Evening Star Newspaper, March 8, 1925, Page 37

EDITO RIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES EDITORIAL SECTION The Sunday Staf Part 2—16 Pages » GERMANY UPON UP GRADE AFTER GREAT SUFFERING Degree of Privations Underestimated by ; Outsiders, Says Found Hopeful Despite War Scars. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ERLIN—A few days ago, writing from London, I tried to emphasize the present English situation by pointing out the abeence of any con- trast between London crowds and those of any American city, notably of New York or ‘Washington, from which I had recently come. To judge from the outward aspect, London seemed to have passed beyond the war period, to have escaped, not merely from the passions and emo- tions, but from the outward evidence of past sufferihgs. You were not con- scious in the main thoroughfares of London, for example, of anything to remind you that these people had re- cently passed through the terrible strains incident to war and postwar ex- periences. Now, if one is to apply the same standard of measurement to Berlin, the first and outstanding sensation is one of contact with a city and with a peo- ple who still show outward evidences of the strain, the suffering and the anxiety of war and postwar times. Every single circumstance which one notes serves in some fashion to estab- lish the idea that one is still in a city and among people who have not yet | escaped the memory of very great material hardship and perhaps equally &rea¥ nervous strain. Contrast Is Emphasized. 1f 1 may use a figure of speech to fllustrate, T had the same impression coming from Lonodon to Berlin—and it serves about as well with respect to the Paris I visited last year— which I have each year when I go from Washington to my farm in the north of New England. In Washing- ton Spring has come, the wonderful gardens along the Potomac have flowered, the trees have been in full blossom, and then, after 24 hours, I come into a region which is a full | month later, where the leaves are| only beginning to bud and the lilacs have not blossomed; where, to put it briefly, Winter not only still seems close behind, but can be felt down to the snow drifts in sheltered corners. Broadly speaking, then, 1 have the same set of Impr ions in coming from London to Berlin. I think every traveler at once must recognize that not only has recovery here been re- cent, but that it has not yet gone far enough to erase the evidences of the suffering which may be: found on every side. I do not belleve that the suffering continues on any large scale; one does feel, 1 think, that the stage is definitely terminated, but one quite as clearly feels that it has| existed and on a very general scale. 1f you study the faces of the people You meet in the crewds on the street ¥ou will, I am sure, note the presence of lines of care, of anxiety, just as you will certainly discover in the faces of many—but by no means all of the children—the suggestion that they have been at a time, and for a con erable time, underfed, not, I repeat, that they are now underfed; you have not the sense of present hunger, but rather of malnutrition and undernutrition in the past. Berlin Is Somber City. By comparison with London, Paris or New York, the Berlin of the mo- ment is a somber, gloomy city, despite the glorfous Spring weather and sun- shine of the moment. The® public buildings look, on the whole, run down; there is a sense of neglect in many directions, not, again, of pres- ent neglect, but of a period of neg- lect in the past, the evidences of which have not yet been removed, although the task is in hand. The crowds that you meet do mot look hungry, they do mot seem in- adequately clad, but at the same time the clothes which they wear are, on the whole, neither smart nor strik- ingly new. To compare the crowds with those of London or New York or Paris, you are at once aware that there is something missingt The same Is exactly true if you watch the 4raffic on the broad avenues. | More slowly you identify the fact that what is missing is the sense of texury. 0 f you note the traffic you perceive ¢ once that in the first place there is meslng any such intensity of traffic as .nakes life and limb a peril in Lowdon, Paris or New York. There arg automobiles not a few, but re- membering these other cities, the broad streets none the less look empty. Again, not only are the au- tomobiles conspicuously fewer; they are, in addition, infinitely less pre- tentious, while the taxis seem to be present only by squads, in contrast to the battalions and regiments of Paris and London. Many Horse-Drawn Vehicle Indeed, It is like a step backward for at least a dozen years, to measure by American standards, to watch the street traffic, because one sees again a very large number of carriages, public carriages for hire and horse- drawn wagons. You are carried back to that stage with us when the tran- sition from horse to motor was only Just starting, when the automobiles were relatively few, when people were still willing to ride in carriages, and the mere presence of a horse- drawn vehicle did not excite atten- tion, to the time of the mid-victo- rians. : Now, I dwell upon these rather tri- vial circumstances because they had for me a very definite significance when I came to study still more care- fully German conditions as evidenced by Berlin. Reading dispatches and descriptions in the past from the Prussian capital, I have never felt quite sure that reports of German suffering and privation were real; they conflicted so much with other reports, equally common, of German prosperity and German extravagance. There is, it I may venture to cite a personal experience, a whole state of mind with respect to Germany in the postwar period which has been dissipated by even a very brief con- tact with the German people as one sees them in the streets of Berlin. The expressions which I have seen on many faces recall to me vividly the expressions I saw in war areas, vot 80 much during the actual con- flict as in the months following the armistice, when the people of these evastated areas were just beginning ta escape from the recent nightmare ana fight their way back to life. London Impression Defended. 