Evening Star Newspaper, March 28, 1926, Page 81

THE More Than 50 Candidates Enliven Haiti’'s New Presidential Campaign West Indian Island Which Has Been Under Guidance of United States Will Undertake Orderly Election After Years of Turmoil. SUNDAY BY COL. FRANK TION Hait nd where lowing VANS. is again centering that _little-know the West Indies the United States, fol its military interven- tio in the Summer of 19 has through treaty obl tions assumed the task of guiding the Haitian people toward the goal of financial and eco wowic reconstruction. On April 12 Haitian Council of State. com- ed of 21 representative Haitlan yni every district of the picturesque will elect its president for a four vears. President Louis the ‘leading candidate, but | candidates have already their hat into the ring, and the little island is s with interest. "ncle Sam M BB T T 3 and m Borno 50 oth tossed despite his vital interest 1 the outcome, has assumed a policy o hands off, but the re-election President Horno would fic in adral vably with the program of progres that the Ulinted States has put into ition with such atifyin ults Borno's able admi Borno, the president, has a personality The average on meeting him, with due | tion of the difference in race, MARINE BARRACKS IN HAITI'S CAPITAL. is struck by a certain resem to Woodrow Wilson. In phy- , 7 sique, tall and slender, in the con- | ended only Ly our intervention, and | clothed, and free clinics and dispen- | ence of Haitl. tours’ of his face, his eyeglasses, and | who does not know the great strides | ¢arios administer to his ills, peak of savagery and e certain professorlal appearance, 1rd peace, sanitation, financial sta. |~ or, the island was either n resemblance exists. His fluent / and reconstruction under Amer To illustrate his depth of the nar- | y,pazeq (o flee the island mpec tion further sug- guidance, it seems incompre- | ticulate T might recite the remark The insensate fury of the blacks de ts it Zy'u.']x” lh“v]\lu‘l\\':’n o le that any IHaitian of education | nade by a ranking officer of the gen | stroyed all symbols of their forme: nce, before ne | and intelligence should desire a return | - : ; ¥ officers ang | Slavery. Plantation buflding and mill ind became the > 0ld tegime. The answer is sim. | davmerie, which is under officers and froy “yotore the torch. Irrigation ntry ple to one who knows Haiti non-commissioned officers of the Ma- | diiches and roads were wiped out nde former ad l, trations Borno Under the old regime the leaders rine Corps. “Of cour: he’s content the fierce Haitian jungle completed was Haitian minister for foreign rela- | {hrove on the misery and exploitation | and would not have the old regime | (he ruin of the empire that Yrench tions and finance, and served as min- | of the masses. Intrigue removed back under any consideration. Yet.| genjus had bullt for Napoleon. Then if T ask a peasant If he knew that the | came insurrection and _ecivil war. United States had worked this magic to the neighboring republic of | {hose leaders who barred their lieuten- Domingo. He speaks English, | ants from active participation. Graft Voodoofsm, transplantedy from the and German fluently, and|lined their pockets. The stabilizing | change for him, it would mean nothing | Congo jungle, reared its viclous head. Santo Domingo mastered ' yesult of our participation, the stamp- ' to- him. If I told him that the Em-! jaiti became a byword among decent Dignifled, and vyet with, jng out of waste, graft and lootings of | peror of China had done all this for) nations, and a reproach to the West h““;n" (,’r'"e,f;fit‘\:;""’ fl“““:l"' ! the treasury has brought sad days to | him he would belleve itias quickly.” | Indies. cha of manner. Mme. of Haitian politiclans, and | _Constituting at least 90 per cent of | The savagery of Pres b 1 handsome consort, and both | (hey desipe nothing better than rever- | Haiti's population, the peasant has e e pe famillar In Cuba’s cir- | 4on to the old unbridled days. made little advance over the slave of | Africa that the French imported to | work thelr plantations. When the | Spanish blood strongly pre- | *'o0 ; ONELY PFE | with respect to the cardinal point United States did intervene in 191 made by President Borno, that the {lliteracy of . his people was such as to render them wnfit at this time for | Lhe Deasantry was at a deplorably low | ebb. Unscruplous native politicians | and their voodoo priests told them exercise of the franchise, Senator Pomerene, a member of the Senate s that American intervention meant a return to the old days of French | committee that investigated conditions in Haiti in 1921, estimated the per- 4 centage of illiteracy of Haltl's popula. | Slavery. and