Evening Star Newspaper, August 2, 1925, Page 39

2 =y Why the U.S.Leads World in Crime [Editor's Note—This is the last of four interviews on crime. In the first three articles four of the world’s greatest police chiefs ez- pressed their views on “Why the United States Leads the World in Crime.” Today, Judge William McAdoo answers their criticisms. BY DREW PEARSON HE foreign police chiefs who 9 THE SUNDAY ~STAR, WASHINGTON, D. €., AUGUST 1925—-PART FINES PROVE EFFECTIVE AID IN NEW ALIEN LAW Steamship Companies Careful About Furnishing Passage Where Eligibility of Foreigners Is in Doubt. IN ANDES, HIGHLY HONORED Trophy Given for Engineering Feat Per-" manently Placed in Pan-American Union Building Here. press, the public and of the magis- trates. “In London and Paris, for instance, the fate of the man on trial hangs on the word of the policeman. The judge gives him every confidence, shows him every respect, treats him as an impartiel, honest and fearless per:!lflcauon of the law of the land —pradticaly consults him as to what A GREAT POUICE JUDGE’S VIEW “Burglars used to be stal- wart men of middle age. Today they are dapper young fellows or undersized runts. the port of embarkation is subject BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. to a fine of $1,000. And long and PERMANENT reoord of the called Infernillo, or where the locomotive “Little is seen Hell,” une: BY BEN McKELWAY. I HE psychological effectiveness 1 e | heated are the arguments which en- They don’t need physical he thinks should be done with the defendant in minor cases. I would o engineering . 2lill {0t an | BOSIACLY, aniexging from (he bowels of i o A BOod, SUM fine, adminis | ¢ petween the medical authorities point to the United States as strength. They arm them- | [be willing to wager that very rarely American _citizen, Henry [ €1550 OURten. 254 then crossin \ tered with speed, precision and| o+ the Public Health Service and the most crime-ridden coun- RELs: Y does a_professional crook walk out of Melggs, whose name Will| 004 0t o very lofty viaduct, whi Judgment, has long since be-|i}, .o o the steamship companies try in the world are quite selves with revolvers and | |3”Paris or London courtroom with always be linked with thel e vie;qat5s in. the mouth ‘of ancthe come established. The motorist [ those of the steamship companies right, . according ~ o'’ Chlef g fhe officer reprimanded for arresting | history of rallroad building in South | {erminates in the mouth of anothe ] Nho Stops his car and pauses reflec- |1 . gine, for instance, the learned | Magistrate Willlam McAdoo of New steel themselves with nar- him. In this country the policeman is [ America, has just been placed in the | o/ " Sn ot B0 OTRTOERS H et gne of Mr. Eldridge’s neatly | jifferences of opinion over a caseat | York. but they should criticize not the ti Wehaie bresiing B b e ot o i Pan-American Union Bullding “here. | [ote Glsappenrs, In order o 1 f e S SIEns does so from 10 | constitutional psychopathic inferi- | American police, but the difficult sys- cotics. g “But the police,” contifued Judge|It 18 & monumental silver and gold | [ATOUER another mountain, equall Uperate it the police depaganent, o orits! Strange as it may seem. many | iem under which our police operate— generatiom of young crimi- | | aMcAdoo warmly, “must pay no atten-| rOPhY, handsomely wrought by the | Nind [ Guring s marvelons asce a good citizen nor to conserve the | immisrants have become afflicted 2 system which makes mog strangers to ton to the fate of the men they arrest. | (IO &Uriious, WAL B B e, |one hill after another. Proceen life and limb of the lowly pedestrian, |With disease on a seven-day trip [Ppossible to clean up the sodrces of nals, who are g ! His sole desire in stopping is to fore |over the salty blue ocean en route stall a rather one-sided interview with | to the United States, although doctors a i N v] ki n Pollce Court Jidse who lacke ol | e rnestly that: the. sime Iaciigeants trace of sympath; compassion, tendern condolence or «greement Steamship companies which derive | Perhaps come from the transpor- a profitable i tation of the immigrant to this coun s demonstrated its efficiency in en cement of the traffic regulations. right to decide as to the type of im migrant specified in the new immi- tion laws the Goddess of Liberty would throw down her torch and lift hoth arms in prayerful supplication as she watched an army consisting of the lame, the blind, the halt and the palsied enter the portals of this, our native land. Fortunately, the steam- ship companies have been denied the right to interpret the laws and are compelled to carry them out to the let- ter. Their failure to do so is assessed at about $1.000 per failure. The sys- tem is proving more than efficient. It is making of the steamship company officials the most devout and painstak- ing students. They have become au- thorities on immigration. It is be. coming as difficult for an ineligible alien to secure passage aboard thelr ships as it is to obtain a grandstand seat at 3:45 p.m. when Washington is playing Philadelphia. Laws Were Ineffectual. The immigration laws of 1917 were ineffectual when it came to enforc- ing the later restrictions placed egainst illiterates, the physically de- foctive, insane, diseased or other- wise unsuitable immigrants, and when the laws of 1921 restricted quotas of immigrants there was no penalty attached for steamship com- panies which sought to exceed them. In 1922 a penalty of $200 was imposed when quotas were exceeded. It was administered leniently and had little effect. But the act of May 26, 1924, placed in the hands of the Secretary of Labor the administration of all fines, and the penalties were in- creased to $1,000 for each major vio- Jation of the law and $250 for minor violations. There were no such phrases as “not less than” or “more than” to confuse the official whose duty it became it administer the fines. The flat figure was designated, d those who violated the law were allowed no appeal. During the last calendar year there were 8902 fines imposed, which amounted to about ,000,000. During the present calen- dar year there have been fewer fines, but the total