Evening Star Newspaper, October 18, 1925, Page 51

OLDEST EX-CONGRESSMAN | NOT “UNCLE JOE” CANNON “President for a Day” Fable Also Ex- ploded by New General Directory of Congress, Neari BY WILL P. KENNEDY. HE oldest man living served in the Congress of the United States is not the world-famous “Uncle Joe” Cannon of happy, cigar- memory about Capitol HIIL one Willikm Wallace Crapo New RBedford, Mass, now 95 yea: old, 6 vears older than “Uncle Jo, though Cannon came to Consgress two vears hefore Crapo did. The United States never “President for one day,” the litest general hiogr gressional Directory, 1911, gzives that my Duvid R. Atchison of These are but two of many est items of information ered the preparation of a new zeneral directory, to keep histo straight for posterity regarding men who have made our laws and about many of whom very little can now be learned. 14-Year Task Nearing End. For 14 years Ansel Wold, native of | Minnesota, clerk to the Jjoint com- mittee on printing, has heen puting his heart into the preparation of | this new biographical directory, and | since March 13, with a force of 10| persons, he has been working inten sively to get some 20,000 biographic sketches accurately prepared The new directors will contain an uthoritiative biography of man who ever was in Cor who slanted hut had a even though in to published que honor Missouri. inter 1 uncov- in cres phical Con- | & the | ng Completion. Our oldest living ex-Congressman. according to the records of Blographer Wold, taken from the personal let ters of William Wallace Crapo, was born on May 16, 1830, in Dartmouth, Mass. He attended public schools in New Bedford and at Philllps-Andover Academy, and was graduated from Yale in 1852. He studled at the Dane Law School, Cambridge, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1855. Two years later he was a member of the Massa chusetts State Legislature, and on November 2, 1875, was elected to Con- as successor to James Buffing ton, who died March 7. 1875. Mr. Crapo served from December 6, 1875, to March 3, 1883, when he returned to New Bedford, where he resumed the practice of law and engaged in banking and manufacturing. Three on “Missing” List. There are now three “‘missing men" about whom Mr. Wold hus been seek- ing information for 14 yea These are: Thomas Childs, jr., a Representa- tive from New York, elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1855 March 3. 1857). John V. Crecly, a Representative from Pennsvivania, elected to the Forty-second «‘ongress (March 4, 1871- March 3. 157%). Michael idal, a Delegate from Loulsiana native of France, who had emir ited to the Republic of Texas, v o was a delegate to the Louisian ~ State constitutional _con- a i | vention in 1868, and elected as a Dele- 1789, when it was first organiz sides those who served in the Con-| tinental Congress. When you con-| sider that Mr. Wold has sent out| letters in search of reliable infor- | mation and veritication on each one| of these 20,000 names, and as many 6 to 20 letters on most of them! and that many biographies have been | written and rewritten three or four | times as new information or cor-| rections were received, you get some | fuden the magnitude of the work and the care of the compiler to give | each man his full credit in history. | There has also been much research | work in the Congressional Librar. going through original records to gather shreds of fact about individual | legislators to pass on. At times a very | large number of the staff specialists | in the library were working on the iaterial for this new history of our Government. All during the Summer this staff of searchers and classifiers and biographers worked day and | night and Sundays to get the work | completed so that the very valuable volume may be issued by the incom- | ing Congress. It will not only have | wide distribution in this country, but | will be sent to every library in the | world Delves Tnto Aged Records. Away back into the hand-written records of the Continental Congress, Mr. Wold, as official biographer of Congress, has gone to give properi place in history to some men about whom the existing Congressional Directory is entirely oblivious. There is Philip Pell, elected from New York State, who was the last delegate to appear at the Continental Congress. who was sworn in on Monday, March | 2. 1788, served only one day and was the only member to remain in at- tendance throughout that closing | day. One year later to a day the | rst Congress of the assembled. Mr. Pell had a distin- guished career in the American Revo- lution. | Orlando Hubbs, a Representative | from North Carolina in 1881, is an- other man about whom the existing | directory is remiss, who was lost as far as posterity was concerned. Mr. Wold has located him, still living, and received letters in his own hand- writing. Mr. Hubbs is now 85 years of age and resides at Smithtown Branch, N. Y. About our alleged “President for a day,” Mr. Wold has exploded that bit of fiction by ferreting out that the Senate term of David R. Atchison of | Missouri expired on March 4, 1849, and that th ter he w senator- elect until sworn in He was sworn in again under new credentials on Monday, March 5, the same da on which Zachary Taylor took the vath of office. The Senate was a “continuing body,” but as Atchison was not continuously a Senator, he had to be sworn in when the Senate met in special session on Monday, and thereafter was elected President pro tempore before Taylor was sworn in as President. gate to the Fortieth Congress (March 4, 1867-March 3, 1869). To illustrate how Mr. Wold leaves no stone unturned to get authoritative information about each former mem- ber of Congress, take this case of Michael Vidal. Mr. Wold came from Madelia, Minn., and one day he was visited at the Capitol by a Catholic priest from that place, who had been to France and was coming back to tell his parishioners in Minnesota that his own people in France, devastated by the war, needed him and he was going back to the land of his birth. Ponder- ing over the Vidal case, Mr. Wold thought this