goaded the black to fiend- tlon of 2,050,000 at 98 per cent. All|ish torture of American prisoners, to trained observers place it between 90 | €Xcesses of savagery and treachery. | and 98 per cent. Dr. Georges Sylvain, | When peace finally came in troubled Haiti however, the peasant was changed. His only aim now is secu president of the Union Patriotique d* Haiti, a cultured Haltian who wears the rosette of France's Legion of Hon- | 'ty to work his little garden and there or, and one of Borno's bitterest ene. | by satisfy his simple wants. He Is} the streets, and then threw mies, testified before the committee | {rée from the base rumors of the pol- | the sharks in the harbor iticlan of the worst type, from the| It was then that we intervened flery rum and voodoo superstitions | the judgment of Mr. Lansing. that the republic had enjoyed com- pulsory education since 1864, but ad- | | that fired him to revolt, and a woman | Secretar- State, “if th States had not assumed th mitted that 90 per cent were illiterate. bility some other power would Haitl's credit was then exhausted and she was on the brink of financial disaster. Her coasts were lighted by four feeble lights that a profane Dutch skipper once described as “the kind you could buy in any five-and-ten cent store.”” Wretched wandered through a wasted Sanitation was practically and pestl lence closed ports with appalling frequency. There was not a planta tion of all the 7,000 that flourished in the French days. A ragged army com manded by 308 generals held the peas ants under brutal exploitation. It was not until Mageh, 1922, how e under iis iking The revolt reached the y white in | sa ssacred or wyer, an ntered int French while in Spanish much vi defined Borno the 1 es where dominates the evil days that had fallen on fertile Haitf. Threatened by the advance of a revolutionary army, he filled the Penitencler Nationale at Prince, the capital, with political pris oners, representative of the families in Haiti. With the rebels at his gates he ordered their massacre and more than 125 were killed in their cells by the bullets and bayonets of his guards The capital rose in revolt and Guil | laume sought sanctuary in the French legation. The infuriated mob drag ed him out, dismembered him, pa raded the gruesome fragments through * f"HE inauguration of President Borno | on May 15, 1922, presented a spec- le unique in Haitian history, that newly elected chief of state at- \ding the ifnaugural ceremonies in ompany with the retiring one. In he stormy 118 years between the sirth of the Republic of Haitl and ur intervention in 1915 Haitl had | Lieen ruled by one king. two emperors, 23 presidents. Fourteen of them ed for less than one year of the ntory terra of seven. Just prior intervention there had been presidents in less than four seven then United responsi OFf this long line but one had lived to fill the full term. The others | }ad been deposed by revolutions, fled into exile, or had fallen victims to assassination by knife bullet or wison. At the conclusion of the in- wugural ceremonies Borno, how- wver, his predecescor, Dartiguenave, re witin full honors to his coun i seat When Dartiguenave was elected president the vote was cast by the Taitian Senate and Chamber of Depu- tles. In 1917 Dartizuenave dissolved the two bodies, which were in a con stant state of ferment, and obstruct- | ing all legi: m. A council of state, | appointed by and responsible to the | president, took the place of the two | bodies, consisting of 21 members, with | ‘;\l'sr. that American Priicipation in three from each of the territorial dis- | aitl was placed on a sound, co-or tricts of the country. Under the | nated basis, Tn the mesntime tracs Haitian constitution of 1918, however, | rection and banditry had been ended it was provided that the flrst legisia- | roads were being buill. peace and tive elections should be held on Janu- order prevailed, and Haiti's ary 10 of an even vear, and the presi- | and economic progress had b dent was empowered to designate that i this time President Harding ear by issuing a decree for the pri- the first high mary eleetoral ies on a date | Gen. John H. Russell of the Marine not later than October 10 of the vear Corps, with the rank and power of an preceding the elections for the Senate | Ambassador, and Haiti's progress fol and the Chamber of Denutias | lowed with amazing forward strides. When President Borno deci Sen. Russell, Californian and 10 set the date last October an Annapolis graduate, had already reasons for postponing served as brigade commander, and was tions until 1928, or later, in not only conversant with Haiti’s con He asserted his firm intention ' ditlons and needs but