amount, as a result of » increased penalties under the new law, will be greater. It has been estimated, unofficially, that these fines will average about $10,000 a day assessed against the steamship companies for violations of one sort or another of the new law. No Appeal From Fine. The situation is a peculiar one. The method differs radically from usual court practice. The imposition of the fine is final. There is no appgal When & violation of the law is evidént & board of inquiry consisting of three immigration officials at the port con- ducts an investigation and forwards its report to the Bureau of Immigra- tion here. The steamship company presents its side of the case to the department through an attorney, who submits his brief, there being no oral argument. An official of the bureau 'makes his recommendation on the im- position of a fine, and the Secretary of Labor approves or disapproves it. There are no two cases alike. In each instance there arises a different ques- tion concerning the length of time an alien has lived in the United States, his occupation, his age, bis employ- ment, his purpose in coming here and how he came here. All these must be taken Into consideration. as well as the letter of the law. Recently a man who had lived in this country 15 years and established a thriving business went abroad. He had no papers. Coming home, the steamship company officials simply asked him if he was a citizen, and he =aid, “Yes,” submitting in proof cer- tain documents relating to his busi- ness in this country. At Ellis Island 1t developed he was not a citizen of the United States—never had been. But the man was allowed to enter the eountry again and pursue his busi- neas and the steamship company was exonerated from blame in transporting bim. The steamship company in this case exercised what was considered a reasonable diligence in investigating he man’s right to re-enter the coun- try. Sells Intended Bride. On the other hand, there may be cfted the e of Rosetta, a buxom Jass of Italy. who secured transporta- tion to this country upon representing to the steamship company that she Wwas 10 be the bride of one Tony, then @ageged in the sale of bananas along @ streets of New York. When Tony ‘Juared at the pier to claim his bride e immigration officia’s looked into BB past history and disc.yered he was met & cltizen of the United States, nor bad he ever been a soldier or sailor. They t. Tony that Rosetta would have to take the boat back to Italy, and he would have to get a bride msomewhere else. But Tony was a big-hearted fellow. Jie was also broadminded and had Jarge ideas, Not Jong after there appeared at the ©offices one of Tony's countrymen. He rhowed all his papers. He was not only an American citizen, but he had Fe come to claim Rosetta for his bride, Somewhat puzzled, the officials asked Nosetta if she would marry Tony's friend. She wasted no time in saying she would. But upon further examina- tion it developed that the sly Tony ad collected $197 from his friend, and receipt thereof gave up all his shts to the falr Rosetta. fals had to tell Rosetta she must 0 back to sunny Italy because Tony's sriend hadn't sent for her in the first place. Shipping Compiny F:ned. The steamship company had to pay o fine of $1.000, take Rosetta back to Italy and refund the cost of her transportation. Tony continued to =ell bananas and his friend who had paid $197 wrote pitiful letters 1o the department in Washington, usking them how to get his $197 back. “I losa da mon, 1 losa da wife, T no get” sald Tony's friend. Under the law a steamship com- pany which brings to this country any alien afflicted with idiocy, insan- i1y, imbecility, feeble-mindedness, cpilepsy, constitutional psychopathic interiority. chronic alcoholism, tuber- culosis in any form a loathsome « dangerous contagious disease which might have.been detected by the company's medical examiners al respond to the same method which the steamship companies had the ved In the Army. He said he had | Then the | in the Public Health Service swear bore every evidence of fered from the disease vears, before thought of coming to States. Diseased Aliens Found. Cases have been found where tubercular immigrants were aboard vessels and armed with beautifully engraved certificates giving them clean bills of health and stating that they had been specially examined for tuberculosis. ; They have come here with every evi- dence of trachoma, the dangerous eye disease, akthough the ship’s doctors had certified, after examination, that they were healthy specimens. Immi- grants find special treatments avail- able in European ports which “fix them up” temporarily for passing the transportation company's medical ex- aminations, but they find it hard to convince the Public Health officials. When the Public Health officials are not convinced, the steamship compa- nies must pay a fine of $1,000 for each immigrant brought over, take him back and pay his way to the place from which he started, after refunding the cost of his ocean passage. Such fines tend to make the doctors much more careful. Races Are Abolished. The visa system and the heavy fines for bringing over immigrants who lack the proper visas have abolished the dramatic and oftentimes tragic races between the steamship companies so much in vogue over a year ago. Now the consuls give their visas to quota immigrants up to the specified num- ber and refuse any more. That pre- vents a race such as occurred a year or 50 ago between two rival steamers, one of which left the Azores with the last 150 immigrants admissible under that year's quota. Two days later an- other steamer took immigrants on board and reached New York one min- ute ahead of the steamer which de- parted first. The ‘latter steamer had to take back its batch of immigrants, all of whom lost the price of their transportation, while the faster vessel reaped the profits of its greater speed. This 1s no longer possible. That ves: sel, under present laws, would be fined $1,000 for each immigrant brought over. Steamship lines which are made the victims of fraud often are subject to fines because they failed to take proper precautions to protect them- selves. Immigrants