priest might help in France by hunting up old records there, so he wrote to Edward Noonan in Minnesota and got the priest’s ad- dress. This was L'Abbe J. Van Hoen- ackere, Annapes, France. In due time he received from this priest the birth certificate of Michael Vidal. Vidal was Minister to Morocco, and the last that has yet been heard of him he was in Washington in May, 1876, ‘having just returned from Mo- | rocco, according to State Department records. Who can glve any later in- formation about him? Tombstone As Evidence. The case of Jonat McCarty, a Representative from Indiana, who served in the Twenty-second, Twenty. third and Twenty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1831-March 3, 1839), also has taxed the ingenuity of Mr. Wold. He wrote first to his birthplace in Cul- peper, Va., then to Connersville, Ind., from which place he was elected, and next to Keokuk, Towa, where he died in 185 Several letters were ex- changed with each place, with little result. Finally Mr. Wold learned that one Elizabeth McCarty had purchased a lot in a Keokuk cemetery. He had the cemetery searched and the in- scription was found: “Jonathan Mc. died March 30, 1852, aged 59 United States | ¥ Next Mr. Wold wrote to the super- intendent of the cemetery and had an article printed in the local daily news- paper. Two days later the printed an interview with & James B. Driver, who was a chum of Ed. Mec- Carty, son of the former member of Congress. Continuing the search, he has located a grandson of Jonathan McCarty, Evans McCarty, living at New Rochelle, Y., who is vice president of the United Lead Co. He is awaiting the return of Evans Mc- Carty from Europe to complete the biographical sketch which has been in- complete and uncertain for 6 vears. The States of New York, Penn: vania and Virginia, being the oldest and most prominent in the earlier Congresses, have disclosed the largest number of 'such uncertain and incom- plete biographies, and an intensive campaign is being made by the force working under the joint committee on printing to fill in the missing data and verify from official records what data are available, It is a tremendous job in myriad details, but it is well worth while, and one which Senator Moses hopes will be completed early in the coming session of Congress. Role of the Locarno Parley Is to End Great (Continued from First Page.) the high courage of hoth Luther and Stresemann in going to Locarno. And, beyond all else, to go back to the point at which I began, Locarno is a landmark in cotemporary history, because it indicates that on both sides of the Rhine, on either side of the re- cent struggle, there is something like an equal perception of the fact that if there is to be any peace in the world Germany must return to the circle of civilized nations, and resume the place which in the very nature of things must be hers and she must occupy. Ostensibly Locarno was a confer- ence to deal with the great problem of Yrench security. I do not suppose that any American has felt more strongly than have I the right and need of France for some assurance of rity. But it would be a mistake to regard French security as the only issue of the Locarno discussion or the single national requirement of inter- national significance. There tion of German security just just as imperative and just z embedded in a national cons The weeks which 1 spent in Berlin last Winter convinced me that fear is just as real and honest an element in German mentality: that a conviction that Germany is under sentence of death and that no possible German performance can mitigate the sentence or modify the French purpose is as real an obstacle to European and world readjustment as the correspond- | ing French emotion that the German, all of him, ty-odd miilions, will not be restored to international life save as by degrees and as a result of wise allied statesmanship he comes to realize that his worst fears were un- founded, that his ruin is not the im- mediate’ or remote objective of any one or any combination of powers. Locarno, as 1 see it and irrespective of ultimate results, which are not yet achieved, is the most important single fact in post-war history, because it discloses the ultimate perception among the allied governments that peace in the larger sense can be had only on terms which do not do vio- lence to the German’s own conception of his safety, independence and self- respect. It is the first clear proof of a return of insernational sanity and it points the way to a real liquidation of the war at last. Germans Felt Injustice. Looking backward, one is led to be- lieve that following the armistice the zreatest danger to world peace did not spring out of the fact that the Ger- vital, | patiently kept clearly in mind o Fear of Germany mans, although defeated, still clung to their old views and purposes, which to us seemed to be largely responsible for the world tragedy, but that the progress of events after the war, per- haps inevitably, but not less certainly, gave them a sense of injustice, unde- served humiliation and positive perse- cution, which closed the door to all development of any new German atti- tude or state of mind, and flung a whole people back upon itself in de- spair and bitterness. There is always danger of attaching too much importance to the success or fallure of any single international meeting or any single international agreement. If Locarno produces a pact, the value will not lie in the terms of the pact, but the fact that it witnesses by its existence to the ar- rival of a certain state of mind. More- over, if Locarno ends without a pact, faflure can have no tremendous con- sequences, because the effort will tes- tity to a progress in international opinion which no one could have fore- cast two years ago, when the Ruhr seemed to doom all chance of Euro- pean recovery. Henceforth Germany is back among the European powers and has emerged from the isolation which was as dan- gerous as it was irrational. Dr. Stresemann once explained to me that his advocacy of German entrance into the league was based upon the