sympathetic to out the constitutional provision when a hizh degree with Haitian aspira- people were suflici prepared | tions, and held an unbounded faith in o exercise franchise, 1 held that | its destiny. Possessed to marked the present time, with & peopie of degree of that rare quality, patience whom 90 per cent were absolutely > ¢ tactful, incorruptible, and a “bull” fliterate, such a_courss 1 be 3 Haiti's future, it proved an admirable ruinous to Haiti’s welfare | < < ‘ choice. In his statement he rehearsed the tnkriguing. and eratting oMinls. rchy and bloodshed of successive Haitians have wakened fully to v that had brought Hait o | realization that Gen. Russell is work ruin; paid tribute to the ing for Hally's fnterests alone. worls the American i intervention, and denounced the pe rd ticians who were moring for elec- tions as obstructio who would de- | stroy the progress of the republic for | their selfish ends. ‘The enemies of Borno made great | use of the argument that, as the coun- f state is appointed by and re sponsible to Borno, his re-election was predetermined Dartiguenave his predecessor, however, although ac. tive candidate for re.electic feated b f his own coun- U ndet dates to dispute Borno multjplied, the half-century ma were a few men the bulk of ‘the list was made up of men who, if suceessrul, would speed. have undone the splendid work hat the American High Comissioner nd his staff of tre experts have ccomplished. 1t sreadfast co- wration with President Borno, trails and unknown gun. At appainted commissioner, Brig ed not | he gave | the elec- to carry | PRESIDENT AND MME. BORNO OF HAITL the - 1 e verg constructive o can now traverse Haiti alone and un- armed, and meet with only hospitality and soft greetings. * kK % ORNO'S claim that the time has not yvet come for this illiterate and iculate mass to exercise the fran- | In the words of the committee’s re port, referring to this nalve admis “What a commentary on Haitian educatfon!” | The great mass of the people are not alone illiterate to the extent tha they can neither read nor write. Their cen language is a‘ Creole. patos different from the French of the small culturél class that no T is customary for the critics of our continued participation in Haiti to picture the high commissloner as a military autocrat, with President s 18 a sound one, for:in the hands | Sornc 488 mere puppet in his hands, e tatare their fean, | Contrary to popular bellef, our par. T O B o & trap. | ticlpation in Haitian affairs is and se il s € & | has been of a vitally restricted nature Frenchman . | when compared to the part it has could underftand them. By compari-| Haiti was discovered by Christopher | played, or is playing, in the. Philip <on the American Expeditionary | Columbus on December 6, 1492, and | pines, Cuba, Porto Rico or Santo Foree doughboy, with his rudimentary | he named the island Hispaniola. At | Domingo. That should octbulary and his amazing pronun- | the entrance to Cape Haitien his flag- | mind when the inevitable question fs ation. would be a wizard in his un- | ship. the Santa Maria, was wrecked. | asked: “What have we contribyted derstanding of Irench. In addition, | With its salvaged timbers he built the | 1o Haiti in the 11 years since we the Creole patois rarely sees print.|fortress of La Navidad, the first settle- [ landed American bluejackets and ma- The word man, for Instance, is|ment of white men in the western | rines on Haitian soil? ouin,” possessing not the slightest | world. | Under the treaty of 1915 our parti- resemblance to the Irench word,| The French acquired it from Spain | cipation was limited to financlal con- “homme. by the Treaty of Ryzwick In 1697.| trol alone. We were given advisory The peasant Under French rule iti became the | or co-operative supervision in the ad can marine dubs him not only | richest gem in Frances colonial neck- | ministration of the Gendarmerie d' hopelessiy illiterate. but equally in- | lace, with great planiations of sugar| Haiti to pgeserve peace and order, articulate. Under the. influence of our | and coffee, mills, =plendid roads and |and in_ sanitation and public works. occupation he is longer the help- | irrlzation ditches: and to France went [ We had no part whatever in the edu less victim of impressment into the | great shipments of coffee. cotton, | cational field armies and bands of robbers who | sugar, indigo and hardwoods. chools, none in the judiciary system roamed through Haiti, destroying his | Finally the blacks rose in revolt. | or in agriculture, and purely advisory little garden patch and burning his | The military skill of Touissant and | relations with the legislative system. home while. he hid in the hills, but