Evening Star Newspaper, November 8, 1925, Page 47

AERIAL DEFENSE INQUIRY i MISUNDERSTOOD BY MANY Not Due to Clash Between Army and Navy But Prompted by Fundamental Need, Aviatio McILHINEY. Av BY DONALD W, tation for a aerial defenses of inter- and the are led to be- ed on a fundamental Neith is it a doah di ster or event. The sub. of the controversy the nse not some minor the personnel in naval ¥ promotion status of in our en the Army many leve, but i need of the sult of ¥ other pa cording their stated that 1 appeared to be wling on the The more more the hat_sur- Eve ving field comparative going ther in ane it half hour v road in a this think- of war will erations of earth- yers feel try rests with As indicated result of not dent qualit elin X- Real Conquest of A Commerc apprecia of an ai is KEYS, onquered when from the North y first crossed it. conguered when rs reached | of an ele- n to the peace- so that he may ofits of its use. juest of the air en in Europe, on sup: w it any profit from their air lines ire_and the =0 high that maintained 1 by the taxpayers is rs of Air Modest. about the in of the West, of the st re. The railway and received very he nature of subsidy, and pr » than any one re establishment of air 1bsidy in much mor t land grant The i last pioneer 1 has been suc- 5d in which indirect | most lav- | 1p_of transpor- | 1e Federal Gov- slished a systems of All the been has s have penditure of £ m the same purpose. this aid to transportation has given in order that the com- the country may move freely thereby ~the turnover of st All of been merce ¢ and that al Flyi last land | huge | n Expert Says | pressed in the general staff doctrine | that “the function of other arms is | to assist the advance of the infant: In they mean “directly | a From this interpretation comes the opposition to an air force | on the ground that the formation of ich an organization would rob the infantry of the aid of the Air Service. | No one who advocates giving more | weight to aircraft in our scheme of national defense is in favor of ham- pering the Air Service in any way; quite the opposite. Flying Alters Views. undersfanding of the effec- of air power forces one to the conclusion that failure to utilize aircraft to the fullest extent is a disastrous impediment in the way of | proper national defense. It is a sig- | nificant fact that most officers who | were trans red into the Air Service from other arms have become vel | strong advocates of a realignment of our defense organization, whereas they formerly were equally opposed | to any consideration of the ideas of flyers | “The public should understand that | the President did not appoint the air Loard, headed by Dwight Morrow, lin order to settle a service dispute. The board was appointed to investi- te the situation and determine the proper place f aircraft in national security. The overwhelming amount of evidence presented to them will undoubtedly lead them to recommend | an increase in the degree of recogni- | ion accorded aviation by the Gov- | ernment. One of their points will | probably be a statement of the rela- | tive functions of the Army and the Navy, but merely to elucidate the situation, not to give either service imaginary contest. ht. 1925.) ir Yet to Come; A full tivenes: ng Held Final Test £oods may be increased and the profits { of the Nation may be enlarged. | Similar aids are asked of munici- palities, of States and of the Nation as a foundation for commercial avia- tion. It is requested that the Govern- | ment equip and light the great air- | ways of the country just as the Gov- rnment equips and lights the great Air trans: portation will move between points | Where the municipalities lay down fa- cilities for traffic, just as transporta- road moves where the munici- palities build roads. Beyond that no | aid is wequired and none’is asked. - On this foundation private capital will build for the conquest of the air— that is, for its reduction to the peace- ful use of mankind in order to expe- | dite the turnover of goods, the move- | ment of capital and credit and thereby increase the earning power of those |1 i who use them. Quick Profits Unlikely. Assuming the foundation, the build- ing up of commercial aviation may be a profitable enterprise. But let no one deceive himself to the effect that | he can put a few dollars at work in such an enterprise as this and reap quick and great reward. Capital | that embarks in transportation must ssarily be patient capital. A great | majority of the enterpri that are | being put together at the present time to carry on transportation by air will never pay a dividend, but will, on the . be absorbed and lost. As a business enterprise commerctal aviation has many allurements, but safety of principal is not one of them. There will be many mistakes—in equipment, in operation, in finance, in | the matter of working capital, in in. surance and in many other aspects of this trade. Mistakes will have to be paid for in cash and in time. (Copyright. 