1 wrote of London that looking at the thronged streets, the eager crowds, the relatively impressive number of smartly dressed people, the crowded restaurants, You had the sense of tranquillity, or. as we say, of normalcy. I had the impres- sion of the London 1 knew as a boy, svhen the most vivid war memory was that of the Napoleonic period. WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, MARCH 8, 1925. Observer—Berlin London, the conditions were far dif- terent and the suffering still very great As to that. of course, 1 cannot say, but London itself seemed to me quite re- stored to normal, quite like New York in appearance—and Berlin does not seem in the least like either. : I should be very inexact if I gave the impression that the erowds or the at- mosphere suggest hopelessness, despair or present acute apprehension. On the contrary, one has the notion of people who have gotten back to work, to the ordinary routine of life, who are resum- ing all of the traditional habits, but whose resumption is still too recent to seem quite a matter of course. The acute anxlety is gone, but the memory of that anxiety remains. German Suffering Widespread. Therefore 1 have to say with very great frankness that it seems to me that a great many Americans, of whom I am one, have totally underestimated the ex- tent and degree of German suffering in the postwar yvears, that they have been too willing to believe the stories of quickly restored prosperity, to-think of the German of 1924 in terms of 1914. The outward signs which I have noted I have submitted to the test of examina- tion by questions addressed to Ameri- cans and other foreign residents of the city, and their testimony as to the extent and reality of the German privations is universal. Today the transformation i going on very rapidly. For example, Berlin is now, at least as to the central sections, becoming a city of light at night, but Americans tell me that the phenofnenon is very recent. Automoblles are multi- plying, and Berlin is just beginning to have a traffic problem, but the experi- ence is so new that it has not yet ar- rived at anything like competent regu- lation. Moreover, riding in a train from Holland to Berlin I saw along all“the miles of highway we passed exactly two passenger automobiles and one motor truck—that in 300 miles alike of coun- try and city ! But, even If the transformation is proceeding rapldly, there are many things that have not yet been reach- ed. All the old palaces on the island look ill cared for. not quite dilapi- dated, but certainly neglected; the public bufldings have the same at-| mosphere of neglect, the same ap-| pearance of having been abandoned | | | for a very long time. The royal palace, for instance. in which the last kaiser lived and from the bal- cony of which he made his famous speech to his people at the moment when the conflict broke. has an al- most battered appearance. One can imagine the Tuilleries having been | inhabited by a monarch much more recently. Few Officers Apparent. Perhaps it is the striking absence of anything to suggest regently ex- tant royalty which is most impres- sive. As to soldiery, one sees vastly more in Washington, particularly as to officers, and they appear infinitely more, what shall I say?—militaristic. One porter in my London hotel wore more ribbons of war decorations than all the Germans, civil and military, whom I have yet encountered. Once you have assimilated the fact that the regular police wear helmets which suggest soldlers rather than patrolmen, the last semblance of a military capital disappears. At the end of my first week I can testify to having seen but two sol- diers actually carrying guns and they were the guard on the door of the president’s palace. 1 saw one lot of soldiers, perhaps 40, marching from one point to another outside the Brandenburger gate; they did not have guns;, they marched quite at will; they suggested in their manner of carrylng themselves rather the slouch of the French poilu than the stiffness of American and British | privates, let alone the traditional Prussian ramrod bearing. It may be that if vou look under the bed, or behind the trees in the Thiergarten, you will find thousands of Prussian soldlers in full equip- ment. I do not know as to either, although I rather doubt it, but the fact is that the military element and the military flavor are as completely gone from Berlin as, say, Kansas City, Missouri—by comparison, Wash- ington is simply crowded with uni- forms. And what is more, you miss here all the varied ribbons allke on uniforms and on the evening dress of civilians, which betoken war-time decorations. . May Wear Crosses Privately. Berlin, the city, is not flagged, save on one or two buildings like the Reichstag. The flagpoles are all empty and the men of Berlin have not adopted, at least in public, the allled habit of displaying their proofs of war-time service either by decora- tions or by ribbons. It may be, as I am told and can well understand, at private dinners and among friends the