free | Dessalines and the ravages,of vellow | Two years ago i to work his gardens, and bring its |fever \ew against Napoleon's vet- | vision in agriculture. The departments produce into market. He is content | erans, urd on New Year day, 1804, | administering the gendarmerie, public and immeasurably better fed and ' Dessalines proclaimed the independ: ' works, the sanitation sior d s0 n the votes red by the prospec the election until they passed k. Among them veal ability. but candi with ¢ or gook, as the Ameri "[HE average Haitian politician s | n intensely developed opportunist Vaiti knows but twoe parties, the Ins nd the Outs. National spirit is at low tide. To an American not fa miliar with the background of Haiti | nd the depiorable regime that was OF HAITL STAR, WASHINGTON, D. 1 | { Guillaume proved the culmination of | Port’ au | finest | them to ! In financial | With all their background of | the | be horne in | ave in the building of | we assumed super- | service and ! \ C., MARCH 28, 1926—PART 5. Earliest of Fenwicks in Maryland Was Influential Man in the Colony HE Rambler has written of Fenwicks who lived in Prince Georg: and Montgome; Counties when the District of Columbla was created and of Fenwicks named in early records of Washington. These rambles may in terest thousands of persons not named Fenwick. In the many generations of the family there were daught and the direct and collateral kin of the Fenwicks may be as numerous as readers of The Star. The first of the family in Maryland was Cuthbert Fen- wick ‘and the Rambler has been told that he was one of the pilgrims led to Maryland by Leonard Calvert in 1634. Many Maryland families trace back to a pilgrim of 1634 and this claim cannot always be proved by records. There is preserved an in- complete register of the adventurers | who set up a cross on an island in the Potomac, identity of which island is disputed, and later founded a town | they called St. Marys on a river to which they gave that name and which flows into the Fotomac about 10 miles above Point Lookout The Rambler has not looked at the list of adventurers who came to Maryland in the Spring of 1634 to see whether Cuthbert Fenwick was among them, but this can be done by any one interested in the matter. I as sume that the information given me is {correct, and that Cuthbert Fenwick was in the Calvert party of 1634. I have often seen his name in early { Maryland records and my recollection is that the records show him to hav been a man of influence in Maryland when the colony was young. A etch before me says The Fenwicks are from Northum- | verland County, England. Cuthbert FFenwick held many responsible po sitions and became at once an fnter esting historic personage. Ie was the trusted friend of Thomas Corn wallace and lived at the Manor House, “The Cross,’ during the Captain’s fre quent trips of England. For many vears he figured conspicuously in the legislative halls of provincial Mary land. It is generally supposed that | {Cuthbert Fenwick married Corn | wallace's daughter and by her had | three children—Thomas, ~who dled voung: Cuthbert and Ignatius. His second wife was Jane Eltonhead, | widow, and they had three sons, | Robert, Richard and John." o | T ET the Rambler take breath a min 144 yte and reflect on Thomas Corn wallace, or Thomas Cornwallis, or Thomas Cornwaleys. You do not re- member that the Rambler wrote a series of stories about Glymont, the | Pye, Marbury and Chapman families 14 'scores of other families that lived “Neck” were Chapman Point, Pyes | Landing. The “Neck” or peninsula it MR i Moo AR I il i agriculture are dependent upon the IMaitian legislative branch for their | appropriations. In short, the Haitian | zovernment today is functioning in | | branches save in the control of its e hree vears of painstaking educa- | tion on the part of High Commisstoner | Russell were necessary befare the | JHaitian government would consent to |4 the passage of the law for the Haitian | Joan. Tt was vitally necessary for the | stabilization of Haitian finances: the | elevation of her credit to that of an honorable status among the nations; for payment of the long-deferred ex- | ternal and internal debts; the settle- | ment of clalms among both nationals and foreigners: and for the extension the reconstruction program That hardly comports with the pic ture of an American high commis- sioner swinging the “big stick” over President Borno. his cabinet of five members and his ] councilors of | state. Out of the authorized loan of | | §40,000,000, the first series of $16,000.