1925.) Sacrifice of Locarno Pact May Result From from First Page.) es of the red peril are or and Strese- Ive the Rejchstag and preciy a new general elec- tion. 1If, in meantime, the allied armies of occupation should be with- arawn from zone and mil gestures made, there that the result n sweeping victory for the but it might also inv strengthening nd perhaps destroy emann combination Cologne conciliatory little doubt ma in hand seems more e National de their vote responsibility the same time incident to de- nt. This is what the Dawes their 1 ge, for the operation I public, while the yod their worc ne wing of thel Nationalists will the open and united party is even if would alien: wants peac wh pres of the ¥French Becoming Disgusted. situation is infinitely Dissolution is more e, although not im- is no sure sign would clear the recent minor indicate that des Gauc s would win le hope of the more that in the will will iready now contrary, seemed t position is ind Socialists the countr st. They have trouble in Morocco the refusal of the iulist pressure, to time, while the direct conse- £ Sarrail, no- having a great mess the but political pull Painleve, while a and well meaning sense a leade nd was ure as premier during the war. His party is committed now to the cap- jtal levy, but to enforce it will mean to fight all the financially consider able interests of wtion. France ot abandon Syria or give up the mpuign, vet the Social- Je termination of both vezard to the conse- or material the moment France has mo to whom to turn. The mass o-do have lost all con- Radicals led by and Painleve and the Con- vatives led by Millerand and sincare. Both have failed to make peaco and bring about tranquillis thoroughly good man, is in_no 1 total fail- Moroccan Ists demand affairs without tences, moral At leader fidence Herriott in t alike quabbles in France and Germany and sound financial conditions. The nation is superficially prosperous, there is no unemployment and ex ports exceed fmports. The recent | Wheat crop has been almost unprece- | dented in late vears. But the bur- den of the war debt remains insup- portable. Germany Belter Off. Germany, having gone through in- flation and repudiation, is in a better state as a consequence, having abol- ished her domestic debt and stabil- ized her currency. But she must have foreign capital to get back to normal conditions, and she can only get foreign capital by giving clear proof of a pacific purpose. Ratifica- tion of the Locarno pacts would see her out of the woods. Yet it is on precisely this point that her present cabinet, which is intelligent and strong, is now held up. France needs confidence more than anything else. Her own people have |lost confidence, they are sending their capital abroad and refusing to take new government bonds. A colossal amount of unfunded obligations rapidly falling due and there i present way to meet them. A capi- tal levy will not suffice, because it will inevitably alienate capital and s in the end defeat its main ob- France also needs peace and yrian and Moroccan campaigns must place new burdens upon her treasury. In the end it may be that France will have to follow the example of Ger. many and go through bankrupte by the inflation route. The results will be disastrous for France immediately and for Britain and the other Euro- pean countries indirectly. We shall suffer corespondingly as the purchas- ing power of France and the adjacent | states is diminished. Yet the chances of any escape from this crash are rapidly diminishing and there is no evidence of any competent leadership available. Repudiation Inevitable. If France does go through bank- ruptey then the repudiation of her governmental debts abroad is quite as inevitable as the elimination of her domestic debt. Our policy in closing our capital to France while the debt to us is unsettled m i about French collaps: | lapse will infallibly result in_the re- pudiation of the existing debt. Person- ally 1 cannot see any present hope for the governmental finances of France. Absence of reparations from rmany to meet the costs of recon- struction of the devastated area, fol- lowing the destruction of French capi. tal during the war, has produced a situation seemingly without remedy. Nevertheless, I do nbt believe that new debt negotiations twith are likely or that better terms for us will be offered by Painleve or any successor. If, as seems likely, Briand succeeds ainleve and the new cabinet has a decidedly more conservatice charac- ter, there is even less chance of new debt negotiations, for Briand was driven out of office before mainly be- cause of his American failure in the Washington conference, and nothing is more certain than that he will try no new American experiment. 4Covyrizht. 19268 Note: The following interview with a noted woman in_public life is a_plai spoken expression of her own opinions. 'he Star prints them because they are of interest and mot because it subscribes to them. They should stimulate discussion of the’ figure women are cutting in folitics, . Next Sunday . ihe views of Mrs. Gibbs will be answered by another woman political leader—Ars. Mabel Wil- iebrandt, Assistant Attorney General of the United States. BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. THINK women have failed in politics. They are not only a lure, but a menace. The pressure that is being exerted on legislators by woman office-seek- ers for more and more laws, commis- sions and bureaucratic agencles un- der the hypocritical guise of humani- tarianism and womanly tenderness is bringing about a centralization in our Government which will destroy it if not checked. “I am for a repeal of the nineteenth amendment.”’ These words of Mrs. Rufus Gibbs, prominent anti-feminist, were spoken without trace of vindictiveness. Mrs. bbs was vice president of the Na- ional Anti-Suffrage ociation and dent of the Maryland Anti-Suf-| Assoclation preceding the rati- fication of the nineteenth amendment. Since that date she has been legisla- tive chalrman of the Democratic Women of Maryland. She has seen politics inside and out. Tt may be| fairly said of her that her conclu- | sions are those of a woman who has no ax to grind, no thirst for publicity and no ambitions to be promoted. Only after the greatest importunity could I persuade her to talk. * ok Kk k¥ Without a moment’s hesitation she epitomized her views on women in politics, which T have quoted in the introduction to this interview. 