iron crosses reappear, but they are kept for such occasions. You do not, as a mere stranger in the streets, see them. Again, I had the suspicion before coming here that one might encounter, if not arrogance, at least a certain sullen resentment; this was perhaps a survival of the reports of all the concentrated hatred which one re- members from war time. In point of fact, not only did I encounter nei- | ther, not merely officially, but in the | chance encounters on the street, I met only courtesy, consideration and at times downright kindness. My wife, who has been shopping in vari- ous stores and, like myself, speaks only English brings back the same reports from her experiences. What- ever be the feeling toward other nationalities, I have not so far en- countered any evidence of any tend- ency to retain resentments which the war might have produced. The Berlin which I see about me is not in any way way, there is a prevalling note of somberness, the bufldings and the people look as if they had very recently known hard times—very hard times; perhaps I exaggerate, but I have almost the impression In faces in certain of the poorer quarters of people who come out suddenly from the dark into the sunlight and are still blinking. Fl er Styles Are Absent. The almost total lack of smart or even elegant clothes, the sense of the absence in any considerable number of the class of people who throng many hotels in- Paris and London, who are to be seen in large numbers on Fifth avenue; the feeling that, sartorially speaking, the cream has been left off the milk, the absence of the flapper in all her variety of alluring disguises, of the bob in its challenging style—these are circum- | ple to accent the Christ whom It has A Bishop’s View ILLIAM FRAZER McDOW- ELL of Washington and bishop of the Methodist Church, ig entitled to speak for 6,000,000 of his churchmen, Dr. McDowell is not only a preacher, but an educator of youth,, having taught at Ohio Wesleyan and served as chancellor of the Denver Univer- sity. In the Methodist Church he is president of the board of education, of the board ‘of temperance and of the board of*prohibition and public morals. He has given most of his life to the study of public morality. His answers follow: Q. Is this country in a moral slump? Looking for a Slump. A. Yes and no. Peoole who look for slumps can always find slumps. Indeed, they can be found without be- ing looked for. But peopls who look for them can also find always moral revivals. And this is always true. The morning cometh and also the night. We are always in a crisis. Forty-five years ago I read a great essay written by Phillips Brooks to the effect that the popular skepticism of that time struck at the very roots of Christianity. The roots being struck at. Q. What do you think of our pres- ent crime wave and so-called jazz age? A. The crime wave is serious. There is a fundamental disregard of law and the setting of individual wish against the social zood which will have to be corrected or it will work, as it is working, irreparable injury to the Re- publie. If it goes its whole length, it will ruin the Republic. Nations can- not go wrong with reference to law and come out right with reference to civilization. Church Has Not Failed. Q. Has the church failed? A. There are two ways of asking that question and two ways of an- swering it. First, has the church failed to present Jesus Christ and His teachings to the world? If, having His life and story, we have failed to pass it on to humanity and have falled to live by It ourselves, then we hn\'e‘ failed grievously. Or we may ask, has the church failed to get the peo- are always offered to them? different situation. We are always assuming that the failure is the church's failure, where- as it is just as much and even more pathetically the failure of humanity itself. Remember how the Jews re- fused to follow Jesus Christ's lead when He was on earth, and how im- perfectly the Gentiles took His teach- ings and His life. They did not want to follow His teachings. They loved darkness rather than light. People then and now want to have their own way. It would be an unutterable failure if Christ had not presented His great ideals and if the church should not keep on presenting them. But the saddest thing in history is the faflure of the world to accept these great ideals and to keep on be- ing material instead of going with the world’s idealists. There Is a Cure. Q. Is the disease incirable? A. The only incurables in the moral realm probably are those who decline to be cured. It is the old story of the lament of Jesus over Jerusalem. He wanted to do the great thing for Jerusalem, and Jerusalem simply would not Q. Has the church become as ma- terfalistic as the world itself? A. 1am always ready to admit-the imperfections of the church. Nothing is gained by closing one's eves to them or by denying them. Neverthe- less, with all the imperfections of the church and with all its conformity to the world in which it lives, it is, as far as I can see, the only institution 'that is in any large way even trying to set forth the ideals and teachings of Jesus Christ and to get His spirit to prevall in the world. Its step is slow and halting and not always per- fectly straight shead. But no other body is In any large way engaged in even the endeavor to bring in the kipgdom of Christ. The church as I see it does not begin to be as ma- terfalistic as the world. Q. What will help the people to And that is a very Sees Peace Era In the Pacific Baron Shidehara, wno on various occasions has departed from the con- ventional foreign office course, issued a statement