- | | 960 was made in 1923. Its passage has accomplished all that High Commis. | Sioner Russell had foreseen, and Hai ! tian bonds command an excellent posi lion in the financial circles of the world. When the high commissioner took up his difficult task in 1922 the de partments administered by the treaty officials were unco-ordinated. and for that reason mo systematic program could be carried out, proper budgets | prepared or Haiti set properly on her feet. His first act was the co-ordina tion of all American activities, cover- | ing financial control, the maintenance of order, the construction of road bridges, water systems and public buildings and sanitation. The brigade of marines was also under his super- | vision. He impressed on his subordinates, all experts in their line, and with him convinced of the soundness of their respective missions, that their ulti mate goal was to leave Haiti, on our ultimate withdrawal, with all the ele- ments necessary for its self-govern- ment. The yearly reports made to the State | Department are eloquent in the in- | cxeasing number and sphere of Haitian | participation in the various felds. The i department of public works is each ning a growing number of Haitian engineers, arcifitects, artisans, office executives, hydrographic aids, steam gauge readers, telephone and ! telegraph operators and inspectors. The sanitary service is turning out Haitian physiclans, surgeons, nurses, dentists, pharmacists and sanitary in- spectors. Practically all the force of ithe financial adviser and general re | celver of customs is purely Haitian The recently formed office of the chief | | agricultural engineer is enrolling and | | training a Haitian personnel. In the {tanks of the Haitian gendarmerie there are now _approximately 50 | Haitians of the, best type who are {either commissioned, acting or aspir- ant officers, or practically one-half of Iits commissioned strength. * ok kX LL these departments are organ ized into departments with district iand subdistrict divisions, so that throughout Haiti the nativd Haitian |is working shoulder to shoulder with Americans in the rehabilitation of the | country. 3 i Coincident with this sound expan- |sion has gone the gradual reduction | of armed American forces to a mini- ‘mum. The former marine brigade of full strength, with aviation and other attached special units, three years ago was stationed throughout the jsland. Today it numbers but 800, with the marines in Port au Prince | and Cape Haitien, while the former in- terior posts are now garrisoned by gendarmes. We have given Haiti 1,500 Kkilo- I meters of excellent roads, extended her main trafls, ighted her coasts with 15 modern s, constructed) 600 Kilometers of telegraph lines, and installed 8 telephone exchenge sys- tems. Isolated sections of the coun- | try no longer exist, for there are ade- | quate roads, bridges and communica- | tions, and irrigation projects are being i pushed to the extent of the available irevenue. We have installed modern sanitation and municipal water sup- ply systems, opened free dispensaries and clinics in the interior, made a medical survey of the island, and thrown open all our medical facilities to the Haltian medical fraternity. Her cities and ports are healthy, and her capital, Port au Prince, is a model of | cleanliness to the West Indies. The marines and gendarmes have made Haiti safer than the average New and village. year t | River. ship of Leonard Calvert. | between the Potomac and Mattawom- | an Creek, on the upper end of which | Neck' were Chapman’s oPint, Pye's | TLanding and Glymont Wharf, and on | he low part of which is Indian Head, | w once known as “Cornwallis Neck because it was part of a grant to Capt. | Cornwallis, celebrated in young Mary land. In the “Instructions to the | Colonists by L Baltimore, 1633, was this “Instructions 13 Novem 1633 direct ed by the Right Honorable Cecilius, Lord Baltimore and Lord of the Prov- ince of Mary Land and Avalon unto his well-beloved Brother Leonard Ivert Esquire his Lordship’s Deputy Governor of his Province of Mary Land, and unto Jerom Hawley and Thomas Cornwaleys, his Lordship's Commissioners for the Government of said Province.’ Turning to one of those stories 1 wrote about Glymont and Cornwal Neck 8 or 10 y ago. 1 extract this “Capt. Cornwallis commanded the Calvert vessels in the Clairborne war nd was appointed to the command of he colonists in one of the early expe ditions against the Indians. Me- Sherry, the Maryland historian, after relating the efforts of William Clair horne to incitesdhe Indians against the settlers at St. Marys City, wrote that Clairborne, folled in these attempts. re solved on measures of open hostility ¥arly in 1635 he fitted out an armed pinnace with 14 men under Lieut Warren to cruise ainst the & Marys colonists. Calvert sent out (wo pinnaces under command of Capt Cornwallis. They came upon the Clairborne galley in the Pokomoke In the fight one of Cornwallis killed and three of the Clair crew. One of the killed was arren. The survivors were taken prisoner and landed by Corn wallls at St. M; City. The Ram bler uses the name ‘Warren' as he found it in MecSherry’s history. In some of the old chronicles the name of Clairborne’s commander appears as Lieut. Ratcliffe Wi of the pinnace was the Cockatrice The names of Cornwallis’ vessels were St. Helen and Margaret.” L ANE ELTONHEAD. down as the secona wife of Cuth- bert Fenwick, was a daughter of Rich Itonhead. and she had a brother Willlam. Cuthbert Fenwick’s will was ated 1654, but 1 have not the date of death. 1 am told that his home plantation, St. Cuthbert's Manor, joined the plantation Della Brooke. patented to Robert Brooke in 1650, and that the Fenwick and Brooke families intermarried. I have a record that Col. Richard Fenwick, a grandson of Cuthbert Fenwick, married Dorothy Plowden of Resurrection Manor Ignatius Fenwick, a cousin of Col Richard Fenwick, married Eieanor Neal, a descendant of Capt. James Neal, a pioneer in Maryland. A number of Fenwicks have been Catholic priests and nuns. Zdward men W born who is set rner and the name | | | Elizabeth. Fenwick, a son of Col. Ignatius Fen- | wick and Sarah Brooke Taney Fen wick of Wallington Manor, was, I am told, the first bishop of the Catholic LEONARD FENWIC! of ‘the, Cq grandson of Wallington missionary vered by Fenwic cese of who w Cineinna sident ¢ Geor Novitiate e Manol Somn th bishop Boston R Geor Col. Ignatius land ice In the durin Iznatius F wick, Capt Ignating F the mwick enwicks eh Fenwick departme Robert Fenwick e of Rev n uncle of ge Fenwicl of the erick and lat Fe Revolutionary Amer Revolution Maj wick Philip Fenwick and Capt first of Was ativs Fenv was a her family the Catholic ) councils of n the Revolutionary f s ngton and a ck o Dominican Fenwicks re Benedict dio John Fe Rishop Fenwick | och Fenwick, College, and a professor in ciety of Jesus st at S k took part of Mary tary sery were Col Philip Fen n mi of the three the brig Richard ir i the commis Marys County FENWICK COAT OF ARMS. married Ann Manning. and they had |but the inter and |are any three children, Catherine. Belinda Mile: Henry, Ignatius, orn January 9, ‘ounty and mar 92. Sk August of llams, his wife. and Annie Jam Mar 1806, Enoch, Cornelius 171 Cornelius, He took , and their children were Joseph and was Marys | ied Dr. Thomas James and Ann Children of Cornelius s Fenwick were Maria. Leonard and Stephan. Annie James was born in 1772 and died She was a daughter | structed - | this region. John a second wife, Fenwic , in St Wil Cornelius and his wife moved to Ken tucky soon after their marriage. of Wash- after the death of | nelius married M ington County Cor Piles in ship tine in Rambler Believes That He Was in the Party of Pilgrims That Came in 1634 Under Leader- Ky 1859, atl Cornelius Franklin County, evine Penwick. sister of married Robert Holton ane moved Kentucky. Robert Fenwick. father « Cornelius, also moved to Kentuc and his will, recorded in 1808, is ir the courthouse of Franklin County Marvia Fenwick, daughter of Cornelius warried Col. Jacob Cox of Franklin ‘ounty, Ky and d in 1892, aged 100. A note on my desk says that the Fenwick, Brooke. Neal, Brent, Plow den, Carroll and Young families inter | married. And, of course, a thousand other families of Maryland. Virginia and the District were related to these * % % in SMALL photograph of the Fenwiclt arms lles beside my typewriter |1 hope that one of our artists by re | drawing it will make it reproducinle | on this page. Of course, with you knowledge of heraldry vou will have no trouble in reading the shield and crest. but one or two readers ma balk on the motto “Perit ut Vi At | I had trouble with it myself. In the st place a shadow in the faded ple | ture made me think there was a “v between “vl" and “at” and 1 the. word for the present subjunctive f a verb of the third conjugatior | Thus I made the motto “He dies tha he may live.” It struck me that sucl a motto was nonsense and it reminded | of an old French song “Si j'etais-t-in visible, personne n'me verrait.” | “If T were invisible nobody would ses | me.” That song is mentioned in Tar tarin de Tarascon. 