1 then asked: *“Women have had the vote for five years at least and for many vears preceding in some States. Do you think they have made any noticeable contributions to poli- tHoes?™ A. With the exception of alding in the introduction of calm afd civil- ity about the polling places, 1 think their effects upon politics have been negligible. Much of that calm and civility, however, is more attributable to the general advance in culture and clvilization than to women's par- ticipation in politics. T think that Cleveland’s epigram “that women would not change politics as much as politics would change women" has proved itself true. The women who go into politics as officeholders are differentiated from men only by the skirts they wear. Q. Do you think women have been any more moral in politics than men? * A (13 A. 1 wonder how much longer this | age-worn idea is going to persist? Of course, women are not more moral than men. They say they are, but| that is because men are stupid enough to believe them. My experience with women in politics has shown me that the old type of unscrupulous hack politiclan has nothing on some of the women I have seen in politics. Let me illustrate. A year or so ago I |back to the ch; was invited to attend a meeting of BY HENRY W. BU HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended Novem- ber T France.—M. Painleve appeared be- fore the Chamber with his new cabi- net on Tuesday. He had hoped to Zon- solldate his position by persuading the Unified Socialists to participate in the government, and he offered portfolios to Leon Blum, their leader, and Paul Boncour, but the Unified Socialists de- cided to continue the selfish attitude they maintained toward Herriot and toward Painleve during his adminis- tration just concluded. / They are a minority in the Left coalition (108 seats), but their votes are necessary to maintenance of a Left government. They have made the lives of the Her- riot and Painleve governments uneasy and precarfous by the constant threat of withdrawing their support. They tragically handicapped the ~govern- ment in the earlier stages of the Mo- roccan war, and their insistence on a capltal levy, pure and simple, has des- perately delayed and prejudiced a fiscal solution. In his ministerial declaration Pain- leve asserted that his government must be one *of immediate realiza- tion.” It must find a satisfactory so- lution for the fiscal embarrassments, must procure ratification of the Lo- carno instruments, must clean up the ian mess, must make the neces- sary plans for Morocco, and must vig- orously resume negotiations toward a settlement of the foreign debts. The budget, of course, must be balanced to a T. Precise plans for stabiliza- tion of the franc would be presented later. For the present Painleve could only say that his program would call for “national, immediate and excep- tional sacrifices from all forms of wealth,” whereby a sinking fund should be created adequate for meet- ing all maturing obligations—an “au- tonomous” fund, independent of the government. He was reticent con- cerning Morocco and Syria. It is up to the Riffians, he said. They have been offered a quite sufficient auton- omy within the easy restrictions im- posed by existig treaties, whereof France is only one of several signa- tories. A thorough investigation of the Syrian business was afoot, and Parliament would be duly apprised of its results. The government would address itself to reorganization of the army on such a plan as to make a one-year term of service possible. Of 584 Deputies, 221 voted for the ministerial declaration, 189 against it, while 100 Unified Socialists and 74 other Deputies of sundry affiliations abstained. The petty majority of 32 is seen to be precarious and unnat- ural, being obtained only through the temporary support of 30 Nationalists, “in the national interest.” The ab- stention of the Unified Socialists is de- clared by many to signify the death of the Left bloc, but such an announce- ment has been made on several pre- vious occasions and discovered to be exaggerative. Thursday the franc fell on New York Exchange to 3.88 cents—below the lira (3.92 cents), which has been steady of late. The franc has lost more than half a cent within a fort- ht. mis should be expected, the Syrian turmoil has considerably increased by reason of the Damascus affair. Ap- parently considerable French rein- forcements have been rushed to Syria. The French official report of the Damascus business presents far lower figures of losses and injuries in_life and property than those of unofficial accounts. These official figures are, roughiyy 29 follows; Tropps 'WASHINGTON, D. ¢, NOVEMBER B, 1925—PART 2. A DARING INDICTMENT Mrs. Rufus Gibbs, woman leader of Maryland, treads upon ticklish ground when she advocates a repeal of the nineteenth amendment. But she has the courage to do so and here is her indictment of the record women have made in their brief career in politics : T > as men. They have shown they are no more moral than men. That they will resort to the same kind of political trickery 3. That their so-called campaigns for humanitarian reforms are just the subterfuges of woman politicians to keep in the lime- light. 4. That the ever-multiplying demand for laws and more laws is gradually centralizing powers in the hands of the Government until our system of Government faces absolute wreck. 5. That women in poli cs are giving rise to an offensive form of nepotism in which certain leaders are trying to capitalize their husbands’ influence. 