from South Ameri- ca are subject to admittance to this country without quota, when they can prove their residence in one municipal- ity for a period of five years. Buy Way In. There have been scores of cases, where immigrants have purchased from the South American municipal- ities certificates of such residence at so much per certificate without regard to their length of residence. They thus secure their entrance unless the im- migration service finds fraud in the issuance of the certificates. Such fraud has been openly admitted by some municipal authorities and_the steam- ship companies suffer. Fake birth certificates, fake passports, fraudulent documents of one sort and another, in- cluding counterfeited visas, are made use of by the immigrant to enter the United States. One large and estab- lished headquarters for “fixing it up' for the immigrant s known to exist in Marsellle, France. But the steam- ship company which accepts the fraud- ulent papers is placed in the same position as the man who accepts a “phony” dollar bill. They have to pay the price of their carelessness. : The steamship companies, officlals declare, differ as much as individuals in the manner of accepting penalties for mistakes. Some of them protest strongly and to the end. Others offer no protest when they are caught in error. There are very few cases of deliberate intent on the part of the companies to evade the law. Most of the mistakes come from failure to make examination thorough enough. The Greek quota, at present, has been exhausted for the next eight years. An officlal of a steamboat company, therefore, should exercise extraordi- nary vigilance when a Greek bearing a quota visa presents himself for transportation. Thorough investiga- tion probably would show that another Greek bearing this same visa number passed the examination at Ellis Island months ago. But the second Greek, who paid as much as $500 for his fraudulent papers, is well schooled in what he must say when he is ques- tioned. While it may be difficult to prove he is faking his entrance pa- pers, it is worth the steamship com- pany’s time to make sure. There is 4 $1,000 fine in the offing. All of the fines paid to the immigra- tion service are turned over to the Treasury and appropriated by Con. gress as miscellaneous revenue. None of it s placed to the credit of the La- bor Department. No credit attaches to the Labor Department for levying the fines. Its sole object Is to enforce the law, That is why this court of no appeal functions efficiently. -— France Has Problem In Russian “Emigres” having suf- for months, they ever the United Russian emigres in France present a pecullar problem. There are 400,000 of them, of whom only a few recog- nize the Soviet government. These few are permitted to remain in France only under certain stringent regula- tions. In a test case only a few ‘weeks ago the Quai d'Orsay refused to prolong visas unless the applicants were attached to some authorized Soviet delegation. As to the great mass of refugees, no one knows what to do with them, and they are becoming a burdensome nui- sance. In many cases they are still nominally loyal to the old regime and have banded together to occupy old Russian consulates at Nice, Marselille and Bordeaux, as well as in other towns under the control of a ‘“‘com- mittee for Russian refugees in France" ‘which sits in Paris. This committee has vague powers and is semtofficlally recogmized by the French government: Hereafter the refugees must apply for certifi- crime. Judge McAdoo is probably better able to discuss police and crime prob- lems than any other man in this coun- try. In the first place he knows the police from the inside, having been police commissioner of New York. Also he knows the police problem from the point of view of the public, hav- ing served in the House of Represent- atives. Finally a long term on the bench, where he -has had under his supervision all of the magistrates in New York City, has given him op- portunity to review the faults of both the police and the courts. Rendered a Real Service. Therefore, I took to him the com- parisons and criticisms of our police system made by four foreign police chiefs: Sir Robert Peacock of Man- chester, ex-Chancellor Schober of Austria, Maj. Sze of China and Ab- dullah Bahrami of Persia. Judge McAdoo expressed the opin- ion that these foreign police chiefs had done this country a real service by comparing crime prevention in their countries and ours, since only by such public discussion could we compel the American people to take seriously our crime problem. “When you consider how crime has increased and the number of convic. cates of identity and nationality, and until the Qual d'Orsay does something definite to define their status, they must report regularly to the police and otherwise obey strict regulations will happen to them one knows, £ laid down by the foreign office. \\'hatl tions has remained almost the same,” sald the judge, taking a sheet of figures from his desk file, ““you begin to realize what a serious problem we face. For instance, here is New York with 240 murders in 1918—which at that time we thought was pretty bad. Out of those 240 murders only 28 con. victions resuited. But last year we had 333 murders and secured only 27 con- victions—one less than in 1918. That shows there is something wrong some place with our methods of detecting and punishing crime. American Police Handicapped. “Now as to these specific criticlsms,” Judge McAdoo continued, after I had called his attention to ex-Chancellor Schober’s statement that Vienna's low crime record was due to its police system of preventing crime rather than detecting it afterward, ‘“Dr. Schober is dead right. But the Amer- ican police, and the New York police in particular, are working under a big BY HENRY W. BU) HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most impottant news of the world for the seven days ended August 1: Great Britain—On Wednes- day Premier Baldwin brings the rep- resentatives of the miners and those of the mine owners in the great coal mining controversy under the same roof, but does not bring them into conference. From morn to noon he works, from noon to dewy eve and onward stll, arguing now with one group, then with the other, and flnn!