convie- tion that within the league Germany could defend her rights and interests, as she could not in lonely isolation on the outside. This objective he has Lo- carno may be the terminal station or it may be a way station, but it does indicate that the road to settlement is being followed. (Copyright. German Badg: Trade Up. Hindenburg's return and the recent order permitting the wearing of old army uniforms have stimulated the trade in badges, insignia and decora- tions, which for several vears had languished in Germany. A uniform thout decorations is almost a con- diction in terms. Moreover, in the old days it was necessary to produce documentary evidence of one’s right to wear certain decoraflons. Today, these orders being no longer official, any one may invest in the black eagle, the fron cross, or any other sign of distinction. paper | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, OCTOBER 18, 1925—PART 2. 3" Wastage of Men in American Industry One of Great Economic Evils of Day By WILLIS BALLINGER. ¥ waste money, food, we waste forests and time. We are a nation of wasters. But our most appalling sin in the field of waste is our wastage of men. That, at leas Ethelbert Stewart’s opinion of us. He has been studying the ways of our business men, our factories and our shops for more than a_quarter of a century. In a nation of statisticlans and in an age of sta- tistics he Is probably our most eminent statistician. He is the chief fact and detail hunter of the Department of Labor. His greatest delight—not- withstanding his 68 years—is to plunge into a jungle of disordered in- formation about some great industry, we waste oil, coal, round up all the statistics in the neigh-y borhood, track every last fact to its lair, arrange them all in beautiful columns and tables until there is not a single dark secret left in the busi- ness. I talked with him in the Department of Labor. his_office in Seated be- { hind & desk piled high with charts and reports, his abundant white hair ving in the breeze, his eyes twinkled with interest as hie answered my ques- tions about a subject on which he has been pounding for years. I had heard something of his views on hu- man wastage. And I found him not only willing but eager to get those views before the public. 1 started with him at the very beginning: *“Just what do you mean by human wastage in industry?” Machines for Drudgery. A. “Human wastage in industry is the use of human beings to do the | drudge work economically which_could be more and efficiently done by machinery. It is the use of more men than Is needed to do a effectively. Let me illustrate. Up to a short time ago in a wire mill men were used to carry Ingots from an ingot pile to where they were used. These ingots weighed 240 pounds each. They were carrfed on human backs Those men slaved 12 hours a day at this dehumanizing labor. Now a huge crane magnet lifts these ingots from the pile and swings them around to where they are needed. The crane {18 operated by one engineer and does the work formerly done by 60 men. When you use 60 men to do the work which one can do you afe wasting 59 men. Abuse Is Widespread. Q. But I thought the machine had already displaced enough men. I didn't think any one would charge Amerfcan business. with not using enough machines. A. Yet that is the make. Q. And_ you believe this so-called wasting of men is general? A. It permeates every industry. Take our shoe factories. We have modern factories where one man ac counts for 12 pairs of shoes a day We have others where one man turns out but two pairs. In the iron 2nd steel Industry there are blast furnaces in which a ton of pig iron is producsd very charge 1 | for every hour and 12 mintes of each man’s time. Other blast furnaces re- quire 10 times as many men to pro duce a ton in that time. Are not such furnaces wasting men? Look at the brick yards of the country? With mod ern machinery a man can turn qut 1,000 bricks in four hours. are factories where it takes three times as long to do the job. And these factories are not the exception. For BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ending Octo- ber 17: Locarno.—On Friday the British, French, Italian, Belgian and German delegates to the Locarno conference initialed the completed Rhine security pact and subsidiary arbitration con- ventions between Germany and France and Germany and Belgium, Italy and Great Britain to be guarantors. An arbitration treaty between Ger many and Poland and an arbitration treaty between Germany and Czecho- slovakia were also initlaled by the proper delegates, likewise “two under- standings’—one between France and Poland and one between France and Czechoslovakia, ~conveving French guarantee of the treaties lasc men- tioned. I forbear comment pending publication of the texts. It is expected that all these instruments will be ap- proved at once by the several parlia- ments concerned. In that expectation exchange of ratifications has been scheduled for December 1 in London. Some uneasy doubt was removed by announcement of Italy’s decision to join Britain_as guarantor. Musso- lini himself joined the conference on the 15th. The stupendous importance of this development is sufficiently obvious. A perusal of Briand's magnificent speech on the occasion of the initialing is rec- ommended. * k k% The British Empire. — The Prince of Wales, arriving back in London from his African and South American tour, recelved a tremendous popular ovation. The strength of the Irish Free State army in the Spring of 1923 was 50,000. It is now 19,000, composed of 27 In- fantry battalions, with Corps of En- gineers, artillery and airmen (156 offi- cers and men.) The Free State’s loan of 10 million pounds bearing interest at 5 per cent, offered in November, 1923, was quickly oversubscribed. It is a reasonable estimate that about 40 more millions will have to be borrowed to meet capital expendi- ture and extraordinary charges of the next few vears. Provision must be made for liquidating the excep- tional charges (for property losses and personal injuries compensation, etc) entailed by the Anglo-Irish