Evening Star Newspaper, February 1, 1925, Page 37

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES £ = Part 2—20 l_’ngel WASHINGTON, D. EDITORIAL SECTION . he Sunday Stat C, SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 1, 1925. MEDITERRANEAN ISSUE MAY REUNITE 3 ALLIES Clashing of Interests of Great Britain, France and Italy May Bring Agree- ment by Necessity. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. WEEK ago 1 discussad length the situation created by postponement of the allied evacuation of the Rhine bar- rier—that s, of the Cologne mector—and pointed out that the ques- tlons involved made the issue thus raised the most important single cir- oumstance in the international dis cussions of the coming vear. There $5. however, a second question on less important, and that s the pro lem of the Medlterranean, raised alike by recent Egyptian events and by the evacuation by Spain of .most of the Spanish sphere of Morocco. Three great powers are Intimately concerned with this Mediterranean question, namely, Britain, France and Italy, while Spain, Greece, Jugoslavia and Turkey are also vitally Inter- ested. For Britaln It s the problem ©of communications which connect her with her vast and all-important In- dlan empire, as well her Aus- trallan and East African possessions For France it is the problem of com- munications with her African empire, which extends from Algiers to the Congo. For ltaly it 1s the question of existence itself, for she alone has Eer entire metropolitan territory within the Mediterranean basin. Caused by Unreat. But aside from the qu obv stlons raised ous and often conflicting am- and legitimate interests of the great powers and the small Euro- Pean states, there is also the vast fssue raised by the unmistakable agi- tation of the various native peoples on the Asiatic and African seaboards for independence, which affects Brit- ain in Egypt, Italy in Tripoli and France in Tunis, Algerla and Morocco. And all this phase of the problem !a raised alike by the Egyptian unrest and by the Spanish withdrawal from the Riff. And as the Egyptian crisis raises the question of British com- munications through Suez so the Spanish withdrawal imperils the single line of land communication be- tween Algeria and Morocco, the line borrowed by the railway and road connecting Oran with Rabat and pass- ing through Tlemcen, Taza and Fez The frontler between the Spanish and French zones in Morocco fol- lows the crests of the maritime atlas and Rifian Mountains. From the indary to the floor of the valley followed by the route from Algeria the distance is inconsiderable, hardly 20 miles, near Taza. Thus, the de- feat of the Spanish has left the Rif- flan victors within sight of the rail- way and highway. which are the sole means of communication hetween the two great French establishments in North Africa. If a sudden raid by the mountaineers cut this route then the French would be thrown back upon the long and tedious sea route bhetween Oran and Casablanca and French troops in Moroceo could not in emergency be reinforced speedily from the garrisons of eastern Al- geria by bitions Gibraltar Involved. But the question French action 1s gravely complicated by the larger problem of the Straits of Gibraltar. A French advance to occupy the region occupied by the Spanish, while doubtlessly sure to be bitterly op- posed by the Spanish, would never- theless be inevitable were it not for the fact that such an aldvance, by bringing France to the south shore of the straits, eastward of Ceuta, would instantly concern the British. Indeed the Spanish district was origi- nally drawn with an eye to keeping the French away from the straits when France and Britain, with Spain, settled the Moroccan dispute before the World War Again, of Ceuta i zone of Tangier, west s the neutral which has been the cause of end Franco itish bick- erings and sti ren =eitled problem, although a compromise fa- vorable part to the French was made fairly recently. Thus, France. to secure her own landward communi- cations in Morocco, seems condemned to take steps which the British may regait, am a menace to their seaward route via Gibraltar to Maita and Suez. Despite this obvious difficultr, how- ever, dispatches alike from London and Paris have indicated that the Egyptian affair has imposed an unexpected me: nre of agreement upon the British and the French. Thus it is reported that at the conference in Paris between Austen Casmberlain and Herrlot Britain con- sented to a French advance Into Spanish zone, only should retain Ceuta, which tress facing Gibraltar, the fortress which, in French hands, would largely neutralize the valus of the rock to the British. French Actlon Scen. That the French will have presently 10 proceed against the Rifans Is hardly to be doubted. Nominally the Sheriff of Morocco rules over both the Spanish and the French zones, and the Riffs are rebels against his authority, but prac- tically unchallenged success by the na- tives of the RIff over one European state is the for- would make the position of another in- | and to maintain its hold south of the Riff France will have to crush tha rebels of the north. Moreover, the need is urgent, because not only are the JFrench communlcations menaced about Taza, but to the south of the whole Fez-Taza corridor In the vast mountain reglon live tha powerful tribes which have only recently and partially been submitted to Eyench rule after serious campaigns A= a conscquence of the Spaniah de- feat in the Rif, then, France finds her- self ‘faced with the necessity of an ex- pensive and difficult ,campaign. Con- of the region