6. That women have shown they are not interested and that the majority of them right now do not wish to vote. indignant woman voters who were greatly aroused over the conduct of @ certain district attorney who was charged with encouraging’ evasions of the Mann act. I, too, with the proot presented became furios, but in a saner moment called in person upon the district attorney in question. After five minutes' conversation I found out that all the evidence that had been presented against this gen- tleman was utterly false. I went irman of the women'’s indignation meeting and pointed out the absurdity of the charges made. The chairman, however, refused to make any apology or recant any of her charges. She said that since they (meaning herself and some lieuten- ants) had cceeded in getting the woman voters worked up in favor of a woman candidate for district attor- ney they did not propose to retract anything they had, said. The big idea was to arouse the wom:n voter by fair means or foul. That settled my opinfon about the morality of women in politics. Remember that it was the woman vote that elected Mayor Thompson in Chicago, the mayor who made every effort to prevent the draft and who refused to have Liberty bonds sold at the City Hall. Remem- ber also that Mabel Willebrandt, as Assistant Attorney General of the TUnited States, got up on the stump like any old hack politictan and de- fended Daugherty. Women are not coming into politics to better politics. They are coming in for the offices at |stake and to satisfy foolish and vain ambitions. e ke Q. It was sald that women would be more humane in politics than men. Have you observed whether this has been true? A. From the legislation that has been advocated by get the idea that we were standing on the edge of a moral millennium. But what few people realize is that those humanitarian proposals in great part are simply the clap-trap slogans of ambitious office seekers who think this the best way to get elected. What I have observed in Maryland is that the women who are active in politics and who talk in high-sounding terms about the need for humane | | Jobs. They are terribly jealous about men holding good positions. They want a woman put in office because she is a woman and not because she is necessarily qualified. These high- sounding trumpeters are Inwardly consumed by a feminine bias. I thought at one time that women would be more humane in politics, but I have seen those who have risen up to contest the spoils of office too much to ever think that any more. * K kK Q. Do you think that today the majority of women are interested in | the holding of office or the use of the ballot? A. No, I do not think so. Both | the eighteenth and nineteenth amend- ments were passed by militant mi- norities. They did not represent the judgment of the American people at all. Recently a statistical study was made of the interest of women in politics by an expert employed for that purpose by the Maryland Asso- clation Opposed to Suffrage. Twelve towns and citles, including Baltimore, were canvassed pro and con on the suffrage amendment. The result was that 1 and 1-20 per cent of those ap- proached were neutral, 7 per cent for and 91 1-20 per cent against the amend- ment. Generally speaking, women vote much less than men, and yet it costs this country $70,000 a day to let women vote. Thus the senseless high cost of living is further explained. * x kX Q. Have you observed any evils resulting from women's entrance into politics? A. Yes, many. The paramount one is promotion of centralization under the hypocrisy of tenderness by woman office seekers. The philosopher Spencer warned that women in poli- {ties would call upon the Government women one might | to do everything. present program of many of our wom- an political organizations. Next to this evil, T would place the demands of inexperienced women to hold posi- tions of great responsibility. I un- derstand that woman organizations have pestered the life out of the Presi- dent to appoint women to important places in the Department of Justice, such as edministrative assistants and assistant attorney generalships. The And that is the legislation are the women who want average clalm handled by such offi- 10 killed (including 3 Frenchmen), 30 wounded (including 2 Frenchmen). Brigands and Dama- scene insurgents, 24 killed. Forty Ar- menian civilians massacred by insur- gents. Damages to property (estl- mated), the equivalent of $2,125,000. No Europeans killed or injured. .The Permanent Mandates Commis- sion of the league has referred to the French government for comment sun- dry petitions and complaints arising out of the Damascus episode referred 10 it. French colors, Fiox i Persia.—At last Riza Kahn, premier and in effect dictator of Persia since 1923, has accomplished his dear pur- pose of abolition of the Kajar dynasty. On October 31 the Persian Majlis of Parlfament voted such abolition, ap- pointed Riza Khan chief executive and provided for the convoking of a constituent assembly, which should determine the “permanent government of the future.” It is generally thought that the constituent assembly will be entirely guided by the wishes of Riza Khan as to the character of that gov- ernment, and speculation is rife as to what those wishes may be. Does Riza Khan propose to be Shah or does he intend a republic—or what? He is sald to be a great admirer of Mus tapha_Kemal, but it does not follow that he considers the Turkish Re- public a suitable model for Persia. In any case, one may be sure that Riza Khan will continue to be boss of the show in Persla—and a very good thing that for Persia. He has centralized authority and established law and order in a degree unprecedented. The Kajar dynasty began with one of the most atrocious of despots and ends with a wretched little sybarite. Ahmad Mirbza, the deposed Shah, fost the throne because he could not tear himself away from the pleasure haunts of Europe, avhereof he has been the darling for some years. Even the religious fanatics gave him up at last. India.