1 used (o sing when I lived arascon and attende: the cercle with Tartarin Costecalde Bezuquet, Bravida, and even Bompard and Pascalon. *Those were the hapy days when my friend Tartarin was b chasseur casquettes and bef hie became a hunter of lions in Algie and a climber of the Alps. 1 ha found a few persons in Washing who never met Tartarin and I fee that they would get more joy out of him than out of some persons the | meet every day. But I must returs | to the mutton of the Fenwick motto When I thought “He dies that he ma live” did not make sense. I decide that the shadow in the faded litt picture did not hide a “v'* and tha there were two words, “vi” and herefore 1 offer vou. thoug car that 1 may be wrong, this t tion of the m He falls strons hen he falls Te dies, but it i< h courage,” or “He dies. but never heless with violence, 1 think would be more satisfactory to vou ar me were I to lay this motto before n old friend Frank Hemelt, who is the best Latinist that | know that I kn Washington Mesa Verde Ruins. by I ruins left man Mesa Veri National Park in Colorado are a chroi indication of an evolution « through a long perfo of the Americar of Dr. chief of the Burea of the Smi Fewkes these “a w! aduc w Evidences br researches among ! the prehistoric n the fancient cultu {of time in this part continent, in the Waiter Fewkes of American E: sonian Institutior long been a student Tle has been impressed with the d ferences in buflding and differer sms of artifacts found there. It seems to me that in the evel: tion of the Mesa Verde culture.” say< v. Fewkes, “we have a fragment of prehistoric development from simple to complex tvpes unaffected by out side influences. although profound affected by environment, sending ou influences reaching to most dista regions of the Southwest and leavins vestigial survivors in several ge graphical areas. There are ind tions that the Mesa Verde has moc fied the evolution of man's develop ment in our Southwest and is a trus hild of the environments of the past Dr. Fewkes said that “there is 1 area of equal size in North Americ that contains so many different type lof ruins as the Mesa Verde platea lin Colorado.” “T do not mean, of course, that thers are not other regions” sald Di Fewkes, “where we have in as limite 1 area traces of as large a popula tion, but none in which there are s many different types of architectu and as many evidences of varietles of culture of the population as here | These differences are slight, to be sur« sting thing is that there in centers of population | closely crowded together. | “To the large majority of peoplc who know our Southwest. the name Mesa Verde suggests the cliff dwelling- and for a long time the only building< | that were associated with this monu ment were the large dwellings cor in the mammoth caves « But in the course of time | archeologists pointed out evidences of other types of ruined buildings. some {of which were like those in the val | leys around the Mesa and some which were unique, unrepresented |elsewhere in North Ameri Progress in investigation opinion nology D: of ruins of these diocese of Cincinnati. Nicholas Young his first wife and died at his home in |types and the small objects found NWICK. them revealed characteristic differ | ences in the cuiture of the people whe bullt them, and continued study wil Increase the number and character of thgse types. Theories have been of fered to explain this want of wr formity, but none of these is wholl: satisfactory. The question naturally arises whether they are indicative o | different chronological epochs in the deveiopment of the work of man on this plateau; whether they belonged to the serles of development stages from simple to complex: were builders of different architectur simultaneous linhabited, or were different phases of |the same people but synchronous in time. | While reaching the conclusion that these ruins are evidences of chrono logical epochs in culture, Dr. Fewkes | says that he has not attempted to date any of the types considered in terms |of the Christian era. 'The evidence furnished by the number of annual rings of a ceda tree which grew on top of the wall of | Sun Temple, the highest form of the ltype of towers,” said Dr. Fewkes | “shows that it was constructed before 11540 A.D., the date of Coronado's ‘ontmm-e into ghe Pueblo area. N | white man ever saw Mesa Verde when it was inhabited by its prehistori house buflders. We have as vei however, no means of knowing how many years passed before the fif teenth centur) aboriginal settlers came to the area now called Mes Verde and can only offer speculations lin reply to this question. | “We have in this park evidences of “haracteristic stages in developm |of architecture which would imply | many vears' growth. and we must al {low considerable antiquity for the in | habitants of this region to account for | the objects of material culture.” i They Se; ETerythingA ITHOUGH angleworms cannot tinguish objects, they are not blind. They have light-sensitive or- s distributed along the whole necth of their hodles that perf-rm Y the tunction of the nornwl eye. dis