will doubtless add upward of £000 square miles to th: French-Moroccan protectorate and mark another step in the completion of French mastery In Africa Minor, but it will im- pose material expense both to conquer and to held, and it Spanish complications, even If there be no ultimate Anglo-French disagree- ments. But for the French there is another echo of the Egyptian affair which may be even more serious. Morocco is a native state still in the process of organization; the reduction of the native tribes and the creation of a regime of clvilized order is by no means completed, although the French have done wonderfully well so far and Lyautey has proved himself the greatest of French proconsuls. Al- geria, on the er hand, has been occupled for nearly a century, con- tains upward of 800,000 European in- habitants and politically is treated ax a part of France. After the war France bestowed rights of citizenshoy upon natives, largely those whE fought in the war. Thus both Algeria and Morecco present nothing vet suggesting the Egyptian secure, quest certain the | insisting that Spain | promises Franco- | at|taken by France in 1881 in pursuance The little Beylicate of Tunis was | of an agreement gress of Berlin. made at the con- French occupation was the ca for a Franco-Italian quarrel which drove Italy into the triple alliance and interrupted French and Itallan friendship for a genera- tion In Tunis the native ruler and system were maintained and France ruled in the name of the native soverelgn through a resident general By contrast with Algeria, Tunis re- ceived only a small number of Euro- pean immigrants, about 160,000 all told, at the census of 1921, and of this population less than 60,000 are French against nearly 90,000 for the Italians. Thus the native in Tunis as in Egypt retalned some semblance of his old positlon and there arose, even before the World War, a Young Tunis Party, wholly ltke the similar party In &ypt, which aimed at in- dependence and clamored for rapldly increasing share in the government. Just before the World War, when Italy attacked Turkey and occupled Tripoli, France and Britaln having agreed In return for Italian adherence to their own Moroccan and Egyptian bargains, the situation became very difficult, for the native Tunislans, both for reasons of religion and race, sympathized with the Turks. At this time there was a very sharp clash | between France and Italy growing| out of the seizure of French ships by the Italian fleet. | | | | | | Difficulties Increased. French difMiculties during the World War when the Ttallans in Tripoli withdrew their garrisons to the coast and the natives| in the hinterland under Turkish lead- ership menaced the desert frontlers not only of Tunis and Tripoli, but of Egypt as well. At the end of the war France consented to the cession of certain Saharan areas to Italy, thus straightening out the Pripoli- Tunis frontier, and the Italians have since been slowly but surely re- occupying the hinterland of their colony. % In the past two decades North Africa has been a fruitful source of Furopean differences. It was the question of Morocco which brought France and Germany to the edge of the war in 1905 and again in 1911 The French fortification of Bizerta were increased 150,000 Too Many Men Are Mining Coal; 40 Per Cent Too Many Mines, Lewis Says BY DREW PEARSON. HERE will be strikes and unem- ployment in the coal fields for many. years to come—in fact, until about 160,000 unnecessary coal miners get out of the in- dustry and until about 40 per ceat of the unprofitable mines shut their doors. That gloomy prediction came from John L. Lewis, powerful president of America’s most powerful labor union, the United Mine Workers. 'Out of an apparently blue sky Mr. Lewis had seen a revolt organized among 60,000 miners in the hard coal fields and a strike threatened at a time when ex- isting contracts seemed to guarantee perfect peace. That strike threat was outlawed and crushed by the union leaders only after a terrific struggle. And now peace seems to have set- tled over the coal reglons until August in the anthracite fields and for two vears more In the bituminous flelds. But the questions loom: “Will there be another strike in the hard coal flelds in the Fall?”" “Will there be an- other strike in the soft coal country when its present contract expires?” The whole thing boils down fo this question, “What is wrong with the coal mines?” That is the question I put to Mr. Lewis. in Mines “Sick” Since War. “The coal mines have been sick ever since the war,” President Lewis =ald, “when the demand for coal was great that every one-horse opera- tor with a hole in the ground worked it Coal mining, like every other in- dustry at that time, was overdeveloped, and when the ended all these young coal mines were left high and ary “Mr. Hoover estimates that there were, and I belleve still are, from 30 to 40 per cent more coal mines than we need to supply the country’s needs, And along with them are about 40 per cent too many miners, who are work- ing part time or not at all. “This is not healthy for the Natlon. “Some of these mines have got to close down and a good many miners have ot to hunt new jobs. The prob- lem {5, Who? It sounds very simple on paper to say that the fellows who own | mines with thin and unprofitable seams, | or who are distant from market, or| who are using antiquated methods of production, should simply quit. But war in Tunis has always been a cause for Italian resentment, while Britain and France and France and Spain have again and again disagreed sharply Even the Italians and British collided jit !in the Near