war and the subsequent rebellion, and for sundry schemes of national develop- ment, as urban housing (even more backward than in Britain), drainage, afforestation, harnessing of the Shan- non to furnish electrical energy for industrial purposes, etc. Moreover, arrangemernts have to be made look- ing to annual payments toward liqui- dation of the Free State's share of the pre-war debt of the United King- dom and of war pensions as laid down in the London treaty of 1921, which created the Free State. (The amount of that share has yet to be fixed, the British government wait- ing until such time as the financial burdens of the new dominion shall be sensibly eased.) Fifty million pounds is about equal to two years' revenue on the basis of the 19245 budget. Taxatlon is now very high, owing to the extraordinary charges above mentloned, but it should be gradually reduced to a reasonable limit. Tran- quillity assured, the financial future of the Free State should be satis- factory. A= to tranquillity, much hangs on the report of the commis- sion now at work delimiting the Free State-Ulster boundaries. 2 Sir Mahdo Rao Sindhia, Maharaja of Gwalior, died recently in Paris. Of piece of work | But there | | the native princes of India he wa MACHINES INS' ETHELBERT STEWART. every factory making bricks the right way there are four doing it the wrong Waste! Waste! Everywhere waste! In the coal fields alone 250,000 miners out of 700,000 are wasted. Think what that is costing them and the public in coal bills. And the same thing is true in every other line of in- dustry where there is waste. The wasted men and the Nation pay for it in dollars and in human value: Pays In Higher Prices. Q. How does the public pay? AL It pays in the higher prices of goods. It pays in a lack of produc: tion. The shoe factory that uses {three men where one is sufficient, makes the public pay for those two lextra men. The wire mill that let out those 3% ingot carriers was able to make wire cheaper and sell it cheaper. Q. But what of the men who are fired? A Wel, first of all, | men who are not fired? The skilled men who operate the machines get a | great deal more money than the poor | drudges who are brutalized at debas | ing labor. In the modern brick yards | with labor-saving machines the wages |are 79 cents an hour. In the old- | fashion brick yards the pay is 17 cents {an hour. | Q. That is true. But what of the men who are thrown out of work? what of the | No Unemployment Problem. | And then this phase of the matter seemed important that I pursued my question with a trace of enthus asm | “What about those 59 men who were | fired when that crane magnet was put in the wire mill? It was an excellent | thing for the engineer, but how about | the fellows who went home and told | their wives there was no more work{ Haven't we got enough unemployment | now? Wasn't unemployment a very serious thing last Winter? What | we going to do when we have put ma- haps the most ardent In loyal 10 the British empire during the great war. He furnished two regiments and a transport corps, which did fine work in France, East Africa, Egypt and Mesopotamia. He furnished the main contribution to the equipment and | maintenance of the hospital ship Loy | alty, and made several other magnifi cent donations for promotion of the | allled cause and relief of the war' victims. He was highly educated and ccomplished and a most excellent ruler, improving communications, ex- tending irrigation, enforcing san measures, attending in every v happiness and prosperity of his sub. jects. He was a mighty man on the polo field. Both Oxford and Cambridge conferred on him the doctorate of laws. King George sent his personal physician to attend him in his last illness. The population of Gwallor is about 3,000,000 * ok ok France.—Another serfous fiscal crisis fmpends. The franc is falling, dropped below 22 to the dollar on October 14. The fate of the Painleve government may depend on the decisions taken by the Radical Socialist Congress, which opened at Nice on the 15th. The Cham ber reconvenes on Octobe The Communists of France sched- uled for October 12 an uprising which was to have for instant result bol- shevization of the country, but they failed to pull it off. Here and there, however, especially in the St. Denis quarter of Paris, they made things nasty for some hours, the total casual- tles being two Communists killed and several score persons (Communists and police) more or less injured. The fiasco was a bitter disappoint- ment to Zinoviev, and the Deputies Cachin and Doriot. The latter two gentlemen are now in quod. The prolonged Franco-Russian nego- tiations regarding the Russian debt to France have been vain. Russian of- fers have been grotesquely inadequate. * ¥ %k X Morocco.—The rainy season is defi- nitely on in Morocco, and earlier than usual. The French have advanced in some force (infantry and artillery fol- lowing cavalry) to within 12 miles, as the crow flies, of Ajdir, but despite some dispatches it seems doubtful that, in conjunction with the Span- ish, they have made, or can make, the blockade of Abd-el-Krim on the east effective for the Winter. One hears of a Riff attack, on the 13th on the French position nearest Ajdir, beaten off, to be sure, but gloomily sugges- tive. The Riffians continue to shell Tetuan from time to time. * ¥k ¥ X Ttaly.—Mussolini wisely decided to punish those responsible, whether by commission or omission, for the out- rageous affair in Florence of a week or so ago, both the perpetragors of the Fascist “reprisals” and the au- thorities who failed to take the proper suppressive action. The prefect and the chief of police at Florence have been retired, the chief of the Fascist organization at Florence has been dis- missed from office, a number of Fas- cists have been expelled from the party, the public prosecutor has been directed to prosecute with utmost severity those against whom there is evidence of participation in the out- rages, etc. The lira took a slump on October 14 on the London and New York mar- kets, falling to 25.05 to the dollar. * ok ok X Russia.