at Toklo apparently un- connected with matters under diplo- matic or local discussion, but simply a triennial commemorative tribute to the “signal achievement” and benefit since derived from the Washington Conference. With characteristic cour- age, Baron Shidehara ignores the hypercritical carpings of the element of the press which consistently in- sists that Japan's delegates at the conferencéd ylelded at the behest of the nowers. Baron Shidehara asserts without ornamental phraseology that: “The conference was highly bene- ficial to all parties. It stopped the competition in capital ships and re- moved suspicions as to the inten- tions of Japan's sincerity of the most captious critic, while in the Pacific the cloud of unrest, which at one time had gathered, has given way to an atmosphere of peace, friendship and mutual co-operation.” The statement concludes: “The Washington Conference gave birth to a new spirit of reason, courage, tol- erance and sympathy. Good will is an essential condition to all high ac- complishment.” Sues Entire Village. Count Friedrich Szechenyi, a Hun- garian aristocrat, is bringing legal action against the entire village of'| Peterhida, in southwestern Hungary. Szechenyl leased a piece of land to the villagers for a rental of one- quarter of a carload of grain a year. stances of varying importance, but they are inescapable circumstances. My English friends have protested that this impression is on the whole exaggerated, that behind the surface, and particularly in places other than One s here that the period of the inflation and the Ruhr occupation (Continued on Third Page.) The villagers neglected to pay and Is Religion Losing Out to Jazz? BISHOP McDOWELL. Who thinks humanity, not the church, is to blame for moral slump. get more confidence in the church? A. That is a large question that can only be answered in a general way. Members of the church must be better men and women. We cannot make a spiritual world if we are our- selves unspiritual people. And by spiritual 1 do not mean the average man's conception of spirituality as comething mystical and vague per- taining to another world and unfitting a person for this. I mean all the things that go to make up a better man and a better world, like kindness, honesty, truth, faithfulness—all the great qualities that go to make an ethical and spiritual life. There are people, of course, who have the idea that we can reform the world by adopting a platform or putting a set of noble principles into public utter- ance—people who think that the whole thing has been done when it has been sald. But there is no way in this ex- cept the persoral way. There must be a thoroughgoing identification of life with the life of Jesus Christ. The trouble with us is that we give Him 2 partial control over part of our lives and withhold from Him whole areas of personal life that belong to Him. There is no way to go with Jesus Christ except to go the whole length with Him and do it with heartinesa. Look Inside? BY IDA M. TARBELL. USY people have a habit of past- ing above their desks these days various mottoes reminding themselves that one of the chief rules in the gospel of efficiency is to do nothing themselves that they can get somebody to do for them. It is a variation of the pleasant labor-saving device that we used to use in college. We called it a “pony” there. It translated our Greek and Latin for us, and certain- Iy saved time and trouble. " Of course, professors who never had the advantage of a modern business training warned us that though we might pass our examinations by =kill- tull driving of the “pony” we would come out without knowing what it was all about. Later, some of us found that when we came in contact with those who had given themselves the trouble to do their own translating, we met a certain grip and clarity of mind which put us decidedly at a disadvantage in the hard contests of the world. * X % ¥ The “pony” has multiplied. There were never so many species and varieties of him as today. He has been trained for use in human activities where at first_glance it would seem very difficult for him to travel. Take the business of accumulating facts and ideas for profes- sional purposes. Most ingenious sets of files and catalogues have been contrived to save the student the trouble of re- membering. Information is put in a drawer, and_ when you want it, you go and get it. It hampers conversation, to be sure, if you happen to find yourself in company with one who carries his in- formation In his head. But, of course, the chief reason for the filing pony is that he eaves you the trouble of looking for anything in your head. The difficulty is that every now and then the file fails you. Here is a trivial experience in point: 1 had a call for an item of Lincolniana which I knew—a certain book of mine proving it—that 1 had once handled, had known _its whereabouts, its owner, but when 1 went to my files, search as I would, T could not put my hand upon it. Again and again, for over a period of several weeka, I dug up and down, fol- lowing one trail after another in those files, and the item still eluded me.. Final- Iy, as a last resort, it occurred to me that it might be well to look into my head. I had been taught that @ thing which has passed through the mind, even hurriedly on its way to the files, makes an impression that is never lost. * X X ¥ So I sat myself down by the fire, though it took considerable resolution to do it, and began slowly and paintully to search through the labyrinth of my brain. I remembered that William James had said about such an undertaking: “We make search in our