East to stir against their | choice between conflict or concession |clared a British protectorats freedom situation, but in Tunis the conditions A are ditferenks over the question of the western frontier of Egypt after the Italians came to Tripoli Between France, Italy and Britain, too, there have always been mafor | differences growing out of the greater question of the Mediterranean For France the question of the Mediter- ranean is one involwing the securit, of her communications with her most | prosperous and promising colonies, Algerla, Morocco and Tunis, and the | transfer of her African armies to &urope in event of a continental war. The life line of her empire passes from Marseille to Oran, Algiers and Tunis Vital to British. For the British, too, the question of the Mediterranean s equally vital, for via Gibraltar, Malta and Suez runs the shortest and most impor- tant route to India, Australia and much of East and South Africa. Thus Britain long opposed French posses- sion first of Algeria, later of Mo- | rocco, and, for a time, of Tunis #ith | its great naval base of Bizerta. Only | the greater peril of Germany in the | north finally brought the two nations | together in the great entente of 1904, | when Britain withdrew her objection | to French occupation of most of Mo- | rocco and France abandoned her claims In Egypt. i Meantime the Ttalian situation was| essentially different from that of | both the French and the British, for | Italy was almost surrounded by the Mediterranean and its Adriatic Guif, therefore her very life was locked up In the problem. TYet she found her- | self faced by French possession not alone of Corsica within sight of her shores, but also of all of the African | coast from the Syrtos to the Spanish | zone of Moroceo, while Britain at| Malta watched the narrows between Sicily and Tunis. In addition Britain at Alexandria and Suez controlled Egypt, and later France in Syria and | Britain in Cyprus blocked her path- way of expansion at the eastern end of what she called her own sea. In taking Trip6li, Italy established herself on® North African soil, but Tripoll was a poor counterbalance to French or British possessions, and Malta commanded her sea route to it Italian indignation, too, was raised by the fact that after the World War the British supported the Jugo- Slavs on the east shore of the Adri- atic and Greek ambitions in all of the Turks' old Anatolian mainland and islands. Refuse to Back Britain, Resentment by the Italians on this score and French indignation at the failure of the British to support France on the Rhine led to the re- fusal of both countries to stand with Britain when Turkey overthrew Greece and came back to the Straits. This failure upset the whole Near | Eastern settlement, led to the evacu- | ation of the Asiatic mainland by Italy and the retreat of France from the Adana regions. More than that served as a powerful incentive to all the various Mohammedan tribes European masters, Forced to yleld to Turkey, the British were also confronted by a in Egypt and were brought to confer upon which had only recently reluctantly that state, been de- from which was only limited by con- ditions relative to Suez, the Sudan and certain forelgn relatlons. Dif- ficulties with the Turks and the Egyptlans were also complicated by other disagreements, with the Arabs alike in Mesopotania and in Pales- tine, while behind all these troubles lay the great shadow of ever mount- ing difficulties and perils in India. So far the natives in all these re- gions had profitted by the quarrels of , the Europeans. ~ Anglo-French quarrels in Syria. Anglo-Italian dis. putes in the Aegean, the Greek col- lapse and the following and humili- ating treaty of Lausanne. Each bf these episodes, while immediately disastrous to but one of' the several nations concerned, had contributed | to lowering European prestige and stimulating native unrest. Indeed, it is hardly possible to exaggerate the sonsequences, evil for all Europeans, A | teve it | ticular Congressman if their mine was | the operation of the old but pretty in- | with the Mohammedans against their | refuge for rebels and no center from it's another problem to make them be- No Hope Would From Government. Governmant help there?” I asked. Mr. Lewis laughed “Can’t you imagine,” he replied, “the hordes of rushing to Washington and threatening their par- co-operation mine owners closed? | “No, in my opinion the remedy for the coal-mining industry is through | fallible ‘law of supply and demand.’| Let the mines which are poor in qual- | ity and with thin seams, or which are distant from markets, close down sim- ply because they are not able to =ell coal for the same price that richer mines can. This requires no Govern- of the Turkish triumph, first in the fleld over Greece and Jater in nego- tiations with all the great powers Crisis In Approached. With the Egyptian question, how- ever, we come to a plain crisis. It is manifest that the Egyptian challenge to the British is {dentical with the Tunisian _challenge tb France. while | Ttaly in Tripoli can hardly prosper if British influence in Egypt and French | in Tunis is diminished. Already French rule in Syria and British in Mesopotamia and Palestine is grave- Iy imperilled, while the Persian hos- tility to all Europeans recently found expression In the murder of an American consul. Therefore, if the several European nations are now to continue their rivalries and intrigue fellow Christian states, results cannot fall for all concerned. By contrast it does not lie outside the realms of possibility that the community of the danger which