—Trotsky is on sick report again and has gore to the Caucasus to recuperate. His previous “illness” was largely political; he was, in fact, banished to the Crimea to do penance, but this time he may well be a really - | sick man. TEAD OF MEN In a wire mill 60 men were employed to carry metal ingots. heavy The mill put in a great mag- net crane. Now with one man —an engineer—the crane does the work of those 60 men. Fifty-nine men were dis- charged. What became of those 59 men? Were . they not sent out to swell the army of the unemployed? What part does that crane play in society? Ethelbert Stewart, in the accompanying interview dis this and tells what must do with her cusses America machines. chines to work at all the jobs men now do and have cut down the need for labor at least one-half”" A. Well, now let's begin with those 59 fellows fired from the wire mill. They were getting 2234 cents an hour for a 12-hour day when they were car- rying 240-pound Ingots on their backs. They are now getting $4 a day for a better class of work and for an eight- hour day. That industry is employing Just as many rhen. Case of the Linotype. You gre probably too young to re member the introduction of the lino type machine, the modern typesetting marvel. In the old days when came along the printers sent up their | lamentations because they saw their numbers depleted by this new labor. aving monster. Yet what has hap- pened? We have more printers em- ploved today than ever. Why? cause those very machines and other machines supplementing them made printing so cconomical and o fast that we can turn out 30, 60 and 100 page newspapers where formerly we thought four pages quite an achlevement. That is the history of Jor-saving machinery. Hand spin- ners were thrown out of work by the thousands when machine spinning was introduced. Today more than five | times the original labor force is em | ployed in spinning. notwithstanding | the fact t new machinery is being constantly installed. The truth is that when machinery is introduced it so cheapens the cost of production that | most of the original latar force are {eventually re-employed to furnish the | greater amount of the commodity con- I sumed. And, besides, these laborers are emploved at wages so much bet- ter that their wants are increased and avery other industry feels the advan- e. And then I ventured to suggest an- other means of absorbing the dis- When he was taken back to partial favor by the triumvirate of Stalin, Zineviev and Kaminev, five months ago, he was at his own re- quest assigned to the economic front. He had contended that the failure of the Soviet economic em was not due to inherent defects thereof, but to lack of energy, honesty and tech nical efficiency in its operation. He was told to “go to it and prove his ontention. His marvelous energy has achieved remarkable results in de- tail. but of course he essayed a task impossible in the large. Perhaps once again Trotsky's ill ness is political, perhaps he is banish ed a templated policy of promise with the righteousness. * ¥k China.—Dispatches tell of furlous fighting, some 60 miles from Canton, between the forces of the Red Canton government and those of Gen. Chen Kwang Ming. Gen. Chen Kwang Ming is a man of very liberal views, but anti-Red. Other recent developments, military and naval, of most fantastic character, will be dealt with when the dispatches have thrown a little more light on them. o United States of America.—John W. Weeks has resigned as Secretary of War and is succeeded by the Assistant Secretary, Dwight F. Davis, who for many months past s, because of Mr. Weeks' illne: performed the duties of Secretary donor of the Davis Cup, most famous of tennis trophies. An agreement to cover funding of the debt of the Czechoslovakian gov- ernment to ours has been signed. It follows closely the precedent of the American-British debt agreement. The capital of the Czechoslovak debt is $115,000,000 as of June 15, 1925. A notable resolution passed by the convention of the American Federa- tion of Labor, sitting for its second week in Atlantic City, denounces all wage reductions, and citing the find- ings of an investigation under the auspices of the Federated American Engineering Societies covering im- portant industries, that waste in pro- duction is 50 per cent, attributable to management, and only 25 per cent to fault of labor, urges on management vigorous efforts to eliminate waste. “Social {nequality, industrial instabil- ity and injustice must increase unless the workers get real wages. The purchasing power of their wages, coupled with a continuing reduction in the number of hours making up the working day, are progressive in pro- portion to man's increasing power of production.” No doubt the ‘“Increasing power" contemplated is that to come from labor-saving machinery. The convention voted ‘“complete in- dorsement and _sympathy” to the strike of the anthracite miners. The statements submitted the other day to the Air Board by Postmaster General New and Secretary of Com- merce Hoover are most_interesting and {lluminating. Mr. New -pointed out that the Post Office Department established its air mall service in order to demonstrate the practicabllity of commercial aviation and so induce private agencles to bulld planes which should transport mail as do the rail- roads and water carriers. The suc- cess of the department’s venture is | sufficiently proved by the results of 1its recent bids for private conduct of air mail routes. ‘The two statements should go far to arouse public advocacy of the Wins- low bill, which proposes a bureau of civil aviation In the Department of Commerce, which should render serv- ices to commercial aviation analogous increasing com- mammon of un- that | Be- | have | the chief obstruction to a con-| Mr. Davis is the | placed labor. I was thinking of our abandoned farms, of Lloyd George’s “back-to-the-farm” movement and of Henry Ford's statement that the day of the big cities is nearing its end. “Of course,” I suggested, “thou- sands of these displaced laborers might then drift back to the farms, which