memory for a forgotten idea, just as we rummage our house for a lost object. In hoth cases we visit what seems to us the probable neighborhdod of that which we miss. We turn over the things under which, or within which, or alongside of which, it may possibly be, and if it lies near them it soon comes to view.” It was Interesting work after I had once made up my mind to it. I kept picking up things that I did not know I had, as one does when he looks into a long-neglected case of books or chest of clothes or cabinet of curiosities. As a matter of fact, I went straight to my item of Lincolniana, although I kept stopping_on the way to look at long- the count is bringing suit. He has had the legal forms run off on a neglected notions. When I at last had it; I suddenly remembered a note which duplicating machine and will serve | after Lincoin's death was found attached to a bundle of mlmllmsonn papers; each villager, BY DREW PEARSON A Rabbi’s View MERICA is morally bankrupt chiefly because it is hate- ridden. When the war ended the other nations of the world were tired of hating. But we weren't. And we focused our unexhaust- ed hatred upon ourselves—upon the re- ligious and raclal groups within us. Hatred Is the most fmmoral of all immoralities. With practically these words, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise of the Free Syna- gogue, New York, summarized his charge that America had entered a period of moral bankruptcy. America's Foremost Jew. I had sought him out as America’s foremost Jew to testify in the in- vestigation of American morals and the church’s part in improving them. As president of the Jewish Institute of Religion and president of the American Jewish Congress, no other member of his faith seemed more qualified to take the witmess stand than Dr. Wise. He gladly consented to express his opinion and proceeded to pace up and down the floor of his study in the Free Synagogue, delivering his an- swers in the rhetorical language of the pulpit. Q. Do you really believe “America is morally bankrupt?" Close to Bankruptey. A. Bankrupt is a strong term. 1 am not sure that I am prepared to use it, though it comes nearer de- scribing the moral status of America today than any other term in my vo- cabulary. It is all very explicable, however. Q. What is your explanation? A. We have entered upon a period of moral decline for the same reason that our country went into a state of little less than moral collapse after the Civil War. Q. What ‘are your proofs that we are in a moral decline? A. I think I can make good my in- dictment. Moral Drop After War. The moral droo began to reveal it- self very speedily once the war was ended. Perhaps the strain put upon the nation in 1917 and 1918 was too great to bear. There was not enough moral oxygen at hand to keep Amer- ica going In the rarified atmosphere to which we had risen during those great days. At any rate, the first symptom, in my judgment, was the effort of a partisan cabal in the Sen- ate to bedevil the nation into reject- ing any kind of peace or internation- al understanding, chiefly because it “If you cannot find else, look into this.” 1t might not be amliss to add to the efficiency mottoes above our desks a paraphrase of this note: “When you cannot find files look inside your head.” it anywhere it in the * xox % A trivial experience, to be sure, but it is not without its lesson—a lesson which can be carried over into larger things. The world seems to be pretty well obsessed these days with the notion.that it can find sure labor-saving devices to which to hand over all of its problems: Out- side law instead of inside self-con- trol; wholesale organization instead of retail education; formulae for rul- ing men strong in logic but weak in knowledge of human nature. We try so hopefully and drop In such black despair when they work badly. We should not despair, we still have our heads. And it Is quite mi- raculous what a head, when used, will do in solving problems that have not ylelded to law, organization or formula, only—and here is the rub— it 1s hard, personal work, the kind that we would like to train a ‘pony’ to do for us. But If we flinch at the work it will encourage us to remember that one advantage of using your head iIn- stead of depending upon a pony is that you always have it with you; and also that, using it, you will be continually coming upon things which you did not know you owned, 50 that s00n you will have a sense of being richer than you ever knew you were—richer in strong, beautiful, de- sirable things which have no place in files and organizations and for- mulae, * X ¥ X A very great man of old, St. Au- gustine, after trying various schemes devised in his time for saving men's souls and giving them a joyful life, being still unsatisfied, looked inside. What he found for his soul—and that is his great story—we need not touch on here. It is what he found in his mind—incidentally, we may say, to his master struggle—that is to the point: “Men go abroad to admire the heights of mountains, the mighty bil- lows of the sea, the broad tides of rivers, the compass of the ocean and the circuits of the stars,” he says in “and pass themselves St. Augustine was particularly en- ‘husiastic over his memory. He talks of its “fields and spacious palace: and the innumerable treasures he dis- covered there. ¢When I enter,” he said, “I require what I will to be brought forth, and ' something in- stantly comes. Others must be longer sought after, which are fetched, as it were, out of some inner receptacle. Others rush out in troops, and while one thing is desired and required, they start forth, as