- ly with representatives of the council of the trades union congress. Toward midnight all hands knock off to the morrow, nothing accomplished. The whole realm is breathless with anx- jety. Surely some arrangement will be reached for averting the threat- ened strike (at midnight of July 31). If the miners go out it is to be feared that the railway and other transport workers will refuse to handle coal, that the strike will extend sympa- thetically to all the greater indus- tries. On Thursday the same procedure. One could wish to be listening to Mr. Baldwin, for no man understands the matter in argument better than he does. But neither side will budge. Towards evening Mr. Baldwin holds a cabinet council and afterwards in- forms the owners that the govern- ment is prepared to assist the indus- try until May 1, next, to tide it past a period of negotiation, of investiga- ticn and of acute financial crisis. He requests the owners to suspend for a fortnight operation of their notice of termination of the existing wage agreement. He expects the strike or- ders to be suspended accordingly and no doubt expects thereafter a truclal prolongation of the status quo until the Spring. For the present he fs fighting for a breathing spell. Mr. Baldwin wins. On Friday the owners announce suspension of their notice for two weeks and the miners’ chiefs suspend the strike orders. The assistance to the industry is to be in the form of a flexible sub- vention to maintain wages at the present rates. It is unofficlally calcu- lated that the total cost to the gov: ernment, may be as high as £10,000,000. A royal commission, with larger powers than those of the court of in- quiry, is to investigate. I used the expression “acute finan- clal crisis.” But should the condition be called one of acute crisis and not rather one of chronic ailment requir- ing an economic Hippocrates of super- skill? The British are losing the Ital- tan market to Russia and the United States, other European markets and those of South America to the United States and Germany. What are the roots of the trouble? Higher cost of production than else- where? Obviously, since British freightage is cheaper. But why the higher cost? Higher wages and shorter working hour: Yes, that is part of the explanation in regard to competition with the German mines, but only part. Well then, poorer organization and working methods? Yes, but that again is only a minor part of the explanation. Within the past 10 years there has been immense improvement in both these respects, vet export has fallen by something Ilike 25 per cent. Now please note the following facts. The average wages of American min- ers are about $40 per week, the aver- age wages of British miners are only about two pounds fifteen shillings per week. The production in the United States is 80 hundredweight per man shift, in Britain 17% hundredweight. Well, what's the answer? The most important item in the answer is that the American seams (and the German, too) are beyond all comparison easier and cheaper to work. Suppose the best possible organization of the British industry, the very best mechanical ‘equipment, eight-hour shifts and the men *playing up with a will, even so it looks black as Tophet. Many mines are approaching exhaustion, in many the cost of extraction has become pro- hibitive by reason of the increasing depth and the conformation of the seams. Three hundred thousand min- ers are unemployed through closing ‘ain, ber foreign ultimately no |of unprofitable pits. But the case of handicap because they are not allowed to clean up these diseased spots from which crime springs. “For instance some police captain may make a daring raid on a vice district or gambling house and imme- diately certain ‘interested’ parties who have tremendous pull at the top will make a prodigious and often success- ful howl to have that captain trans- ferred to some other remote district. Lack Support of Courts. ““Also American police lack the sup- port of the courts. A European court will lock a man up if he is a poten- tlal criminal, but in this country the police will bring a man into court and a dialogue something like this will occur: “The officer tells the judge: ‘“This man is a pickpocket; he is a vagrant; his picture is in the rogues’ gallery. This is the seventh time that I have personally arrested him. I caught him on a street car with two or three other pickpockets who * escaped. A great many citizens are having their pockets picked every day. He has no means of support. Down at the de- tective bureau we know him as a pro- fessfonal crook. He is a dangerpus man to be at large.’ “To which the magl ‘Well, prove to has no means of support. “Thereupon five $100 bills, shows and calls up an rate replies, la accomplice, coal markets vanished, need not be hopeless if she can make the tran- sition to the new age without ifrep- arable political and social upheav- als, to the new age which shall de- rive its power from electric energy and oil. Britain lacks waterpower and ofl in its natural state, but as coal made her, coal will belike save her—i. e., the ol extracted from .her coal, oil being so much more economi- cal a fuel, the fear of exhaustion of the coal supply may be referred to the Greek calends. Electrification from the pit mouth using oil fuel, motor transport canalization—here’s a pros- pect of retrenchment to offset the loss of the coal markets and a neater, sweeter England with happy psycho- iogical results. So the optimist: In southern Wales the anthracite miners who have been on strike for sometime the opher day withdrew thelr safety men from the mines, and when the operators substituted their administrative staffs they tried to wreck the pumping plants. The executive of mines federation tele- graphed from London directing them to cease violence and send back the safety crews. The latter was done and the situation momentarily eased, but violent agitation has since re- vived and the situation is fickli There are 20,000 miners in the south- ern Wales district. Here is a new and spicy develop. ment; On July 29 and again on