fellow patriots of the time In the campaign that follow the retreat to the Delawar servant coleniul commander had noticed that the enemy 1 become so confident that he hazd committed se: al unwise actions. For one thing a careless sentry system | tained. For another and portant thing from - the standpoint, Gea. Howe ¥ the wings of his army | his base at New Ne: ) the Ameri was a force of 1,500 men. mostly Hesslans, quartered across the river at Trenton At Bordentown, a few mile | there was another Hessian ry while still further dow nstrean detachment of the I wa stationed. Washington believed t if one of these for could ‘be at tacked by surprise it could he defeat- ed before aid from the more distant posts of the English could arrive The night of Christma ed for an attempt of this sort. The | colonists were divided into three de- tachments to engage the three forces | of the enemy just the river. The first and largest of the attac ing parties was to cro: the Del at a place called Mackenkys about 9 miles above Trenton. commanded by Washington tand was the only detachment of the Army that succeeded in navigating to the b in and among fter ob. more Ame d extended too far from Brunswick in is was select It was himself, the river. The crossing began s nightfall and proved extremely haz- ardous because of the difficulty of constantly combating large cakes of floating ice. In order to make the surprise more complete Washington had planned to get his entire Army jover to the eastern bank before mid night. but the crossing had to be done so slowly that it was not completed until 4 o'clock in the morninz. At that time the American force was i divided into two marching columns, which advanced toward Trenton by different routes. It was hoped that the destination might be hed be- fore daylight, but a thick fog and drizzling sleet retarded the march so that the troops did not come upon the town until § ocloc In spite of all the delays the Hes slans were completely surprised. They had spent the night in a hilarious Christmas celebration and had not dreamed that Washington and his men were anywhere in the neigh- ‘borhood. Their commander wa mortally wounded in the first on- slaught. The troops, finding them- selves surrounded, quickly surrender- ed. Over a thousand prisoners were captured on the spot, the colonial losses in the encounter being two killed and three wounded. Fearing that a large force might be dispatched immediately ‘o the relief of Trenton from one of the nearby British posts, Washington did not linger in New Jersey, but hastily re- crossed the Delaware. ‘When he reached Philadelphia he made the most of his victory by parading the prisoners through the streets of the city to help restore confi- dence. The demonstration had the de- sired effect and awakened a new en- thusiasm for the war. News of the Christmas _ victory brought forth volunteers from all sides. With them Washington planned a new campaign, which, after several more years of trials and tribulations, eventually led tg viglerg, :