would be a good thing for them “They most assuredly would not,” Mr. Stewart shot back with emphasis. “And if they did it would not be a good thing for them, for us or for the farms. There are too many peo- ple on the farms right now. There is no place where there is more human wastage than the farms. Henry Ford says, I am told, the work of the aver- age farmer could be compressed into 25 days if he would ke modern labor- saving machinery. I do not know whether this is true. But 1 know it as at least partly true. ] know this, that if the modern methods now used on 1llinois farms were used ever where we could get rid of 4,000,000 farm laborers right away. That would be a cut of 50 per cent. We don't want people drifting back to the farms. And they are not going to drift back. More are going to move into town.” And then T realized | presence of a and-out 1 was in the rare specimen—an_out defender of the city. Mos public men sing their songs to the country and live in the city. This man sings of the city and its glories. City People All Right. “Don't you worry about people in the city,” he went on. “It is in the city that ideas are fertilized and ex- | changed. It was in the cities tha civilization was cradled and in which it must be continuously nourished f marvelous futures yet to come. We need not have cities like our present ones. We will have to put the town planners to work, as they have done in the Federated Mala es, to to it that streets are wide and clean that the towns are properly zoned and that there are plenty of parks and sunlight.” Then, leaning earnestiy: “And we must forward, he said put_machinery to | work for mankind. Work does not hurt any man, but drudgery never helped any man. We c; se poor | beasts of burden who toil in dark | filthy places under intolerable burdens | ‘hunkies’ and ‘wops’ We must take these burdens from their backs. We | must rehuman them. They will | cease to be ‘w and ‘hunkies. More Goods to Consume. “By increasing and cheapening pre duction we will bring vast amounts o our products within the reach of all and thus create new industries and expand others. Narrow-minded labo: unions might fight the machines for a while, but the Intelligent unio; already understand. Stupid capital ists may draw back from the invest ment in expensive machines, but the will go down against the competitior of the wise ones who do not hesit People are fearful of the machi seeing in them the symbol of material- ism. But it is the machines which will emancipate us from material ism. Just as they will make more work, they will make more leisure fo) all. The leisure of the Greeks gave birth to the age of Pericles. That leisure was made possible by human slavery. But our leisure—leisure tc think, joy art and mu bool made possible not by | the slavery of men, but the slavery o | machines” to those rendered by the Government to commercial navigation, such as charting, lighting and marking the airways, examination and licensing of aircraft operators and provision of at mospheric data. Moreover, there mus law for commercial aviation corre sponding to merchant marine law “Without such services and law. be a body of aviation ¢ tive way AMr. Hoover went on to th question whether the art of aviatior has developed to the point of warrant ing establishment by the Government of such services.. Given such aid would commercial aviation justify itself by the value of its transporta tion service to the community and as an adjunct to the air defense? The arguments so lucidly presented by Mr. Hoover in support of his affirma tive answers to his own questions are convineing. Mr. Hoover believes that commer- cal aviation will develop lustily with- out Government subsidies, provided that— (1) An aviation bureau is established furnishing services as above indicated (2 A suitable body of aviation laws is enacted. (3) Carriage of the mail is contracted out. (4) Air ports are established at the important municipalities. (This last should be done by the municipalities themselves.) The value of a great development of cemmercial aviation by way of maintaining an equipment adapted or adaptable to manufacture of military machines and by way of maintaining a war reserve personnel is too obvi. ous, said Mr. Hoover, to require em phasis. Harvey S. Firestone announces that the Firestone Plantations Co., a new corporation, of which he is president. proposes to spend $100,000.000 in de. veloping a 1,000,000-acre concession in Liberfa for rubber production. An ultimate annual output of 250,000 tons of rubber is expected—i. e.. move than half as much as the present world output. The project involves making a suitable harbor at Monrovia by construction of a great breakwater. The scheme, in full flower, would give employment to more than 300.000 na tives and a great number of whites. Mr. Firestone has made investiga- tions in the Philippines, in Mexico and in Central America, and, but for unfavorable political conditions and prospects, one of those countries might have been chosen for the great project. “America Is a place where you can shoot as many people as you like without getting into trouble,” {s the delighted impression derived by a British schoolboy from inspection of American films. n only develop in a primi Dwight Davis, War Hero, Athlete and Statesman (Continued from First Page.) adapted to the life that they enjoy, Mrs. Davis was Miss Helen Brooks of Boston. Mr, Davis met her first while a student at Harvard. In 1905 he was in Geneva, Switzerland, and Miss Brooks also was there. The upshot of the matter was that he brought her back a bride to this country. They have four children. The eldest is Dwight F., jr., 18 years old, at pres- ent attending St. Mark’s School in preparation for Harvard. Miss Alice Brooks Davis, 16 years old and Helen, 12, are at school here in Washington, while Cynthia is at St. Timothy's 8chool, Catonsville, Md. said Mr. Hoover, “it is my belief tha® | FRANCE WORKS WITH U. S. IN CHARACTER EDUCATION Co-Operating With Institution Here to Give Moral Instruction in Schools. Other Nations Expected to Join. By MILTON