threatens all three nations, France, Britain and Italy, may bring about some community of policy and, pres- ently, some basis for a new state of relations, not alone where African and Asiatic interests are concerned. but in Europe as well. Obviously if France cénsents to give refuge to Tripolitans in revolt against Italy, or Italy gives shelter to Tunislans or Egyptlans, if the British follow the same example, the results will be un- mistakable for all three. But a common Mediterranean policy involves agreement in the Aegean as well as the Adriatic. Thus in any possible Mediterranean agreement Italy stands to gain very materially. When Italy went to Corfu a year and more ago she encountered not merely nor mainly Greek, but British resist- nce and criticism, but after the Egyptian affair there is a notable tendency in London to revise judg- ment upon Corfu. Moreover, British opinion which In many quarters has never forgiven Italy’s Tripolitan ad- venture must now recognize that if Furope 18 to retain its hold in North Africa, there must be no available the ultimate to be disastrous which to campaign. Need Unified Policy. If France, Italy and Britain are to be rivals in the Mediterranean and its tributary seas, if they are to have conflicting policies on its Asiatic and African shores, then it is very hard to see how any one of the three can permanently retain possessions which are vital to the national or imperial existences of all three. But it the same nations are to reach an entente upon Mediterranean questions, such an entente must inevitably lead to a measure of common policy in Europe. The triumph of the native and Mo- hammedan populations from Syria to Morocco would be fatal to all French ambitions, it would Imperil the unity of the British empire and in the Ital- ian case it would block commercial as well as political expansion in all di- rections The gravity of the peril is so unmistakable that unity of “policy would seem inevitable. Behind all these native manifesta- tions, too, lles the sinister shadow of Moscow for the clear policy of Mos- cow must be to exploit everywhere the native revolts against the control and influence of those European atates which are the true enemies of bolshevism. The advance. the offen- direct an anti-European | it costs him a lot just to keep it e of bolshevism in Europe has been (Continued on Third Page.) JOHN L. LEWIS, eader of United Mine Workers of America. ment interference at | alL” “Why hasn't the demand’ shut down ago?” I asked. “Because it has been the unwritten law in the coal-mining ihdustry to work awhile and stop awhile. The stops were due to strikes, lockouts or car shortages. During such a stop the entire country was usually without coal, and prices naturally went up to a point where it became profitable to operate again. Then both mine opera- tors and miners pitched in and made enough during this coal famine to tide them over the lean period. The public pald, of course. “Let me illustrate” Mr. Lewis con- tinued, lighting a fresh cigar. compulsion or law of supply and these mines long “When an owner has an idle mina idle He has to employ engineers to pump the water out and keep steam in the engines. He has to keep his props re- paired, his passages ventilated and his pits cleared of shale. This will cost —to select an arbitrary figure—$200 a day. Now if there is a period of four months' idleness, he spends $24,000, | which he must get back in an increased cost of coal extra $24,000 Mr. off at The public pays that Lewis had been rattling figures me almost faster than I could | periodic ab: stand why the ‘law of supply and de- mand,’ since it had failed to close the the surplus mines during the five post- war years, should now suddenly begin to operate. When I pressed him for further explanation, he replied “Hitherto, the ‘law of supply and demand’ has been defeated by a strike practically every year. Wage agree- ments were sizned for one vear's dura- tion, and at the end of that time it was customary to stage a strike which heiped both miners and operators and hurt only the public ville last y ment not for one Year, but for three vears. Which means that no strike and no accompanying boost in prices can take place for three years. ' also means that uneconomic unable to take advantage of famines and increased prices, must gradually be forced of the field. They can't stand this three-year streteh. “This may sound like harsh medicine, but it is just as harsh for the miner who has to find a new job and move his family as it is for the owner who has to abandon his mine. I have been cussed out by my own men for this, but it is unsound nationai economics to keep 40 per cent too many mines in operation and 150.000 extra men in an industry which does not need them.” his mines, out LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS FACING BRIGHT OUTLOOK |Kellogg Will Follow Hughes’ Policies and| Attempt to Strengthen Friendly Rela- tions—Important Conferences Ahead. BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. QOKING over the horizon In Latin America and viewing the prospect both as it relates to the welfare of those natio themselves and.to their rela- tions with the United States, the out- 100k appears to be bright. As to the countries of South and Central Amer- fca, Mexlco and the West Indies. it is belleved that great possibilities lie before them and that the road of | development on which they are start- | ed will result in success, economic and otherwise. | The good relations existing he- | tween the United States and these| countries will continue to improve, it | is believed, as the peoples come