who should say, ‘Is it perchance I? These I drive away with the hand of my heart, from the face of my remembrance, until what I wished for be unveiled, and appear in sight, out of its secret place. Other things come up readily, in unbroken order, as they are call- ed for, those in front making way for the following; and as they make way they are hidden from sight, ready to come when I will.” Now, who is golng to deny that there is one of us that does not’pos- sess just such a place of treasure in his mind as St. Augustine found he had when he turned from outsi devices and looked inside? ; RABBI WISE, Who fears the world is at the vergg of moral bankruptey. was submitted by a President they hated. The second symptom came unmistakable determination in the of the captains of industry and the masters | of finance in America to “show some- thing” to the workdrs. “These mis- creants have profiteered. They have gotten a living wage and a shame- lessly ample margin beyond a living wage.” Some of them were actually seen wearing silk shirts, as one man- ufacturer contemptuously complained to me, though in reply to my un- pleasant quizzing I elicited that the manufacturer himself not only wore silk shirts, but silk underwear. Divided Into Two Camps. The determination of the men industry to scale down the workers’ wage as quickly and as far as pos- sible was one of the first symptoms of that unhealthful, immoral devisive- ness which has brought about the establishment of practically two camps in American life, even though as a democracy we reject the use of the term “classes.” Q. What do you consider the most important proof of our moral let- down? A. Our hatred. Consider these two things. During the war we were united. America thought and sacri- ficed as one, and there was little, it any, difference between the immi- grant and the native American. For 52 years Americans had known no war save the Roosevelt-Dewey ex- citement in 1898. Therefors, the na- tive American entered the war with a little more zest and sportsmanship because he did not know what war was, while many of the immigrants had had within recent decades the sickening surfeit of that horror of horrors which they knew as war. No one who knows war can enter into it as an adventure that calls for sports- manship. The American Legion would be less passionately for war tomor- row than the nice, benevolent, quiet- istic members of the University and Century clubs. So during the war America achieved | i a miraculous unity. Not unity of ha- tred or unity of vindictativeness, but unity of a common purpose. But the moment the war ended that unity| ar ended before rd Page.) THE NEWEST ANCIENT MAN BY VERNON KELLOGG, Director National Research Council. Prof. Raymond A. Dart of Wit- watersrand University, at Johannes- b¥rg, South Africa, has recently dis- covered the relics of a skull imbedded in limestone in an old cavern in Bechuanaland which is greatly excit- ing the anthropologists, already much stirred up about _ancient man' in Africa by the 1921 find of the primi- tive Rhodesian skull. It seems to be another missing link. It is the skull of a child about 4 years old, which shows an extraordinary com- bination of human and anthropoid ape features. Its brain was slightly larger than that of a chimpanzee. It may have lived at a time preceding the present (or pleistocene) geologi- cal _period. If so, this new kind of man-ape, or ape-man, may be a mil- lion years old. The chief outdoor sport of an- thropologists is the hunting of ancient man; not historically anclent or archeologically ancient, but geo- logically ancient—that is, ancient by hundreds of thousands of years.: Ever since the middle of the last century, when the famous Gibraltar and Dus- seldorf Neanderthal _skulls were found, the anthropologlists have been bringing to light their, interesting booty. Thelir finds of ancient human and near-human skulls and skeletons in Europe and England and Java, and morecrecently in Africa, have run into hundreds, and of specimens of the handiwork of anclent man into hun- dreds of thousands. Bspeclally since 1900 have these finds come thick and fast, as certain as any scientific fact can be, that the ancestors of present man were dif- ferent in biological kind from man to day. They were different in struc- ture, and hence in physiology and psychology, and they plainly reveal in thelr diffcrences a series of stages from geologically oldest and biologli- cally most brutelike to most recent and most human. Human paleontology is no less real than the long-accepted paleontology of plants and animals. Its bases are the same kind of actually existing concrete fossils and relics found {m- bedded in rocks of different geological ages as sefve the plant and animal paleontologists and which reveal the formyr existence and successive pass- ing of life forms now extinct. These ancient relics reveal the modifica- tions and gradations through hun- dreds of thousands of years of suc- cessive kinds of manlike beings. That is, they reveal, by unescapable positive testimony, a definite evolu- tion from pre-man to near-man to man of today, Why will this evolu- tion not continue? What may we not “become! | Brazil to assemble at his des in{ Hour Achievement BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. HARLES EVANS HUGHES is on the South Atlantic, bound for his first real holiday in 20 years with two achieve- - ments to his credit that wreathed him in smiles as he left Washington on Friday. During his four years as Secretary of State he submitted a record total of 69 foreign treaties to the United States Senate for ratification, All