FAIRCHILD Chairman, U. 8. A. Character Education Institution. HE French minister of educa- tion has accepted the finvita- | tion of the United States Char- acter Education Institution to | co-operate in discovering by research how to give effective charac- ter education in public schools. France has had moral education in her schools for 15 years. and has a basis of experi- ence on which to give advice to Amer- ican educationists. The Unted States State superintendents of education | kave combined to form the Character Education Institution, Washington, through which they have been doing for several years careful research work on the problems of character | SAscHion ints APl ACHES 16% DEE Boacd of trustees includes officers from the Federal Bureau of Education, the pub- lic schools of Washington, the N tional Educational Association, the Na. tional Congress of Mothers and Teach- ers and the National Research Coun- cil. A chfldren morality code has been worked out to gulde the teachers in leciding what moral ideas to inculcate. Tentative plans for school work for chavacter development have been out ined, and are being experimented with by selected teachers to prove, before wdvocating, that general use of them will get desirable results in the lives )f the children $20,000 Work Done. This research work has been going m for the last 10 3 About $20,- 000 of work was necessary to per fect the morality code, and much more than that umount has been spent on planning how the schools can succeed in helping the homes bring the children up right. The leaders of this movement for effective character education in schools are opposed to urging the schools of the Nation to wopt_any plan until it has been proved by careful school experience 0 _be effective. Washington n which experiments nade. Supt. Ballou has appointed ¢ character education committee, which has agreed on certain plans to be tried out, and 18 teachers have been selected and furnished materials for the experiments. State committees for this research work have been appointed by State superintendents in some 20 States ind the result is assured that in a few more years the various States will have acter education work zoing on plans which suit the State onditions. Some of the energy which chers now give to geography, his. ory and mathematics will be assigned icter educat work. ability the plans will not in lude formal lessons In morals, which e too dry to have influence, but vill include classroom club work, the orality code, character projects and reports to parents on character devel- opment is one of the citles are being Pleased With Collaboration. officials of the United States er Education Institution are pleased to have collaboration vith France established, because this ill_enable its plans to be improved study results of research in ance. The morality code and these tenta tive plans will be translated into French and submitted to the French ministry of education for criticism d advice and for experimental test ing in French schools. M. Lapfe, lirector of primary fnstruction i the French - ministry of Educ tion, in his letter of September 28 agreeing to cooperation, says: T vealize how near the Amerlcan and French ideals are to each other. My bureau will be hanpy to enter into working relations with the United States Character Educatlon Institu- tion. The French minister of education, de Monzle, has consulted with the erman secretary of state sbout inter. wational good will throuxh educatior nd has assured Germany that a neitements. if any exist in the French of M | foundations of schools, to antagonism and jealousy toward Germany will be eliminated. A special invitation is being extended to German educationists to co-operate | in developing character education of Would Pass Down Heads. The purpose the national leaders in education have in mind in developing character education is the transmis- slon from one generation to another of the moral ideals which are the civilization in all na. tions. The entire personnel of a nation changes in seventy years, and the morality which has been found good in experlence has to be made of influence in the. lives of each gen- eration. If International good will and justice are to be maintatned through hundreds of years, the children of each generation must be brought up right, so that in their turn as adults they will do Jjustice and maintain good will among nations ‘The expense of character education in schools can be saved from the na- tion's expense for crime, and general happiness much increased by the estab- lishment of fair and generous treat- ment of each other In human society. The Mexican Secretary of Public Instruction, Dr. Pulg Casaurano, has put his Mexican Department of Edu i.:nu.m into co-operation with the United States Character Education Institution to work out the best pos- | sible character plans for use in the Mexican schools. Miss Adelia Pa- lacios of Mexico has spent a month this summer studying American ideas as to character education in Wash- ington and New York City, and has already begun a study of the chil- dren in one of the elementary schools of Mexico City to discover what vir tues espectally need emphasis In the | Mexican schoo Other Countries’ Support Asked. Invitations to form special co-operat- ing character education committees have been extended to educationists in gland, Scotland and Japan, and indications are that they will accept. | Secretary GeorgeC. Pringle of the Edu cation Institute of Scotland has writ- | ten to say that if a Scottish comm tee is to be constituted he needs only | to be commanded to render uny assistance possible In this effort to make the public schools of greater help In bringing up the children to believe and practice clvilization morality the educationists are urging the parents to become more earnest in the homes for right conduct of children and the clergymen more earnest for religious education in the churches. | _This is the first time in the history of education that the educationists of { varous nations have combined to di | cover by search work how to make |education