to know more of each other. The aim of the new Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, who will succeed Secre- tary Hughes March 4, will be to follow the policies which his prede- cessor has established and to expand them or adopt new ones only ‘with the purpose of bullding up and mak- ing more solid the present friendly relations. e Kellogg Friendly to Latins. The prospective Secretary of State ia known to have a friendly feeling and warm personal regard for Latin America. As one of the delegates from the United States to the Fifth Fan-American Congress, which met in Santiago, Chile, March 25 to May 3, 1923, he had the opportunity of | meeting and becoming personally acquainted with prominent officials and other leading citizens from all | of the American republics and of meeting the people and seeing some- thing of a number of thess countries Ambassador Kellogg is reported to have taken a very active interest in the proceedings of the Santiago con- ference, although he did not speak at length at any of the meetings, and to have made a most favorable im- pression by his friendly manner on all those with whom he came in con- tact. It is believed that this per- sonal knowledge of many of the countries of this hemisphere and of their problems and peoples will stand him in good stead in his deal- ings and relations with them when he becomes head of the foreign af- tairs of the Natlon. Important Conferences Ahead. Many important conferences of a pan-American character have been held during the past few years, sev- eral of whioh were initiated and gufd- ed to a large extent by Secretary Hughes. Other important conferences lie in the future. The value of such conferences to friendly international intercourse has never beén more defi- nitely established than during the past four vears; and a considerable part of the success of the present ad- ministration in maintaining and bet- tering the relations between thel | | United States and the other pations tccts, engineers, public officials and all » IEE) of America has been due, safely asserted, to the success of the various conferences, which have been held here and in other American 'capi- ta From a practical point of view, ona of the most important of the coming | pan-American gatherings is the Pan- American Road Congress, which is to meet in Buenos Aires, beginning May next. This is a sequel to the visit of the Pan-American Highway Com- mission, to the United States early {1akt Summer, when delegates from all the, other countries of the Western Hemisphere made a tour of inspection of roads and road-building methods and administration, which carried them through practically all the East- ern and Central Western and some of the Southern States. Enthusiastic Over Future. These delegates went back to thelr respective countries enthusiastic over the project and possibilities of road bullding. Since then national organi- zatlons have been established in many of the American republics for the pur- pose of promoting the road-building idea. One of the great needs in order to further economic development in many of the Latin-American coun- tries, it was recognized. is a system of modern motor highways. This thought. was stimulated by the trip to this country Jast year by the road experts from all parts. of Latin America; and it is believed that the coming Buenos Aires conference, at which practical plans along road- building lines wil] be discussed, will result In much activity in this direc- tion & The United States will send a strong delegation to Buenos Aires, it is_expected. In addition to the five officlal delegates who will represcnt the Government, there will be tech- nioal and administrative experts who will®go from this country and who will be able to furnish much useful information in the discussions which will take place. The delegates from the Unitcd States will leave here about the middle of April, and will make the trip to South America via. the west coast, so that they will have the opportunity of sceing something of 'Peru, Chile and Argentina on their way to Buenos Aires; and on their way back they will stop ‘also in Uruguay and Brazil. The building of motor highways throughout Latin America, it Is be- ‘lieved, will open up vast natural re- sources and lcad to untold develop- ment and prosperity in those countries. All, or practically all, of the American republies will be rep- resented, it {8 expected, at the Buenos Aires gathering. A pan-American conference on cap- ital cities is to be held in this city April 2%, under the auspices of the American Civic Assoclation. Archl- orb them, and I still did not under- | But at Jackson- | r we signed a wage agree- | it can be| Mr. Lewis glared at me from under his big bushy eyebrows, and I could well understand why his powertul face, crowned with its fighting red hair, had dominated so many coal conferences. Mr. Lewis took his third cigar, and I asked this question: What will happen to all these mines when they are deserted? Can they ever be reclaimed?” “Probably fills up with water. and its coal can probably never be used by future generations. This sounds like a ruthless waste in a way, but some of the war-times mines were of such low value that they should never have been opened. “It is a general practice among all companies to leave about 36 per cent of the coal In the mines, simply be- cause it is unprofitable to take it out. Coal can only be sold on the market for a certain price, and when the veins Eet too thin they must be abandoned. Markets are so glutted that in order to sell coal at the prevailing market price only the cream can be skimmed from the mine. A deserted mine The roof falls in, never. Must Have a Profit. “Put yourself in the position of the mine manager. You recelve orders from the owners to produce coal at a profit of 10 cents a ton. All right, you come to a seam which slopes up and another which slopes down. You work the first because the cars will come down by gravity, but you abandon the second, which contains perfectly good coal, because the cost of pulling the cars up the grade would eat up your 10-cent profit.”” “Could Government operation ownership save this coal?’ I querled “Only at a greatly increas cost. You can't get away from fact that thin veins or deep coal cost or d very | ernments, mine owners or the miners | themselves. “The United Mine Workers, although they came out in favor of nationaliza- | tion of mines some time ago, are really as Government ownership. Our Ameri- | can life and our American system of | business has been built up around the principle of competition, and the United Mine Workers believe in com- petition just as much as the execu- tives who guide business. Plenty of Coal In Sigh 1 “Personally am not worrying | about the coal we abandon in mines, because scientists estimate that we have only scratched from one- enth of 1 per cent to 4 per cent our total resources.” When 1 reminded Mr. Lewis that most of -our remaining coal was lo- cated fn the Rockies, and could only | be hauled 2,600 miles to Eastern mar- | kets at @ prodiglous price, he repjed: | “Yes. but in a few years we won't be hauling coal at all. We'll burn 1t | at the pit mouth and save the terrific | burden which the railroads have to carry. Bv that time coal derivatives will probably prove more valuable than | coal "itselt. ~ Nb one can tell what a | few years of need and sclence will bring forth.” (Copyright, 1925.) civic leaders from the various pan- American nations are being invited to participate., It is planned to have an exhibit of plctures, drawings and plans of the 20 pan-American capi- tals. The American Civic Association is taking advantage of the fact thata group of Europeans interested in | housing and planning will be in at- tendance at the International Feder- ation of Town and Country Planning and Garden Cities, to be held in con- junction with the national conference on city planning and the annual con- vention of the Amcrican Institute of Architects in 'New York, and is in- viting these delegates to come to Washington to see what the Americas have accomplished in the building of thetr capital oftics. (Copyright. 1926.) e, YA e Prince Goes to Seek Wells in the Desert Prince Kemmal-ed-din Hussein has left Egypt at the head of an expedi- |tion info the Libyan Desert with the object of discovering wells, which will render possible the opening of the desert to camel transport. The prince last year led an expedition northwest of Dakhla, ‘where he dis- covered a cache left by the German bottls inclosing a message. His pre: ent objective is Ocunat and Arkuna, recently discovered by the Egyptian explorer Hassanein Bey. Dr. Ball, director of desert surveys, accompanies the expedition, which is equipped with wireless apparatus, cinematograph apparatus and elght Citroen caterplllar cars. The prince bears the whole cost of the expedi- tion. Girls to Type Letters Across the Atlantic In the not distant future girls sit- ting in ordinary New York business offices will be able to tick out type- written messages in London, more than 3,000 miles away. * . This revolution in telegraph metn- ods was forecast by Donald Murray at the Institute of Electrical Engi- neers, in London. The machine which has made this vislon possible is the startstop printer or teletype, the business man's print- ing telegraph—the Ford car of teleg- raphy. It Is provided with a type- writer keyboard, which can be worked at a rate of forty to eighty words a minute over any distance from 100 feet to 5,000 miles. Any girl typlst can use it. . Soviet to Coin Gold. The Russian Soviet mint will begin the coinage of gold tchervonetz on a large scale. The, coinage was decided upon a considerable time ago, but it could not be begun before rearrange- ment of the mint. The State bank is supplying the gold ingots for the new coinage. During 1925 the gold tchervonetz will _not be put into circulation. i . Strikes have been so frequent in Po- land recently that they have greatly de- terred progress of that country. Sugar_produced .in Cuba in the last season welghed 4,000,000 tons, breaking ous records. the | money to mine, whether done by gov- | against such a nebulous sort of thing | the | of | explorer Rohlf, containing a tank and | FRANCE AND HEIGHTEN KUHN. MIER HERRIOT of France | eves Chancellor Luther of | Germany with suspicion and | Herr Luther shows about the same degree of respect for the statesman presiding over the des- | tinies of the French people. Today, | as at all times in history, the inher- ent, far-reaching distrust of one | people for the other is made mani- | fest. The leaders of the two gov- | ernments now are more prodigal in broadcasting seeds of distrust than at any time since the war. Possibly the most singular pro- cedure and one most dangerous to a complete clearing up of Europe's per- plexing problems comes from Premfer Herrlot. During the MacDonald regime in England Herriot, a So- cialist to his finger tips, having achieved power because of his stead- fast stand that an ameliorative pol- fcy by France would bring Germany and the allies to a better under- standing, thereby promoting the cause of peace, co-operated with the British premier. During conferences in England and informal conversa- tlons