the 30th, flerce battle raged in London streets between British ‘“Fascists” and Communists. There was much demolition and ‘“scores” of people were hurt. * ok ok * Morocco—The French and Spaniards on the one hand and Abd-el-Krim on the other are approaching each other somewhat mincingly with a view to peace. The peace offer agreed on by the French and Spanish conferes at Madrid has been semi-officlally con- veyed to Abd-el-Krim, and that hero without directly replying has let it be known that he will negotiate on prior assurance of the independence of the Riff. Of course, “independ- ence” isn't quite the word from the Franco:Spanish viewpoint, but either Barkis is evidently willing, so there is the best of reason to expect ne- gotiations looking to peace to begin soon: Meantime not much fighting is in progress, French and Spanish forces have been moving as for a junction, and Abd-el-Krim has been | concentrating as though. to prevent me legally that he' him. The magistrate then discharges | pubMc, the defendant and reprimands the | ‘‘Certainly officer. | applied h. | | cently love, affection, sympathy, kindness or charity. They live only to gratify their ani- mal instincts. This is one of the most\dangcrous prob- lems confronting our coun- try.”—Excerpt from inter- view with chief magistrate of New York City. “Every ‘day in the year, like water pouring through a sieve, a great army of professional crooks are run through the police courts. They go in one door and out the other. The police belleve these men have no more right to be at large than the wolves up at the Zoological Garden. They know these crooks personally—know their habits and character—things about them which cannot always be shown in legal proof. “The magistrate, on the other hand, looks at the case from a purelv tech- nical point of view and refuses to admit very much of the officer’s testi- mony.” Lack Confldence of Public. Sir Robert Peacock, one of Eng- land’s great police chiefs, had ex- pressed to me the opinion that the American public lacked confidence in its police, and I asked Judge McAdoo if this was true. “Yes, and our police are naturally very sensitive about this. They want the confidence and co-operation of the public; for without it they are almost powerless. The public looks to them for protection. When a man loses his pocketbook, he naturally wants to know what the police are doing about it. He does not understand the difi- culty the police have in securing the prisoner produces |Proper treatment for criminals and ze diamond | who | swears that he Keeps a small tailor-|ly to blame for the lack of under- shop and that the man works for|standing between the police and the potential crooks in the courts. “I believe the newspapers are large- Judge McAdoo continued. in every other country | the police have the confidence of the The Story the Week Has Told Such a junction. threaten Wezzan. After a conference with Primo de Rivera, the Spanish dictator (or presi- dent of the military directorate), at Ceuta, Marshal Petain has gone to Pars. Abd-el-Krim's tangier agents have gone to Tetuan to see Primo de Rivera on the latter's invitation. * ¥ % % Poland and Germany — Relations between Poland and Germany are in a fantistic and vicious phase. The Polish and German governments have long been negotiating about trade ar- rangements, but cannot agree. By the convention governing the divi- sion of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany pursuant to the pleb- iscite Poland received the right to ex- pel from Poland territory Germans who, as resident in the part of Upper Silesia, which went to Poland, had for German citizenship. Germany recelving a corresponding right with reference to the part of Upper Silesia assigned her. The va- lidity of the clause of the convention conferring this mutual right having been challenged by Germany, was confirmed by the World Court. Poland, exasperated against Ger- many by the trade dispute and claim- ing that serious troubles in Polish Upper Silesia are largely chargeable to German agentssprovocateurs, re- proceeded to exercise the right of eviction. Fifteen thousand Germans falling within the category above defined were required to be out of Poland by midnight of July 31. Germany of course retaliated in kind. Result: In the closing days of July some 15,000 Germans were evicted from Poland, and some 10,000 Poles from Germany, and my understand- ing is that 20,000 more Germans are to go within the next three months. The evicted Poles, I gather, were mostly transients workers in the Ruhr mines and various manufactur- ing centers. The Germans evicted to date ‘are of like type, but the 20,000 still to go are mostly householders born in Poland, compelled to sell their property at a heavy loss. So I understand the matter, collat- ing such information as I have. It is an utterly wretched and dishearten- ing business involving vast suffering and dislocation and promising a lusty crop of hatreds to be expiated. It is far more discreditable than the simi- lar Turko-Greek exchange of popula- tions. Like that, it is a culmination, the living agents are not those chiefly Eleven Years After War Declaration Finds Europe at Last Nearing Peace (Continued from First Page.) the diplomatic details become of lesser tmportance. In post-war history the French and Belglan retirement from the Ruhr is a very significant date. The invasion of the Ruhr was, after all, the last authentic convulsion of the World War, It placed every decision of the several treaties of peace in jeopardy and it clearly reopened the possibility that Europe would sink to inescapable anarchy. Nevertheless it led not to chaos but to a degree of order; it made clear to all that there were limits alike to German evasion and the French coercion. If it stimulated in Germany passionate bitterness and hatred which will be long disappear- ing it no less brought everything to a head and opened the way to an ad- justment which could hardly have come otherwise. Cologne Flurry Minor. The momentary flurry over the evacuation of the Cologne zone, which supplied the single black spot in the year’'s history, has similarly proven of relatively minor importance. The