but two of them were approved. It constitutes a chap- ter of co-operation between the De- partment of State and the Senate without parallel in the relations be- tween the executive and legislative | branches. No four years of State De- partment annals even approximate so successful co-operation. The other achievement, which sent Mr. Hughes back to private life happy and “content, was literally an eleventh- hour achievement. It escaped gen- eral notice in the pell-mell of Inau- | guration day events, though it oc- curred in their midst. Onee upon a| time Secretary Hughes called the | State Department “America's Depart- ment of Peace.” At the zero hour of his career there, 6 p.m. on March 4, 1925, he accomplished, as his farewell act, something that literally kept the peace in South America. He was mainly instrumental In preventing the outbreak of a war between Co- lombia, Peru and Brazil. Last Official Act. These three Latin American gov- ernments, having been unable, among themselves, to compose their long- standing boundary differences, re- quested Secretary Hughes to patch them up. As the result of numerous conferences extending up to his clos- ing days in office, Mr. Hughes pro- posed a compromise which redrew the boundaries in controversy to the com- mon satisfaction of all concerned. On the afternoon of Inauguration day the Secretary of State invited the Am- bassador of Peru, the Minister of Co- lombia and the charge d'affaires of There- upon an agreement embodying the Hughes compromise arrangement signed by the South American plen potentiaries and by Mr. Hughes him- self. It was the latter's farewell sig- nature as Secretary of State. Only an hour,or two before leaving throughout Latin America by the Pe- ruvian-Colombian-Brazilian “pgace.” Sentiment is general in South Amer- ica that Mr. Hughes' intervention ef- Washington od March 6 Mr. Hughes | was informed by Dr. Leo S. Rowe, director general of the Pan-American Union, of the “universal joy" created HUGHES MAKES RECORD IN TREATY RATIFICATION Retiring Sécretary of State as Eleventh- Settles Differen €8 of Three South American Nations. flict in the Amazon Valley from sprouting into a war. The former Secretary made no attempt to conceal his gratification over the tidings from Dr. Rowe. Mr. Hughes consistently “spectalized” in cementing relations between the United States and Latin America. Dr. Jacobo Varela, the Uru- guayan Minister and new vice chair- man of the Pan-American Union, told this writer that those relations were never approximately as cordial as Mr. Hughes leaves them. Irreconcilables Welcome Departure. There are irreconcilable Senators of the United States—gentlemen at whose “refinements of logic, sophis- tries and subterfuges” President Cool- idge’s inaugural address took a fling —who welcome the departure of Hughes, because there now will be “greater harmony” between the State Department and the Senate As a matter of fact, no Secretary of State ever met with a larger degree of co-operation than Hughes in seeking the “advice and consent” of the Sen- ate. Only the Isle of Pines treaty and the Lausanne treaty with Turkey failed of ratification while Mr. Hughes was in office. The Isle of P'ines pact is a “hang-over, dating from the ancient days of John Hay's Secretary- ship of State. Hughes is proud that no administration ever had so enor- mous a proportion of its foreign treaties approved by the Senate. Cer- tainly no State Department within the span of four years ever had 67 treaties ratified. Mandate Treaties Additional. In addition to the formal treaties submitted to the Senate since March, 1921, there was the series of so-called mandate treaties with Europe and Japan that were signed abroad and received the Secretary of State's ap- proval. The recent Paris reparations agree- ment signed by Mr. Kellogg at Sec- retary Hughes' direction still awaits Senate approval. Hughes' parting communication with the Senate con- cerned that transaction. His position, tersely stated, was that all Uncle Sam did at Paris was to get some money that he was otherwise in grave danger of never getting at all, and while doing so undertook no commitments, fectively prevented the seeds of con- BY WILL P. KENNEDY. RESIDENT COOLIDGE is whole- heartedly for entrance by the United States into the World Court, as shown by his inau- gural address, and the House is nearly unanimous in his support, as shown by the vote of 302 to 2§ on March 3—while the Senate is very much divided. It is a striking coincidence that on the day before the inauguration the House resolution approving the World Court should have been passed by this very decisive roll call vote, and that within 24 hours the President in his broadest {naugural address re- iterated the views expressed in his message to Congress in December. that the United States should adhere to the protocol under which the Per- manent Court of International Justice was established and is now function- ing. Display of Reason. President Coolidge expressed the conviction that “the principle that a display of reason rather than a threat of force should be the determining factor” * ¢ * “should. lead to our adherence to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Where great principles are involved,” he advised, *“where great movements are under way which promise much for the ‘welfare of humanity by reason of the very fact that many other nations have given such ngvements their actual support, we ought not to with- hold our own sanction because of any small and inessential difference, but only upon the grounds of the most fmportant and compelling funda- mental reasons. This