—The committee appointed in 1924 by the British Labor government to examine “what grounds there might be for dissatisfaction” with the government of Indla act of 1919 pre- sented & majority and a minority re- port. The majority report recommend- ed certain modifications of the act with- out fundamental alteration of ts char- acter. The minority report recommend- ed that the act be rescinded and the dyarchy experiment chucked as a fail- ure and that a new system be devised more answerable to the genius of the Indian people, but contemplating, though by a different route, the same grand objects as those of the “dyarchy” experiment—namely, gradual educ: tion of the Indian people in self-go ernment and acquisition by them of complete autonomy when that educa- tion may have sufficiently advanced. A good many Britons agree with the astute Aga Khan that it is ped- antry and folly to follow British .or other western models at all closely in shaping the Indian constitution. The Earl of Ronaldshay, one time gov- ernor general of Bengal and a first- class authority, thinks the British would be well advised to take hints from the constitution for the native state of Mysore, recently drawn up by a committee of natives of that state. If western parliamentary in- stitutions are not working any too well in the west, the Indians may be excused for doubting their suitability to_India. It is not surprising that the ac- counts of what has taken place in India are so confusing that it is im- possible satisfactorily to form a gen- eral estimate of the situation—so vast is the country, so huge the popula- tion, such is the variety of race, re- ligion, language, etc. The All-India Congress seems to be in a state of coma. The more Gandhi is revered as saint the less he is esteemed as states- man. The preposterous brief accord between the Hindus and Mohamme- dans has gone a-glimmering. The Swarajists are divided in opinion. A little before his death, C. R. Das made Confusion of Right and Left Hands May Be One Result of Bilingualism Learning two languages at once is a handicap to children rather than a help, and it may also have the odd and unexplained effect of making them uncertain in their choice be- tween right and -left handedness. Three psychological research work- ers of the University Wales, D. R. Saer, Frank Smith and John Hughes, have come to this con- clusion as a result of their investiga- tion of large groups of children in the Welsh schools. Some of these children know only English, while others have been bilinguists, speaking both English and Welsh, ever since they have been able to talk. The tests used for pur- poses of comparison included the Stanford-Binet intelligence .scale, tests for high-handedness, for rhythem and a large variety of verbal tests. Not only were bilingual children com pared with one-language children, but in each of these two groups: children in the rural areas were compared with children in the urban schools. The tests indicate that the one- language child in both rural and urban schools has an advantage over the bilingual child. The difference is more pronounced in the case of rural than of urban children. Dr. Saer's explanation of this dif- ference turns upon the degree of bilingualigme Al degzees of bilina! College of | ] guallsm exist. The mother language may be used in the home only or as the play language also, and possibly in church. The rural children use their mother tongue in play, hence it becomes for them their preferred language and one charged with emo- tional values. The urban children, who use the mother tongue only at home, form less rich assoclations with it. One of the most interesting results of the investigation was the demon- stration that monoglots in both urban and rural districts are marked- 1y superior to bilingulsts in right- handedness. Bllinguists are subject to confusion in the matter of right and left. It is suggested in explana- tion that the left hemisphere of the brain controls speech and is also assoclated with specialization in the use of the right hand, so that hesita- tion and confuslon arising from the use of the two languages apparently has an adverse influence upon dex- trality. The investigators of bilingual in- telligence, although they have worked on the problem for several years and have used many hundred children in their investigations, are cautious in their conclusions. They cite them as valid only for the groups with which they worked -and under the present organizaj Ak Calls Women Failure in Politics clals is around two million dollars. With not a single large corporation in America employing a woman law- yer, sn’t it absurd and alarming to find woman office seekers demanding to be appointed to such positions? Lastly, women in politics have further cheapened women in general. We are fast reaching the time when men will show women no respect or courtesy and when those touches of re- finement and womanliness which have been s0 important to civilization will be gone. * X ¥ X Q. What about the fact that we have two woman governors and two woman Congressmen? A. I am such a believer in local self-government that if Wyoming wanted a woman for a governor and Tennessee a monkey for the same office, I wouldn't object, so long as the woman stayed in Wyoming and the monkey in Tennessee. The women now holding the offices you mention simply represent a species of nepo- tism that should be rebuffed by the American people. All these women are doing is to hold their husbands' factions together. They were not elected because of any ability. The fact that no woman Congressman has ever been re-elected shows that their election was only a passing fad or fancy. Other States may take up the fad, but I don't look for any feminine Congress. * ¥ X X Q. Why do you think that women are not successes In politics and why they will never succeed? A. Because the woman who is go- ing into politics and who will con- tinue to go, if possible, is the office- seeking type or the vain and am- bitious genus. They will not improve politics. They will make our political life worse. They will eventually be repudiated. 