allies manifestly took a false route they undertook to continue a policy which cannot long be continued, namely external interference with German national affairs even in the vital matter of armaments. The con- sequence was to disclose the essential fact that to take away a few guns or reduce the number of police was a minor et to ghpusing a nation-wide resentment and postponing and en- dangering the negotiations for ad- Jjustment which were already launched. Impressive Settling Down. It is becoming clear that the territorial phases of the Paris set- tlement, as contrasted with the eco- nomic, with the reparations provisions, are likely to endure very long and are capable of amendment or mutation only as a consequence of war. For Germany to escape from excessive reparations pay t has proven easy. Her escape from impossible armasent surveillance is quite as certain to come, but all her efforts to arrive at an improvement of her frontiers have brought her face to face with the fact that to obtain this she must envisage that war which for the present would be fatal to all her interests. In sum, the past 12 months, the whole of the eleventh year since the outbreak of the World War, has_been a period of impressive settling down. It has been conspicuously unlike any other of the war and post-war years, 50 much so that it may easily be that the future will describe it as the first year in a new period rather than the last in an old. Ten years of up- heaval have at last been followed by- a year of relative and even real tran- quillity. And in the European field there is nothing to suggest that there is any major disturbance within range. ~— ACopyrisbi, 1025.). His dispositions | | They must continue to arrest men whom they believe to be crooks. The court may act as it sees fit. But if a man should be arrested 50 times a week and released, he should be arrested again the fifty-first time ‘where the bellef is that he is intemt upon crime.. In other words, the police must not be discouraged. Police Are Better Today. “What do you think of Sir Robert Peacock’s criticism that the American police are too prone to grafting?” I asked the judge. “There is some truth in it,” he admitted, “but police graft is nothing compared to what it used to be. There was a time when, in certain districts, every appointment, promotion and transter was paid for, cash in ad- vance, and the man who did not pay “Is Maj. Sze correct when he points to the great amount of crime com- mitted by juveniles in this country?” T asked. “He is,” Judge McAdoo replied em- phatically. “I have noticed this in most of my burglary cases. Burglars used to be stalwart men of middle- age. Today they are dapper young fellows or undersized little runts. They don't need physical strength. They arm themselves with revolvers and steel-their nerves with narcotics. We are breeding a generation of young criminals who are strangers to love, affection, sympathy, kindness or charity. They live only to gratify thelr animal instincts. This is one of the most dangerous problems con- fronting our country.” “What do you consider to be the first step we can take to check crime?” I put my last question. “'Quit selling revolvers and en- force the law agalnst carrying them as strictly as we enforce any law in this country. There are more people carying pistols in this country than in all Europe, Asia and Africa. The po- lice are not to blame. How can they prevent them from being carried when any one can buy them any place. I know one merchant -who cleaned up $400,000 in three years selling pistols, but in making that money he probably caused a loss of twice as much to the Nation." (Copyright. 1925.) responsible. Wwhether these or those are the more to blame, one would be quite bewil dered to decide. The Upper Silesian question is still with us, unsolved, pregnant with the most hideous possibilities. As to the industrial situation Polish Upper Silesia the lie p: briskly. ?fi":d’m odthers reply that reports at kind are vicious propaganda via Berlin and Moscow. ol * % ok ¥ in United States of America.—William Jennings Bryan died in his sleep on July 26, at Dayton, Tenn., of heart disease. Edgar A. Bancroft, American Am- bassador to Japan, died at Tokio on July 28. The MacMillan expedition is ap- proaching Etah, its naval base. The Arcturus, with William Beebe, his 13th expert assistants and a cargo of the most astounding deep-sea speci- mens s home again at New York. The Commerce year book of the Department of Commerce for 1924, just issued, is an extremely cheerful document. “The American people,” says Secretary Hoover, “have little right to complain about their eco nomic situation.” Eighty-six persons in the United States paid taxes in 1923 on incomes exceeding $1,000,000. Incomes, if you please. The widely held theory that the trees in Central Park, New York Clty, are being killed by gasses has been exploded by chemical tests. Tests of 347 samples of air in Central Park show that no gas which in con- centrated form would be lethal to vegetation exists in the air of the park in such proportion as to be bangful. Insufficiency of water and soil"appear to be the main causes of the terrible tree mortality. * X . % Miscellaneous.—The Belgian debt funding commission is on its way to ‘Washington. 