effective for the development | of personal character as a factor in | civilization The great motive for character de- | velopment on the part of children is jthat they have to take the places of their parents and elders in the work of civilization or the whole fabric of a nation dishtegrates. Children can see this great basic fact of human life, and it is natural for them to respond { when the appeal to them is skillfully |made thac they sustain in their gen eration the civilization which thelr an- cestors have created. Boston Adopts Plan. Boston School Board has al- _adopted plans for “citizenship on_throuzh character develop- The children’s morality code |is being used in all the classrooms of | the Boston elementary schools, and a | school journal on “Citizenship™ is pub- {lished by the School Board, free copies | going to each teacher each month. The State Department of Education of Missour!, Dr. Charles A. Lee, State superintendent, has appointed a State | adviser in character education, and re- search committees have been appoint- ed in some 20 other States. The pro- | fessors in teachers’ colleges and In universities are being asked to help in these researches and to begin the training of teachers for their work as teachers of charact as well as of the | three “R's.” The | ready | educa ment Ien Live Emotions. Think Them, Co While reliable meane of intelligence testing have put to flight old-fashioned ideas of male superfority, recent psychological tests at Colgate Univer- ty have revealed that men still have the edge in emotional stability. Don- ald A. Laird and Thomas McClumpha, in testing 600 men and about 400 women students, found that women have far many - more artificial emotional outlets than men. Men live their emotions while women think theirs. 1 tend spurfous mental fatigue than men: 10 per cent more women are introvert; more women, too, were neu- rasthenic. But hysteria was about 1s common with one sex as with the other. Although the women made by far the worse showing in these college tests, in the country at large the oc- currence of extreme emotional in- stability as shown in insanity is creater with men. Messrs. Laird and McClumpha suggest it might be that the emotionally unstable type of women are attracted by higher edu- cation. Twenty per cent more women pre- | , While Women lgate Tests Indicate Another theory suggested is that the male preponderance of insanity in the general population is not & true test of emotional equipment, because men are as a class more exposed to hazards that result in Insanity. It has been shown that eight times as many men are confined for insanity, due to ph cal injury, and five times as many on account of soclal diseases. When these are eliminated the scale tilts slightly to the other side and more nearly agrees with the college find- | ings. The experimenters are not satisfied that this disparity is due to sex, but see the possibility of it resulting from a difference in social conditions. Mr. Laird said, “From earliest childhood the restraints and training of the sexes differ and the difference we find in middle adolescence may be a re- verberation of this early environment. Our data cannot be interpreted as showing that_there are innate differ- ences, the differences may be ac- quired. The trend of opinion is that the emotional outlets, such as we are testing, are acquired.” Suggested by A new way of getting helium has been suggested in Germany by Dr. Kurt Peters of the Physical Technical Institute of Berlin. It is to be dis- tilled from radioactive minerals used in various industries and mainly from monazite sand, which is made into Welsbach mantels. Although it has been known for & long time that these minerals give off helium when heat>d, the gas has never beep recovered com mercially. Dr. Peters claims that it is the largest scource of helium in Germany at the present time. He e: timates that a production of from 000 to 20,000 cubic feet is available un- nually, which is a thousandth as much as was lost in the Shenandoah disaster in one day. ‘While this amount will not be suf’- cient for use in dirigibles, it is ex- pected to suffice for technical pur- poses. Helium has been most difficult to obtain, because the United States, which is the only country in the world producing the rare gas in large quan- tities, has stringent export laws pro- hibiting its sale to forelgn countries except with the sanction of the War and Navy Departments. ‘Dr. Meissner, also of the Physical Technical Institute in Berlin, obtained about 25 cubic feet of the gas from a neon-helium mixture. This was ob- tained as a by-product in the manu- facture of liquid air used in Berlin re- trigeration plants, after months of dis- tillation in the laboratory. It is estl- mated that this amount of helium came from about 5,000,000 cubic feet (d New Method of Securing Helium Gas German Engineer of air. The new method of recovery from minerals instead of from air will yield greater quantities and purer helium, according to Dr. Peters. Washington Portrait Fails of Recognition As a patron of the arts the Shanghai American Club of Shanghai has set out to win a name for itself, but as to what constitutes a good canvas like- ness of George Washington the club has been forced to admit a_grave error in judgment. After the club bullding was thrown open on its completion the regularly constituted committes looked “around for some means to adorn the walls of the dining room and the cardroom and to fill in a panel above the fireplace in the library. A Russian artist was set to work with a copy of a Washington print and a copy of the “Spirit of '76” and other well known historical subjects. In the course of time a huge portrait painting was produced and nalled up in_the library. The club members gazed en masse and individually and wondered who was the stranger in their midst. Later it was rumored that it was Washington. The club members laughed and refused to be- lieve it and the canvas was taken down. A petition is now being circu- lated among the members to have the reproduction of the “Spirit of 76" removed.