between the two governments the Dawes plan was glven life and this was halled as the panacea for | all reparations evils and as a scheme of co-operative endeavor that would remove 90 per cent of the potential causes of difficulty as between na- | tions, When Premier Herriot ascrib- {ed to the general doctrine of peace | by arbitration, plus security, and | thereby furthered the protocol to the | {League of Nations covenant in | Geneva, Herriot was halled as pro- | moting the just end« of humanity and by the same breath France's aban- donment of strictly nationalistic theories in regard to external af- fairs was heralded as bringing a new era in international relation- | ships. Germany went about meeting | her part of the bargains in connec- | tion with the Dawes plan. Elections were held, and Germans insisted upon fulfillment of this scheme, even | though a nationalistic regime be in | R | | power. Strife Stirred Up. But before the political changes | which washed up a centerist-nation- alist government in Berlin came to {pass the allles at the behest of | France stated that Germany had not | complied with the disarmament fea- | tures of the treaty of Versailles, and | as a consequence the evacuation of {Cologne by allled forces would be deferred beyond January, the time limit specified in the treaty This | brought a furore in Germany and re- peated aMrmations that the allied control commission had not accurate- | Iy depicted the true situation. Dur-| | ing the past week Germany, at the be- hest of Chancellor Luther, announced | her innocence and demanded further proofs by the allied powers, As a mat- ter of fact the report of the inter- allied commission, which was to have been made January 15, strangely has| not been made public and it is de- |clared that there is some doubt that {it will be submitted in ofcial form to the allied governments in the im- mediate future. In the meantime, however, the action of the allies has fired renewed opposition in France to | withdrawal of remaining forces on | the Rhine. ~The Nationalistic ele- | | ments headed by Poincare have been building up tremendouc srmpathetic barriers against Herriot's temporiz- ing in any German situation which | savors of renewed efforts for military conquest directed against France. In any European country a premier has a difficult time in keeping his foreign policy In touch with domestic political tides flowing from ever conceivable direction, and this ix par- ticularly true of Herriot. beset .with the German question, tangible or intangible as it may be, | domestic issues have pressed, and | to counteract the effect of his ene-| mies’ blows Herriot has been forced to temporize and modif. the clear- cut and emphatic peolicy clung to early in his regime, which was be- |lieved by every one to insure definite progress and relegation of all those things destined to fan, not quench, | the fiery nationalistic hatreds run- ning between the French and the Germans. Adopts Nationalist Cry. During the course of a speech in| the Chamber of Deputies Premier |Herriot gave utterances to a policy Iwhich has been enunciated by the | Nationalists,' even from the days of | | evidence determination, | prevail GERMANY OLD FEUDS Ancient Antipathies, Marking Every Move, Delay Day of Europe’s Reconstruction. nounced that to obtain security France must maintain safeguards on the Rhine. Tt matters little that he immediately won allegiance of the ationalists and that subsequently he won over wavering Socialistic ele- ments displeased by such show of nationalistic doctrine, but it daes matter In 8o far as it betrays definit trends In France agalnst Germany, And such trends cannot but empha- size the hatreds that continue tfo exist among great segments of the German population Germany is divided into about thres equal divisfons in so far as political thought s concerned. One element is for an _eventual war of revenge against France. An equally large segment of the population is for peace and retention of policles to prevent war, while still another element, ap- parently indifferent to any course, al- ways Is swayed by trends of the moment. Should France pursue a course of peace and understanding. undoubtedly this element should maintain the balance of power in Germany to the end. However, if France becomes what the Germans declare provocative, then the pre- ponderent element of the population will begin again to think of “der tag" which figured so ldrgely in the schemes of the old monarchical re- gime and which, as every one knows fostered the opening of the World War with all its subsequent horrors However, there is some reason at this time for the French to agaln for it is not known just how far nationalistic in- fluence will succeed in directing Ger- many toward the old order. If the industrialists and out-and-out nation- alists become more open in their a tivities leading to the overthrow of the republic and the restoration of the old monarchical regime, then France indeed would have sufficient cause to worry and prepare for that time. Weorry Thought Ungrounded. But the world at large is inclined to the bellef that French worries over Germany’s military power at the mo- ment is exaggerated and uncalled for, inasmuch as France has the preponderant military force in Eu- rope today and could effectively and quickly scotch any Germanic effort To appease the French suspicion, Chancellor Luther has offered a se- curity pact to France providing that for the next 30 years the two powens pledge themselves to peace. This, the Germans feel, should give the French reason for curtailment of French plans on the Rhine. But in this o