1In all that I have said I do not want it understood that I think that woman is the inferior of man Intellectually or otherwise. She is not. She is merely speclalized to do certain work which she should do to the exclusion of all else. that women could do anything that men could do, but T know that men could never do women's work. Hence the necessity for women to stay in the home and keep out of politics. Fig- ures show that 78 per cent of the women in the United States are sup- ported by husbands. Why should the remaining minority be allowed fo bring into politics the worst possitfe | traits—those of the woman office seeker and ambition chaser? il Q. How would you meet the prob- lem of women in politics? A. I would repeal the nineteenth amendment and let the States decide if women should vote and run for office. I again repeat that we should remember that both the eighteenth and nineteenth amendments were the work of militant minoritie: should make sure that we have the sober majority opinion of the Amer- ican voter. Women do not need the nineteenth amendment for protection. Women will always get more they ask for a thing because it is right rather than if they campaign for it as Republicans or Democrats. The Story the Week Has Told an overture to the viceroy, but, extracts I have seen, no further in conciliat: fer peace on conditio: ac- quiescence in the well known Swara- Jist program. However, Motilal Nehru, the new Swarajist chief, is said to be sensible, modera and conclliator: Perhaps then the happy “synthest is by way of realization. from it seems’to go ion than to gof. n of British % * %ok % China.—On Tuesday, at the confer- ence on Chinese customs in Peking, Mr. MacMurray, our Minister at Peking, and one of our two delegates to the conference, made certain pro. posals which contemplate concessions to China closely approaching the de. mands presented by China at the open ing of the conference. Apparently these proposals have been made the basis of discussion. As I construe the summary of them in the dispatches, the main features are as follows: The principle of Chinese tariff au- tonomy is conceded, and commencing January 1, 1929, China shall have fu'l liberty to fix her tariff rates, provided that by that date certain conditions have been fulfilled, and provided tkat China consents to certain administr. tive restrictions. The chiet of the conditions is aboli- tion of likin. The chief of the restric. tions are: (a) The customs administration to be under foreign superintendence, as at present. (b) The revenues derived from ‘the increases of rates to be allocated as per a schedule set forth in the pro- pocals. Pending exercise by China of full liberty to fix rates, the rates contem- plated by the Mackay treaty of 1902 and the similar American and Japa- nese treaties of 1903 with China to govern—namely, maximums of 123 per cent on imports and 71 per cent on export. (The proposals are silent as to transit duties during the in. terim.) The proposals, whereof the main heads have thus been roughly summarized, to be embodied in a treaty, and the grant to China of full liberty to fix her tariff rates not to become effective prior to report by an international investigating body that the conditions antecedent of the grant have been fulfilled. The only difficulty, I should suppose, to be apprehended concerns the pro. posed restrictions. One awaits report of the reactions thereto. Possibly the nation has grown so proud that it will hear to nothing that smacks in the slightest degree of a “servitude.” Moreover, the more Tuchunic obviously aimed to pro- tect the new revenues against them and by the same token to render the central government strong enough to tell them ‘“where to get off.” No doubt, the Peking government likes the restrictions, but it is desperately atraid of popular opinion. * ko ok Misscellaneous.—On Thursday an attempt by a former Socialist Deputy to assassinate Mussolini was barely folled—so, at any rate, goes the re. port. There are indications that the murder was to be the first move in execution of & vast plot looking to overthrow of the House of Savoy and establishment of an Italian Republic. Gen. Frunze, the Russian commis. sar for war (in succession to Trotsky), is dead at 40. His career was notable. He finished off Admiral Kolchak and brought Baron Wrangel to grief. “Ruthless” was his middle name. The Venezuelan government has suspended importation into Venezuela of radio recelving sets on the ground that they, distract people from work, I think | We | when | ' POLICY SEEN After Visit BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. HAT America 1s riper for di- rect and definite co-operation in world affairs than Europe comprehends is the impre- slon gathered by J. S. Loe Strachey, distinguished proprietor and editor of the Spectator of Lon- don, who is completing a month’s sofourn in the United States. His contacts with leaders of public thought convince him that “a turning point” in American foreign policy of far-reaching consequence may be Im- minent. In Mr. Strachey's opinion, conditions have now been brought about under which America might be- come the *“moral guarantor” of Euro- pean security. Mr. and Mrs. Strachey were the priviate dinner guests of the President and Mrs. Coolidge at the White House, and the recipients of attentions from other personages prominent in Wash- ington. They are now in New York, | where Mr. Strachey will speak at Co- lumbla University and receive an hon- orary degree. Later the British editor will ‘address Yale University. He has already spoken at Swarthmore College and the University of Virginia. Char- lottesville, with its traditions of Thomas Jefferson, made a deep impression upon him. Cgme to U. S. to Learn. “I did not come to the United States,” sald Mr. Strachey in an in- terview with this writer, “to lecture Americans about international obliga- tions. 