strong plea came just two years after the late President Har- ding's recommendation that the United States adhere to the protocol was communicated to the Senate along with a letter by Secretary of State Hughes on February 24, 1923, President Harding asked for ap- proval of the Senate, with reserva- tions providing that adherence should not involve any legal relation to or obligation under the covenant with the League of Nations, and that the United States participate in the elec- tion of judges. and pay its proportion of the expeenses of the court. Advisory Opinions Not Binding. It_has been further recommended by Secretary Hughes and President Coolidge that there should be no change in the constitution of the court without the consent of our Government and that the advisory opinions of the court shall not be binding on the United States. None of these reservations would disrupt the court, as already created and functioning, the President’s support- ers argue, but would attach certain conditions to the membership of this country therein. During the period of a year after February 24, 1923, members of the Senate—among them Senators Lodge, Lenroot and Pepper—introduced resolutions not providing for identi- fication with that particular court as recommended by the Executive, but contemplating the creation of a new court, with the United States as a member. Minority Shows Opposition. A majority of the Senate committee on foreign relations, through Senacor Pepper, on May 27, 1924, submitted a resolution and report suggesting that the United States condition its mem- bership in the court upon a material amendment to the statute under which the court exists. The minority of the committee, headed by Senator Swanson and including ~Senators Robinson and Underwood, submitted a minority. report on May 31 ap- proving the recommendation of the Executive and taking the position that the majority reselution really proposed the organization of a new entangling or otherwise, that wers not there before. Probably if he could be quoted, Charles Evans Hughes takes into pri- vate life one satisfaction that will be a matter of lingering pride with him— that is, that there is no prospect that his policy of non-recognition of Soviet Russia will be abandoned within the measurable future. (Copyright. 1825 WORLD COURT PROGRESS SQUARELY UP TO SENATE tribunal. said: “If the majority of the committee deliberately desires to defeat the recommendations of Presidents Harding and Coolidge and Secretary Hughes, they could not have found more effective means of doing so than by reporting favorably the Pepper plan. This will precipitate long discussion and delay. Among other things it Further Postponment Seen. The Senate in the Sixty-eighth Con- gress, just closed. did not act on the reports mentioned above, nor in any way respond to the recommendation Executive, which had the of the dorsement of the Republican platform en- Only last Thursday, the day after the Sixty-eighth Congress ¢ | Senators Swanson and Willis duced resolutions for the acceptanca of the recommendations made by the Executive. The Senate, of course, can act definitely one way or the other at its present session, but the prob- ability is that it will further post- pone final consideration of the matter. Entirely aside from what might be sald on the merits of the question, there can be no doubt that publie sentiment s in favor of the United States jolning the court. This was shown emphatically during debate in the House on March 3 and the hear- ings before the House committes on forelgn affairs from January 21 to 31, at which nationally known leaders of public thought were heard. House Shows Opinion. The first suggestion that the Hcuse is entitled to and should express its opinfon on the matter was contained in the House resolution introduced by Representative R. Walton Moore of Virginia on April 17, 1924, and re- ferred to the committee on foreign affairs, of which he is a member Subsequently, on January 28, 1925, Representative J. Hamilton Fish of New York Introduced a concurrent resolution of the same character. Tha committee, after hearings, determined to favorably report a House resolu- tion. This was framed by Representative Theodore E. Burton of Ohio and dif- fered not in substance from the orig- inal Moore resolution. It was ac- companied by a lengthy and very In- teresting report, of which he was author. The report not only discusses the merits of the case but shows by & citation of precedents that fre- quently during the early years of Government, and quite often in later periods, the House has exercised what it claims as its constitutional right to express its views on questions of publia Interest and importance with which it has no legislative connec- tion, but which may rest with ths Executive alone, or with the Exec- utive and the Senate. It will be noted that the resolution which was reported and adopted by the House not only approves ad- herence to the protocol, but promises in the event of adherence the House will perform a duty which belongs to it in connection with the Senate, of participating in the enactment of such legislation as will be necessary in case the Senate approves the Exec- utive recommendation. Big French Air Base. A message from Cherbourg states that work has been commenced on a great channel port aerodome for the accommodation of the largest bomb- ing aeroplanes and seaplanes. The construction is being carried out at the instance of the French navy de- partment, and will be situated at a little to the east of Cherbours. A large and powerful wireless statiom is also to be installed at the place, ¢