'Recent local elections in France have emphatically favored the Left groups. It is reported that Herriot has come out In favor of the capital evy. Franco-Belgian evacuation of the Ruhr was completed July 31. It ‘s repcrted that the Gerran govs—nment Proposes government aid to the Ruhr coal barons, which should enable them to dump their immense over- stocks on foreign markets at 10 per cent below world prices. Curlously, one of the simple expedients to this end alleged to be in contemplation fails to arouse enthusiasm in a cer- taln quarter—namely, to increase working hours without increasing wages. Signor Orlando, formerly prime minister of Italy, was mobbed recent- ly at Palermo by Fascist fanatics after making a speech reflecting on the methods of the Mussolini govern- ment. Little Esthonia, with a population of only 1,200,000, has a university with 6,000 students, of whom one- third are of the feminine persuasion. There is practically no illiteracy in Esthonia, which has universal suf- frage and compulsory education. The Esths are Mongoloids of the Fin- nougrian stock. A splendid people, but perhaps, like the Greeks, they go in a little too ardently for the “high- er_education.” Latvia is making preliminary ar- rangements looking to funding of her little debt to us of about $6,350,000. The report of the league commis- sion on the boundary between Irak and Turkey (the Mosul question) has gone to the league secretariat. It is a very serfous document to which I expect to refer later. Dr. Harvey J. Howard, the Ameri- can on the staff of the Rockefeller Foundation Hospital in Peking, who was carried off by bandits a fort- night or so ago from the ranch of the Manchurian Development Co. (an American outfit), near Harbin, Man- churia, is still being held for ransom. .The anti-forelgn strike at Canton, China, continues full blast. That at Shanghai continues waveringly. The Japanese coalition cabinet, headed ' by Viscount Kato, has re elgoeds - - | which Mei } of the tion of the principal portion of one of his great engineering feats in the Southern continent—the Oroya Rail- road in Peru. This historic rallroad, piercing with 27 tunnels the jagged peaks of the Andes, reaches a helght of 15,645 feet above sea level, within 136 feet of the summit of Mont Blanc, Switzerland. it is known as the “railway among the cloud: structfon it is estimated by some au- thorities that the toll of lives ran as high as 15,000, due principally to dis- eases which attacked the workers The memortal, which has heen add- ed to the exhibits previously on dis- play in the Pan-American Unfon Building here, came as a gift from Minor C. Keith of New York City, a relative of Melggs and himself a pio- neer in raflroad building and other commercial development in Central America. Mr. Keith is aiso a mem- ber of the recently organized Pan- American Railway Commission, whose aim is to see New York and Buenos Alres linked by rail ~ Magnificent Specimen. Some idea of the splendor of the| Meiggs trophy can be gained from the fact that it stands nearly three feet in height, that it weighs 55 pounds, and that, the gold ang silver bullion alone, without any estimate for workmanship, v thousands of dollars. More than two feet square at the base, it rises from its four rounded pedestals in church tower form to the crowning figure of a goddess which Surmounts it. The silver shield which rests by the side of the goddess bears in gold the seal of Peru. The cornucopias, flowing horns of riches, and other parts of the design are burnished with gold in| various shades. Around the base are | flgures of workmen, wrought in sil. ver, with their picks, axes and shov- els. The glass-inclosed trophy stands overlooking the 30-foot relief map of the Americas. The manner in which the raflroad built climbs the slopes Andes is thus described by one traveler: The line starts from a port ituated on the shores of the Pacific | the point of starting, Some say red revolution im- | in{ Ocean, and after running for some kilometers through fields sown with cotton and passing through sugar estates, reaches one of the narrow passes opened in the slopes of the Cordillera. by the erosion effected by the waters of some impetuous river while making its way to the ocean: and although the locomotive has only advanced some 50 line is at least 1,000 meters above sea level. Meantime the locomotive, skirt. l‘ng the hills, continues to creep higher | And of the living agents | P, N€ans of prodigious zlgzags, deep uttings, daring viaducts and repe: ed tannels. There are spots, like that (Continued from First Page.) ating themselves into French society, American and to belittle the countr: of thefr birth at every opportunity. The term Shylock, as applied to America, is heard more often on their lips than it is on the lips of any ¥Frenchman. one blush for America, make one wonder how America could have produced such Americans. the French, in their hear! despise them! Quotes Gen. Bullard. s,” must And then, in addition to these un- ert Lee Bullard and his war memoirs. just recently published in France. A favorite a is that the dolla rs we loaned him were furnished, but were furnish, and in support of his con- tention he cites Gen. Bullard’s state- ment that: “Our slow progress in France, how ever, came mainly from conditions in the United States. First, a com- plete lack of governmental and popu- lar understanding of how great was the undertaking: the hope that we could avold any great part in the ac- tual fighting of the war, that we need only give our moral and financial sup- port to the allies. This was a con- dition that had obtained in the United States from our very declaration of war. It was a continuation of that nopular feeling which in the begin- (Continued from Fisst Page.) Spaniards who visited South Ameri- ca after the discovery of the Western Hemisphere, found the natives mak- ing some use of rubber, which was made from the milky fluid in many trees, plants and vines which grew originally in the valley of the Amazon River. Brazil, with hundreds of millions of ley of the Amazon, found itself in pos- session of a natural monopoly. It pro- ceeded to make the most of this mo- nopoly, charging exorbitant prices for the rubber, for which the indus- trial nations bid high. But this greed was the undoing of the Brazilian rub- ber industry. Sir Henry Wickham in 1876 collected seeds of the Para rub- ber tree in Brazil. They were germi- nated in Kew Gardens, London, and sent to the British colonies in the East Indies, and from them originated the plantation rubber industry in the Mid- dle East. Monopoly Its Own Undoing. For many years the wild rubber of Brazil continued in excess of the pro- duction of the East Indian planta- tions.. But_ the restrictive measures adopted by Brazil to force prices high had the effect of increasing the plant- ing by British and Dutch in the East Indies. And it appears now that the restrictive measures adopted by “the British will bring about the plantation of rubber trees in other parts of the world by Americans. The Stevenson act, under which the production and exportation of rubber now is curtailed in the East Indies is based on the production for the year 1920. Only 60 per cent of the amount of rubber produced in that year on any plantation may now be exported without the payment of a heavy ex- port tax. .