1 came to learn what they themselves are saying about them. Englishmen who fancy that your coun- try has adopted an attitude of irrevoca- ble aloofness toward world affairs are, 1 think, mistaken. I should say that the pendulum is beginning distinetly to Wwing in the other direction. Locarno seems to have given an Immense im- petus to the thought that the O\ World, after all, is not quite hopeless, and that the program of rehabilita- tion upon which it has now embarked is not unworthy of American support. Americans, - 1" find, estimate the achievement of Locarno at its full value. It is a tremendous achieve- ment. T do not wonder that there are some Americans who wish their coun- try might have had a larger part in accomplishing it.” “What, In your judgment,” Mr. "Strachey was asked, “‘could America specifically do %o promote the process of European rehabilitation? “Well,” he replied, “I think incalcu- lable good would be done if the United States Government, In some formal manner, took occasion to place on record its gratification over the Lo- carno security pac note, couched in terms of general satis- {faction with the new European out- {look, would perhaps serve th: pur. 1 pose. The effect upon the peoples and | governments of Europe would be pro- | found. It would show that this great {and powerful country is not so iso- lated or detached from European ques- i tions is popularly imagined. It | would, i you please, make the United States a sort of moral guarantor of the Locarno treaties, as Great Britain and Ttaly have become their military guarantors. It would at least be a categorical sign that the American people expected the treaties to be maintained, in letter and in spirit.” Is League Supporter. Mr. Strachey’s Spectator is a devout Dpporteg of the League of Natlons, To the question whether the league craves the adhesion of the United States, he replied: “It has not escaped attention here, I find, that Locarno was the offspring of the league. The league is not a perfect institution, but current events show that it is a going concern. No league member, or the league itself, ever will lift a finger to urge the United States to come in. That its entry would be welcomed goes without saying. That it would strengthen the league as a peace-maintaining factor in the world is no less apparent. That America can join the league on its own terms is an open secret. But the nations now in the league, soon to be joined by Germany, the fifty-sixth, are aware that the United States can never be brought in by suasion or co- ercion, or by any other means than its own free will. If I am correctly in. formed, your entry into the World Court will ensue early during the orthcoming se ion of Congress. That will be an important event. May it not possibly cause your responsible political leaders to ask, in the Amer- ican vernacular, ‘Where do we go from here? “What would be the next logical step for us to take?” Mr. Strachey was asked. “That is a question for Americans themselves to answer,” he said. ‘“If A diplomatic|loans of additional A S. FOREIGN BY STRACHEY Noted British Editor, Dinner Guest of Coolidge, Predicts Less Isolation in Capital. too deep-rooted to make membership Dracticable, thers are alternatives which would align the United States as effectively with the allied 1 associated peace forces of the world as i vour delegates sat in Geneva The United States, for {nstance, might issue an address to the world, re affirming its decade-old adherence to the principles of arbitration. It might set forth that in no circumstances short of invasion or grave violation of national honor would America re- sort to the use of force. It might assert categorically that the United States is determined on all occasions of international controversy to ex- haust the means of arbitral settle ment before resorting to the arbitrs ment of war. Thus America would be striking for the cause of peace which is the Alpha and Omega of the League of Nations’ purposes—as prac tically beneficial a blow as If it had pledged its formal allegiance to the covenant. Such pronouncement would be an innovation In inte tional intercourse. But America the land of innovation.”” “What does Europe think of An fca nowadays, anyhow ? editor was urged to c See U. S. As Leader. “I suppose the average non-Briti: European,” he said, “envisages United States as a tremendously country into whose purse he we Jolly well like to dip—that is to = upon whose vast resources in gold he would like to have unlimited Instead of being permitted free access to this unparalleled treasure, the aver age European is shocked to find Amer ica demanding that Europe repay what Europe borrowed and thus in crease the fabulous wealth America already ha “For my own part, I was never able to share European horror at American insistence upon the fundinz of her European debt. gl man doesn't understand should ever be any ‘negotiati a debt. We elther pay a debt, don’t pay it. We n at once, but we don't quite see ti it is a subject for ‘negotiation.’ never occurred to me to step 1 the desk of my Washington he ‘negotiate’ my bill for food and loc ings. 1 paid the bill. I had t value, and I owed the money. nations, like men, borrow money, the do so with the intentfon, not of ‘neg ating’ over repayment, but of paying.” Mr. Strachey thoroughly approves as sound international p the Coolldge administration’s embargo on erican capital which refrain from fund indebtedness. I wish that the British government,” the edi tor explained, “had attached recent debt offer to France a cor dition that the French should cease to squander their substance on mili adventures. We are told th needs to finance certain sm pean states in order that tk come suitable military allies insure French ‘independen. A na- tion that is insolvent is not an inde- pendent nation. A nation that is spending millions of treasurs on wars in Morocco and Syria is, in my opinion, an untenable ground in seeking len fency from its creditors. War is a luxury expenditure, which should be forbidden to people’ who owe money.” Thinks Italy Will Be Aided. Mr. Strachey is confident that It will secure a generous debt s from the United States U | ture on the part of America, “will not fail to be under: Europe. It will be looked an unmistakable sign of America’s deep interest in the recovery of the Old World from the devastation of the war and the delusions of the peace.” The editor of the spectator is a hala and vigorous journalistic veteran of 65. A graduate of Balliol College, Oxford, incubator of British statesmen, Mr. Strachey has adorned British ters uninterruptedly for 41 vears. He has written half a dozen books on economic and political subjects. Now he is appearing as a novelist. His *Madonna of the Barricades” was lished in New York just a mon Mr. Strachey visited Washing previously in 1902, when he was er tertained at the White House by Presi- dent Roosevelt. The British journal ist is immensely taken with the P sonality of Calvin Coolidge and witl the President’s grasp of world politics. What particularly appealed to the ed tor of the Spectator—the “Thunderer of British periodical journalism—is the unaffected charm of Mrs. Coolidge, whom he calls “a great lady,” and the splendid dignity of the executive N re. 10 countries 1 ing exlsting Y objections to joining the League are mansion. (Copyright. 1625.) Of Indian Relic The opening gun In what may de- velop into a scientific battle over the human relics recently found in Flor- ida is fired by W. H. Holmes of the Smithsonian Institution, in the forth- coming issue of Sclence. Mr. Holmes challenges the claims of these re- mains to great age, and characterizes the idea that human beings have existed on this continent for a long period of time as “the antiquity phantom in American archeology.” The Florida finds, Mr. Holmes de- clares, were all made too ¢lose to the surface to belong with any certainty to the Pleistocene or early post- Pleistocene times, when the ice sheets were disappearing from the northern parts of the continent. Neither does he regard as conclusive the finding of broken parts of rough instruments assoclated with the bones of extinct animals. He points out that Indians have inhabited this re- slon for many centuries, and he be- Capital Scientist Scouts Great Age s Found in Florida lieves that they made use of thess fossilized bones as they did of any other conveniently shaped pieces of stone and bone. Hence a stone im- plement could easily have been left among the fossils where an Indian was “mining” them. The rough and unfinished condition of the chipped stone tools found with the fossils, Mr. Holmes states, does not necessarily indicate their great an tiquity. He points out that Indians and all peoples who use stone tools do not bring all their work to the finest finish at their command, and that the rough and half-finished tools would be the ones they would be most like{}' to use in digging operations. ‘When questioned regarding the re cent finding of a crushed human skull associated with the Florida fos. &il layers, Mr. Holmes stated that in fairness to the discoverers, he prefers to withhold comment until their report appears, and to examine the evidence at that time. Chances of Death From Lightning Are Found Less Than One in Million Fear of lightning is far out of pro- portion to the grounds for it, accord- ing to the revelations of a survey made by Dr. Arthur W. Gilbert, Massachusetts commissioner of agri- culture. This survey showed that the chance of death by lightning is only one in more than a million. For example, during a_ five-year period in Massachusetts only 19 per- sons were killed by lightning, an average of 3.8 persons a year. This is only one ten-thousandth of 1 per cent of the State’s population. It figures out one chance in 1,013,770 of a person being killed in the Bay State by & bolt from the clouds. The survéy indicated that the man on the farm Is ten and a half times as likely to be struck by lightning as his city brother, due to the scarcity in rural communities of steel-framed buildings, trolley wir®s, etc., that in the city relieve much electrical tension while a thunder storm is gathering. But, Dr. Gilbert assures the farmer, if he is in a house properly equipped with lightning rods during a storm he is In no greater danger than the city fellow. On the other hand, the farmer is 20,000 times safer from harm than @ man dodging motor traffic in a large city. Dr. Glbert's survey was made pri- marily to determine the extent of the damage to crops by thunder storms He found that while these storms cause thousands of dollars’ worth of damages to crops at times they ald agriculture much more than they harm it. The rainfall they bring saves large areas of products that would otherwise perish from lack of mofsture. Warn Against Sports. Another warning against excessive sport in Germany has been sounded by certain members of the Catholic Center and German Nationalist parties. It seems that German youth now spend most of Sunday in gymnasiums and on athleti fielda