of a guarantee pact the Germans do not stipulate that this peace shall in the east, where Germany and Poland still have many vexatious problems to iron particularly those regarding territorial frontiers occasioned by Poland's corridor to Danzig, sepapgting, as it does. east and west Prussia. France naturally will consent to no plan which in any wise would restrict France's movements in protection of the bevy of little couutries in eastern Europe which, directly and indirectly, are under the protection of the French government. If the Germans should offer a security pact which would embrace recognition of the frontier limits as fixed by the treaty of Ver- saflles for a period of 30 years, un- questionably such a plan would re- ceive some consideration, but how much would remain conjectural by virtue of nationalistic fire certain to be centered against it The French likewise view any such pact with susplcion, feeling that the treaties of peace are sufficient unto fheir own ends. Furthermore, thes point out that Germany would be in While | better position to initiate her war of revenge after the 30-vear period of recovery. They also quickly point out that Germany might be well able to again repudiate her agreements as mere “scraps of paper,” France in the meantime having lost all chance of regulating Germany during the treaty period One thing stands out predominantly at the moment in the maze of claims and counter claims that are hurled back and forth between Germany and France, and that Is the present situ- ation gives turther proof to the world that little can be expected of either country In settlement of European problems until there is some effort to subordinate strictly nationalistic suspicion and enter into the general problem of European adjustment with a firm determination to achieve that the Paris peace conference. He an- The last general eleftion was the fourth to be held since the women of England received the franchise. Although 41 women stood for the House of Commons, only four were elected, and that is but half the num. bér who emerged victoriously in the previous general election. It probably will ba many a year before an analysis of the vote will reveal how the women vote. That question still remains without an answer in England. Isolated inci- | dents here and there, like the defeat | of the Liberal leader Asquith by the | woman voters of Paisley, who dislike | Mrs. Asquith, reveal the feminine| psychology, but about the only defi- nite data is that 8,092,000 women and 10,719,000 men were entitled to vote in the recent elections. The women's organizations Eng- land seem to think that they more than held their own, although they have only four of their sex in the House of Conmimons. “We are overjoyed that two Amer- fcan women should be elected gov ernors of such important States as Texas and Wyoming," said Miss Flor- | ence Underwood, secretary of the| Women's. Freedom League. This or- ganization is now working along con- stitutional lines to obtain full rights for the women of England. It is the lincal successor of the militant or- ganization once headed by Mrs. Pank- hurst which made the welkin ring in London ~with brickbats; window smashing, dynamite and what not when the suffragéttes of pre-war days decided that it was useless to rely upon logic alone in their appeal to John Bull. | Discussing the future campaign of | her organization for full rights for | English women on a basis of equality with men—the discrimination against | women in England would startle Americans—Miss Underwood was op- | but, | selves timistic although cautious with the caution begotton of long dealing with British male politicians. . She ex- plained that the Women's Freedom » adjustment England Still Is Wondering Just How Her Women Vote League is a non-partisan organiza- tion, above and entirely free of all party bias. It exists merely to fight the fight of women for their full rights on a basis of equality with the long dominant English male. The main planks in its platform are to obtain for women the parlia- mentary vote as it is or may be granted to men; to use the powers already obtained to elect women in Parliament and upon other public bodies; for the purpose of establishing equality of rights and opportunities between the sexes. Translated into evervday language, Miss Underwood explains that the Women's Freedom League believes women should have, ay, 300 members in the ancient cita- del’ of masculine exclusiveness—to hold foreign ambassadorships, judge ships—all the offices now open to men exclusively whether by law, tradition or _custom. “We are still hopeful that Mr. Bald- win's government will help us,” said Miss Underwood “Men now .have the votes at 21, it is withheld from all single women under 30, and this, with other flagrant sex discriminations against women, brings the number of wom- en over 21, disqualified for voting up to the ernormous total of 5,000,000. The magnitude of this discrimination is apparent when one remembers that only 300,000 men above the age of 2¢ are disqualified. Even if its opera- tion were postponed until the next goneral ‘election, the knowledge that such a measure was on the statute book would go a long way toward dispelling the dissatisfaction among so many of ‘the 5,000,000 votele women more than 21 years of age “All parties have expressed them- in favor of equal rights of guardianship for mothers and fathe and we have every hope that women's claim for equal opportunities and equal pay with men throughout all branches of our, national life swill re ceive Intelligent and sympathetic cgn sideration from the new goveram(_..' [ s