+Zhig tax runs from 7.94-gents per and in its hazardous con- | la are worth many | |carried into effect |railroad projected by Meiggs w | completed {industry from the United |Oroya railroad has {ed to Cerro de Pa kilometers from | we find that the | fand by his indomitable | several at | structed. France Means to Pay War Debt to U. S., But Still Desires to they are ready to sneer at everything | | in the hope of keeping out of the w It doesn‘t exactly make | but 1t does | How | American Americans, came Gen. Rob- | | American zument of the Frenchman | in lieu of the soldiers we should have | unprepared to | United States Is Trying Clutches of British Rubber Monopoly rubber trees growing wild in the val- onward and overcoming all kinds of, obstacles in its uninterrupted journ upward, before it has reached a d tance of 170 kilometers from the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the locc motive suddenly appears among t snowclad crests of the Andes r: at a height of about 5,000 mete above the point of startin; One Portion “Little Hell.” The name or “Li “Infernilio,” Hell,” is bestowed 1 one section of the famous C Railroad be cause the Rimac River thunders NArrow gorge of which reach hundreds o d the sky and shut out tk foams down through the cli feet tow light of day. The line, after leaving tunnel, ¢ the riv on u bridge of span and at height of 165 feet above the wate and then enters another tunnel. A the time of Mr. Meiggs’ death, in tember, 1877, the Pacific-Transandine Callao, Lima and Oroya minated at Chicla Callao, but the principal tunneling’ and much of the grade work and track for the remainder of the line to Oroya had been accomplished ar little addition ed 1 put the rest of the 1 ning order. The so- 3 Bridge is 10,924 fe. above sea level. Tunnels totaling 21,000 feet in lengt were pierced durin the Meiggs period of the road’s construction. I the most difficult section for construc tion, from Tambo de Viso to Ri Blanco, a distance of 14 mils ascent is 2,673 feet, and this Andear region was penetrated by the borinz of 22 tunnels, It was not so many vears afte railroad building had begun in the United States before enterprise alons this line began in South America, izen of the United Stafes, name: Willlam Wheelwright, of Newbur) port, Mass., who had conceived and the idea of nav gating the Pacific Ocean by stear vessels, later turning his attentio to the promotion of railws It wa through Wheelwright that Meiggs be came engaged in this- undertaking |Partly because of the war betwee: Peru and Chile, 1879 to 1883, the to Oroya until number of vears after his dea tes, ince been extend 0. T among the clouds is one remarkable achievements engineering, it is freely ad: was through the f: prise of Henry Me way system of Pei 1 projecte: rgy that vere con fmportant lines cale Amount _ ng seemed to th couts might do it, tle bit later resulted in the grantin; of great financlal aid to the allies, sti which delayed so long the draf.” Not a True Picture. How are the French to know that Gen. Bullard presents an utterly ur true picture of the spirit which a mated the American people when thei nation finally entered the war Germany that they of this di ns How can it be expected could go behind the word stinguished but fault-findin; understand for themselve e patriotism which swept the n people and the solemn but pride with which they saw” boys take their places o the battle front and do their fu share in helping turn the foe We must be patient with the people of France. They are in a maze whjch™ has been woven for them by the own leaders, with a great deal of* help from misguided Americans. So much for the willingness the intention of France to pay debt it owes America. There remain-= yet the question of the abflity of.c France to pay. That is a story ir #tself, and the telling of it, which | shall attempt in my next the rticle, calls for a look at the past, a look into " the future, and a look at the ver: amazing present. For the France today. In contra with the France " ‘we have been hearing about for th last six years, is a thing of amaze ment. (Copyright. 1925.) to Escape pound to 23.85 cents per pound, ac cording to the percentage increase- over 60 per cent of the 1920 produc. tion. Furthermore, the tax is levied not only on the amount exported over the 60 per cent of 1920 production, but .» also on the 60 per cent already ex ported. The planter naturally adds the tax to the price paid by the pur.” chaser. But the fact that this tax must be levied against all the rubber, he has sold prior to going above the 60 per cent mark makes him hesitate, for his entire profits might be wiped out. The United States is consuming ™ about 385,000 tons of rubber a year.’ The increase in the price of rubber a_ single cent therefore adds about $8,624,000 to America’s bill for crude” rubber. On the basis of 90 cents per - pound the total rubber bill would be enormous, nearly $850,000,000, The Department of Commerce, which through its rubber division. i, making a study of the commercial side of the rukber question, has pub lished a comprehensive report on the:a plantation rubber of the Middle East. This report shows that the American capital invested today in rubber plan- tations in the Middle East is almost negligible, compared to investments x. 5t British and Dutch subjects. Great Britain has investments totaling more_ than $505,000,000, and the Nether- lands more than $130,000,000, while™- the United States has some $32,000,- 000 invested in this industry. The British restriction on exports of rubber from the plantations has" been effective in raising the price: because the British really have what,, amounts to a monopoly today. If rub. ber were produced readily and in quantity in other places, the expor:i” tax would have resulted in a greair increase in the production elsewhers, and the market price would have fa; ed to increase to amy such an ex-” tent as it has. e